Country typology by level. Typology of countries by level of socio-economic development
8. Typology of the countries of the world
About 230 countries are represented on the modern political map of the world. Among them there are countries with a large territory and population, there are single-ethnic and multinational countries; there are rich natural resources and the poor; there are countries that have access to the sea and long sea borders and do not. Any country in the world has unique features.
Country type forms a set of conditions and features of development, which, in certain features, make it akin to a number of countries similar to it, and on the other, distinguish it from all others.
Typologies are different. They take into account a large number of indicators characterizing the level of economic and social development of countries, political and historical aspects.
Currently, according to the typology, which takes into account the level and nature of the socio-economic and political development there are three groups of countries in the world:
1) economically developed states;
2) countries with economies in transition;
3) less the developed countries (developing countries). Economically highly developed countries include Canada, the USA, Israel, Western European countries, Japan, the Australian Union, New Zealand (mature level of development market relations, a significant role in the world economy and politics, a powerful scientific and technological potential).
The main capitalist countries are the USA, Germany, Japan, France, Great Britain. These are countries of the world developed in terms of their economic, scientific and technical potential.
The economically highly developed small countries of Western Europe are characterized by a high level of development, but each country has a narrow specialization in the world economy.
Countries with economies in transition - Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Israel. These states retain their agrarian and raw material specialization, which developed in their foreign trade back in the colonial period.
A country that has achieved political independence and the middle level economic development under the dominance of the capitalist system - Ireland.
Lagging countries - Spain, Greece, Portugal.
Economically less developed countries (developing countries) are numerous and varied (Brazil, Mexico, India, etc.)
The countries of relatively mature capitalism are the states of Latin America and some Arab countries.
The resettlement countries of the early development of capitalist dependence are Uruguay and Argentina.
Countries of large-scale development of capitalism - Venezuela, Chile, Iran, Iraq, Algeria.
The countries of the outwardly oriented adaptive development of capitalism are Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, etc.
Small countries of dependent plantation economy - Nicaragua, Costa Rica, etc.
Small countries of "concessional development" of capitalism - Gabon, Botswana.
Small "landlord countries" - Malta, Cyprus, Panama, etc.
Young liberated states - Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, etc.
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CAR, Paraguay, Nepal, Bhutan). Moreover, very often geographic does not affect the level of its socio-economic development. Some states occupy an entire continent (), while others are located on a small island or group of islands (, etc.).
These are the most developed countries in the world in terms of their economic, scientific and technical potential. They differ from each other in the peculiarities of their development and economic power, but all of them are united by a very high level of development and the role they play in.
This group of countries includes six states from the famous "big seven". Among them, the United States ranks first in terms of economic potential.
These countries have reached a high level of development, but each of them, in contrast to the main capitalist countries, has a much narrower specialization in the world economy. At the same time, they send up to half of their products to the external market. In the economies of these states, a large share of the non-production sphere (banking, the provision of various kinds of services, the tourism business, etc.).
1.3. Countries of "resettlement capitalism": Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.
The first four countries are former colonies of Great Britain. Capitalist relations arose in them as a result of the economic activities of immigrants from Europe. But unlike the United States, which at one time was also a resettlement colony, their development had some peculiarities.
Despite the high level of development, these states retain their agrarian and raw material specialization, which took shape in their colonial period. But such specialization in the international division of labor differs significantly from such specialization in developing countries, since it is combined with a highly developed domestic economy.
Israel is a small state formed at the expense of immigrants after the Second World War in Palestine (which was after the First World War under the mandate of the League of Nations under the control of Great Britain).
Canada is included in the "big seven" economically highly developed countries, but according to the type and characteristics of the development of its economy, it belongs to this group.
The second group in this typology includes:
2. Countries with an average level of development of capitalism... There are few such countries. They differ from the states included in the first group both in history and in the level of their socio-economic development. Among them, subtypes can also be distinguished:
2.1. Country that achieved political independence and average economic development under the dominance of the capitalist system: Ireland.
The current level of economic development and political independence were achieved at the cost of an extremely difficult national struggle against imperialism. Until recently, Finland also belonged to this subtype. However, at present this country is included in the group of "Economically highly developed countries".
In the past, these states have played an important role in world history. Spain and Portugal created huge colonial empires during the era of feudalism, but later lost all their possessions.
Despite the well-known successes in the development of industry and the service sector, in terms of the level of development, these countries generally lag behind the economically highly developed states.
The third group includes:
3. Economically less developed countries(developing countries).
This is the largest and most diverse group of countries. For the most part, these are former colonial and dependent countries, which, having received political independence, fell into economic dependence on the countries that were previously their metropolises.
