Economic problems of innovative development. Advances in modern natural science
At present, the leadership of our country is fully aware of the need for the transition of Russia, and therefore of all industrial enterprises to an innovative path of development, they are taking a number of practical measures to implement this course. But, despite all the measures taken, industrial enterprises have not yet shown activity in matters of innovative development.
Innovative development all over the world is due to the need to constantly improve and maintain the competitiveness of enterprises. At the same time, the use of innovations gives enterprises the opportunity to effectively compete in the market, attract new consumers, and improve financial performance. The level of competitiveness of an enterprise most significantly depends on the technological level of the enterprise. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the depth of innovation processes at the enterprise, since not all innovations lead to an increase in competitiveness, but only those that are focused on new markets and are accompanied by original developments.
Many studies have noted the lack of interest among Russian enterprises in innovative development as such. And the reason, in our opinion, lies in the fact that in the conditions of Russia, innovations are not really an instrument in the competitive struggle. Russian enterprises do not need to introduce new technologies to attract consumers. Competitive advantages in our country are created by other factors, not innovation. This clearly demonstrates the fact that with extremely low R&D costs, low technological level and low labor productivity, Russian enterprises have high profitability. The share of enterprises that are absolutely passive in the field of innovations, that is, they have neither new products, nor new technologies, nor R&D expenditures, on average, is 44%. The share of enterprises that develop and implement a new product is significantly less than the share of enterprises that do not have their own developments, but adapt and apply already known technologies and products (19% and 27%). There are very few enterprises orienting new original products and technologies to the level of the world market - only 3%. There is a significant positive relationship between firm competitiveness and constancy in R&D spending. In the period from 2005 to 2009. the share of enterprises financing R&D decreased from 55% to 36%.
The low level of corporate spending on R&D in Russia is often associated with the imperfection of the process of technological modernization, meaning that enterprises must first modernize production and replace equipment in workshops, and only then move on to innovations based on original developments. However, practice shows that large investments and innovations do not compete with each other, but rather accompany each other. Moreover, it is precisely those enterprises that have actively invested in last years, carry out high quality innovations. The largest share of enterprises that have never had any investment (44%) among those that have never been engaged in R&D, have not introduced new products and technologies.
The following main problems can be identified that hinder the active innovative development of Russian enterprises:
1. Lack of current legislation regulating the conduct of innovative activities at the enterprise, the law "On innovative activities" has not been adopted, etc. This is the reason for many disputes and misunderstandings arising between the government, scientists and enterprises about both the very concept of innovative development and definitions of innovative products, innovation process, etc.
2. Insufficient financing of innovative activities by enterprises due to the high cost of introducing and mastering innovations, as well as long-term investments. Enterprises do not have own funds to finance development, and the possibility of attracting funds from external sources is limited. Lenders do not have a guarantee of repayment of loans and receipt of dividends, since innovation activity is subject to much more risks than investment activity.
3. The lack of a modern base at Russian enterprises for the implementation of developments due to wear or lack of the necessary equipment. Many industrial enterprises are characterized by high resource and energy intensity of production, which is aggravated by the high level of wear and tear of the production apparatus. Due to the backwardness of the fixed capital of enterprises, the economy as a whole turns out to be immune to investments in research and development.
4. The presence of the phenomenon of resistance to innovation, which most often occurs for two reasons:
- Fear of everything new is inherent in man. This is most pronounced in transitional moments, especially crisis ones, when socio-psychological instability is observed and the introduction of a new one is perceived as a threat to the existing situation;
- From the point of view of an investor investing money in any technology, the emergence of a new, more efficient, often built on new principles, creates a threat to the existing one. Therefore, investors try to hold it back for a while, at least until the previous investments pay off.
5. Lack of personnel capable of effectively managing the innovation process, and the personnel problem is felt at all levels of government, both in the country and at individual enterprises.
6. Difficulties in conducting marketing research of innovative products. The unstable economic situation in the country makes it difficult to reliably assess the demand for innovative products, even in the short term.
7. Innovative activity requires the presence of an appropriate organizational management structure at the enterprise.
8.Underestimated human capital, which is not taken into account in determining authorized capital, neither when justifying investments, nor when developing a strategy for an economic entity, while in world practice, systems for the development of intellectual human potential are widely used.
According to the latest statistics, large enterprises with more than 1,000 employees are most active in terms of innovation. This can be explained by the fact that large enterprises have large financial, production, human and political resources - the ability to lobby their interests, which largely determines the success in the competitive struggle. The experience of foreign companies also shows that innovative development is more convenient for large enterprises and corporations.
