Optional reserves at usn. The reserve for holidays upon transition to the taxation system increases the taxable base Creation of reserves when the taxation
The organization is on a simplified taxation system: income minus expenses. Is it necessary to form estimated liabilities and reserves?
An organization on a simplified taxation system creates three types of reserves in accounting - a reserve for doubtful debts, a reserve for impairment financial investments, allowance for depreciation material assets.
Estimated liabilities in accounting, including a reserve for warranty repairs and vacation pay, do not need to be formed.
For tax purposes, an organization on the simplified taxation system is not entitled to take into account the costs of creating any reserves when calculating a single tax.
How to create a reserve for vacation pay
USN
Simplified organizations cannot create a tax reserve for vacation pay.
If the organization pays single tax from income, it does not take into account any expenses, including expenses in the form of deductions to reserves (clause 1, article 346.14 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Organizations that pay a single tax on the difference between income and expenses will also not be able to create a reserve. After all, they take into account the costs upon payment (clause 2 of article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). That is, vacation pay expenses will reduce the single tax base only at the time they are paid to the employee. And it will not be possible to take them into account in advance by creating a reserve. Therefore, in the closed list of expenses taken into account, which is in paragraph 1 of Article 346.16 tax code RF, deductions to any reserves are not named.
How to create a reserve for warranty repairs and warranty service goods and finished products (works)
USN
Regardless of the chosen object of taxation, organizations applying simplified taxation are not entitled to take into account the costs of creating any reserves when calculating the single tax. Including a reserve for warranty repairs (warranty service). This type of expenses is not provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. If the organization pays a single tax on the difference between income and expenses, the actual costs of warranty repairs reduce tax base on the common grounds(signature 25, clause 1, article 346.16, clause 2, article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
What reserves in accounting should create organizations using the simplified tax system
All firms on the simplified tax system, regardless of the object of taxation, should create reserves in accounting, under appropriate circumstances. Therefore, in the article you will find useful information for yourself.
Reserves are some kind of exotic. So, probably, most accountants who keep records in organizations on the simplified tax system think. Indeed, this is an artificial value formed by the entries in the accounts. And the "simplifiers" are exempted from the accrual of many types of reserves. This is stated in paragraph 3 of PBU 8/2010 "Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 No. 167n.
For example, USN payers do not need to accrue reserves for warranty repairs, warranty services, vacation pay. Let's say right away that in the legislation these types of reserves are called "estimated liabilities", since they represent the amount of future payments fixed in the present. And so the "simplified" do not need to make such accruals in accounting. The exception is small companies that are issuers of public offerings valuable papers(in practice, this rarely happens) - they are required to form estimated liabilities according to general rules.
However, there is a second group of reserves in accounting, which is not associated with future payments, but with the depreciation of assets, that is, with a decrease in their value. The most common of this group is the allowance for doubtful debts. It is needed in order to write off bad debts (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 23, 2005 No. 07-05-06 / 353).
Also, the second group includes reserves for the depreciation of material assets and for the depreciation of financial investments (paragraph 25 of PBU "Accounting for inventories" and paragraph 38 of PBU 19/02 "Accounting for financial investments").
It is necessary to accrue such reserves so that the financial statements are not distorted. This must be done at least once a year - when compiling annual report ( , ).
And absolutely all companies, including organizations using the "simplified" system, are required to form the second group of reserves. Of course, provided that there are appropriate grounds for creating reserves (clauses and Regulations on accounting, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, hereinafter referred to as the Regulation).
On a note
What should an accountant who does not accrue reserves worry about?
Reserves are not shown as a separate line in the balance sheet, since they are only a corrective value. That is, the corresponding asset or debt is reduced by their amount. Therefore, tax inspectors will be able to find out that the reserves were not accrued only if they request accounting registers or explanatory notes. Or when they come to the company with on-site inspection. But even in these cases, any sanctions can be imposed only if, due to the non-accrual of reserves, any of the lines of the financial statements turned out to be distorted by at least 10%. Then, on the basis of Article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, a company official (accountant or director) may be fined from 2,000 to 3,000 rubles.
At the same time, if a firm pays taxes and reports regularly, controllers are unlikely to be concerned about whether the company created reserves or not.
In this article, we will just talk about the second group of reserves: what, how, why and why (brief information about this is presented in the table). We note right away that firms need to form reserves only in accounting. In tax accounting with a simplified taxation system, reserves are not created. Since such an obligation is not provided for by Chapter 26.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Table Comparative characteristics of reserves created in accounting by organizations on the simplified tax system
Indicator | Allowance for doubtful debts | Provision for depreciation of financial investments | Reserve for depreciation of tangible assets |
When to reserve | If there is receivables, not paid on time and not secured by guarantees (pledge, surety). Or obligations that have not yet expired, but there is a possibility that they will not be repaid by the debtor (paragraph and clause 70 of the Regulation) | When there are financial investments on the balance sheet for which the current market price is not determined - shares, bonds, etc. Provided that the real value of these investments decreases, there are no receipts from them, etc. (clause 37 PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial investments") | The cost of material and production assets on the balance sheet has decreased. Or they are obsolete, have lost their original quality (clause 25 PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories") |
How much to reserve | This value is set by the firm itself, depending on financial condition debtor. So, she can deduct the entire amount of the debt or only part of it to the reserve (clause 20 of the Methodological Instructions approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia on December 28, 2001 No. 119n) | ||
How often to make deductions to the reserve | Deductions to the reserve should be made with the frequency with which the organization forms financial statements(monthly, quarterly, annual). But be sure to do this at least once a year - when compiling annual accounts so as not to distort its data. For example, as of December 31 (clause 4 PBU 21/2008 "Accounting policy of the organization", article 15 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ) |
Nuances requiring special attention
Firms using the simplified tax system must create three reserves in accounting. The first is for doubtful debts. It is formed when there are overdue and unsecured debts in order to write off their value later.