There are many things that unite the countries of this group, including development problems, as well as internal and external difficulties associated with a low level of economic development and social sphere, lack of financial resources, lack of experience in running a capitalist commodity economy, lack of qualified personnel, strong economic dependence, huge foreign debt, etc. The situation is aggravated by civil wars and interethnic conflicts. In the international division of labor, they occupy far from best positions, being mainly suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products to economically developed countries.
In addition, in all countries of this type, due to the rapid population growth, the social situation of large masses of residents is deteriorating, an excess of labor resources is manifested, the demographic, food and others are especially acute.
But despite the common features, the countries of this group are very different from each other (and there are only about 150 of them). Therefore, the following subtypes are distinguished:
3.2.2. Countries of large-scale development of capitalism:
, Chile, Iran, Iraq, (developed during the massive invasion of foreign capital associated with export exploitation large deposits minerals on the territory of these states).
Note that the states of the world included in the first and second groups of the typology presented above are the industrially developed countries of the world. All developing states were included in the third group.
This typology was created when the world was bipolar (divided into capitalist and socialist), and characterized only the non-socialist countries of the world.
Now, when the world from bipolar turns into unipolar, new typologies of the countries of the world are created or the old ones are supplemented and modified (like the typology of MSU scientists presented to readers).
Created, as noted earlier, and other typologies. As a generalizing, synthetic indicator, they often use the indicator of gross domestic or national product (GDP or GNP) per capita. Such is, for example, the well-known typological classification of developing countries and territories (authors: B.M. Bolotin, V.L.Sheinis), which distinguishes "echelons" (upper, intermediate and lower) and seven groups of countries (from countries of medium-developed capitalism to the least developed ).
Scientists of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University (A.S. Fetisov, B.C. Tikunov) have developed a slightly different approach to the classification of non-socialist countries of the world - an evaluative-typological one. They performed a multivariate statistical analysis of data for 120 countries based on many indicators reflecting the level of socio-economic and political development of society. They identified seven groups of countries with a level of development from very high (USA, Canada, Sweden, Japan) to very low (Somalia, Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Mali, Afghanistan, Haiti and others).
The famous scientist-geographer Ya.G. Mashbits distinguished the types of countries in the "developing world" based on industrialization trends. The first group in his classification included countries where large and relatively diverse industrial production is developed (Mexico, India, etc.); to the second - industrial countries of medium potential with significant development of raw materials and processing industries (Venezuela, Peru, Indonesia, Egypt, Malaysia, etc.); to the third - small states and territories using the benefits of their economic and geographical location (Singapore, Panama, Bahamas, etc.); to the fourth - oil exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, etc.). And the fifth group included the least industrialized countries with limited development prospects (i.e. the least developed countries: Haiti, Mali, Chad, Mozambique, Nepal, Bhutan, Somalia, etc.).
In some economic and geographical typologies among the countries of the developing world distinguish a group of "newly industrialized countries" (NIS). Most often they include Singapore, Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea. V last years to this group are added the "NIS of the second wave" - Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and some other countries. The economies of these countries are characterized by high rates of industrialization, export orientation of industrial production (especially products of knowledge-intensive industries), their active participation in the international division of labor.
Attempts at typological differentiation of the countries of the world were made by geographers, economists, and other specialists. You will learn more about the characteristics of various typologies of states in further courses.
There are over two hundred countries in the world today. They all differ from each other in size, number of inhabitants, level of socio-economic development, and so on. What are country classifications for? The answer is extremely simple: for convenience. Opening the map of the world according to any signs is convenient for geographers, economists, and ordinary people.
In this article you will find various classifications of countries - by population, area, form of government, GDP. You will learn what is more in the world - monarchies or republics, and what the term "third world" means.
Country classifications: criteria and approaches
How many countries are there in the world? Geographers have no definite answer to this question. Some say - 210, others - 230, still others confidently declare: at least 250! And each of these countries is unique and distinctive. Nevertheless, individual states can be grouped according to one criterion or another. This is necessary for the implementation scientific analysis and forecasting the development of regional economies.
There are two main approaches to the typology of states - regional and socio-economic. Accordingly, stand out various systems country classifications. A regional approach involves the grouping of states and territories along geographic lines. The socio-economic approach takes into account, first of all, economic and social criteria: the volume of GDP, the level of development of democracy, the degree of openness of national economies, etc.
In this article, we will look at different classifications of countries according to a number of criteria. Among them:
- Geographical position.
- The area of the land.
- Population.
- Form of government.
- The level of economic development.
- GDP volume.
What countries are there? Geographical typology
So, there are many different classifications of countries - by area, population, form of government, specifics of government. But we will start with a geographic typology of states.
Based on the peculiarities of the geographical location, the following countries are distinguished:
- Inland, that is, they do not have access to the seas or oceans (Mongolia, Austria, Moldova, Nepal).