It is necessary to form an effective system of innovation management and the development of innovation management technologies at those enterprises that have the opportunity to carry out innovation activities. Innovative development at a large industrial enterprise can be effectively carried out with the active involvement of a special organizational structure, which can be called a center for innovation and technological support.
It is recommended to create subdivisions in enterprises that would be directly responsible for innovation and innovative development. It is possible to combine in such divisions the functions of strategic and innovative development, which are closely interconnected. Subdivisions of this kind are part of large Russian companies, for example, OJSC Lukoil, OJSC Russian Railways, OJSC Rosneft, etc.
Bibliographic reference
Saifullina S.F. PROBLEMS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN ENTERPRISES // Successes of modern natural science. - 2010. - No. 3. - S. 171-173;URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=7969 (date accessed: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences" 1
Currently, innovation is the basis for strengthening the position of an enterprise in the market in a competitive environment. It is aimed at creating and implementing an innovation, and subsequently at obtaining some result in the form of an innovation. This article examined the main problems of the development of innovative activity in our country. Specific examples of the causes of difficulties in this area are given, in addition, an assessment is made of the position of Russian enterprises in relation to developed countries by a number of indicators. On the basis of the analysis, a set of measures and actions was proposed, aimed at ensuring and improving the further development of innovative activities in Russia. Among other things, it was revealed that an important role in solving the problems that have arisen is played by the support of enterprises from the state. Key words: innovative development, innovative activity, competitiveness, technology parks.
innovative development
innovation activity
competitiveness
technoparks
1. Bogachev V. Innovative business in Russia // Bogachev Victor, Yatsishina Zhanna. - Russia, 2011 .-- 396 p.
2. Vishnyakov, Ya.D. Innovation management. Workshop: Tutorial/ I. Vishnyakov, K.A. Kirsanov, S.P. Kiseleva. - M .: KnoRus, 2013 .-- 326 p.
3. Dolzhenkova O.V. Problems of introducing innovations in Russia. Ways to solve them [Electronic resource] // Young scientist. - 2012. - No. 12. - 208 p. URL: http://www.moluch.ru/archive/47/5919/
4. Ivanova SA Main problems of innovative development of Russia (comparative analysis) [Electronic resource] // Modern Scientific research and innovation. 2014. No. 4 URL: http: //web.snauka.ru/issues/2014/04/33127
6. Yakobson, A.Ya. Innovation management: Textbook / A.Ya. Jacobson. - M .: Omega-L, 2013 .-- 176 p.
In a competitive environment, innovative activity serves as a kind of “foundation” for securing an enterprise in the market. It is focused on the creation and implementation of innovation, and the subsequent receipt of the result in the form of innovation (new technology, service or product). Innovation activities include the following: engineering and inventive activity, patent research, the introduction of new knowledge in personnel management at an enterprise, information and consulting services and other activities. The advantages of introducing innovations in an enterprise are: an increase in the organization's competitiveness in the market, an increase in income and the degree of customer satisfaction.
The innovative development of Russian enterprises is currently lagging behind many European and Asian countries. This is due to many problems. The main developmental constraints include:
- Reducing the number of personnel engaged in research and development. From 2000 to 2015, the growth rate of this indicator was 0.8, and low wages do not attract young specialists. This leads to the following problem.
- Outflow of personnel. More than 80% of the emigrated specialists from the Russian Federation are highly qualified and talented personnel. It is also worth noting that there is no inflow of personnel from developed countries.
- Low financial activity, namely in the commercial sector in activities aimed at obtaining new knowledge and their application in practice. Unlike many countries where R&D expenditures are mainly “paid for” by entrepreneurs, in Russia the private sector of the economy is not interested in technologies that are risky and costly. According to analysts, our country is in 32nd place in terms of the level of national spending on R&D from GDP. Compared to Japan, which has taken the leading position, the percentage of costs in the Russian Federation is three times less.
- Weak protection and protection of intellectual property rights. In the ranking of countries for the protection of intellectual property rights in 2015, Russia took 81st place, behind America and most countries in Europe and Asia, and at the same time being on a par with Kenya, Mali, Egypt and Senegal.
Of course, if a country wants to reach the forefront, then it is necessary to solve the problems that impede the development of successful innovation.
First, it is necessary to attract private investors to business, the main focus of which is innovation. Worldwide budgeting investment activities mainly deals with the private sector of the economy. In Russia, the government takes over most of the R&D expenditures. In order to attract investors and sponsors, you can, for example, lower taxes for companies that develop innovations and increase them for those firms that ignore various studies.
