Modern problems of human development in Russia. Human Development Index Global Human Development Problem
problems of human development in regions
B. Sh. Dadaeva, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Analysis and Statistics E-maP: [email protected] NS
m.m. abdusalamova,
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Analysis and Statistics E-maP: [email protected] w Dagestan State University
The article is devoted to the consideration of the problems of human potential development in the regions in the context of modernization of the modern economy, the introduction of innovations. The analysis is based on the human development index and its main components. Particular attention is paid to the interregional differentiation of incomes of the population, life expectancy, indicators of literacy and the level of education of the population, as well as their impact on the level and quality of life.
Key words: human potential, human development index, population income, social differentiation, level and quality of life of the population, investment.
In modern transformations of the economy, the problem of real socio-economic conditions of human life becomes very urgent. It is with the social function of the state policy that society associates ever-increasing expectations regarding the level and quality of life of the population.
An integral part of such a policy, in conditions when the implementation of social goals is attributed mainly to the powers of the regions, should be regional problems of human development, which is an accumulated stock of knowledge, professional
experience and skills, health, psychological motives, as well as socio-economic conditions for their formation, development and use.
Insufficiently developed are the issues related to the study of the problems of formation, preservation and increase of the effectiveness of the use of human potential in modern socio-economic conditions in Russia as a whole and especially at the regional level.
The development of measures for the formation and development of human potential is based on:
Studies of the social mechanism of the formation and development of human potential;
Defining the role of the state in creating conditions for human development;
Clarification of the economic essence of social services;
Studies of the impact on human potential of socio-economic conditions in the region;
Development and implementation of an effective program to improve the quality of life of people living in the region. Human potential in modern conditions directly related to the possibilities of modernizing the economy. Even with limited natural resources, increasing investment in
contributes to the achievement of significant social and economic success for its citizens.
Currently, investments in human potential are the most effective in comparison with other factors of socio-economic development. By the level of human development, one can judge the degree of socio-economic development of society.
The development of a region is a multidimensional process, which is usually considered from the point of view of a set of various economic and social characteristics. Even if it is only about economic development, it is usually considered in conjunction with social development. Moreover, social characteristics have long since become full-fledged indicators assessing the degree of development of any region.
The role of the social sphere in development modern Russia associated with public distrust of the state caused by significant social costs of the ongoing economic transformations and the accompanying problems: the growth of poverty and income inequality, the scale and nature of unemployment, a decrease in the availability and quality of basic social services - education, health care and social security, loss of savings and an increase in crime ...
Assessment of population inequality is, to one degree or another, based on the identification of socio-economic strata and groups of the population. The division of society into groups (strata), that is, social stratification is a process that is expressed in the formation of homogeneous subsets of households or the population, each of which has features in consumer behavior, differences in labor motivation, orientation towards different socio-economic and spiritual values.
The global financial and economic crisis has made significant adjustments to the dynamics of interregional differentiation of the population's income.
One of the possible positive effects of market mechanisms on the interregional differentiation of incomes of the population is the attraction of private investors for the implementation of projects for the development of labor-intensive industries with highly processed products.
In this regard, it is important to emphasize that the problems of increasing the investment attractiveness of the Russian economy as a whole and its regions, in particular,
it is necessary to solve in indissoluble connection and simultaneously with overcoming the consequences of the financial and economic crisis. Without such an increase, it will be impossible to solve the problems of technological modernization and structural restructuring of the country's economy, which in turn will seriously complicate its transition to an innovative path of development.
The impact of attracted investments on ensuring the economic development of Russian regions is carried out through:
Strengthening the social component of the regional economic policy as a result of directing investments in the social sphere and objects of the social infrastructure of the region;
Increasing employment of the population at newly created or modernized facilities with the help of investments;
Diversification of the structure of the regional economy in the direction of reducing the prevalence of industries and enterprises in the energy sector, as well as those focused on the production of semi-finished products and products of the first processing;
Enhancing the role of manufacturing enterprises and technically equipped agriculture.
In recent years, the economy has seen clear imbalances in the levels of wages by type of activity, profession, region. The coefficient of differentiation of monetary incomes of the population, characterizing the degree of social stratification and calculated as the ratio of the incomes of the poorest 10% and the richest 10%, in 2009 was 1:16.
The gap between wealth and poverty in Russia is much larger than in developed countries. In terms of this indicator, Russia is close to developing countries with a predominantly resource-based economy.
When measuring the differentiation of regions by the level of income of the population, you can actually use a variety of indicators - average per capita cash income, real income, average wages, etc., with which you can determine the place of each region.
The average per capita money income in the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District is 1.4-2.7 times lower than the national average, and the average monthly nominal wage is 1.5-2.3 times lower.
According to official statistics, the average per capita monetary income of the population
increase every year in all constituent entities of the Federation. But in this regard, the question arises: how dynamic is this process?
It should be emphasized that when studying the dynamics of real incomes of the population, no similar growth is seen, which is the problem. In connection with the increase in income, a very important question arises: is it possible in a market economy to influence the processes of formation, distribution and redistribution of the population's income? After all, the regulation of interregional differentiation of the population's income is one of the most important and complex macroeconomic tasks and the most important internal political goals of each state. At the same time, it is obvious that the ability to control and manage the processes of education, distribution and redistribution of incomes of the population would reduce the interregional differentiation of incomes of the population of the country.
In the context of the proclamation of the course for the modernization of the Russian economy and society, a special role belongs to the regions and effective regional policy. In the conditions of a federal multinational state, excessive regional contrasts in living conditions pose an increased threat to the very existence of a single democratic state. Therefore, one of the main goals of regional policy is to ensure a decent level of well-being in each region, to create approximately equal life chances for all citizens regardless of their place of birth and residence, and to exercise the right to free choice of employment.
The problem of regional differences is most clearly manifested in the example of the regions that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD). All national republics within the North Caucasus Federal District in the period 2000-2009 had (and continue to have at the moment) a significantly higher unemployment rate compared to the national average. Thus, the level of general unemployment in the North Caucasus Federal District is 16.0% (2.6 times higher than the national average), and registered - 10.7% (5.4 times higher than the national average). In turn, among the indicated regions in 2010, the Chechen Republic has the highest unemployment rate, followed by the Republic of Ingushetia and Dagestan. This state of affairs is directly reflected in the standard of living of the entire population of these regions, the state of their social sphere. Pos-
The consequences of this socio-economic backwardness are reflected, inter alia, in the growth of crime, including terrorist activities.
Due to the fact that in the Republic of Dagestan, Ingushetia and Chechnya traditionally there were no problems with demography and natural population growth, after some time a new "wave" of unclaimed labor potential will arise. This means that the problem of ensuring employment in the North Caucasian regions must be addressed in a comprehensive manner: to create jobs in such a way and of such quality that a qualitative change in the structure of the regional economy is ensured, which will subsequently allow solving the problem of employment for future generations.
According to the authors, serious work is to be done in the North Caucasus to equalize the levels of development of its constituent regions. It should be noted that today's significant differences in the economy of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District, and, consequently, in their social sphere are the objective result of the long-term policy of the state in the North Caucasus. Today, those of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District, which were previously relatively prosperous, remain so today. At the same time, many others, which were previously characterized by low rates of economic development and were deprived of due attention from the federal center, and today remain relatively poor, and some of them are extremely poor.
The chronic lag in the development of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District has neither systemic grounds nor objective reasons. Two reasons are obvious here: the inefficiency of organization and management and the lack of investment in socio-economic development. So, within the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District, the degree of industrialization and the level of specialization differ significantly.
The main indicator of social progress is the Human Development Index (HDI), which is annually calculated by experts from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) together with a group of independent experts who use in their work, along with analytical developments, statistical data from national institutions and various international organizations.
The main components of this index are: average life expectancy at birth (longevity); level
Human Development Index of the Russian Federation and Regions of the North Caucasus Federal District for 2008
Russian Federation, regions of the North Caucasus Federal District HDI Average life expectancy at birth Literacy rate of the adult population (15 years and older),% General educational level of the population,% GDP per capita based on PPP, USD HDI rating
Russian Federation 0.825 67.9 99.4 91.3 16 092 -
Republic of Dagestan 0.788 74.4 98.4 85.6 6 127 3
Chechen Republic 0.766 75.5 96.0 83.7 4 103 1
Republic of Ingushetia 0.759 80.1 96.2 79.9 2 882 5
Kabardino-Balkar Republic 0.769 72.5 98.8 85.4 5 272 8
Karachay-Cherkess Republic 0.783 71.6 98.4 87.5 6 538 2
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania 0.791 71.5 99.1 89.5 6 772 2
Stavropol Territory 0.782 69.7 98.6 89.4 6 904 4
A source: .
education (literacy), defined by two indicators - adult literacy and population coverage by three levels of education (primary, secondary and higher); material standard of living, estimated by the value of real GDP per capita, calculated at purchasing power parity (III 1C).
The final HDI is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the values of the three indices of the above indicators. The maximum possible HDI value is 1, the minimum is 0. Human development index less than 0.5 indicates “low development” of the country, more than 0.8 - about “high development”.