- Seaside (Mexico, Croatia, Bulgaria, Turkey).
- Insular (Japan, Cuba, Fiji, Indonesia).
- Peninsular (Italy, Spain, Norway, Somalia).
- Mountain (Nepal, Switzerland, Georgia, Andorra).
We should also mention the group of so-called enclave countries. Translated from Latin, the word "enclave" means "closed, limited." These are countries that are surrounded on all sides by the territory of other states. Classic examples of enclaves in the modern world are the Vatican, San Marino and Lesotho.
The historical and geographical classification of countries divides the whole world into 15 regions. Let's list them:
- North America.
- Central America and the Caribbean.
- Latin America.
- Western Europe.
- Northern Europe.
- Southern Europe.
- Eastern Europe.
- Central Asia.
- Southwest Asia.
- South Asia.
- Southeast Asia.
- East Asia.
- Australia and Oceania.
- North Africa.
- South Africa.
- West Africa.
- East Africa.
Giant countries and dwarf countries
Modern states vary greatly in size. This thesis is confirmed by one eloquent fact: only 10 countries of the world occupy half of the entire earth's land area! The largest state on the planet is Russia, and the smallest is the Vatican. For comparison: the Vatican would occupy only half of the territory of the Moscow Gorky Park.
The generally accepted classification of countries by area divides all states into:
- Giant countries (over 3 million sq. Km) - Russia, Canada, USA, China.
- Large (from 1 to 3 million sq. Km) - Argentina, Algeria, Indonesia, Chad.
- Significant (from 0.5 to 1 million sq. Km) - Egypt, Turkey, France, Ukraine.
- Medium (from 0.1 to 0.5 million sq. Km) - Belarus, Italy, Poland, Uruguay.
- Small (from 10 to 100 thousand sq. Km) - Austria, the Netherlands, Israel, Estonia.
- Small (from 1 to 10 thousand sq. Km) - Cyprus, Brunei, Luxembourg, Mauritius.
- Dwarf countries (up to 1000 sq. Km.) - Andorra, Monaco, Dominica, Singapore.
It is important to note that the large size of the territory appears both in the list of advantages and in the list of disadvantages of the state. On the one hand, a significant area is the abundance and variety of natural and mineral resources. On the other hand, the huge territory of the central government is much more difficult to protect, develop and control.
Densely populated and sparsely populated countries
And here again there are striking contrasts! Population density in different states the planets are very different. For example, in Malta it is 700 (!) Times higher than in Mongolia. The processes of resettlement of the earth's population, first of all, were influenced and are influenced by natural factors: climate, terrain, distance from the sea and large rivers.
The classification of countries by population divides all states into:
- Large (over 100 million people) - China, India, USA, Russia.
- Significant (from 50 to 100 million people) - Germany, Iran, Great Britain, South Africa.
- Medium (from 10 to 50 million people) - Ukraine, Argentina, Canada, Romania.
- Small (from 1 to 10 million people) - Switzerland, Kyrgyzstan, Denmark, Costa Rica.
- Small (less than 1 million people) - Montenegro, Malta, Palau, Vatican.
The absolute leaders in terms of the number of inhabitants in the world are China and India. These two countries account for almost 37% of the earth's population.
Countries with kings and countries with presidents
The form of government of the state means the specifics of the organization of the supreme power and the procedure for the formation of its key bodies. In simpler words, the form of government answers the question of who (and how much) the power in the country belongs to. As a rule, it significantly affects the mentality and cultural traditions of the population, but absolutely does not determine the level of socio-economic development of the state.
The classification of countries according to the form of government provides for the division of all states into republics and monarchies. In the first case, all power belongs to the president and (or) parliament, in the second - to the monarch (or jointly to the monarch and parliament). Today, there are many more republics in the world than monarchies. Approximate ratio: seven to one.
There are three types of republics:
- Presidential (USA, Mexico, Argentina).
- Parliamentary (Austria, Italy, Germany).
- Mixed (Ukraine, France, Russia).
Monarchies, in turn, are:
- Absolute (UAE, Oman, Qatar).
- Limited or constitutional (UK, Spain, Morocco).
- Theocratic (Saudi Arabia, Vatican).
There is another specific form of government - the directory. It provides for the presence of a kind of collegial governing body. That is, the executive power belongs to a group of individuals. Today Switzerland can be considered an example of such a country. In it, the highest authority is the Federal Council, which consists of seven equal members.
Countries rich and poor
Now let's look at the main economic classifications countries of the world. All of them were developed by the largest and most influential international organizations such as the UN, IMF or the World Bank. Moreover, the approaches to the typology of states among these organizations differ markedly. Thus, the classification of countries from the UN is based on social and demographic aspects. But the IMF prioritizes the level of economic development.