Secondly, the salaries of researchers and developers should be increased, as well as the prestige of this field of activity should be increased. Due to low wages in this area, there is a drain of personnel abroad, because there the work of people engaged in scientific research is estimated several times higher. Also, there is "emigration" without leaving the country, that is, personnel working in foreign companies in Russia, they create innovations, conduct scientific research for foreign customers, and, therefore, the results of these works become the property of the employer of another country. And without qualified employees, Russia will not be able to reach a higher level and be able to compete with the leading powers.
Third, you need to think about the issue of intellectual property. It is necessary that knowledge belongs to its creator, that is, the developer himself, engineer, scientist, etc. They currently have no incentive to create knowledge, as all rights to knowledge go to the employer. In the event that the development belongs to the creator himself, and he has the opportunity to patent it as his own scientific discovery, then there will be an incentive to create something supernova and innovative. Fourthly, Russian universities need to pay more attention to the scientific activities of students and develop skills in the field of technology. For example, you can increase the number of budget-funded places for engineering specialties, carry out various scientific and practical activities.
Support from the state is also important. He should increase funding for science several times. In the end, it is profitable for the state itself to invest in the development of innovations, since it will be able to apply innovative developments in various fields and compete with the leading powers. Also important will be the formation and creation of various technoparks and technopolises, which are equipped with all necessary materials and technology and have the infrastructure to carry out a variety of scientific research.
Analyzing all of the above, we can conclude that the organization of innovation is very urgent problem for our country. Taking into account the proposals for solving problems, in the future we can really reach the level of successful competition with the developed countries of Europe, Asia and America.
Bibliographic reference
Ledeneva S.V., Portnikova K.V. MAIN PROBLEMS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE RF AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION // International student scientific bulletin. - 2016. - No. 6 .;URL: http://eduherald.ru/ru/article/view?id=16780 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"
The prerequisites and conditions for the formation of innovation policy in the regions are considered. The role and place of the innovative component in the forecast documents of the social economic development St. Petersburg. The contribution of territorial clusters to increasing the competitiveness of the region is assessed.
Part 1. Volgograd: Volgograd Scientific Publishing House, 2010.
The collection includes articles of the participants of the international scientific-practical conference "Economics and Management: Problems and Development Prospects", held on November 15-16, 2010 in Volgograd on the basis of the Regional Center for Socio-Economic and Political Research "Public Assistance". The articles are devoted to topical issues of economic, management theory and practice, studied by scientists from different countries - participants of the conference.
Titova E.V. Bulletin of economic integration. 2010. No. 11 (31). S. 72-79.
The problems of achieving a competitive advantage of an employee in the labor market, methods for assessing the competitiveness of an employee, issues of their employment and adaptation in the context of the development of innovative production are considered.
Islankina E. Science, Technology and Innovation. WP BRP. Higher School of Economics, 2015. No. WP BRP 41 / STI / 2015.
Over the past decades, the position and role of the region in the national and world economy has changed: against the background of the growing globalization of the economy, the regions of many countries are active and independent participants in economic processes, which creates a precondition for strengthening international competition and searching for new approaches to the development of national economies, taking into account regional factors. As the world experience shows, clusters play an important role in the process of formation and implementation of regional strategies. At the same time, in a global economy, a regional cluster cannot reveal its growth potential if its participants operate exclusively in domestic markets and rely on knowledge circulating in the local interaction network. The cluster approach is today one of the key elements of the strategies for the socio-economic development of the constituent entities. Russian Federation, however, the problem of internationalization of regional clusters is still poorly understood. In particular, there is practically no theoretical understanding of the issue of internationalization of clusters; there is no data on the internationalization of regional clusters in modern Russia. The analytical and methodological tools for the internationalization of regional clusters have not been developed in sufficient detail. The preprint "Internationalization of regional clusters: theoretical and applied aspects" proves the existence of common theoretical foundations of the cluster approach and internationalization, examines the processes of international activity of regional clusters in Russia and abroad. In addition, an assessment methodology is proposed, as well as recommendations for the practical internationalization of regional clusters.
Popova M.V. In the book: Theoretical and applied problems of science and education in the 21st century. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the International Correspondence Scientific and Practical Conference on January 31, 2012: in 10 parts. Part 5. Part 5. Tambov: TPOO "Business-Science-Society", 2012. S. 112-114.
Thus, based on the study of foreign experience in creating regional clusters, standard training programs can be created in the main areas of cluster policy implementation. Their goal should be to create a large-scale, uniform in its principles system of transfer of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to achieve the goals of cluster policy. After all, the crisis has introduced a number of adjustments to the work of industrial enterprises in the regions, and today the cluster policy can become the “lifeline” that is so necessary for the modern regional economy.