The second - under the depreciation of financial investments. It is created by those who have financial investments, the value of which has fallen significantly. The purpose of the reserve is to show the user of accounting real data about the assets of the company.
The third - under the reduction of the cost of material assets. It is formed if the price of inventory has decreased. The reserve is needed for the reliability of accounting.
Companies on the simplified tax system have the right not to reserve amounts for certain expenses. However, there are also such types of reserves that the “simplifier” is obliged to create.
Many accountants on the "simplified" believe that reserves are some abstract accounts that only large companies should use. Such an opinion is erroneous. Absolutely all firms must, when certain conditions coincide, form reserves.
Let's say right away that in tax accounting, "simplifiers" are not entitled to create reserves. The fact is that for such firms, the Tax Code contains a closed list of expenses, in which deductions for reserves are not provided * (1). Yes, and in principle it would be illogical, because with the "simplification" expenses are recognized only after they are actually paid * (2).
In accounting, the situation is different. The “simplifiers” are exempted from certain types of reserves, but there are also types that all organizations are required to form.
Optional reserves
Small business entities on the simplified tax system (with the exception of issuers of publicly placed securities) have the right not to create reserves for future expenses * (3). We are talking about liabilities with an uncertain amount or maturity (provisional liabilities) * (4), for example, provisions for vacation pay, payment of remuneration for the results of the year, warranty repairs and warranty service * (5) associated with the termination of operations * (6), and others.
Important! The criteria for classifying companies as small businesses are prescribed in Article 4 of the Federal Law of July 24, 2007 N 209-FZ: legal entities, number and revenue.
Required reserves
Required reserves are associated with changes in estimates. This is an adjustment in the value of an asset (liability) or a value reflecting the repayment of the value of an asset, due to the emergence of new information and is not a correction of an error in reporting * (7). We are talking about reserves*(8):
- for doubtful debts;
- for the reduction in the cost of inventories (hereinafter referred to as the Inventory);
- against the depreciation of financial investments.
Important! A change in the method of valuation of assets and liabilities is not a change in the estimated value (clause 3 of PBU 21/2008).
The above reserves are necessary to avoid distortions in financial statements. Reserves are formed at least once a year - before compiling the balance sheet * (9).
Provisions for doubtful debts. They are formed in case of recognition of receivables as doubtful. A “receivable” is considered doubtful if it has not been repaid or with a high degree of probability will not be repaid within the terms established by the contract, and is not secured by appropriate guarantees * (10).
The size of the reserve for the company should be determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on the financial condition of the debtor and the assessment of the probability of debt repayment * (11). The method of estimating the reserve should be prescribed in accounting policy*(12).
Important! Officials believe that if reporting date the firm has confidence in receiving payment for a specific overdue "receivable", then the reserve for this debt can be considered as the creation of hidden reserves (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 27, 2012 N 07-02-18 / 01; clause 6 PBU 1/2008).
To summarize information on reserves for doubtful debts, account 63 “Reserves for doubtful debts” * (13) is intended.
Allocations to reserves for doubtful debts are recognized as other expenses * (14) and reflected in the following entry:
- formed a provision for doubtful debts.
As of the date of receipt of funds from the debtor in repayment of doubtful debts, the provision for doubtful debts should be restored in the amount received:
- the reserve for doubtful debts was restored in terms of debt repayment.
Amounts of "receivables" for which the term has expired limitation period are written off for each liability as part of other expenses. Grounds: inventory data, written justification and order (instruction) of the head of the organization * (15). Writing off a debt at a loss due to the insolvency of the debtor is not a cancellation of the debt. The amount of debt is reflected on the off-balance account 007 within five years from the date of write-off to monitor the possibility of its collection * (16) (see example below).
Example
The buyer's debt is 100,000 rubles. The company recognized this "receivable" as doubtful, in connection with which a reserve for doubtful debts was formed. Subsequently, after the expiration of the limitation period, the specified debt was recognized as uncollectible. The following entries were made in the accounting:
Debit 91 sub-account "Other expenses" Credit 63
- 100,000 rubles. — formed a reserve for doubtful debts;
Debit 63 Credit 62
- 100,000 rubles. - written off accounts receivable due to the expiration of the limitation period;
Debit 007
- 100,000 rubles. - Written off receivables are accounted for in the balance sheet.
If by the end of the reporting year following the year of creation of the reserve, the latter is not used in any part, then when compiling the balance sheet, the unspent amounts of the reserve are added to the financial results * (17):
Debit 63 Credit 91 sub-account "Other income"
- the provision for doubtful debts was restored.
Reserves for the decrease in the cost of inventory. Inventory for which during the reporting year the market price has decreased or they have become morally obsolete or have lost their original qualities are shown in the balance sheet at the end of the year at the current market value, taking into account their physical condition. The decrease in the cost of inventories is reflected in the form of a reserve accrual * (18).