Let's first consider the classification of countries by GDP (proposed by the World Bank). Recall that gross domestic product (GDP) is the total market value of all goods and services produced in a year on the territory of a particular state. So, according to this criterion, countries are distinguished:
- With high GDP (over $ 10,725 per capita) - Luxembourg, Norway, USA, Japan, etc.
- With an average GDP (875 - 10,725 dollars per capita) - Georgia, Ukraine. Philippines, Cameroon, etc.
- With low GDP (up to $ 875 per capita) - there are only four such states as of 2016 - Congo, Liberia, Burundi and CAR.
This classification makes it possible to group states according to the degree of economic power and to highlight, first of all, the level of well-being of their citizens. However, GDP per capita is not a sufficiently capacious criterion. After all, it does not fully take into account neither the nature of income distribution, nor the quality of life of the population. Therefore, more accurate and more complex is the classification of countries by the level of economic development.
Developed and developing countries
The most popular is the classification proposed by the United Nations. According to it, there are three groups of states in the world:
- Economically developed countries (Advanced economies).
- Countries with economies in transition (Emerging market).
- Developing countries.
Economically developed countries occupy a leading position in the modern world market. They own over 50% of global GDP and industrial production. Almost all of these states are politically stable and have solid per capita incomes. As a rule, the industries of these countries work on imported raw materials and produce high-quality export-oriented products. The economically developed countries include the so-called G7 group (USA, France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Canada), as well as the countries of Western and Northern Europe (Denmark, Belgium, Austria, Sweden, the Netherlands and others). Often they also include Australia and New Zealand, sometimes South Africa.
Countries with economies in transition are former states of the socialist camp. Today they are rebuilding their national economies on the rails of the market model of management. And some of them are already at the final stage of these processes. This group includes all the former republics of the USSR, the countries of Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula (Poland, Croatia, Bulgaria, etc.), as well as some states of East Asia (in particular, Mongolia and Vietnam).
Developing countries are the largest of these three groups. And as heterogeneous as possible. All developing countries are very different from each other in terms of area, pace of development, economic potential, and the level of corruption. But they also have one thing in common - almost all of them are former colonies. The key states of this group are India, China, Mexico and Brazil. In addition, this includes about a hundred more underdeveloped countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
Oil producing countries and lessor countries
In addition to the above, in economic geography, it is customary to distinguish the following groups of states:
- New industrial countries (NIS).
- Countries of immigration capitalism.
- Oil-producing states.
- Landlord countries.
The NIS group is more than a dozen predominantly Asian states, in which over the past three to four decades there has been a qualitative leap in all social economic indicators... The brightest representatives of this group are the so-called "Asian tigers" (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong). In the second half of the twentieth century, these countries, relying on their own cheap labor, relied on the production of mass household appliances, computer games, shoes and clothing. And it paid off. Today, "Asian tigers" are distinguished by a high quality of life and widespread adoption in production. the latest technologies... Tourism, services and the financial sector are actively developing here.
The countries of immigration capitalism are Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Israel. They have one thing in common - at a certain stage in history, they all formed as resettlement colonies of immigrants from other states (in the first three cases, from Great Britain). Accordingly, all these countries have still retained the basic economic, political features and cultural traditions of their "stepmother" - the British Empire. Israel occupies a separate place in this group, as it was formed as a result of the mass migration of Jews from all over the world after the Second World War.
Oil producing countries are included in a separate group. These are about ten countries, in the export of which the share of oil and oil products exceeds 50%. Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Libya, Algeria, Nigeria and Venezuela are most often ranked among them. In all these countries, in the midst of lifeless sands, one can see luxurious palaces, ideal roads, modern skyscrapers and fashionable hotels. All this, of course, is built on the proceeds from the sale of "black gold" on the global market.
Finally, the so-called lessor countries are a number of island or coastal states located at the intersection of important transport routes. Therefore, they gladly host the ships of the fleets of the leading powers of the planet. The countries of this group include: Panama, Cyprus, Malta, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, the Bahamas. Many of them, taking advantage of the successful geographic location, are actively developing tourism business in their territories.
Country ranking by human development index
Back in 1990, UN specialists developed the so-called human development index (abbreviated - HDI). This is a generalized indicator characterizing the level of socio-economic development of different countries. It includes the following criteria:
- life expectancy;
- poverty assessment;
- literacy level of the population;
- quality of education, etc.
The HDI index values range from zero to one. Accordingly, this classification of countries provides for a division into four levels: very high, high, medium and low. Below is a map of the world according to the HDI index (the darker the color, the higher the index).
As of 2016, the countries with the highest HDIs are Norway, Australia, Switzerland, Denmark and Germany. The outsiders of the rating include the Central African Republic, Chad and Niger. The value of this index for Russia is 0.804 (49th place), for Belarus - 0.796 (52nd place), for Ukraine - 0.743 (84th place).