Cluster policy is recognized as one of the pivotal elements of state of art innovation policy. State support for clusters helps to take into account regional peculiarities and engage the most innovative local actors into the process of innovation policy drafting and implementation. Cluster development stimulates trust building and enhances knowledge spillovers among different organizations in the region. Finally the cluster approach makes innovation policy more systemic by coordinating measures aimed to support different actors (large companies, SMEs, universities, venture funds) towards comprehensive efforts linking the most perspective localized industries (ecosystems). The development of clusters has been determined as one of the priorities of the Strategy of Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period to 2020 which was confirmed end 2010. In the framework of this Strategy the first national cluster program was launched in 2012. The paper is devoted to the detailed description of the background of the national cluster program in Russia and its first phase the selection of the pilot innovative clusters which was implemented last year. Special attention is given to the comparison of planned design of the Russian cluster program with such widely known cluster programs as the BioRegio, InnoRegio and Les pôles de compétitivité. The similarities and peculiarities of the Russian program have been defined that allowed to identify several most significant areas for improvement
Book. 8. Novosibirsk: SIBPRINT, 2010.
A fairly wide list of issues of security is being considered. sustainable development regions.
The regulation of regional development currently appears to be an insufficiently researched problem from the scientific point of view. Meanwhile, the cardinal changes that have taken place in recent years are multifaceted and highly dynamic. That is why comprehension of new realities, determination of methods and approaches to ensuring sustainable regional development is especially important today.
The monograph can be useful for leaders, economists, managers and other employees of enterprises and organizations, representatives of state authorities and local governments, teachers, graduate students, undergraduates and students of higher educational institutions.
P. V. Trunin, Drobyshevsky S.M., Evdokimova T.V.M .: Delo Publishing House, RANEPA, 2012.
The aim of the work is to compare the regimes of monetary policy from the point of view of the vulnerability of the economies of the countries using them to crises. The work consists of two parts. The first part contains a literature review, which presents the results of studies examining the crisis exposure of economies using such monetary policy regimes as exchange rate targeting, classical and modified inflation targeting. It also provides an assessment of the effectiveness of accumulating foreign exchange reserves as a tool for preventing or mitigating crises. The second part of the work - empirical - describes the methodology and results of comparing the adaptive abilities of economies, obtained on the basis of an analysis of the dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators in the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods in countries grouped by monetary policy regimes. In addition, estimates of the vulnerability of economies to crises are presented on the basis of calculating the frequencies of crises under different regimes.
Kiryushin SA In the book: Scientific and technical conference of the teaching staff, graduate students and students "Building complex-96". Abstracts of reports. Part 4: Research on technology, organization, economics and construction management. Part 4. N. Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 1996. S. 56-56.
The work outlines the essence economic category competitiveness while highlighting the basic market principles, two key groups of competitiveness factors are noted, the role of the organizational and technical level of production in modern science is reflected.
Perfilieva OV Bulletin of international organizations: education, science, new economy. 2012. No. 1. S. 189-202.
Based on the results of a comprehensive study of the role of federal universities in regional development v this article analyzes modern forms and models of interaction of federal universities with the business community, identifies the main barriers to the development of mutually beneficial partnerships, analyzes the reasons and possible ways overcoming interaction problems in the future. The issue of business confidence in university scientific developments is analyzed from the point of view of its role in increasing the contribution of federal universities to the economic, innovative and social development of the regions where federal universities are established and operate.
Plotnikov A. T. 2. Saratov: Publishing House of the Center for Marketing and Marketing “Academy of Business”, 2011.
The complex monograph is devoted to solving an important scientific task of studying the development and formation of socio-economic relations in a reformed society. The studies presented in the monograph reflect the variety of problems of socio-economic development of society. Recommended for researchers, specialists, graduate students and students studying socio-economic problems.
The methodological development contains an approximate topic of the course "Strategic Management", plans for seminars, practical assignments and tests, a list of basic literature and additional sources on the course, as well as recommended topics for self-study by students. Designed for students of economic and management specialties.
The paper presents the result of the analysis of world experience in the study and management of network interaction of participants in regional innovation systems, which largely determines the competitiveness of the region, as well as an assessment of the possibilities of using this experience in modern Russian conditions.
Razheva (Edelkina) A.A. In the book: Collection of scientific articles in two parts of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference "Globalization and the choice of the strategy of the Russian economy." Part I. Part 1. M .: State University Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, 2012.S. 74-80.