It is created for each unit of inventory accepted for accounting. It is possible to create reserves for certain types(groups) of similar or related inventories (with the exception of such enlarged groups as basic materials, auxiliary materials, finished products etc.)*(19).
The reserve is formed by the amount of the difference between the current market value of the inventory and their actual cost, if the latter is higher than the current market value*(20). The procedure for determining the market value in the legislation is not prescribed. In our opinion, it is possible to use price data obtained from manufacturers, state statistics authorities, trade inspections, presented in the media and specialized literature, as well as expert opinions. The method of assessing the market value should be prescribed in the accounting policy * (21).
To summarize information on reserves for depreciation of material assets, account 14 “Reserves for depreciation of material assets” * (22) is intended. Deductions to the reserve are recognized as other expenses * (23):
- a reserve was formed for the reduction in the cost of inventory.
If in the next period after the reporting period the current market value The inventory for which the reserve was formed increases, then the corresponding part of the reserve is adjusted * (24):
- the amount of the reserve was adjusted in case of an increase in the cost of inventory.
A similar posting is made when writing off material assets for which a reserve is formed (the reserved amount is restored) * (25).
Example
Let us reflect in the accounting of the organization the formation of a reserve for the reduction in the cost of material assets, provided that at the end of 2014 the company has 100 rolls of roofing material RPP-300 at a price of 350 rubles. per roll. The market value of materials is 300 rubles. per roll. In the first quarter of 2015, 15 rolls were sold.
Debit 91 sub-account "Other expenses" Credit 14
- 5000 rub. ((350 rubles - 300 rubles) x 100 rubles) - a reserve has been formed for the reduction in the cost of materials;
Debit 14 Credit 91 sub-account "Other income"
- 750 rubles. (5000 rubles : 100 rubles x 15 rubles) - the reserve was restored when selling materials.
Inventory in the balance sheet show * (26):
- at the current market value, if it is higher than the original price;
- on original cost if it is higher than or equal to the market price.
Provisions for depreciation of financial investments. A steady significant decrease in the cost of financial investments, for which their current market value is not determined, is recognized as depreciation * (27). In the accounting policy of the organization, the level of materiality of the decrease in the cost of investments * (28) should be prescribed.
The estimated value of financial investments is equal to the difference between their cost, at which they are reflected in accounting, and the amount of such a decrease * (29).
If a situation arises in which the impairment of investments may occur, the company should check for conditions for a steady decline in their value, which are characterized by the simultaneous presence of the following aspects * (30):
- as of the reporting date and the previous reporting date, the accounting value of investments is significantly higher than their estimated value;
- during the reporting year, the estimated value of investments changed significantly only in the direction of its decrease;
- as of the reporting date, there is no evidence that a significant increase in the estimated value of investments is possible in the future.
If the impairment test confirms a sustained significant decline in the value of the investment, the firm establishes an impairment allowance for the difference between the book value and the estimated value of the investment. Note that the audit is carried out at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment * (31).
To summarize information on the availability and movement of reserves for the depreciation of financial investments, account 59 “Reserves for the depreciation of financial investments” * (32) is intended. Commercial organizations form a reserve financial results as part of other expenses * (33):
- a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments was formed.
A similar entry is made with an increase in the amount of reserves * (34).
Important! According to the Ministry of Finance of Russia, a small business entity may decide not to reflect the depreciation of financial investments in accounting in cases where the calculation of the amount of such depreciation is difficult (clause 10 of Information N PZ-3/2012).
When the amount of created reserves decreases (increase in the estimated value or disposal of financial investments), the amount of the previously created reserve is transferred to other income * (35) (see example below):
Debit 59 Credit 91 sub-account "Other income"
- the provision for depreciation of financial investments was adjusted.
Example
The Aktiv company acquired a share in the authorized capital (20,000 rubles) of the Passive company upon its establishment. Subsequently, the Passive company was declared bankrupt and liquidated.
We will reflect in the accounting of "Asset" the creation of a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments in the amount of the cost of a share in the authorized capital.
The estimated value of the share in the "Liability" is zero:
Debit 91 sub-account "Other expenses" Credit 59
- 20,000 rubles. — a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments was formed in the amount of the cost of a share in the authorized capital.
As of the date of liquidation of Passive:
- Debit 59 Credit 91 sub-account "Other income"
- 20,000 rubles. — the amount of the provision for depreciation of financial investments was written off.
In the financial statements, the cost of financial investments is shown at book value minus the amount of the formed reserve for their depreciation * (36).