Despite the onset of the crisis, the index continued to show positive dynamics in 2008, as the impact of the crisis on the Russian regions became noticeable only at the end of the year (see table).
For example, the indicator of the human development index in Russia for 2008 is 0.825. In 2006, only 12 regions had an HDI above 0.800, in 2007 - 22 (more than a quarter of all subjects of the Federation), in 2008 - 30. Only in three regions of the Russian Federation, the human development index is below 0.750 - these are the republics of Tyva, Altai and the Jewish Autonomous Region.
The number of regions with a relatively high HDI has increased due to two factors. The first and more significant one is the growth of the income index in the overwhelming majority of regions of the country with the exception of Tyumen region where it has long exceeded the maximum
values and cannot grow due to the calculation formula. The second factor is the continued growth of life expectancy in 86% of regions, with the exception of the most aged and socially problematic regions of the North-West (Pskov, Novgorod, Vologda regions), the Kirov region, which is close to them, and some regions of the North and East of the country (Amur, Sakhalin, Tomskaya, Murmansk region, Republic of Sakha-Yakutia), as well as individual republics of the South of Russia with more reliable demographic statistics (Adygea and North Ossetia - Alania).
As can be seen from the data in the table, the Republic of Dagestan is among the regions of the Russian Federation with an average HDI value above 0.5, ranking 43rd. However, the average life expectancy at birth in Dagestan exceeds the national average.
The high level of longevity and education of the population of the republic is an indisputable advantage, and the preservation of positive trends in these components is a prerequisite for the development of human potential.
In terms of gross regional product, the differences between rich and poor regions are also significant. Thus, the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic are significantly below the average level for the North Caucasus Federal District and 5.6 and 3.9 times below the average level for the Russian Federation, respectively. In general, all national republics that are currently part of the North Caucasus Federal District, for the study period
the value of this indicator is significantly lower than the average level for the former Southern Federal District (now - the North Caucasus Federal District and the Southern Federal District, taken together).
Along with the social and economic components outlined above, agriculture is of great importance for ensuring sustainable development. This is relevant for almost all regions of the North Caucasus, taking into account the natural-cli-magical conditions and traditions of the peoples living here. However, among them, the Republic of Dagestan, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory stand out for the special importance of this sector of the economy (all of them have more than 20% of total employment in this sector). Such a large share of employment in the agricultural sector of the economy, regardless of the general natural and climatic conditions of the North Caucasus, suggests that the structure of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, especially its national republics, needs serious reform taking into account the advanced foreign experience. Today's performance in agriculture regions of the North Caucasus Federal District is significantly lower than in industry and services, despite the favorable geographical position North Caucasus.
That is why the implementation of the course for the modernization of the Russian economy, proclaimed at the highest levels of government of the Russian Federation and involving the transition to predominantly innovative growth factors, is of key importance at the regional level.
In the opinion of the authors, it is especially important to emphasize that active rate to modernize the economy should in no way fade into the background in the face of the difficulties of direct struggle with the ongoing financial and economic crisis and its consequences. The problem of modernizing the economy, including through the transition to an innovative type of development and diversification of the structure of the economy at all levels, including the regional, must be addressed precisely in the current situation, while simultaneously overcoming the consequences of the crisis and without waiting for its end.
In these conditions, it is important to take into account the customs and social specifics of the population of many regions of the district, especially residents of small towns and countryside where social economic problems often the most exacerbated. Therefore, the key point
the beginning of activities in the framework of the implementation of the course for the modernization of the economy, it seems to determine the target settings for the socio-economic development of not only the entire region, but also the specific territory of the region where the population lives belonging to one or another ethnocultural group and characterized by certain traditions and customs, as well as equally specific economic interests.
Thus, before starting the implementation of modernization measures, it becomes imperative to determine such targets for the socio-economic development of territories that would correspond to the objective realities of the economy and at the same time would reflect the most pressing needs of the population of the region. This would make it possible not only to ensure high rates of economic growth in the future, but also to solve the most important social problems the growth of poverty and income inequality, the scale and nature of unemployment, and a decrease in the availability and quality of social services such as education, health care and social security.
Having analyzed the main indicators of human development in Russia and the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District, it can be argued that the human potential of our country has gradually degraded over the past years, despite the economic growth observed in recent years. Maintaining competitiveness national economy in the context of globalization brings to the fore the problem of transition to an innovative path of development, which presupposes a high level of human development. Such a problem cannot be solved without a systemic strategic approach and revision of socio-economic priorities.
To solve the problems of improving the quality of life and developing human potential at the regional level, it is necessary:
1) to maintain throughout the country equal access of citizens to basic budgetary services and social guarantees. This can be achieved by ensuring at the federal level the equalization of the difference in per capita budgetary provision between the regions, and at the level of the constituent entities of the Federation - the vertical balance of regional and local budgets;
2) preserve budgetary financing of the social sphere, on the one hand, and involve
personal and corporate financial resources, on the other hand, which will create conditions for the development of human potential - first of all, education, healthcare, science and culture;
3) take active measures to encourage businesses to increase the level of social activity;
4) to use all the mechanisms available to the state to increase the level of well-being of the population. Today, virtually all of the earnings of most employees are spent on food, housing, utilities and travel expenses. Therefore, it will be possible to talk about household finance as a source of investment in education, health care and culture only when a large economically secure middle class;
5) the quality of human potential is largely determined by the quality of education. Therefore, from the point of view of regional development at the present stage, the task of training highly professional personnel with sufficient knowledge to work in market conditions is of paramount importance.
In conclusion, it should be emphasized that it is unacceptable, in the opinion of the authors, the transformation of higher educational institutions into the conveyor
the training of personnel for the currently available vacancies in the regional labor market. The educational complex of the country should not only blindly follow the requirements of the market, but also largely determine the parameters of the labor market in the future. It is necessary not only to provide the region with specialists of the necessary specialties, but also to force the revaluation of the values of certain skills and types of work, to change the quantitative and qualitative requirements for labor resources.
Bibliography
1. Blazberg IV, Yudin EG System approach. Moscow: Nauka, 1989.S. 613.
2. Report on the development of human potential in the Russian Federation for 2010 / edited by S. N. Bobylev, 2010. P. 147.
3. Soboleva IV Human potential of the Russian economy: problems of conservation and development. Moscow: Nauka, 2007.S. 12.
4. Social status and standard of living of the population of Russia. M., 2010.S. 132.
5. Surinov A. E. Income of the population. Experience in quantitative measurements. Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 2000.S. 236.
6. Human Development Report, 2009. N-Y., 2009. P. 195-198.
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The problem of human development in the conditions of modern Russia
Work plan
1. Introduction
2. Chapter I. What is "Human potential"
3. Chapter II. The problem of human development in the conditions of modern Russia
3.1 Human resource of Russia. Development problems
3.2 Science as a factor in the development of human potential in Russia
3.3 Influence of cultural institutions of the Russian Federation on human development
4. Conclusion
5. List of used literature
1. Introduction
Relevance of the research topic. The success of the transformation of the Russian economy into a post-industrial society directly depends on the state of the institution of human potential. This, in turn, leads to the need to study the conditions and factors of its development. At the same time, its development is influenced by both formal and informal institutions (traditions, customs, morality, religion, etc.)
Institutional analysis makes it possible to study the features of human development in the new Russia. On the basis of institutional theory, it is possible not only to develop the most important measures aimed at the development of human potential, but also to predetermine the possible variant of their development. Therefore, institutions must be stable, but at the same time capable of change and adaptation, and, in addition, new institutions must also be created and developed.
This process requires the development and regulation of a program for the formation and reform of the institution of human potential. At the same time, it is precisely with the institutional transformations in the field of human potential formation that the increase in the level of the country's socio-economic development should be linked. The lack of a clear understanding of the current institutional conditions and their impact on the development of human potential in modern Russia will not allow us to form a long-term strategy for the development of our state.
It can be argued that only institutional forms of human potential development will contribute to its effective development and use, the transition of the Russian economic system to a qualitatively new level of its development - socio-economic.
The purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the development of the institution of human potential and to develop approaches to improving the institutional conditions for the development of human potential in modern Russia.
To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following main tasks:
1. Explore the essence of economic institutions and determine their impact on human development.
2. Determine the essence of the institution of human potential in modern Russia.
3. Investigate the institutional approach to the regulation of human development in the context of the transformation of the Russian economy.
4. Conduct monitoring of human development in the conditions of modern Russia.
5. Assess the impact of institutional reforms on the development of the institution of human potential in modern Russia.
6. To develop approaches to improving the institutional conditions for the development of human potential in the transforming economy of Russia.
Object of study. Institute of Human Potential, functioning in the conditions of the modern Russian economy.
Subject of study. Economic processes that reveal the content and main features of the institution of human potential in modern Russia.