The article examines the position of Russia in the ratings of the competitiveness of international organizations in order to identify competitive advantages and disadvantages national economy... Data analysis made it possible to trace the dynamics of positions Russian economy by individual factors and determine the competitiveness of the Russian economy in the global context.
This work is devoted to a critical analysis of the institution of minimum wages in countries with developed market and economies in transition as well as in some developing countries. Institutional features are considered minimum wage labor in individual countries: the establishment procedure, regional characteristics, the role of trade unions. A special section analyzes the dynamics of the absolute and relative size of the minimum wage, identifies those social groups that gain and lose from the revision of the minimum wage. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the institution of minimum wage on the labor market. The author examines the mechanism of translation of the increase in the minimum wage on the dynamics of employment and unemployment, gives the results of empirical research. The experience of many countries shows that a “jump” increase in the minimum wage leads to stagnation and even a reduction in employment, primarily among the socially unprotected strata. A particularly negative effect is recorded for companies with a high share of labor costs and widespread use of unskilled labor, i.e. primarily for small businesses and enterprises in the agricultural sector. One of the conclusions of the work is that increasing the minimum wage is not an effective means of solving the problem of poverty, since the majority of its recipients are concentrated in households with middle and upper middle income.
One of the main indicators of the company's success is the increase in its value. The article discusses traditional models evaluating the value of the company, evidence of the incorrectness of their use in the operating conditions is provided postindustrial economy and proposed a new methodology based on the assessment of the company's intellectual potential as the main resource for creating its value
The article deals with the problems of the influence of external conditions in assessing the efficiency of the public sector using the Data Envelopment Analysis method. On the example of the health care system in Russian regions in 2011, a comparative analysis of modern methods of accounting for external conditions is carried out. A promising technique for correcting the efficiency estimates obtained by the DEA method is proposed. Despite the advantages of DEA analysis as a tool for assessing the effectiveness of government, its application is associated with a number of methodological difficulties. Taking into account several factors affecting efficiency requires the use of more complex methods, the most promising of which is the clustering of the studied DMUs by a set of features and the construction of local boundaries of production capabilities. The use of regression analysis for the correction of estimates currently requires a deeper study, since the possibility of the appearance of systematic errors in the correction is not excluded. The most promising approach seems to be a combination of baseline correction and clustering, supplemented by multistage analysis. Consideration of several stages of transformation of society's resources into a socially useful result will help localize the weaknesses of the work of a state organization.
1The article is devoted to the problems of forming and building up innovative potential for creating an effective competitive economy in Russia. It says that there are certain signs that make it possible to assert that Russia, like many other countries, has entered the stage of socio-economic development, which is usually called a post-industrial society, but this is just the initial stage. To reach another, higher level of development, we need modernization and transformation of the raw material development model into an innovative one. This task seems to be quite difficult, but its solution is vital for Russia. Without this, it is impossible to achieve high long-term rates of economic growth, increase the competitiveness of Russian goods, integrate Russia into the world economy, and, most importantly, create an efficient, dynamically developing, modern economy that can really provide a high quality of life for the population of Russia.
innovation
innovation activity
modernization
innovative economy
import substitution
motivation to innovate
competitiveness
the economic growth
1. Voronina A.S. Moral, ethical and institutional aspects of Russian business // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. - 2010. - No. 3. - P. 17–21.
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5. Krasavin E.M. Basic conditions of the creative process as a dominant of the development of a small innovative enterprise // Problems of modern economics. - 2013. - No. 1. - P. 81–83.
6. Malkina M.Yu., Pykhteev Yu.N. Structural shifts and problems of modernization of the regional economy (on the example of the Nizhny Novgorod region) // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2011. - No. 21. - P. 7-16.
7. Science. Innovation. Information Society: A Concise Statistical Compendium. 2014 / National Research University Higher School of Economics - M., 2014. - 80 p.
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10. Pykhteev Yu.N., Vinogradova A.V., Voronina A.S. The problem of deindustrialization in the raw material export economy // Fundamental research. - 2014. - No. 9-10. - S. 2288-2292.
According to many researchers, at present, human civilization is on the verge of a change in technological paradigms. The concept of technological orders is based on the theory of long waves by N.D. Kondratyev, according to which the scientific and technological revolution is carried out in waves. Each of its cycles, lasting approximately 50 to 70 years, ends with a transition to a higher level of technological development, that is, a change in the technological structure. Each next order matures in the depths of the previous one, which means that several technological orders can simultaneously coexist in the economy of a particular country. It is assumed that 5 technological stages have already been passed, and the developed countries preparing for the transition to the next level of development. To implement such a transition in Russia, it is necessary to change the model of economic development - from the export of raw materials to the innovative one.