*(1) Art. 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 29, 2004 N 03-03-02-04 / 4/1*(2) Section 2 of Art. 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 08.06.2011 N 03-11-06/2/90
*(3) p. 3 PBU 8/2010, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 N 167n (hereinafter - PBU 8/2010)
*(4) Clause 4 PBU 8/2010
*(5) p. 11 of the Information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 1, 2012 N PZ-3/2012 (hereinafter - Information N PZ-3/2012); clause 2.1 PBU 2/2008, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 24, 2008 N 116n
*(6) clause 3.1 PBU 16/02, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.07.2002 N 66n
*(7) p. 2 PBU 21/2008, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 106n (hereinafter - PBU 21/2008)
*(8) p. 3 PBU 21/2008, p. 38 PBU 19/02, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 10, 2002 N 126n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 19/02), clause 25 PBU 5/01, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44n (hereinafter - PBU 5/01)
*(9) paragraph 4 PBU 21/2008
* (10) p. 70 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation)
* (11) p. 70 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation)
*(12) p. 7 PBU 1/2008, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 106n (hereinafter - PBU 1/2008)
* (13) Chart of accounts for financial and economic activities of organizations, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 N 94n (hereinafter referred to as the Chart of Accounts)
* (14) p. 11 PBU 10/99, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 33n (hereinafter - PBU 10/99)
*(15) clause 11 PBU 10/99; paragraph 77 of the Regulations
*(16) paragraph 77 of the Regulations
*(17) paragraph 70 of the Regulations
* (18) p. 20 of the Methodological Guidelines for accounting of the MPZ, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines)
* (19) p. 20 of the Methodological Guidelines for accounting of the MPZ, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines)
*(20) paragraph 25 PBU 5/01
*(21) p. 7 PBU 1/2008
*(22) Chart of accounts
*(23) p. 11 PBU 10/99; clause 20 of the Guidelines
*(24) paragraph 25 PBU 5/01
* (25) p. 20 of the Methodological Guidelines for accounting of the MPZ, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines)
*(26) paragraph 25 PBU 5/01
*(27) para. 1 p. 37 PBU 19/02
*(28) p. 7 PBU 1/2008
*(29) par. 1 p. 37 PBU 19/02
*(30) paragraphs. 37, 38 PBU 19/02
*(31) para. 6 p. 38 PBU 19/02
*(32) Chart of accounts
*(33) par. 4 p. 38 PBU 19/02
*(34) p. 39 RAS 19/02
*(35) paragraphs. 39, 40 PBU 19/02
*(36) par. 5 p. 38 PBU 19/02
Every subject entrepreneurial activity who plans to form a vacation reserve should understand that the reflection of this procedure in accounting and tax accounting will be different. Differences will be not only in the process of creating a reserve, but also in its replenishment and subsequent use, as well as in the reflection of unused amounts. Despite all the differences, each company must reflect all the important points that relate to vacation reserves in a timely manner in its accounting policy. In the process of using funds from the reserve, the relevant provisions of the law should be taken into account, which allow spending money only to cover vacations and insurance premiums. Rate the quality of the article.
Reserves for sleep
Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06/08/2011 No. 03-11-06 / 2/90). If an organization has decided to create a reserve for future expenses for vacation pay from the beginning of the year, this fact should be reflected in its accounting policy for tax purposes. It is possible to refuse to create a reserve only from the next year, by making appropriate changes to the accounting policy.
That is, it is impossible to refuse to create a reserve during the year. In addition to the fact of creating a reserve for vacation pay, the accounting policy should also reflect:
- reservation method;
- the maximum amount of deductions to the reserve and the monthly percentage of deductions.
As required tax legislation, to determine the monthly percentage of deductions to the reserve, the organization is obliged to draw up a special calculation (estimate) (par.
2 p. 1 art. 324.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Important
The creation rules were contained in paragraph 72 of the Accounting Regulations (BU). However, in January 2011, this provision lost its legal force.
It was replaced by estimated liabilities. They are fixed in the Rules BU 8/2010. Features of creating a reserve Features of creating a reserve are described in the provision specified in the BU Rules of 8/2010.
However, it does not include a list of expenses that can be attributed to estimated liabilities. Reserve for vacation pay application of the In order to bring the actual expenses into line with the expenses recorded during the year, the organization needs to conduct an inventory of the reserve as of December 31 of the current year (p.
4 tbsp. 324.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Accrual of the reserve for holidays under the simplified taxation system
Attention
The amount of the reserve for vacation pay on an accrual basis 1 2 3 4 5 January 550,000.00 166,100.00 59,651.13 59,651.13 February 540,000.00 163,080.00 58,566.56 118,217.69 March 545,000, 00 164 590.00 59 108.85 177 326.54 … … Total not more than limit value deductions to the reserve: 703,080.00 Tax accounting of deductions to the reserve for vacation pay, as well as the use of the reserve, is kept in the relevant tax register, the form of which the organization has the right to develop independently. Download Sample Register tax accounting of the reserve for future expenses for vacation pay Inventory of the reserve for future expenses for vacation pay It is obvious that the amount of vacation pay actually accrued for the year most likely will not exactly coincide with the amount of deductions to the reserve for vacation pay.
Vacation reserve. formation and accounting
From the article you will learn: 1. Which organizations are entitled to create a reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting and for what. 2. How to calculate the amount of deductions to the reserve for vacation pay.
3. How to conduct an inventory and adjust the "vacation" reserve. The situation where everyone the month is coming on vacation an equal number of employees for an equal number of days - something from the realm of fantasy.
In real life, it happens, as a rule, exactly the opposite: the lion's share of vacations falls on the summer period, while in the winter months there is a "holiday" lull. Accordingly, vacation expenses are distributed extremely unevenly over the months, and, as a result, the tax burden fluctuates.
To optimize the tax burden, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation gives taxpayers the right to create a reserve for future expenses on vacation pay (Article 324.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting
Formation is mandatory for all organizations, with the exception of those using simplified methods of accounting and reporting. Formation - the right of taxpayers who pay income tax and take into account income and expenses on an accrual basis. The order of creation is largely determined by the organization itself. The order of creation is largely determined by tax legislation.