List of countries of the "third world". The essence of the term
What do we imagine when we hear the expression "third world country"? Banditry, poverty, dirty streets and the absence of normal medicine - as a rule, our imagination draws something like this associative array. In fact, the original essence of the term "third world" is completely different.
For the first time this term was used in 1952 by the French scientist Alfred Sauvy. Initially, it belonged to those countries that, during the so-called Cold War, did not join either the Western world (under the auspices of the United States) or the socialist camp of states (under the auspices of the USSR). Full list countries of the "third world" includes over a hundred states. They are all marked in green on the map below.
At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, when the need to divide the world into “communists” and “capitalists” disappeared, for some reason the underdeveloped countries of the planet began to be called the “third world”. First of all, at the suggestion of journalists. And this is rather strange, because Finland, Sweden, Ireland and several other rather prosperous in economically states.
It is curious that in 1974 the famous Chinese politician Mao Zedong also proposed his own system of dividing the planet into three worlds. Thus, he ranked the Soviet Union and the United States as the "first world", their allies to the "second world", and all the other neutral states to the "third world".
Within the framework of the world economy, a country is considered not only territorial units that are a state, but also some territorial units that are not states, however, conducting an independent and independent economic policy and keep separate statistical records of their economic development. This applies to some of the island dependent territories of Great Britain, the Netherlands and France, which, while not being independent states, are considered, nevertheless, by the international economy as separate countries.
The most complete picture of the groups of countries in the world economy is provided by the data of universal international organizations, of which most countries of the world are members, - the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The assessment by these organizations of groups of countries in international economy slightly differs, since the number of member countries of these organizations is different (UN - 185, IMF - 181, WB - 180), and international organizations only monitor the economies of their member countries. For example, Cuba, North Korea and some other small countries that are not members of the IMF fall out of the classification. Some member countries of international organizations do not provide complete data on their economies or do not provide them up-to-date, as a result of which the assessments of the development of their economies fall out of the general assessments of the international economy. These are San Marino from among the developed countries and Eritrea from among the developing countries.
Finally, any classification is made up of the tasks of each organization. For example, the World Bank pays attention to the assessment of the level of economic development of each country, the UN - to social and demographic aspects, etc.
In total, in modern literature, several main features can be distinguished for the classification of countries in the world:
1. By the type of social economic system in the second half of the twentieth century, countries were divided into capitalist, socialist and developing, or "third world" countries. In turn, the developing countries were divided into countries with a socialist or capitalist orientation. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the world socialist system led to the rejection of such a classification of the world economy.
2. According to the level of development, countries are divided into developed and developing countries. Post-socialist states and countries that still officially proclaim the building of socialism as the goal of their development, were among the developing ones.
3. According to the degree of development of the market economy in international practice, all countries of the world are most often subdivided into three main groups: developed countries with market economy, countries with economies in transition and developing countries.
This grouping was chosen for the convenience of analysis in ECOSOC (United Nations Economic and Social Council). Currently, the IMF has introduced the term "advanced economies" (or "advanced countries") to denote groups of countries and territories traditionally classified as developed (these are 23 countries). The advanced economies of the world also include the four East Asian "dragons" (South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, as a special administrative region of China, and Taiwan), Israel and Cyprus.
Among the leaders of the world economy are the countries of North America (USA and Canada), Western Europe (primarily Great Britain, Germany, Italy and France), East Asia, led by Japan. They are followed by a noticeably progressing group of newly industrialized economies, including the "Asian tigers". A number of states of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as states on the territory of the former USSR... Some of them have been admitted to the European Union in recent years, and the group of developed countries has grown to 30. The vast array of countries - the developing zone - numbers over 100 countries around the world.
To characterize the economies of the countries of the world, already known indicators are used: GDP per capita, the sectoral structure of the economy and knowledge-intensive industries and the level and quality of life of the population.
The developed countries
Developed countries are characterized by a high standard of living of the population. Developed countries usually have a large stock of produced capital and a population that is mostly engaged in highly specialized activities. This group of countries is home to about 15% of the world's population. Developed countries are also called industrialized countries or industrially developed ones.
The developed countries usually include the 24 industrialized high-income countries in North America, Western Europe and the Pacific. Among the industrial ones, the most significant role is played by the countries of the so-called Group 7 (G-7), which provide 47% of world GDP and 51% of international trade. These states coordinate their economic and financial policies at annual summits that have been held since 1975. On the European continent, where 4 of the 7 largest developed countries are located, the most significant union is the European Union, consisting of 15 countries, which provide 21% of world GNP and 41% of exports.
As economically developed countries, the International Monetary Fund distinguishes states:
1. Countries qualifying for the World Bank and the IMF as countries with developed economies
in the late XX - early XXI centuries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA.