The problem of modernizing the Russian economy
Despite the fact that bio- and nanotechnology, membrane and quantum technologies, micromechanics, fine chemical technologies, photonics, space technology and other areas underlying technological breakthroughs are actively developing in Russia, all the statements that a new one is being formed in Russia, sixth technological order, are premature. According to Academician E.N. Kablova, in Russia "the share of technologies of the 5th order is about 10% (in the military-industrial complex and in the aerospace industry), the 4th - over 50%, the third - about 30%."
At present, the Russian economy is in dire need of modernization and transformation of the raw material development model into an innovative one. Even at the highest level it is recognized that in the current conditions Russia has no other alternative. A lot of relevant documents have been developed, a huge number of programs are being implemented, among which a special block “innovative development and modernization of the economy” has been singled out. However, the transformation processes turned out to be so large-scale and fundamental that, on the one hand, they required significant changes in all spheres of the life of Russian society, and on the other hand, they themselves gave rise to a number of serious problems, threats and risks. In addition, the creation of the Russian innovation model is taking place in an unfavorable foreign economic and geopolitical situation, in the context of economic sanctions against Russia, which also affects the pace and effectiveness of the domestic innovation process.
We understand an innovative economy as a multi-structured, highly developed, diversified economic system, flexible and receptive to innovations, which, thanks to the presence of appropriate clusters that allow combining fundamental science and design and development activities with modern science-intensive technologies and high-tech industries, ensures economic growth and a high quality of life for the population. That is, innovation cannot be limited only to technical, technological or any other aspects. They apply to all spheres of society. At the same time, the main goal is to create an effective, dynamically developing, modern economy that can really provide a high quality of life for the population. This can only be realized if there is appropriate motivation from the authorities, business and every Russian citizen. The lack of practical mechanisms of real motivation, in our opinion, is the main obstacle to the creation of an innovative model for the development of the Russian economy.
The Russian economy is currently experiencing certain difficulties. This, in particular, is evidenced by the decline in economic growth, which began in mid-2012. In 2014, GDP growth was only 0.6 percent. In many respects, this was a consequence of structural shifts in the economy, reflecting the strengthening of its dependence on the conjuncture of world markets and oil prices, exchange rate fluctuations, etc. and a reduction in the share of gross profit in the structure of GDP. The introduction of economic sanctions by the US and the EU exacerbated the negative situation in the economy.
It would seem that with the introduction of sanctions, a favorable time has come for the development of domestic production and the solution of the problem of import substitution. But, given the fairly strong integration of Russia into the world economy, it is not so easy to implement in practice. The predominance of export-oriented fuel and raw materials industries in Russian exports is complemented by the widespread use of imported components in domestic production (Table 1).
Table 1
Share of intermediate and investment goods in the total volume of imports of the Russian Federation (in%)
intermediate |
investment |
|
A source. federal Service state statistics.
Dependence on imports of materials and components is typical for many industries that position themselves as producers of domestic goods. These include domestic radio electronics, automotive, light industry, Agriculture, production of high-tech medical devices, pharmaceuticals, a wide range of products used in Russia software... Therefore, import substitution is seen as a key task for the Russian industry.
Analysis of innovation activity in the Russian economy
The main directions, methods and mechanisms of innovative development are laid down in almost all state programs for the development of specific industries until 2020-2030, which are complemented by short-term strategies. However, as a result of the deterioration financial results The growth of investment demand slowed down, and investments in fixed assets of industrial enterprises even began to take negative values. At the end of 2014, in the rating of the Kearney Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index, which ranks countries taking into account changes in the political and economic situation affecting the inflow of foreign direct investment in the coming years, Russia was outside the list of the 25 most attractive countries for investors in the world. although in 2013 it was ranked 11th. At the same time, capital outflow from the country has increased in recent years, while the last time the net inflow of money was recorded in 2007 (Table 2).
table 2
Net capital in / out of Russia by the private sector in 2005-2014 (US $ billion)
A source. Bank of Russia.