There are much more differences in the formation of a reserve for vacation pay in accounting and tax accounting: it is probably easier to name what their similarities are. The main, if not the only, common feature is the mandatory reflection in accounting policies (accounting and tax, respectively).
Otherwise, these are two different, unrelated, accounting objects. Therefore, the formation of a reserve for vacation pay in accounting does not oblige the formation of such a reserve in tax accounting, and vice versa.
Reserve for vacation pay when applying the simplified tax system
In order to bring the actual expenses into line with the expenses recorded during the year, the organization needs to conduct an inventory of the reserve as of December 31 of the current year (clause 4 of article 324.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). To do this, you can use the data of the tax accounting register of the reserve for vacation pay, which reflects the amount of the reserve accrued for the year and the amount of actually accrued vacation pay.
Further actions depend on whether a reserve for vacation pay next year will be created or not.
- The reserve for vacation pay will be created next year.
- It is necessary to determine the balance of the reserve, which can be carried over to the next year.
What reserves in accounting should organizations create?
DEBIT 59 CREDIT 91 sub-account "Other income" - the reserve for depreciation of financial investments has been adjusted. EXAMPLE The company "Active" acquired a share in the authorized capital (20,000 rubles) of the company "Passive" upon its establishment. Subsequently, the Passive company was declared bankrupt and liquidated. We will reflect in the accounting of "Asset" the creation of a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments in the amount of the cost of a share in the authorized capital. The estimated value of the share in the "Liability" is zero: DEBIT 91 sub-account "Other expenses" CREDIT 59 - 20,000 rubles. — a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments was formed in the amount of the cost of a share in the authorized capital. As of the date of liquidation of the company "Passive": DEBIT 59 CREDIT 91 sub-account "Other income" - 20,000 rubles.
— the amount of the provision for depreciation of financial investments was written off.
Reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting: rules for the formation in 2018
After that, deductions to the reserve for vacation pay are not made and are not included in expenses for tax purposes. ! Note:
- If an organization has created a reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting and monthly makes deductions to such a reserve, then the actual expenses for paying vacation pay are not included in tax expenses(Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 04/01/2013 No. 03-03-06/2/10401)
- Compensation for unused vacation, including insurance premiums from them, cannot be written off at the expense of the reserve for vacation pay, therefore they are recognized in labor costs (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 03.05.2012 No. 03-03-06 / 4/29).
An example of calculation of monthly deductions to the reserve for vacation pay Month The amount of actual labor costs for the month The amount of insurance premiums from wages gr. 2 x 30.2% The amount of monthly deductions to the reserve for vacation pay (column 2 + gr.
Reserve for vacation pay during sleep
Instead of an application, the company may approve the form of the estimate by a separate order. How is the calculation of deductions to the vacation reserve? In the event that a company has decided to create a vacation reserve, it will need to include the amount of monthly reserve deductions in labor costs.
Thus, not only planning will be carried out, but also the equalization of the costs of each tax period. What should be understood by the concept of "wage", which directly affects the formation of the vacation reserve:
- wage fund;
- daytime wage(medium);
- holiday payments;
- the amount of payments for unused vacation.
The organization is on USN. Whether there is a deadlines creating a reserve for doubtful debts or can it be done once a year? And when creating it is necessary to include those organizations that pay once a year. What documents need to be done to create a reserve for doubtful debts? Is it necessary to include amounts for organizations for which the limitation period expired in 2013, or are they written off according to the order at the end of 2013.
The procedure for the formation of a reserve for doubtful debts must be fixed in the accounting policy of the organization. When making contributions to the budget, no documents are drawn up.
The date on which the debt becomes doubtful and is subject to inclusion in the reserve depends on the type of debt. Information on the dates of the creation of the reserve is given in the full answer in the directory " In what cases is it necessary to create a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting and tax accounting?". A reserve is not created if, as of the reporting date, the organization has confidence in its repayment in relation to overdue receivables.
Deductions to the reserve should be made with the frequency with which the organization generates financial statements (monthly, quarterly, at the end of the year). But be sure to do this at least once a year - when compiling annual reports.
Debts for which no reserve was created and the limitation period has expired are written off as expenses on the basis of an order from the head to account 91.
The rationale for this position is given below in the materials of the System Glavbukh
When to reserve
If the organization belongs to small businesses, then it also needs to create a reserve for doubtful debts. Paragraph 70 of the provision on accounting and reporting does not contain any special instructions on the exemption of small enterprises from creating a reserve.
Do not create a reserve when, as of the reporting date, the organization has confidence in its repayment in respect of overdue receivables (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 27, 2012 No. 07-02-18 / 01). *
Situation: how to determine the solvency of the debtor (probability of repayment of receivables) in order to determine the amount of the reserve for doubtful debts in accounting
In order to assess the solvency of the debtor, the organization must collect available information about its activities.
For information about the possible liquidation of the debtor in tax office you should request an extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.
One of the sources of information about the counterparty's solvency is its financial statements (Balance Sheet and Statement of Financial Results). It can be obtained upon request from the statistical authorities. According to the reporting data, a number of standard coefficients are calculated, the values of which reflect financial position debtor.
Based on the information received, a decision is made on the amount of the reserve or on the write-off of uncollectible debt.*
Signs of insolvency of debtors (criteria for the likelihood of repayment of debts), in the presence of which the organization includes their debt in the reserve for doubtful debts, you can. This follows from paragraphs, PBU 1/2008.