2. To a fuller group of developed countries Also included are Andorra, Bermuda, Faroe Islands, Vatican, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino.
Among the main features of developed countries it is advisable to highlight the following:
1. GDP per capita averages about $ 20 thousand and is constantly growing. This determines the high level of consumption and investment and the standard of living of the population as a whole. Social support - " middle class», Sharing the values and basic foundations of society.
2. The sectoral structure of the economy of developed countries is evolving towards the dominance of industry and a pronounced tendency towards the transformation of an industrial economy into a post-industrial one. The service sector is developing rapidly, and it is in the lead in terms of the share of the population employed in it. Scientific and technological progress has a significant impact on economic growth and the structure of the economy.
3. The business structure of developed countries is not homogeneous. The leading role in the economy belongs to powerful concerns - TNCs (transnational corporations). The exception is a group of some small European countries where there are no world-class TNCs. However, the economies of developed countries are also characterized by a wide spread of medium and small business as a factor of economic and social stability. This business employs up to 2/3 of the economically active population. In many countries, small businesses provide up to 80% of new jobs and affect sectoral structure economy.
The economic mechanism of developed countries includes three levels: spontaneous market, corporate and government. A developed system of market relations and diversified methods correspond to it. state regulation... Their combination leads to flexibility, quick adaptability to changing conditions of reproduction and, in general, high efficiency of economic activity.
4. The state of developed countries is an active participant in economic activity. The goals of state regulation are the formation of the most favorable conditions for the self-growth of capital and the maintenance of the socio-economic stability of society. The most important means of state regulation are administrative and legal (developed systems of economic law), fiscal (state budget and funds social insurance), monetary and state property. The general trend since the beginning of the 60s is the decrease in the role of state property on average from 9 to 7% in GDP. Moreover, it is concentrated mainly in the field of infrastructure. Differences between countries in terms of the degree of state regulation are determined by the intensity of the state's redistributive functions through its finances: most intensively - in Western Europe, to a lesser extent - in USA and Of Japan.
5. The economies of developed countries are characterized by openness to the world economy and a liberal organization of the foreign trade regime. Leadership in world production determines their leading role in world trade, international capital movement, international monetary and settlement relations. In the field of international labor migration, developed countries act as the host country.
Abstract on the topic:
"Types of countries in the world by the level of their economic development"
Content
Introduction p.3
1. Typology of the countries of the world p.4
2. Economically highly developed countries p.5
3. Developing countries p.7
4. Countries with economies in transition p.9
Conclusion p.11
References p.13
Introduction
Today, there are more than two hundred countries on the globe. They differ in territory, location, climatic conditions, cultural traditions, political regimes and many other characteristics, including the level and pace of socio-economic development.
The modern development of the world is characterized by the need for close cooperation between countries, both in the economy and in terms of the joint solution of global problems of our time by the joint efforts of all countries and the growing need for global regulation of international life. Along with the integrity and unity inherent in the world economy, there are also internal contradictions. Basically, these are contradictions between groups of countries. Therefore, it is of great importance to study the diversity and patterns of development modern world... Since the study of each country separately on the scale of the world economy is impractical, the typology of countries according to the level of economic development is of great importance. The most complete picture of the groups of countries in the international economy is provided by data from universal international organizations. The assessment by these organizations of the role and place of individual countries in the world economy is somewhat different, since the number of member countries of these organizations is different and the goals and objectives of these organizations are different. Modern world economy, its features and development trends are associated with the transition to a new, post-industrial structure of social production, which seeks to combine the achievements of modern scientific and technological revolution with an increasingly socially oriented market mechanism.The aim of the work is to consider the classification, based on indicators of the level of economic development, of various groups of countries.
1.Typology of the countries of the world
Until the beginning of the 90s, it was customary to subdivide all countries of the world into three types: socialist, developed capitalist and developing ones. After the collapse of the world socialist system, this typology was replaced by others. One of them, also three-member, divides all countries of the world into economically highly developed, developing and countries with economies in transition, i.e. carrying out the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy (these are, first of all, the post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS).
Along with this, a two-term typology is also widely used, with the division of all countries into economically developed and developing ones. The main criterion for this typology is the level of socio-economic development of a particular state, expressed through the indicator of GDP (gross domestic product) per capita ...
world economy classificationThe UN (United Nations) and other international organizations have begun to apply a new synthetic indicator of the level of socio-economic development of the countries of the world - the Human Development Index (HDI). It takes into account not only the level of people's per capita income, but also their average life expectancy, as well as their level of education. Canada, the United States, the Nordic countries and Japan have the highest HDI indicators, while the African countries Burundi, Sierra Leone and Niger have the lowest. (4)world economy classification countryVarious classifications are used to group countries in the world economy. The most famous is the classification according to the level of economic development and socio-economic indicators (aka UN classification).