2. Chapter I. What is "Human potential"
The phrase human potential is already quite firmly included in the lexicon of scientists, statesmen, and journalists. And the concept of human development (sometimes they use the expression human development, which corresponds to the English-speaking human development) became the starting point for the already well-known concept of human potential, which was developed in many countries of the world. Its value, first of all, is that the assessment of the state of a country based on it includes not only traditional macroeconomic parameters, but also characteristics of health and education of the population. And what is most valuable is that all these three components are given the same importance. The development of the concept of human potential has been largely facilitated by the fact that since 1990 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has been publishing annual world “Human Development Reports”. The integrated approach to man and to human society justified within the framework of this concept was recognized in many countries as so constructive and promising that since 1995 national reports on human development have been issued - including in all states of the UNDP European Region and, what is important, in Russia.
In the UNDP world reports for all countries, a unified approach is used to operationalize ideas about a person and society, to the principles of analyzing and assessing the state of each country separately, etc. - for world reports it is equally inevitable and fruitful. But for Russia (as, indeed, for any other country), special adjustments to the UN basic principles and methods of human development research are required. First, for “internal” analysis it is necessary to consider not only the already mentioned three components of human potential (economy, health, education), but also its various projections - intellectual potential, population potential, personal potential, etc. Secondly, with the socio-cultural, economic, ethnogeographic, historical, etc. heterostructurality of Russia, a general statistical analysis of the entire “structure” can be significantly complicated by the fact that the concept of human potential can become not so much integrative as syncretic with respect to its individual projections.
To avoid such a danger, it seems useful to define an independent aspect of the analysis of human potential and, accordingly, an independent priority scale of its projections for each of the “substructures” of Russia - for different regions, ethnocultures and concessions, subcultural strata and demographic cohorts. Methodologically it is quite justified - to evaluate each projection of human potential for each given “substructure”. At the same time, there is no reason to fear whether we will get a single picture by combining such assessments throughout Russia, because the factor that unites all these assessments (and is dominant for each assessment separately) is the cultural component. This is not surprising: cultural genesis for Russia turned out to be almost the most productive of all the processes of its state and social development - its economy, statehood, political institutions still do not leave the stage of formation and experimentation, while culture has already been finally formed, firmly becoming a phenomenon of world culture. Therefore, special attention to the cultural phenomena of Russia (in their broadest interpretation) guarantees productivity and reliability in the study of its human potential. Ashmarin I.I. "Human potential of Russia", M., 2000.
Many authors, and I join them, define human potential as a set of fundamental rights, abilities, and capabilities of an individual or a territorial community, the level of development and implementation of which increases (or decreases) the productivity of society. Quality, style and way of life are individualized ways of accumulating, developing and manifesting human potential. In the structure of human potential along the vertical, two levels can be distinguished: basic - which includes physical, mental, social health - and activity - including physiological, psychological, intellectual, cultural potentials. Then the horizontal structure of human potential includes socio-organizational, economic, socio-ecological and existential (spiritual and practical) sections. In each of them, the human potential is "redefined", acquires its own characteristics and properties, its own quality: human resources, human capital, life potential, personal potential. As a result, the quality of human potential appears as an integral (qualitative-quantitative, objective and subjective) characteristic of the physical, spiritual-moral and socio-professional development of people, revealing the potential for their participation in production, socio-cultural and social life . In this respect, the quality of human potential is an integral characteristic of people's life, revealing the interaction of the individual with his social environment and the state, reflecting the degree of human social freedom, the possibility of his reproduction. Sakseltsev I.G. Conceptual foundations of the concept of "human potential" [Text] IG Sakseltsev // Man. History. Culture: Historical and Philosophical Almanac. - Saratov: Povolzhskaya Academy of Public Administration named after V.I. P.A. Stolypin, 2005.
Human Development Index (I.R.CH.P.) is a system of indicators adopted by the United Nations (UN) for the purpose of integrative assessment of the quality of life of the population of a UN member country.
I.R.Ch.P. is determined on the basis of the following indicators: life expectancy; the level of education; real per capita gross domestic product. I.R.Ch.P. reflects the average level of a country's provision of basic human potential and indicates how much more needs to be done by the country to achieve certain specific goals: average life expectancy of 85 years; access to education for 100% of the population; providing the population with a decent level of income.
When calculating I.R.Ch.P. all three basic indicators are reduced to a single measurement system by defining achievement for each indicator as a relative distance from the desired goal. The maximum and minimum values of each variable are scaled down from 0 to 1, with each country at a specific point on that scale. When calculating I.R.Ch.P. a measure of the country's relative achievement for each of the three basic variables is determined and a simple average of all three indicators is calculated. The closer the country is to the value of I.R.CH.P., equal to 1, the less is the path that this country still has to go to the level and quality of life, taken for granted.
Modern Russian labor policy is focused on reducing unskilled labor, retraining personnel, and increasing their professional mobility. The labor resources of the Russian Federation are characterized by a growing level of their education (the share of people with secondary and higher education increased from 49% in 1992 to 55% in 2002), a gradual increase in older people, a high (in comparison with highly developed countries) incidence rate of the population, a relatively low duration life and income level of the population. According to the human development index (longevity, education, standard of living), according to UN statistics, the Russian Federation is included in the group of middle-level countries, ranking 60th in the list of 173 states. In rural areas in the Russian Federation, there is still a surplus of workers, which leads to a decrease in labor productivity and the overall profitability of the industry in comparison with the advanced countries of the West. Sociological dictionary.
3 . Chapter II.Human development problembut in the conditions of modern Russia
3.1 Human resource of Russia. Development problems
In the 21st century, it is vitally important for people to reorient from the idea of materially expressed, conquering and expansive development to the idea of predominant internal spiritual development, a peaceful and complementary relationship with nature. Homo-sapiens must be replaced by a spiritual person. Otherwise, a person can be recorded in the Red Book.
Dealing with spiritual problems of a person is our Russian tradition. And today the line of struggle for the progress of Russian society runs not along the barricades, but within a person. The idea of Russia's national revival is most consonant not with any variant of communist, liberal, social democratic ideology and practice, but with the mobilizing idea of large-scale redistribution and concentration of public resources to build up “human capital”.
The age of the highest moral values, which are the basis of the culture of peace and the eco-biotechnological structure of social production, reasonable consumption, is knocking at our doors. Only a spiritually rich person is able to capture the whole picture of the modern world, and only spiritual blindness prevents one from realizing the true scale of the collapse of humanity.
For a long time we did not understand that the spiritual horizon of the people is their main asset. Today we are beginning to understand better that the ineffectiveness of scientific and technological progress in the Soviet Union, in Russia is a natural payback for a disrespectful attitude towards science and education. Today we better understand that the "Japanese miracle" was the result of the over-careful attitude of the Japanese towards national cultural traditions. God deprived the Japanese of natural resources and Japanese culture - perhaps the only basic wealth of this working people.
All "economic miracles" - German, Italian, South Korean and others - have the same nature. And the paradox of the "Russian miracle" is that it does not yet exist in the vastness of the richest country in the world. But it will come. And it will come through the revival of the intellectual and spiritual heritage of the peoples of Russia, the restoration of national principles in culture and education in their rights, the development of the entire cultural palette of modern social life - the culture of production and consumption, politics and management, family and personality.
Speaking about the new paradigm of culture and education of the 21st century, I mean their humanistic methodology, which will be based, first of all, on spiritual and moral criteria.
One of the most important scientific losses in modern Russia is the loss by science of its worldview and forecasting functions, and the loss of intellectual and moral values by society. These losses are compounded by the fact that the current Russian authorities are not importing into Russia. best samples popular culture, mindlessly use borrowed economic theories, poorly systematized, fragmentary knowledge, although at the heart of our economic and spiritual crisis lies the crisis of our own ideas and values. As a result, monetarist thinking, the psychology of consumption, the philosophy of pragmatism with their pseudo-theorists and the cult of momentary profit are gaining strength.
Despite the fact that this clearly does not meet the goals of the rule of law, a socially just and spiritually healthy society, our scientific community and the intelligentsia as a whole are too timidly demanding from the authorities that they seriously rely in their activities on modern theories of socio-natural, information-analytical and spiritual and moral orientation, to an objective historical and scientific interpretation of everything that is happening today with Russia.
Unfortunately, in today's Russia, such basic spiritual values as honesty, decency, respect for historical traditions, collectivism, national patriotic identity, and love for the Motherland have been squeezed out and disfigured. We live as in the occupation. Foreign money is in use, other people's films are on the screens. What the fascists did not achieve with weapons was imposed on us by the anti-Russian policy. Most of our citizens still cannot get rid of the “orphan complex”, when they ask all the time, hope all the time, do nothing and do not rely on their own strength. From the country of "Soviets" to the country of "shuttle traders" is not the path of development of an independent power.
It is high time, long ago, to forget about the rudimentary illusions that many of us in Russia are so eagerly indulging in and to start raising the personal responsibility of each citizen on the shield. Because, no matter how much the current young reformers argue that the main thing has been achieved in Russia - democracy has taken hold - these arguments are a bluff, because there is still no ordinary person in the center of their invented life. There is a secure life for a small group of people at the expense of the impoverishment of millions of citizens who live out of the impoverished grace of the state or at the expense of beggarly alms from society.