Determining the reserve amount
The organization must develop the procedure for forming a reserve on its own and fix it in an accounting policy for accounting purposes.
Reserve for doubtful debts form as follows:
- identify counterparties' debts that were not repaid within the terms specified in the agreements and were not secured with the necessary guarantees (doubtful debts);
- separately for each doubtful debt, determine the amount for which it is necessary to create a reserve, depending on the financial condition of the debtor and the assessment of the probability of repaying the debt in full or in part.
This procedure is provided for in paragraph 70 of the provision on accounting and reporting.
Situation: How often do you need to make deductions to the reserve for doubtful debts in accounting
The frequency of deductions to the reserve depends on the timing of the formation of financial statements.
Allocations to the reserve for doubtful debts are a change in the estimated value (clause 4 of PBU 21/2008). Changes in estimated values are reflected in accounting as expenses of the reporting period in which these changes occurred. Thus, deductions to the reserve must be reflected in accounting with the frequency with which the organization generates financial statements, that is, monthly * (Article 15 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, clause 48 PBU 4/99, p 29 of the regulation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).
Reflection of the reserve in the financial statements
In the financial statements, show receivables minus the formed reserve. Disclose information about the created reserve in the notes to the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results. This procedure is established by paragraph 35 of PBU 4/99.
For information on how to spend the created reserve, see How to use the allowance for doubtful debts.
For information on how to take into account the creation of a provision for income taxation, see How to create a provision for doubtful debts in tax accounting.
Sergei Razgulin,
2. Directory:In what cases is it necessary to create a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting and tax accounting *
Type of debt |
A document setting the deadline for the fulfillment of obligations by the parties |
Creation of a reserve |
The date on which the debt becomes doubtful and is subject to inclusion in the provision |
|
in accounting |
In tax accounting |
|||
Debt for sold goods (works, services) |
In accounting - no later than the date of payment for goods (works, services) specified in the contract. In tax accounting - after 45 days from the date of payment specified in the contract |
|||
Debt arising as a result of advance payment and non-fulfillment of obligations by the seller (executor) on time |
Supply contract (performance of work, provision of services) |
Not later than the date of fulfillment of obligations by the seller (executor) specified in the contract |
||
Debt under a lease (leasing) agreement |
Lease (leasing) agreement |
In accounting - no later than the date of payment rent(leasing payment) specified in the agreement. In tax accounting - after 45 days from the date of payment specified in the contract |
||
Debt under a securities sale agreement |
Agreement for the sale of securities |
Not later than the date of payment for securities specified in the agreement |
||
Debt under the contract of assignment of the right to claim |
Contract of assignment of the right to claim |
Not later than the date of repayment of the debt specified in the contract |
||
Debt under an interest-free loan agreement |
Interest free loan agreement |
Not later than the loan repayment date specified in the agreement |
||
Debt on penalties of the counterparty on the basis of a court decision |
The court's decision |
Not later than the date specified in judgment |
||
Debt to receive dividends |
Founders decision |
Not later than the date of payment of dividends specified in the decision of the founders |
||
accounting
Write off the amount of debt against the allowance for doubtful debts.
In accounting, the write-off of receivables at the expense of the allowance for doubtful debts reflect the posting:
Debit 63 Credit 62 (58-3, 71, 73, 76...)
- written off accounts receivable at the expense of the created reserve.
The reserve can only be used within reserved amounts. If during the year the amount of expenses for writing off the debt exceeds the amount of the created reserve, reflect the difference as other expenses (paragraph 11 of PBU 10/99).
When writing off the difference, make a posting:
Debit 91-2 Credit 62 (58-3, 71, 73, 76...)
– written off receivables not covered by the provision.8
The write-off of receivables that have expired, or other debts that are uncollectible, is not a cancellation of the debt. Therefore, within five years from the date of write-off, reflect it behind the balance on account 007 “Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss” (Instructions for the chart of accounts):
Debit 007
- Accounts receivable written off.
During this period, monitor the possibility of its recovery in case of a change in the property status of the debtor (clause 77 of the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting).
Sergei Razgulin,
Acting State Councilor of the Russian Federation, 3rd class
3. Article:What reserves in accounting should create organizations using the simplified tax system
Reserves are some kind of exotic. So, probably, most accountants who keep records in organizations on the simplified tax system think. Indeed, this is an artificial value formed by the entries in the accounts. And the “simplifiers” are exempted from the accrual of many types of reserves. This is stated in paragraph 3 of PBU 8/2010 "Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 No. 167n.
For example, USN payers do not need to accrue reserves for warranty repairs, warranty services, vacation pay. Let's say right away that in the legislation these types of reserves are called "estimated liabilities", since they represent the amount of future payments fixed in the present. And so the "simplified" do not need to make such accruals in accounting. The exception is small companies that are issuers of publicly placed securities (in practice, this rarely happens) - they are required to form estimated liabilities according to general rules.
However, there is a second group of reserves in accounting, which is not associated with future payments, but with the depreciation of assets, that is, with a decrease in their value. The most common of this group is the allowance for doubtful debts. It is needed in order to write off bad debts (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 23, 2005 No. 07-05-06 / 353).
Also, the second group includes reserves for the depreciation of material assets and for the depreciation of financial investments (paragraph 25 of PBU "Accounting for inventories" and paragraph 38 of PBU 19/02 "Accounting for financial investments").