The classification adopted by the UN is the division of the countries of the world into "developed countries", "developing countries" and "countries with economies in transition" that unites extremely different countries into one group. (2)2.Economically highly developed countries
The group includes about 40 states - these are the states of North America, Western Europe and the Pacific basin (USA, Canada, Germany, South Africa, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark ...)
The criteria for inclusion in the group of developed countries are indicators:
High level of socio-economic development;
Openness of the economy;
Market management system;
The predominance of the service sector in the production process of GDP over industry and agriculture;
The transition of industry from extractive and material-intensive industries to new high-tech and science-intensive industries;
High level of mechanization and productivity of agricultural production.
Developed countries account for more than half of all industrial production in the world, most of direct foreign investment... They form the three main economic "poles" of the world - Western European centered in the Federal Republic of Germany, American centered in the United States, and Asian centered in Japan.
Over the past decades, the role of these states in the world economy has changed significantly. So, the share of Japan in World GDP increased by almost 2 times, while the share of the USA decreased slightly.
Economically highly developed countries Western Europe -
this is Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Iceland, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Norway, etc. These countries are characterized by high per capita incomes and high quality of life, political stability. The high-tech industry operates mainly on imported raw materials, most of the manufactured products are exported. The GDP of these countries has a large share of income from the service sector - banking and tourism.Another typological group is
country"Resettlement" capitalism. These are Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - the former colonies of Great Britain. The ethnic composition of the population in these countries was formed with the decisive role of migration, primarily from the metropolis (Great Britain) and other countries of the world. Companies of the former metropolis or other economic giants play a leading role in the economies of these countries. Compared to other economically developed countries, the mining industry, as well as the export of raw materials and agricultural products, is very important in their economies. Israel belongs to the same type of country, its population was formed due to the return of Jews to their historical homeland - the land of Palestine. (1)Among the economically developed countries, there are also
country"Middle level" development... This group includes: Greece and Ireland (for a long time were dependent on Great Britain), as well as Spain and Portugal (the loss of colonies led to a weakening of their economic power). The accession to the European Economic Community (EEC - now the EU) of Spain, Portugal, Greece contributed to an increase in the pace economic growth in the 1980s and 90s and an increase in the pace of economic development, an increase in the standard of living of the population.One of the main features of developed countries is a relatively even distribution of income, as well as a relatively even economic development of the territory. They are characterized by the social orientation of the economy, in particular, the support of low-income strata of the population (pensioners, students, disabled people, etc.). Large investments in science and the introduction of its achievements into production determine a high intellectual level of labor, high percent expenses for medicine, education, culture. The costs of protecting the environment are also significant. In industrialized countries, the role of the "lower" levels of the industry (traditionally extractive industries) is declining and, at the same time, production in the "upper floors" is increasing due to the development of high-tech industries.
3. Developing countries
Most of the countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America are developing countries or third world countries. They represent a special group of states that differ in their originality historical development, socio-economic and political specifics. The group unites about 150 states. Speaking about their similarities, it is necessary to note the colonial past and the related signs of inclusion in this group are:
The presence of a diversified economy with various forms of ownership;
A relatively low level of development of the productive forces;
Dependent position in the world economy;
Predominantly agrarian and raw materials orientation in economic development and monocultural export;
Poverty and misery of a significant part of the population.
However, these countries are different, so this group is subdivided into subgroups:
a) New industrial countries (NIS) are South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, etc.
The newly industrialized countries are playing an ever-increasing role in the export of manufactured goods to developed countries. The rapid development of NIS in recent decades, high rates of GDP growth and high competitiveness of their products lead to the fact that the US customs authorities are beginning to deny them preferential treatment, which is provided to developing countries.
b) The energy exporting countries included in OPEC are Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, Algeria, Libya, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, etc.
Their characteristic features are: high per capita income, solid natural resource potential for development, an important role in the market for energy raw materials and financial resources, and a favorable economic and geographical position. The relationship between oil revenues and population size creates specific conditions for the accumulation of gigantic wealth.
c) Countries with an average level of development are Egypt, Tunisia, India, Kenya, Sinegal, etc. These countries, mainly with vast territories and populations, natural resource potential and opportunities for economic development. They occupied a prominent place in the system of international economic relations, caused a powerful inflow of external resources in the form of foreign capital investments. But low levels of production and consumption per capita noticeably slow down their socio-economic development.
d) The countries of the third world (least developed countries) are the countries of Africa, Latin America, South Asia, Afghanistan, Haiti, Zambia, Laos, Nepal, etc. Some of them are landlocked and have little connection with the outside world. In these countries, extremely low income per capita, pre-industrial forms of labor prevail everywhere, and the economy is dominated by Agriculture... It is these countries that form the basis of the list of least developed countries approved by the UN. States that have received the status of "least developed" enjoy special attention of the world community. They have the opportunity to receive loans, loans and humanitarian aid on preferential terms. (1)
4. Countries with economies in transition
The group includes about 30 states, most of them are the countries of the so-called former socialist camp - these are the republics of the former USSR (Russia, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia ...) countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania ...).