It is impossible to go directly from the command-administrative system to democracy if the society does not pay attention to culture, education and science.
Both public politicians and bureaucrats from enlightenment insanely repeat about the general interest of Russians in education, about the confirmation in the public consciousness of understanding its importance as the most important spiritual value, as a factor of social advancement and professional growth of a person, ensuring a higher quality of life.
Unfortunately, today only teachers have such an understanding, and even then not all of them. As for the ruling stratum and its servants, neither one nor the other has yet developed a clear idea of the need for a radical restructuring of the main concerns of the state in favor of education and science, the true priority of these areas. In any case, in today's Russia there is an acute deficit of pedagogical and scientific consciousness in society, a deficit of responsibility for the continuity of generations. A sufficient socio-political tension has not been created on the field of mass public interest in the revival of the intellectual potential of the nation. They are trying to throw defective seeds on this dead field of supposedly new school reforms, new standards, but good shoots from such sowing are not yet visible.
Before any attempts to create new doctrines of education, it is necessary to ensure in society the understanding that the school is not a department, but the basic unit of society, that the sphere of education should be the sphere of consent, and not polarization of the population.
It is known that our society is torn apart by the polarity of political and economic views, which excludes almost all ideas of consent, except for one idea - natural care for children. And in this regard, education is the only area where consent is most likely possible, the unification of polar socio-political forces around a constructive program of upbringing and training of the young generation.
Education is an all-pervading sphere. Every family, every person needs it. Realization of this could become a powerful organizing vector for the people in their struggle for a radical restructuring of the way of life of Russians. This can be done only in conditions of civil peace, the presence of a kind of social agreement on consent, the root basis of which is the future of children as the main business of the nation, its internal driving incentive, its historical chance.
Through all our laws, political decisions, legal, economic and other measures, an idea must be carried out, affirming the unyielding will of society - to carry out the education and upbringing of Russian citizens above the level of world achievements.
Until the Russian authorities consider the education sector as:
A materially equipped area of state activity, which is most conducive to intellectual development, physical health and moral improvement of a person;
An environment in which equal starting opportunities for the majority of citizens remove, rather than escalate, socio-political tension in society, restrain the processes of its stratification;
The most important factor influencing the economy through effective education of people, as well as the redistribution of employment and an increase in the number of jobs in the educational industry enterprises and the market of educational products and services, which in the near future can cover a significant part of education costs;
An integrating core in interethnic relations, a field for fruitful international cooperation, a source of world experience;
A system that prioritizes the physical and moral health of children, the well-being of the family as the most important educational institution, the development of the pedagogical culture of society;
Education won't solve urgent problems education and training of the young generation, the revival of the spiritual and intellectual potential of the nation.
When will Russia follow such a civilized path?
Of course, Russian science still occupies a fairly high place in the world. So far, it has been possible to save the unique scientific and technological complex from final decay. This is confirmed by outstanding developments in various industries. But since the current state policy of Russia does not contribute to the development of science, it not only does not exert the proper influence on industry, culture and social development country, but itself is completely dependent on the situation in Russia. The decisions made by the top management, as well as the few legislative acts (usually poorly working), did not create a full-fledged legislative basis for the construction and implementation of a systematic, purposeful national scientific and technical policy in a radically changed political and economic environment.
The main stumbling block in education today is the problem of financing. As long as the country's budget does not have 13-15% of expenditures in this area, no educational doctrines will save Russia.
An increase in the volume of material and financial resources allocated to education, a significant increase in the share of the national product spent in this area, will accelerate the global restructuring of all production and will replenish the future national income a hundredfold. That is, economics and education with science are becoming more and more interconnected spheres. However, both sides should understand this - both the organizers of education and businessmen.
Russian entrepreneurs are still a "class in themselves" today. They have learned to formulate the obligations that the state should undertake in relation to business, especially in tax area... As for the obligations of the business itself to society and the state, there is a certain shyness on the part of businessmen. But the question knocks on Russian doors: "How can economic and financial resources concentrated in the business sphere be turned into political and spiritual resources of society?" The majority of domestic entrepreneurs have not yet matured to understand this question, and not that they are ready to answer it.
At the same time, investments in "human capital", i.e. costs of training, retraining, overseas internships of young Russian businessmen so far also insignificant. They are still not considered as an important element of improving the investment climate, reducing political risk, the creation of a corps of personnel that could be sympathetic to the interests of foreign business. Western business and scientific circles could benefit greatly in the future if cooperation with Russia were deepened in this area.
3.2 Science as a factor in the development of human potential in Russia
In recent years, science has become one of the global factors that determine the state of human potential. Science contributes to the physical well-being of humanity, the growth of its potential. The formation and development of human potential is impossible without the creation of a fundamental scientific base in all branches of knowledge. Considering the state and prospects of science in the country, one can assess the available resources for human development. Its level of development determines the economic situation of a particular country and, accordingly, the possibilities for the successful formation of human potential.
The material possibilities and prospects for the life of human society - industrialization, urbanization, the growth of culture and educational opportunities, nutritional problems, reducing mortality and prolonging life - are directly related to the state of scientific and technological progress. The share of scientific and technological progress in developed countries already accounts for 75 to 80 percent of GDP growth. Therefore, in modern conditions, economic growth is beginning to be identified with scientific and technological progress and the intellectualization of production.
It can be argued that there is a relationship between the rate of economic development and the amount of research funding. The growth of the country's economy is the more successful the greater percentage She spends GDP on science. In Sweden, such costs are 3.7%, in Japan - 3.06%, in the United States - 2.84%.
Spending on science should be seen as a direct investment in human development. They contribute to the deepening and expansion of human knowledge, the improvement of technologies and products that affect the quality and duration of human life, determine the main features of modern society. The state of science indicates the accumulation or decline of factors necessary for the development of human potential. Therefore, in order for Russia to overcome the crisis and create conditions for the positive formation of human potential, it is necessary to intensively develop science. The progressive development of human potential is impossible without a powerful scientific potential.
Quite recently, our country occupied a leading position in many indicators characterizing the level of national scientific and technical potential. In the 70s, Soviet science provided 25% of the world's scientific results, which allowed the country to be among the world powers with a high level of scientific and technological progress. Soviet science was one of the most efficient in the world in terms of the classical economic indicator - the volume of scientific production per dollar of expenditure. It surpassed by almost an order of magnitude the leading countries of the world (USA, Japan, Germany, France). In 1987, 83,700 inventions were registered in the USSR (in the USA - 82,900, in Japan - 62,400, in Germany and Great Britain - 28,700 each).
Total spending on science in the Soviet Union was approximately 4% of GDP, which was one of the highest in the world. However, a significant part of this expenditure was related to research and development for the defense complex. Approximately one percent of the budget allocated for science went to space research. At present, the federal budget provides for space expenditures in a separate item of expenditures. Therefore, for a more correct comparison of the level of funding for science, one should speak about three percent of the total expenditures for Scientific research in USSR. At present, the share of domestic spending on science in GDP is 1.06%.
The understanding of the importance of priority funding for the development of science by members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation was reflected in the law of the Russian Federation "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" of August 23, 1996. It provides for the allocation of at least 4% of the expenditure side of the federal budget for these purposes.
But despite this, research funding has been declining throughout the entire period of the 90s. Among the state priorities of the country, scientific and technical potential has ceased to occupy a leading position. Government structures, contrary to the adopted laws of the Russian Federation and public opinion, reduced funding for domestic science. In addition, this reduction was accompanied by an almost twofold decrease in GDP itself, an increase in utility bills and a deficit in government orders.
As a result, a steady tendency was formed to reduce real appropriations for science, which in the period from 1991 to 2000 decreased by almost 5-6 times. There has not been a similar trend in Russia over the past 50 years. In the period 1996-2000, a real "threat of complete disintegration of the country's scientific and technological complex" arose. Material of the Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation for parliamentary hearings on the topic: "On the strategy of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the long term." M., Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation, 2001.
Research and development costs per researcher in Russia have become 20-25 times less than in developed countries. On average, in percentage terms, during the 90s, less was spent on science in Russia than in Chile, Romania and Portugal, and in absolute terms - less than in the Czech Republic, Finland and Denmark.
Negative trends in the scientific field have led to a significant reduction in the effectiveness of scientific activities. The potential and volume of research, development and technological development during this period decreased by about 80-85%. As a result, according to the international classification, the Russian Federation currently belongs to the group of states with low scientific potential, equal or equal to such countries as Hungary, Spain, New Zealand and Poland.
In 1999, certain financial prerequisites began to emerge in Russia to overcome this situation. The 1999 budget provided for an increase in expenditures for the maintenance of the scientific sphere by 29%. For the first time in recent years, the country's scientific sphere was 100% funded, including the salaries of scientists.
In 2000, in the budget message of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, the reproduction of scientific potential was declared as one of the priority areas of fiscal policy. Government spending on science began to increase. Funding for science in 2000 compared to 1999 increased by 1.4 times. At the same time, the volume of funding for fundamental science amounted to more than 40% of the budget for funding the entire science.