It is necessary to accrue such reserves so that the financial statements are not distorted. This must be done at least once a year - when compiling the annual report (,).
And absolutely all companies, including organizations using the "simplified" system, are required to form the second group of reserves. Of course, provided that there are appropriate grounds for creating reserves (clause and Regulation on accounting, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, hereinafter referred to as the Regulation).
On a note
What should an accountant who does not accrue reserves worry about?
Reserves are not shown as a separate line in the balance sheet, since they are only a corrective value. That is, the corresponding asset or debt is reduced by their amount. Therefore, tax inspectors will be able to find out that the reserves were not accrued only if they request accounting registers or explanations for reporting. Or when they come to the company with an on-site inspection. But even in these cases, any sanctions can be imposed only if, due to the non-accrual of reserves, any of the lines of the financial statements turned out to be distorted by at least 10%. Then, on the basis of Article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, a company official (accountant or director) may be fined from 2,000 to 3,000 rubles.
At the same time, if a firm pays taxes and reports regularly, controllers are unlikely to be concerned about whether the company created reserves or not.
In this article, we will just talk about the second group of reserves: what, how, why and why (brief information about this is presented in the table). We note right away that firms need to form reserves only in accounting. In tax accounting with a simplified taxation system, reserves are not created. Since such an obligation is not provided for by Chapter 26.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Table Comparative characteristics of reserves created in accounting by organizations on the simplified tax system
Indicator |
Allowance for doubtful debts |
Provision for depreciation of financial investments |
Reserve for depreciation of tangible assets |
When to reserve |
If there is a receivable not paid on time and not secured by guarantees (pledge, surety). Or obligations that have not yet expired, but there is a possibility that they will not be repaid by the debtor (paragraph and clause 70 of the Regulation) * |
When there are financial investments on the balance sheet for which the current market price is not determined - shares, bonds, etc. Provided that the real value of these investments decreases, there are no receipts from them, etc. (clause 37 PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial investments") |
The cost of material and production assets on the balance sheet has decreased. Or they are obsolete, have lost their original quality (clause 25 PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories") |
How much to reserve |
The company sets this value independently, depending on the financial condition of the debtor. So, she can deduct the entire amount of the debt or only part of it to the reserve (paragraph 3, clause 70 of the Regulations). Solution options are prescribed in the accounting policy for accounting purposes (clause and PBU 1/2008 "Accounting policy of the organization") * |
Reserve is equal to, by which the estimated value of investments has decreased in comparison with their price reflected in the accounting. The company determines the estimated cost independently. Or it can involve an independent appraiser for this (clause and PBU 19/02) |
The reserve is equal to the amount by which the current market value of valuables has decreased compared to their actual cost, reflected in the accounting. The company finds the current market price on its own. Or it can involve an independent specialist for this (clause 20 of the Guidelines approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia on December 28, 2001 No. 119n) |
How often to make deductions to the reserve |
Deductions to the reserve should be made with the frequency with which the organization generates financial statements (monthly, quarterly, at the end of the year). But be sure to do this at least once a year - when compiling annual reports, so as not to distort its data. For example, as of December 31 (clause 4 PBU 21/2008 "Accounting policy of the organization", article 15 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ) * |
||
Question #1 When is a provision for doubtful debts created?
On a note
Doubtful receivables are debts of counterparties that are not paid on time and are not secured by guarantees. As well as obligations, the deadline for which has not yet expired, but there is reason to believe that the money will not be received.
An organization must form a reserve for doubtful debts if it has a doubtful receivable (paragraph 70 of the Regulations). Paragraph 2 of clause 70 of the Regulations explains which debt is doubtful. Firstly, these are debts of counterparties that are not paid on time and are not secured by any guarantees (for example, collateral or guarantee). Secondly, these are obligations, the deadline for which has not yet expired, but it is likely that the partners will not pay them on time.
If you are sure that the debtor will pay off in the near future (for example, he sent you a letter of guarantee), then you will not have to create a reserve for doubtful debts. Since the very fact of delay does not oblige to form such a reserve (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 27, 2012 No. 07-02-18 / 01).
note
The amount of the allowance for doubtful debts is set by the company itself. You can reserve both the entire amount of the debt, and only part of it.
What amount to include in the reserve - you decide on your own, depending on the financial condition of the debtor (paragraph 3, clause 70 of the Regulations). Options for such decisions are prescribed in the accounting policy for accounting purposes (clause and PBU 1/2008 "Accounting policy of the organization"). For example, you can reserve the entire amount of accounts receivable. Or just a part of it.*
The electronic journal "simplified" will help write off dubious "receivables"
You can find the form of an order to write off doubtful receivables, as well as an example of its preparation, on the website of the electronic journal Simplified http://e.26-2.ru. After entering the site with your username and password, select the "Forms" section in the top menu. And in the search bar that appears, enter the phrase "Order to write off accounts receivable in accounting." The program will offer you several forms of this order, each of which you can familiarize yourself with by opening it. And also download the document by clicking on the appropriate button located in the upper right corner.
Reserves for doubtful debts are reflected in account 63. At the same time, analytical accounting is kept for each doubtful debt. Record the accrual of the reserve by posting:
A reserve for doubtful debts has been created.
Make the same entry with an increase in the reserve (for example, if the counterparty's debt has increased).
If your partner has repaid a debt for which you previously created a provision, reduce it by the amount of the debt by making an entry:
The reserve was restored in terms of repayment of receivables.