All of them were in the late 80s - early 90s. The last century began the transition from an authoritarian political system to a truly democratic system based on a multi-party system and respect for human rights. No less revolutionary transformations began to take place in the economy, where the transition from the former administrative-command system and central planning to a market economy took place. This transition is completed or is close to completion. (4)
In terms of the level of socio-economic development, these countries are classified as medium-developed. These are mainly industrial and industrial-agrarian countries.
Despite the abundance of the concepts of a transitional economy, today one can single out what is common and important that they have, namely the definition of a transitional economy.
A transitional economy is an economy where the most important is not the simple functioning of the existing connections and elements, but the “withering away” of old ones and the formation of new connections and elements. The transition economy characterizes the intermediate state of society, when the former system of socio-economic relations and institutions is destroyed and reformed, and the new one is just being formed. Changes taking place in a transitional economy are mainly changes in development, not functioning, as is typical for the existing system.
The transitional economy in a number of former socialist countries is a kind of mixture of elements (relations, connections, institutions) of the centralized and modern market systems... Elements of a market economy of free competition and a traditional economic system are sometimes added here.
The criteria for inclusion in the group of countries with economies in transition are:
Abandonment of central planning and regulation of economic development;
Increasing the degree of openness of the economy (liberalization);
Privatization state property;
Using such factors of economic growth as expanding the private sector, attracting foreign investment, restructuring the economy and monetary system, fighting inflation;
Reducing the volume of national production;
Reorientation of foreign economic relations.
Thus, Russia is also a country with an economy in transition, which has its own characteristics. Features of the transitional economy of Russia can be briefly characterized as follows:
First, this is the historical unprecedentedness of the transition, which acts as a transition to a modern market economy not from a traditional one, but from a special one that existed in a relatively small number of countries with a planned economy;
Secondly, Russian society today, on the path of reformatory development, should carry out, as it were, a "return" movement towards the effective use of market relations with all their attributes, a variety of forms of ownership, development entrepreneurial activity etc.;
Third, the transition process in Russia takes place at the end of the 20th century. in special historical conditions - conditions of unfolding global transition processes. Global transition processes in the world cannot but influence the Russian economy, the content of the transition processes, their final reference points. In this sense, transitional Russian economy is an interweaving of unique local and specific universal human tendencies.
Fourth, Russia occupies a special place in the territorial-geographical and socio-economic aspects: it serves as a kind of bridge connecting the eastern and western civilizations, embodying a certain unity of their cultures. The Russian mentality was imbued with this “split”.
The creation of a new type of economic system that overcomes the shortcomings of the previous one and ensures the growth of economic efficiency is a rather complicated process. The complexity is due not only to the enormity of the tasks of reforming the existing economic system, but also to the need to simultaneously overcome the crisis phenomena aggravated by the entry of society into a transitional economy. The main feature of all these transformations is the minimization of state intervention in the economy in order to give scope for its independent development.
Conclusion
The world by its socio-economic nature is extremely heterogeneous.
At present, three groups of countries can be distinguished: - industrialized countries with market economies, which form, as it were, the framework of the world economy; - developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania (or third world countries); - countries with economies in transition, represented mainly by the states of Eastern Europe, as well as by Russia, which are on the path of developing new forms of management. But it would be a mistake to draw too sharp a line between these groups. For example, today a whole group of developing countries - the countries of Southeast Asia, in particular South Korea, Hong Kong (since 1997 - the province of China, Xianggang), Taiwan, Brazil and Argentina, and some others - according to a number of economic indicators, it is logical to classify them among the industrially developed countries of the world. However, in terms of the level of other important indicators (the depth of social contrasts, uneven regional development and others), they traditionally still belong to the group of developing countries. At the same time, some of the undoubtedly developed states seem to be late with the qualitative transformations of the national productive forces, which hinders the growth of social labor productivity. So, in the countries of Eastern Europe and Russia, it alone makes up only about 50% of the level of the countries of Western Europe.Consequently, there is no rigid framework for dividing countries according to the level and pace of socio-economic development, regardless of the criteria by which these countries are classified. However, there is a significant need to reduce the lag in the socio-economic development of some countries in order to effectively solve the global problems of our time, since they ( global problems) do not recognize state borders, so their solution is possible only on a global scale.Bibliography
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