In 2001, in the Annual Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the need for state support of Russian science was also noted. Annual Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. M., 2001. - http://president.kremlin.ru/events/191.html This year the volume of funding increases 1.7 times in comparison with 1999 and 1.2 times in comparison with 2000.
In the Russian Federation, the planned expenditures on science continue to remain almost 2 times lower than the legislatively established norm. It can be assumed that such an increase in funding will offset mainly inflationary costs and losses. It is unlikely that it will be possible to radically change the situation in science, despite the planned increase in wages to employees of budgetary institutions in this industry, an increase in social payments and an increase in expenses for the maintenance and renewal of fixed assets of scientific organizations. Less than 1.7% is planned for research and development, and expenditures for the scientific sphere are less than 2.2% of all budgetary expenditures.
In developed countries, the share of spending on science in the total amount of budget expenditures over the past 20 years is quite stable: 6-7% - in the USA, 4-5% - in France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, 3-3.5% - in Japan. Ivanova N. Financial mechanisms of scientific and technical policy (experience of Western countries). - International journal of problems of theory and practice of management. - http://www.ptpu.ru/default.asp
The projected amount of funding for the scientific sphere in 2001 will probably keep scientific schools and basic scientific research alive, but will not be able to reverse the depressive tendencies operating here. The situation in the scientific and technical sphere remains difficult. In the opinion of the Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation, the leaders of the Russian state underestimated the importance of the national scientific potential in a critical period for Russia. Material of the Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation for parliamentary hearings on the topic: "On the strategy of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the long term." M., Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation, 2001, p. 2 Moreover, it is approximately $ 200 billion. The monetary estimate of the losses of the country's scientific potential during the 90s is at least $ 60-70 billion. A. Varshavsky "Science in Siberia" - http://vesta.ict.nsc.ru/ HBC / 1999 / n5 / f71 .html
Despite the negative processes, about 10% of the number of scientists around the world continues to work in Russian science. According to this indicator, Russia retains the 7th place in the world.
At present, the average age of researchers with advanced degrees is 54-55 years, and almost half of all doctors of sciences and more than 1/3 of candidates of sciences are in retirement age.
This trend is especially alarming, since interest in science as a field of their future activities among students in recent times in Russia remains low. Sociologists say that about 30% of graduate students do not intend to continue to engage in science in the future. Only 18.6% of current graduate students are going to defend doctoral dissertations. Only 26.8% of the surveyed students intend to engage in intellectual work in Russia.
In 2000, there was some hope for a possible improvement in the state of affairs with the training of scientific personnel. Admission to postgraduate and doctoral studies increased in comparison with 1999, respectively, by 11.7% and 18.5%. It is assumed that this year the number of graduate students will increase by 7.8% and doctoral students by 11.5%.
But the measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation for state support of young scientists are clearly not enough. The average age of scientists increases by approximately one year each year.
Therefore, the main task of the coming years is to create conditions for the preservation and development of the most promising part of Russian science and the system of training scientific personnel. On the main directions of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in the long term. M., Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, 2001, pp. 28-29 .. The government of the Russian Federation already in 2001 assumes a 5 percent increase in the number of people employed in science in comparison with 2000. "Monitoring of indicators of scientific potential: analysis and forecast" - Newsletter of the Center for Statistics and Science, No. 1, 2001. - http://www.csrs.minstp.ru/Public/default.htm.
The low standard of living of Russian scientists leads to the necessity of their part-time work. The consequences of this phenomenon are ambiguous. On the one hand, the repeated use of the scientist's creative potential expands the profile of his activity, reinforces the spheres that need them with highly qualified personnel. On the other hand, they scatter the potential of a scientist and enhance social differentiation in the scientific community. Almost two-thirds of the heads of scientific organizations and a third of scientific workers combine the main scientific work with part-time work.
Grant financing is a serious help to scientific research, especially fundamental research. Scientists of the humanities sector receive the greatest support for scientific research through the grant system, less - specialists in the natural sciences and the least grant support is received by representatives of scientific and technical areas.
Russia is losing human resources in science. Thousands of first-class scientists leave the country every year. More than 70 thousand scientific workers have emigrated. 17% of the researchers of the Russian Academy of Sciences turned out to be abroad. The main reason for the immigration of scientific personnel is economic problems. According to American experts, the "brain drain" from Russia in the period after 1991 was extraordinary, 70-80% of its mathematicians, 50% of theoretical physicists working at the world level left the country. Over the 90s, the country has lost about a third of its intellectual potential. The main "consumer" of our scientists is the West (about 60%) and the states of Eastern Europe - 20%.
Migration quotas in Western countries for Russian scientists and specialists also testify to the possible prospects for the emigration of Russian scientists. So, Germany intends to accept up to 20 thousand programmers from the former USSR... Most of them will be specialists from Russia.
As a result, our country turned from a state that poorly uses its own scientific and technological achievements to meet social needs, into a state that successfully meets the needs of other countries. We began to provide highly developed countries not only with types of raw materials that are in short supply for them, but also with scientific and technical knowledge and personnel.
Insufficient funding of the scientific sphere, reduction of those employed in science, the outflow of highly qualified specialists, intensive "aging" of scientific personnel - all this creates the preconditions for the degradation of the scientific and technical potential of the Russian state. The state of national science is determined by the scientific community itself, in contrast to the official optimistic assessments, as catastrophic. Sociological polls by ISPI RAS show the dynamics of scientists' assessments of the situation in Russian science. In 1991, 32% of the surveyed experts identified the situation in science as critical, in 1993 - 76%, and after 1997 more than 90% of experts have consistently noted a crisis in science, despite the adoption of a number of federal laws guaranteeing stable funding for science. These legislative acts could not fully provide the necessary support for domestic science.
According to a number of Russian experts, the real state of science in Russia, as a state institution that determines technical strength, industrial infrastructure and competitive export, does not allow setting it the task of modernizing or developing the scientific base. Moreover, it is necessary to take urgent measures to save the scientific potential of the country until these processes become irreversible. There is still a real opportunity to avoid the worst-case scenario for the development of the state of Russian science. For this it is necessary to unite the efforts of the entire scientific complex of the country.
In recent years, there have been significant structural, organizational and legal changes in the system of scientific organizations in Russia. To the greatest extent, they affected industrial science. There were 5111 scientific institutions in the country, including 3250 research institutes. They employed 1,500 doctors of sciences and more than 490,000 candidates. But, since 1992, the number of scientific institutions began to decline.
Currently, the Russian Federation has almost 4 thousand scientific organizations of the federal and regional level, 6 academies with state status, and about 50 thousand so-called small enterprises operating in the scientific industry. About 75% of all scientific organizations are state-owned and belong to state form property.
Accreditation of scientific organizations is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the federal law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy". Of the nearly 4,000 scientific organizations previously registered by federal and territorial administrations, as of January 1, 2000, State Register 2280 scientific organizations of various forms of ownership have been introduced.
Unfortunately, changes in the institutional structure of science were often spontaneous and unregulated. Often they did not so much help the development of the scientific sphere as hampered it. The network of institutions engaged in scientific and technical development has been reduced mainly due to design and design organizations and liquidation of research and design departments of industrial enterprises. While the number of registered industrial enterprises has tripled, the number of departments performing R&D in them has decreased by almost one and a half times. The most rapidly declining volumes of applied research and large-scale development.
The share of R&D expenditures in Russia's gross domestic product (GDP) currently corresponds to the level of 1946-1950. In Russia, during the reforms since 1992, it dropped to the level of Egypt, Poland, India, Portugal. Although back in the late 1980s, this indicator corresponded to the level of the USA, Germany, Japan and Sweden.
Thus, a tendency is formed to reduce promising research projects that are designed to ensure the development of high-tech and science-intensive industries in the future. At the same time, many institutions and enterprises operate under the title of scientific ones that have lost their personnel potential and, as a result, have changed the profile of their main activity.
Such an important parameter of technological development as the level of innovative activity of the industry, characterized by the indicator of the proportion of organizations and enterprises engaged in the development and implementation of innovations, continues to decline. Over the 10-year period, it has fallen on average from 60-70% to 20-25% of the total number of industrial enterprises. The lowest level of innovation activity (12-16%) is characteristic of the industries oriented to the satisfaction of their own internal needs: light industry, food industry, and construction materials industry.
In industry, only 5% of enterprises are independently engaged in research and development (in developed countries this figure is almost 80%), 18% introduce new or improved products and 14% - technological processes. The main part of innovatively active enterprises is concentrated in mechanical engineering and metalworking - 42.8%; in food - 19.9%, chemical and petrochemical - 9% and light industry - 5.8%.
At present, seven highly developed countries (out of about 150 countries with market economies) account for about 80 - 90% of science-intensive products and all of their exports. The share of Russia is only 0.3%. "Seven" possesses 46 out of 50 macro technologies owned by the world, including a set of technological processes (R&D, preparation of production, production itself and service support of the project) to create a certain type of product with specified parameters.