This aggravates the problem of the capital deficit of the Russian economy, which is evidenced by the analysis of such indicators as the level of capital-labor ratio, the degree of physical and moral depreciation, the rate of accumulation and retirement of fixed capital, the actual terms of use of production facilities, etc. ... According to Rosstat, as of the end of 2013, the degree of depreciation of the fixed assets used amounted to 48.2%, the share of completely worn-out fixed assets in commercial organizations (excluding small businesses) by certain types economic activity and types of fixed assets was equal to 14.6%, of which 17.7% - completely worn out buildings and structures, and 22.1% - machinery and equipment. The average age of buildings in manufacturing organizations by the end of 2010 was 26 years, structures - 21 years, machinery and equipment - 14 years and Vehicle- 9 years. Untimely replacement of fixed assets leads to an extension of the terms of use of inefficient machinery and equipment. Often they are liquidated only when further exploitation becomes simply impossible due to their complete physical deterioration. The process of updating fixed assets is proceeding extremely slowly. The coefficient of fixed assets renewal (commissioning of fixed assets as a percentage of the total value of fixed assets at the end of the year) in 2013 amounted to 4.7%. Although it increased compared to 2010 (3.7%), it still remains extremely low. For comparison, in 1990 it was at the level of 6.3%. The retirement rate of fixed assets (liquidation of fixed assets as a percentage of the total value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year) has been at an unacceptably low level in recent years - 1% in 2006-2009, and 0.8% in 2010-2011.
For the formation of motivation for innovation in various economic entities, a developed institutional environment is required, which is designed to ensure the interaction of different-scale production sectors. “This interaction creates a positive scientific and technical transfer, which contributes, on the one hand, to the production and financial stability of the business, and, on the other, to the innovative and high-quality personnel growth of large enterprises. This is possible if the following conditions are met: a) mutual long-term interest of counterparties in fruitful cooperation; b) optimal actions of regulators represented by government and credit and financial structures. " This, in the end, requires such innovative development, in which there is an intensive accumulation and exchange of new information, self-sustaining mass innovative behavior of people is created. It is people who are called upon to implement innovative strategies in practice. But this requires a high level of development of education and science.
In Russia, the literacy rate of the adult population is still quite high and amounts to 99.7%. But the educational sphere does not provide adequate support for innovative development. On the one hand, based on the experience of foreign countries, research universities (NRUs) began to be created in Russia, which should become centers for the development of science. On the other hand, there is a reduction in government spending on the already approved federal target programs. For example, in 2015 it is planned to reduce expenditures on the federal target program "Research and Development on priority areas development of the scientific and technological complex of Russia "by 2.3 billion rubles., the financing of the programs" Russian language for 2011-2015 "and" Development of education "by 34 million rubles. and 512 million rubles, respectively. Funding cuts are planned to be offset by efficiency gains, but experience shows that efficiency gains are rarely achieved in an underfunded environment. Most universities are unable to carry out research and development. Table data. 3 shows that only 760 out of 3605 organizations carrying out research and development in 2013 belonged to the “higher education” sector.
Table 3
Research and Development Organizations by Science Sector
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Note that, in general, domestic expenditures on research and development in Russia are increasing. So, for the period from 2000 to 2013, they increased from 76,697.1 to 749,797.6 million rubles, that is, almost 10 times and amounted to 1.13% of GDP in 2013. But if the task is to move to an innovative development model, then the costs should be many times higher. In the ranking of the countries of the world by the level of expenditures on R&D, expressed as a percentage of GDP, published by UNESCO in 2012, Russia is in 32nd place, between Hungary and Tunisia. Israel is in the first place in this rating - 4.4%; in the second place - Finland - 3.88%; the third place is occupied by South Korea - 3.74%. Japan is in fifth place - 3.36%; The USA is in 8th place - 2.9%; China - by 21 - 1.7%. At the same time, the rating data reflect the real situation in 2010. It would seem that the course towards innovative development in Russia should have adjusted the situation towards increasing costs. But within the framework of the current system of income redistribution, this has not yet been done: if, for example, in 2009 these expenditures amounted to 1.25% of GDP; then in 2013 they amounted to only 1.13% of GDP.
There is another very serious problem, which is that specialists - graduates of Russian universities, as well as the results of domestic scientific developments and research, ultimately remain unclaimed. The task of creating 25 million high-tech jobs by 2020, formulated by the President of Russia, is still at the stage of comprehension, and representatives of Russian business, due to the lack of confidence in domestic developments, prefer to purchase already approved innovative products of the Western model. As a result, Russia is losing another very important competitive advantage - quality education.
Conclusion
Russia needs serious modernization, but it should be such that it would allow, first of all, to preserve the existing potential, and, at the same time, in a relatively short time to create an innovative economy. Any actions in this direction must be carefully thought out and calculated. The time has come for constructive ideas, proposals and actions aimed at concrete results. Procrastination, opportunistic behavior, or ineffective management, unable to make the most of the production capabilities of the economy, increases the costs of the transition to an innovative economy many times over and can become an insurmountable obstacle on this path.