Of these technologies, 22 are controlled by the United States, 8 - 10 - by Germany, 7 - by Japan, 3 - 5 - by Great Britain and France, and one each by Sweden, Norway, Italy and Switzerland. The "economic miracle" of Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the so-called eastern tigers, is explained not so much by their own technological innovations as by the "implantation" of 1-2 macrotechnologies from leading industrial states into these countries.
Now in Russia, no more than 10% of the total investment volume is invested in high technologies, while in highly developed countries this share reaches 60%. Russia, proceeding from its own production and raw material base, as well as highly qualified personnel, could set and effectively solve the problem of priority development in 12-16 macrotechnologies out of 50 existing in the world. Moreover, in the period up to 2010, it is advisable to limit ourselves to only 6-7 macro technologies, the total level of knowledge in which is close to the world level, and in some cases even surpasses it. We can talk about aviation, space, shipbuilding, special metallurgy and power engineering.
If domestic macro technologies reach a competitive level, Russia's share in the world market for high technology products may rise from 0.3% to 10-12%. This is equivalent to $ 100-120 billion. net income in year.
The process of aging and uncontrolled reduction of the experimental and production base of science is intensifying. In research institutes, scientific equipment (especially its instrumental part) has not been updated for almost 11 years. The threshold level for this indicator is 7 years. The computer technology currently used in Russian science is 2-3 orders of magnitude weaker than in the developed countries of the world.
The coefficient of renewal of fixed assets in the scientific and technical sphere in 2000 was only 2.1%. In 1991 it was 10.5%. At present, of the total expenditures on scientific and technical activities, capital expenditures in general amount to less than 4%, and about 3% is directed to the purchase of equipment. Fixed assets are spent on wages, exorbitant utilities and energy consumption. The volume of fixed assets in research and development decreased three times and amounted to 213 billion rubles at the beginning of 2000.
The productivity of scientific work is largely determined by the quality of information support for research and development. The number of publications on scientific and technical issues has decreased by almost 60%. The system of distribution of scientific literature collapsed. Literature of a survey and informational nature, published by the bodies of the NTI, has virtually disappeared. A significant part of scientific periodicals has become inaccessible, opportunities for acquaintance with dissertations, with the achievements of world science through the system of abstract journals are limited, the staff of informant engineers and librarians, the network of grassroots ONTI and NTB, and funds for the acquisition of literature have been reduced. There was a decrease in the average volume of scientific and technical publications. Books have become less accessible, as the products of publishing organizations are low in circulation and do not fully enter the book trade. The underdelivery of samples of printed materials to the leading libraries of the country was 25%. According to UNESCO, 23% of this indicator is considered critical, after reaching which society loses information resources.
In the number of scientific publications in the world, the share of Russia has decreased to 30%. The general state of information support of science, in the opinion of most scientists, is unsatisfactory.
The country's leadership is aware of the potential capabilities of Russian science. This is evidenced by official documents of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government and the Federal Assembly of Russia, which declare the need for the priority development of domestic science. However, these declarations have not yet been adequately reflected in practical politics. Russian society expects that in the near future the federal authorities will complete the formation of a strategy for the country's long-term development and will make full use of its scientific and technical capabilities for the formation of human potential.
3.3 Influence of cultural institutions of the Russian Federation on human development
In Russia, as in the world community, there is a growing awareness that culture can and should be an important factor in the development of human potential. No one doubts that development itself is impossible without taking into account, introducing a cultural factor into it.
In 1998, in Stockholm, at the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, hosted by the World Commission on Culture and Development, an Action Plan was adopted by 140 states. The adopted Action Plan contains five recommendations to Member States:
1. Make cultural policy one of the key elements of the development strategy.
2. Encourage creativity and participation in cultural life.
3. Increase efforts to preserve and enhance the role of tangible and intangible, movable and immovable heritage and the development of cultural industries.
4. Promote cultural and linguistic diversity within and for the benefit of the information society.
5. Allocate more significant human and financial resources for the development of culture Wolfgang Reiter. Culture and Development: Results of the Stockholm UNESCO Conference // Culture as a Factor of Russia's Economic Revival. Materials to " round table"St. Petersburg Economic Forum. M., 1999.
That is, we are talking about the fact that the development of human potential, the development of society in general is possible only when it is consciously based on the national cultural tradition and way of life. The cultural tradition and everyday life of a particular society become both a goal and a factor in the development of human potential, society as a whole.
Today they often write that the time has come for Russia to “collect stones”. First of all, this concerns the cultural, spiritual sphere. The loss of one's own spiritual foundations, cultural traditions, and value systems means one thing: dissolution and assimilation in another culture alien to us, which will entail a change, and subsequently a change in the identity of the Russian population. Taking into account that the priority goal in the development of the Russian state today is the building of a strong state, it is necessary to realize that this goal can be realized only if there is an appropriate human potential, the core of which is in the culture of our people, in its spirit. During the transition period, when Russia has not yet taken its rightful place in the world community, spiritual priorities are more important than ever for maintaining the appropriate psychological climate in the country, the level of individual and national self-awareness. The status of spiritual factors, especially in times of crisis, is so great that their effect cannot be underestimated. They control the meanings, control the thoughts of people, therefore it is so important who owns the hegemony of the spirit, the cultural hegemony in the country. Russian philosopher L.P. Karsavin in his reasoning about the nation, its unity wrote that "the idea of culture determines its statehood" Karsavin LP. Philosophy of history. St. Petersburg., 1993 .. That is, culture is not a derivative, it is the determining basis of the strategy for the development of society, the world as a whole, it sets the framework and establishes the horizon of this development, the horizon of personality development. Therefore, the issue of spiritual, cultural hegemony, the issue of preserving cultural heritage, high culture - these are the issues that today need to be taken into account not only in theoretical reasoning, discussions about the future of transformation processes in Russia, these are issues that should become a factor that really affects on the strategy of transformations in the country.
The goal of all transformations should be a person. If there is a drop in the development of human potential, then this is a signal for revising the guidelines in the country's economic policy. The economy is designed to support the life of society, but the purpose of the life of society is not the development of the economy, but the development of the individual, its creative potential.
Personality, an orientation towards her creative potential lie at the heart of the projects of the society of the third millennium. However, modern society is also already to some extent inherent in these features, for example:
- maximum use of human potential, its creative and informational capabilities;
- priority of non-materialistic values; a shift from the unrestrained growth of material and energy consumption to an increase in information consumption.
Taking into account these characteristics and trends in the development of society, we cannot but care about the cultural potential of Russia and its impact on the development of the country's human potential as the main factor of its development.
The cultural potential of Russia is multifaceted - these are monuments of history and culture, and museums, libraries, and theaters, as well as high culture and its carriers, personnel working in the field of culture, etc. All aspects are important, each of them fulfills its function. We can say that underestimating any of the factors is a time bomb, which at a certain stage can tear (and possibly blow up) the cultural field of Russia. The main thing in the cultural potential is its content side, its spiritual component. Spiritual culture is a very influential force of our time. This is something that every nation should cherish, cherish, something that should be developed for the sake of future generations.
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Academic Supervisor: Shmanyov Sergey Vladimirovich, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department of Macroeconomic Regulation of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"
Today, in the context of the globalization of the world economy, the constant growth of international trade, the development of international relations, the intensification of competition in the domestic market, the aggravation of terrorist threats and military actions, the issue of human development is becoming increasingly important. Human capital development is, first of all, compliance quality characteristics labor force character of the modern economy.
The content of human capital can be characterized through the human development index. This indicator was first used in the 1990s, when experts from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) first published a report assessing the economic and social progress of the countries of the world, where the concept of "human development" was defined. It was understood as the process of expanding the spectrum of choice, the freedom of people to live a long, healthy and creative life. That is, human development could be characterized, first of all, as the harmonious development of a person in society, characterized by high-quality provision of medical care and a high level of his well-being, as well as freedom of thought, speech, etc.
The Human Development Index is an aggregate indicator that includes three main components and is calculated as their arithmetic mean of the following components:
- the health of citizens, that is, the life expectancy of the population;
- the level of education, that is, the level of literacy of the adult population;
- the standard of living of the population, that is, the gross domestic product per capita (GDP) of the population.
Taking into account all three components, the human development index measures the achievements of a country in terms of health status, education and actual income of its citizens and has certain threshold values... So, for regions with a low level of human development, this indicator will be less than 0.5, for regions with an average level of development - from 0.5 to 0.8, and, finally, for regions with a high level of human development - from 0, 8 and up. Consider the contribution of each of the components.
First of all, speaking about human capital, it should be noted that the labor potential of each person is characterized by his state of health and his physical abilities. In the modern world, health is influenced by various factors, some of which are almost impossible to control. For example, exposure to various magnetic or ultraviolet radiation, which negatively affects human health and subsequently weaken its potential. The situation is aggravated by the fact that, as practice shows, the fight against these phenomena is often carried out at the expense of the personal funds of the population, which is not enough. All this, ultimately, slows down the rate of human development, and, consequently, the rate of economic development. In this connection, the state is interested in improving the quality of life of the population, its health and well-being and is pursuing an active policy in this direction.
Today the Government of the Russian Federation spends significant budgetary funds on health care, education and science. Over the past 10 years total expenses Russian budget on the social sphere increased at an accelerated pace: the amount gradually increased to 12 trillion. rubles, thanks to which there was an improvement in the quality of medical care, improvement of drug provision. Health care services have become more accessible, and there has also been a trend towards the formation of a healthy lifestyle for citizens.
The main goal of the state in the field of healthcare is to provide high-quality medical care to the population, which directly affects not only the standard of living, but also the achievement of planned health indicators of citizens. The key indicators reflecting the trends in human development from the point of view of the physical component are indicators of population health. First of all, this should include demographic indicators - population size, life expectancy, population growth, mortality and fertility rates.
According to official statistics for the period from 2005 to 2015. most of the above indicators have increased. So, positive dynamics is observed in the indicator of life expectancy of the population - there was an average growth of 5 years. In 2015, the average life expectancy for both men and women reached 70.9 years. In 2013, this indicator was equal to 70.8 years, but this is still 5 years lower than in the “new” EU countries and 10.7 years lower than in the “old” EU countries.
The population, among other things, has also increased over the past couple of years. In 2014, the resident population of the Russian Federation (RF) amounted to 143.7 million people and increased over the year by 319.9 thousand people, or 0.3%. There is also a tendency towards a decrease in the natural population decline, in 2013 a natural population growth was recorded - 24.0 thousand people (in 2012 - a natural decline of 4.2 thousand people), in 2015 the population growth was 0.17%.
To assess the standard of living of the population and its state of health, other indicators are also important, for example, indicators of the incidence of the population. In recent years, growth has also been observed here, which adversely affects the quality of the country's human potential. After all, morbidity, first of all, is a potential basis for planning health care resources necessary to meet the existing needs of the population in various types of medical care. So the rate of increase in the incidence from 2003 to 2013. in Russia as a whole was 15%, which is an unfavorable factor in the development of the country's economy.
In the sequel, it is very important to mention separately the mortality rate. Despite some favorable dynamics of this indicator (since 2005, according to Rosstat data, growth has been observed), it still has rather high values. And this means that potential human resources are decreasing, therefore, the state's ability to achieve an appropriate level of development of the country is also reduced.
On the other hand, despite the above trends and reductions in government spending, an increase in funding is noted in the healthcare sector. Thus, this year, an increase in federal budget expenditures on the Healthcare Development program was recorded: in 2015, the budget amounted to 249.55 billion rubles, and in 2016 - 354.42 billion rubles, which corresponds to an increase of 29.59%. At the same time, the largest share of funding falls on the program "Improving the provision of specialized, including high-tech, medical care" (an increase in costs by 2.8 times compared to 2015), which indicates an increase in the state's attention to the health of its population.
Thus, the development of human capital from the point of view of the physical component has a generally increasing trend and is characterized by positive dynamics of most indicators. In maintaining and improving the achieved results, the state has developed various projects to improve the living standards of the population and the quality of medical services provided, a striking example of which is the priority national project"Health", as well as the already mentioned programs "Development of health care". In addition, the promotion of a healthy lifestyle together with additional investments in scientific research and the implementation of their results in the field of medicine will have a beneficial effect on the further development of health care and the life of the population.
The modern education system also plays an important role in the development of human potential. After all, the state of education of the population determines the direction of the country's development, the rate of economic growth in the long term. In modern conditions, the state policy is aimed at reducing federal budget expenditures in the field of education. So, in 2016, there is a decrease in the level of funding for the Education Development program by almost 9.5%, which is 404.89 billion rubles. In particular, such budget cuts have the most negative impact on the program "Assistance to the development of preschool and general education", which is one of the six programs included in the "Development of education" program: compared to 2015, the reduction will be 96.1%. At the same time, primary education is the basis on which further education in higher educational institutions and the acquisition of new knowledge are superimposed.
The development of vocational education also tends to decline. If in 2014 the share of expenditures on vocational education was 83.77% of the total expenditures, and in 2015 - 91.83%, then in 2016 this indicator decreased by 0.89% and amounted to 90.94%. The projected value for 2017 will be 90.76%, which indicates an even greater decrease in funding.
In addition, programs such as "Research and development in priority areas of development", "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia", "Culture of Russia" and other programs, for example, "Development of the transport system of Russia", also in 2016- 2017 have a downward trend (see Table 1). The relevant data are presented on the official website of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the section of state programs.
Table 1 - Expenditures of the federal budget in the section "Education" in the context of federal target programs in 2014-2017,%
Program | Year | |||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
Research and development in priority areas of development | 5,87% | 3,10% | - | - |
Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia | 13,54% | - | - | - |
Russian culture | 7,87% | - | 7,41% | 13,82% |
Development of education | 38,72% | 38,24% | 44,53% | 39,60% |
Other FTP | 34% | 22,53% | 4,22% | 7,28% |
Development of the transport system of Russia | - | 17,29% | 12,76% | 11,18% |
Development of Crimea | - | 18,84% | 31,08% | 28,12% |
Nevertheless, the above negative dynamics of the level of financing of the education sector is not the only problem. This is only a quantitative component of it, but there is also a qualitative one. To date, there are active discussions about quality modern education... This issue has been discussed in certain competent circles for a long time, both by domestic and foreign experts.
The following main problems of the modern education system can be identified:
- inconsistency of the qualifications of graduates with modern requirements, incl. the labor market, which presents them to them future profession(“Narrowness” of the acquired knowledge, as well as the discrepancy between the knowledge given in higher institutions to what real companies require in practice);
- large amounts of information and its inconsistency;
- the rapid pace of development of scientific and technical progress (the knowledge acquired by schoolchildren or students at the time of their admission to universities becomes obsolete by the time young specialists graduate);
- physical and mental overload, leading to a deterioration in the perception of information.
Of course, in the aggregate, all of the above factors create a holistic picture of the so-called crisis state that has formed today. Russian system education, because their negative impact is obvious. In this connection, it is necessary to develop new educational standards and implement in practice measures that will contribute to the restoration of not only the quality component of education, but also the human potential and development of the country as a whole.
To solve these problems, it is necessary to regularly monitor the labor market, the demand for specific specialties, areas of training, analysis of their relevance, as well as the main trends in the development of science and technology in the country and the world. To improve the techniques of mastering the material and to update the conduct of practical classes, starting from the first courses of study, to establish close ties of higher educational institutions with organizations operating on the market and to motivate the teaching staff to improve the quality of education.
In studying the issue of human capital development, it is necessary to mention the third component of the human capital development index - the standard of living of the population. This component is most fully expressed in terms of GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP). According to statistics, GDP indicators at PPP since 2009 are characterized by positive dynamics. If in 2009 the figure was $ 2,961.3 billion, then in 2014 it was $ 3,402.9 billion. The GDP indicator (in constant prices, 2011 prices) for 2011 was 59,698.1 billion rubles, and in 2015 it reached 60,687.1 billion rubles. However, despite the favorable trend, there are enough problems related to the standard of living of the population.
First of all, it is worth focusing on the fairly high level of inflation in Russia and the resource orientation of the economy of our country, namely, the dependence on energy carriers and their prices. Corruption is also a serious problem in the development of human capital, and its manifestations, which is one of the main obstacles to economic growth in Russia. Monopolization of some sectors of the economy, primarily the public sector, and the bureaucratic nature of many administrative procedures are also significant constraints.
As a result, the following situation is developing: there is a positive growth in the GDP indicator according to the PPR, which increases the human capital development index, but along with this there are a sufficient number of problems. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out certain transformations in the economy, for example, tightening control over the activities of monopolies, the transition to science-intensive technologies, tougher responsibility for illegal actions related to corruption, the removal of certain administrative restrictions, and others.
In modern conditions, characterized by an increased level of production intensity, there is an increase in both physical and intellectual workload. This, in turn, stimulates the state to create comfortable and appropriate conditions for a given load, necessary for its reproduction, because in the absence of adequate labor conditions, the productivity of human capital will gradually decrease.
In this direction, today, as a whole, there is a favorable trend: the measures carried out by the state have led to a positive dynamics of the socio-economic development of the country as a whole and have improved the quality of life of the population, its well-being and health. This is confirmed by the results and dynamics of the main indicators, that is, population growth, an increase in life expectancy, a decrease in mortality and an increase in the birth rate, natural population growth, and others.
In addition, the state's active policy in the field of health care and people's preservation is again taking a direction towards the implementation of prevention. The provision of high-quality medical care to the population and the strengthening of their health is ensured through the activation of primary medical care, improvement of methods and methods of treatment, provision of specialized institutions with the necessary medicines, etc.
Thus, the human potential of a country is one of the most important characteristics of economic development. This is a kind of foundation for building a modern economy, which should initially be laid by the state. After all, if measures to improve the quality of education, the standard of living of the population, the quality of medical care and others are not implemented by the state authorities, then the expansion of production, the transition to an innovative economy in new conditions will become impossible.
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The problem of human development is the problem of matching the qualitative characteristics of the labor force with the nature of the modern economy. In the conditions of post-industrialization, the requirements for physical qualities and especially for the education of an employee, including his ability to constantly improve his qualifications, are increasing.