Bibliographic reference
Voronina A.S., Pykhteev Yu.N., Samochadin A.M. INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY: PROBLEMS AND NEAREST PROSPECTS // International Journal of Applied and basic research... - 2015. - No. 8-4. - S. 708-712;URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=7225 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"
Experts say that the main methodological problem of the transition to innovative development is the lack of a common understanding of what is “innovation” and “innovative way of development” of the national economy, there is no corresponding measure of innovation. There is no unity in the choice of ways and means of ensuring the innovative development of the Russian economy. Beketov N.V. Problems and prospects of innovative development of the Russian economy. A large number of conceptual and program documents do not compensate for the quality of elaboration of individual measures; some directions and tasks of innovation policy are not even accompanied by specific measures. Innovative development as the basis for the modernization of the Russian economy: National report. - P. 85. Innovation policy does not have a systemic nature - it does not combine activities in the field of science and technology, education, industry. The bottleneck of Russian innovation policy is monitoring and evaluation to correct development strategies and tactics.
In the form in which NIS exists today, which is designed to increase competitiveness, its inefficiency is manifested: “The main problem is that, despite the correct program settings, no significant changes in the technological level of our economy are taking place.<…>So far, neither the small firms that we have tried and are trying to create have shown serious results, nor technology parks, nor various types of technology transfer centers, all kinds of new forms that we are trying to use, nor the Russian Venture Company, nor technology-innovative special economic zones. All this, I must admit frankly, exists only on paper "- Medvedev D. A., May 15, 2009
The key problem that hinders the dynamic development of the Russian economy in an innovative direction is the lack of competent project management specialists. The state of the education system clearly does not meet the requirements of the country's transition to an innovative development course. In the system of school education, the imposition of the Unified State Exam can lead to a fall in the country's creative potential. In recent years, the system of primary and secondary technical education has been severely destroyed, and the situation is no better in the field of training specialists with higher education. The quality of training in most Russian universities does not meet the requirements of an innovative economy. V recent times there have been some positive shifts in the field of education. The computerization of schools, the creation of research and national universities, an increase in funding for higher education, an increase in the rates for teachers, attention to preschool institutions, etc. will have a fruitful effect on the entire education system. However, these steps do not show a systematic approach to ensuring the innovative path of the country's development. Lepskiy V.E. - P. 13.
Based on surveys of entrepreneurs (Rosstat, 2006), a rating of factors hindering the innovative activity of Russian enterprises was compiled (Fig. 5). National innovation system and state innovation policy of the Russian Federation: Basic report to the OECD review of the national innovation system of the Russian Federation - p. 94. Regardless of whether enterprises are engaged in innovations or not, they are most hampered by the lack of funds, the high cost of innovations, the lack of government support and economic risks associated with innovation. It is noteworthy that such factors as demand, infrastructure, problems with intellectual property and cooperation are rarely rated by entrepreneurs as important or decisive, although it is these barriers that are guided by many measures of modern state innovation policy.
Figure 5. Evaluation by enterprises of factors hindering innovation: as a percentage of the number of respondents who rated the factor as "significant" and "decisive" among innovation-active and innovation-passive groups of enterprises
The innovation sphere in Russia is still characterized by: low innovation activity of a significant part of enterprises in the real sector of the economy; imbalance in development and lack of economic interaction between individual elements of the innovation infrastructure, and, as a consequence, ineffective mechanisms for the transfer of knowledge and new technologies to the domestic and world markets; low capitalization of scientific results and, as a result, insufficient attractiveness of scientific organizations and innovation-active enterprises as an object of investment and lending; underdevelopment of economic and legal mechanisms for introducing the results of intellectual activity into economic circulation.
In recent years, much attention has been paid in Russia to the development of new forms and methods state regulation, including financing of science and innovation through ventures, the system of state corporations, etc. In all these areas, there is undoubtedly some progress, albeit small, but progress. However, a number of significant problems of innovative development remain, which are not yet (or are almost not included) in the area of state attention and regulation. These include:
Reduction of administrative, tax and transaction costs for innovatively active enterprises;
Increasing the variety, quality and availability of special services in order to increase the efficiency of innovative activities;
Co-financing the certification of innovative products and the transition to international standards quality;
Assistance in the training of qualified personnel;
Ensuring that in the future the availability of a qualified force in the region / industry / country will meet the needs of innovative enterprises;
Raising the level of professional skills for innovative industries and promoting the diffusion of new technologies.
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