At the same time, the development of the qualitative characteristics of the labor force is extremely uneven in the world economy. The worst indicators in this regard are shown by developing countries, which, however, are the main source of replenishment of the world labor force. It is this circumstance that determines the global nature of the problem of human development.
The potential of a person's labor activity is determined in many respects by his physical qualities, i.e. abilities for creative activity, due primarily to the state of his health and development as a living organism. The increased intensity of modern production increases both physical and intellectual workload and objectively presupposes the creation of adequate conditions for its reproduction. At the same time, opportunities for this exist mainly in developed countries, while in developing countries, the development of human physical qualities is actively hindered by such factors as low income, lack of adequate nutrition, poor housing conditions, low level of health care development, mass diseases, etc. As a result, life expectancy in Africa, for example, is only 46 years, and according to WHO estimates, by the beginning of the XXI century. here, AIDS affected about 25% of the workforce.
The most important elements of the qualitative characteristics of labor resources are the level of general and professional education. According to the theory of human capital, there is a strong relationship between economic growth and the costs of general education, training and health care, i.e. “Investments in people”, and the profitability of such investments in the long term is higher than investments in physical capital.
Research carried out in the mid-80s. XX century, confirmed the correctness of the provisions of the theory of human capital. In particular, it was found that an increase in the period of training of the labor force by just one year can provide an additional GDP growth of 3%. Received confirmation and thesis about the higher, in the long term, the profitability of "investment in a person" in comparison with investment in physical capital.
The problem of human development is an extremely complex global problem. The prospects for its solution directly depend on economic growth in all components of the world economy, and primarily in developing countries Oh. It is only on the basis of economic growth that opportunities for the development of the social sphere arise, and hence the creation of conditions for the formation of labor resources that are adequate to modern requirements.
Human potential will be one of the main types of aggregate economic potential and is distinguished by specific and qualitative characteristics. The required population size is distinguished by certain qualitative indicators (qualification and professional structure) and will be a necessary resource, without which not only the development of the national economy, but also its normal functioning is impossible. Accordingly, the greater the degree of provision with human potential, the greater the potential capacity of the national economy for growth.
In 1990, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) introduced into public circulation the concept of the Human Development Index (HDI) - Human Development Index (HDI) The Human Development Index allows (to some extent) to take into account not only economic, but also social efficiency countries, the quality of life of the population.
HDI calculated as the arithmetic mean of three equivalent components:
- income determined by the indicator of gross domestic product (gross regional product) at purchasing power parity (PPP) in US dollars per capita;
- education measured by literacy rates (with a weight of 2/3) and the proportion of students among children and young people aged 6 to 23 years (with a weight of 1/3);
- longevity defined by life expectancy at birth (life expectancy)
Regions (countries) with an index below 0.5 have a low level of human development; 0.5-0.8 - average level; 0.8 and more - a high level of development. These calculations are published in the annual human development reports. In 2005, the United States ranked only 10th in terms of the ϶ᴛᴏth indicator. The leaders are the countries of Northern Europe, which are characterized by a high level of socialization of the market economy. The Russian Federation is included in the group of countries with an average level of development. The value of the coefficient does not exceed 0.7-0.8. According to the ϶ᴛᴏm indicator, the USSR belonged to the developed countries of the world. In recent years, due to an increase in per capita GDP and the level of education, the HDI of the Russian Federation has a tendency to increase. In 2004, Russia ranked 57th among 177 countries for which the index was calculated, next to Bulgaria and Malaysia. Within Russia, the highest HDI is observed in Moscow, St. Petersburg, in the Tyumen region, Bashkiria, and Tatarstan.
Ranking place | Country | HDI |
1 | Norway | 0,963 |
2 | Iceland | 0,956 |
3 | Australia | 0,955 |
4 | Luxembourg | 0,949 |
5 | Canada | 0,949 |
6 | Sweden | 0,949 |
7 | Switzerland | 0,947 |
8 | Ireland | 0,946 |
9 | Belgium | 0,945 |
10 | USA | 0,944 |
The UN has recommended to all countries of the world as HDI standards apply the maximum life expectancy (85 years) and minimum (25 years) and when calculating human development. The actual life expectancy of a person is compared with the maximum and minimum norms. The level of GDP also has ϲʙᴏand boundaries (from $ 100 to $ 40,000 per capita)
Note that HDI trends indicate that there is no automatic or explicit relationship between the state of economic prosperity and the process of human development. The HDI value for two countries with the same level of per capita income may be diametrically opposite; countries with the same HDI score may have very different income levels.
With all this, if the country's HDI rating is higher than the GDP rating then it is concluded that the country has succeeded in transforming economic prosperity in a process of human empowerment with maximum benefit. Conversely, if the growth rate of the HDI is lower than the growth rate of GDP per capita, economic prosperity in such a country has not led to a further improvement in the quality of life of the population.
Human potential of Russia
Total amount the population of Russia in 2000 was 145.6 million people, which is the sixth place in the world. The average life expectancy of the population of Russia, according to the State Statistics Committee, is 69.5 years, for men - 63 years, for women - 74. The decline in the birth rate has led to the fact that the natural increase has decreased several times.
Since 2000, there has been a major shift in the structure of the population, with an increase in the proportion of the urban population and an increase in the number of women involved in economic activities. Material published on http: // site
The qualification structure of human potential in Russia has changed significantly since 2000 - 274 people per 1000 employed, who have higher or secondary specialized education. This indicator differs significantly across the regions of Russia and the highest is observed in Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is characteristic that there is a significant concentration of human potential in the central regions with a decrease in the regions of the North.
The main factor influencing the placement of the country's human potential will be the location of production. It is worth noting that it hinders future development. production capacity... It is necessary to redistribute human potential in order to create priority industries. Human potential is highly mobile. Migration flows are mainly directed to the central regions. The influx of population from neighboring countries is also significant, but for the most part it is illegal. It should be said that in order to suppress migration, the current law was adopted, which introduces a significant amount of fines for enterprises that use illegal labor.
As a result of the unstable socio-economic situation in the country, the elimination of the state from the regulation of most economic processes, there has been a significant decrease in the quality of human potential. It is important to know that most of it was irretrievably lost to the national economy due to leaving for permanent residence outside the country. The quality of life of the population also decreased, which was a direct reason for the decline in the quality of human potential.
Human development problem
Human development problem -϶ᴛᴏ the problem of ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙi qualitative characteristics of the labor force to the nature of the modern economy.
In the conditions of post-industrialization, the requirements for physical qualities and especially for the education of an employee, including his ability to constantly improve his qualifications, are increasing.
At the same time, the development of the qualitative characteristics of the labor force is extremely uneven in the world economy. The worst indicators in this regard are shown by developing countries, which, however, are the main source of replenishment of the world labor force. It is precisely this circumstance that determines the global nature of the problem of human development.
Physical qualities of a person
The potential of a person's labor activity is determined primarily by his physical abilities for creative activity, the state of his health and development as a living organism. The increased intensity of modern production increases both physical and intellectual workload and objectively presupposes the creation of adequate conditions for its reproduction. With all this, opportunities for him exist mainly in developed countries, and the replenishment of the world labor resources occurs to a decisive extent at the expense of developing countries. In the latter, the development of human physical qualities is actively hindered by such factors as low income, lack of adequate nutrition, poor housing conditions, low level of development of health care and mass diseases, etc. Suffice it to note that, according to WHO estimates, by the beginning of the XXI century. in Africa alone, about 25% of the workforce was affected by AIDS.
Education as an element of human potential
Do not forget that the most important element of the quality characteristics of labor resources will be level of general and vocational education... According to the theory of human capital, there is a strong relationship between economic growth and the costs of general education, training and health care, i.e. " investment in people”, And the profitability of such investments in the long term is higher than investments in physical capital.
Let's note the fact that in modern conditions the costs of general education, vocational training and health care are no longer considered as non-productive costs, but are considered one of the most profitable types of investments... Filed for 2004, government spending on education in France, Great Britain and the United States was 5.6%, 5.3% and 5.7% of GDP, in Russia - 3.8%. At the same time, in a large group of developing countries, the same indicator was less than 2%. For example, in Dominican Republic and Indonesia it was 1.1%, in the Gambia it was 1.9.
The average number of years of education for an adult is 1 year in Burkina Faso, 2.25 years in Mozambique, 5 years in India, 5.77 years in Nigeria, and 8.4 years in Brazil (with 9-14 years in developed countries )
For developing countries, a separate but extremely important task in the field of education is the elimination of adult illiteracy. Over the past 20 years, the proportion of illiterates in the world population and in the total population of developing countries has decreased, but in some regions it remains high. In addition, the total number of illiterates in the world is growing. In South Asia, the adult illiteracy rate is 45%, in sub-Saharan Africa 39%, in the Middle East and North Africa region 35%. In a number of developing countries, the proportion of illiterate adults reaches exorbitant levels. For example, 86% of the adult population is illiterate in Niger, 56% in Benin, 63% in Gambia, 61% in Senegal, 58% in Ethiopia, Pakistan and Bangladesh - 51%.