At the expense of the created reserve, you will write off, firstly, those debts for which the limitation period has expired. And secondly, other debts that are unrealistic to collect.
note
You can write off accounts receivable only after the relevant source documents: act of inventory of debt, written justification of the reason for writing off and order of the head. *
For example, obligations that are not fulfilled due to the fact that the debtor is liquidated and the court confirmed the fact that the return cash impossible (clause 77 of the Regulations).
Write-off of receivables is possible only if the relevant primary documents are drawn up: an act of inventory of the debt, a written justification of the reason for the write-off and an order from the head. When writing off, an entry is made:
DEBIT 63 CREDIT 62 (71, 73, 76…)
Uncollectible accounts receivable were written off at the expense of the created reserve.
At the same time, please note that you can use the reserve only within the limits of the reserved amounts. Therefore, if during the year the amount of costs for writing off debts exceeds the amount of the created reserve, reflect the difference as part of other expenses (paragraph 11 of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization"). And do the wiring:
DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses" CREDIT 62 (71, 73, 76...)
Written off uncollectible receivables not covered by the provision.
Please note: writing off bad debt is not debt cancellation. Therefore, within five years from the moment you wrote off the debt, reflect it off the balance sheet on account 007 “Debts of insolvent debtors written off at a loss”. Recording is made:
DEBIT 007
Accounts receivable written off.
On a note
The amount of the allowance for doubtful debts is set by the company itself. You can reserve both the entire amount of the debt, and part of it.
During this time, keep an eye on whether the property status debtor, so as not to miss the opportunity to again apply for the collection of debt from him.
Example 1 Creating a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting
LLC "Victoria" applies the USN. On November 1, 2013, the organization delivered goods to Vostok LLC in the amount of 100,000 rubles. Money for the delivered goods should have arrived within 30 days after shipment. As of December 2, 2013, no payment was received from Vostok LLC. According to the accounting policy of Victoria LLC, debt not repaid on time and not secured by guarantees is doubtful. A provision for the full amount of the debt must be created for it. The company generates only annual accounting.
When compiling the accounting statements for 2013, the debt of Vostok LLC was recognized as doubtful, so the accountant made the following entry on December 31, 2013:
DEBIT 91 sub-account "Other expenses" CREDIT 63
100 000 rub. - created a reserve for doubtful debts.
On January 10, 2014 Vostok LLC paid half of the debt. On the same date, the accountant made the following entries:
DEBIT 51 CREDIT 62 sub-account "Settlements for shipped goods"
50 000 rub. - received money from the buyer for the delivered goods;
DEBIT 63 CREDIT 91 sub-account "Other income"
50 000 rub. - the reserve was restored in terms of repaid receivables.
Add to favoritesSend to e-mail The reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting is much less common in practice than in accounting, due to its voluntary formation within the framework of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. How to calculate it, if you still decide on a reserve, and how to take it into account in income tax, we will consider in our article. What are the features of the formation of a reserve for vacation pay? How is the reserve for vacation pay taken into account for the purpose of calculating income tax? Results What are the features of the formation of a reserve for vacation pay? As already mentioned, the issue of having a reserve for paying holidays in tax accounting is decided by the enterprise itself (Article 324.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). However, it is unacceptable for business entities that keep records cash method(Article 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The reserve allows for a uniform distribution of costs by:
- vacation pay;
- insurance premiums (incl.
Reserves for sleep
The amount of the reserve for vacation pay on an accrual basis 1 2 3 4 5 January 550,000.00 166,100.00 59,651.13 59,651.13 February 540,000.00 163,080.00 58,566.56 118,217.69 March 545,000, 00 164 590.00 59 108.85 177 326.54 … … Total no more than the maximum amount of deductions to the reserve: 703 080.00 entitled to develop independently. Download the sample tax register for the reserve of future expenses for vacation pay Inventory of the reserve for future expenses for vacation pay It is obvious that the amount of vacation pay actually accrued for the year will most likely not exactly match the amount of deductions to the reserve for vacation pay.
Tax Code of the Russian Federation).*** In this article, we examined the procedure for the formation and use of a reserve for future expenses on vacation pay for tax accounting purposes. How to create a reserve for vacation pay in accounting is described in detail in the previous article.
Thus, it would seem that there is only one topic - a reserve for vacation pay - and two full-fledged articles are devoted to it at once. However, there is nothing surprising in this: the reserve for vacation pay in accounting and in tax accounting is “two big differences”.
Here are just some of the most significant differences: Provision for vacation pay in accounting Provision for vacation pay in tax accounting It is an organization's estimated liability, which is reflected in the statements as of the date of its preparation. It is created at the beginning of the year in order to evenly include the cost of vacation pay in labor costs during the year.
That is, monthly deductions to the reserve are made until their amount becomes equal to the limit value.
- The estimated amount of labor costs for the current year can also be determined in several ways:
- according to the previous year;
- based on information about the wage fund for the current year (for example, based on staffing). This method is more suitable for organizations in which the salary of employees to a greater extent consists of a salary component.
Please note: Estimated labor costs used to calculate the monthly allowance for vacation pay do not include:
- vacation pay.
After that, deductions to the reserve for vacation pay are not made and are not included in expenses for tax purposes. ! Note:
- If an organization has created a reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting and monthly makes deductions to such a reserve, then the actual expenses for paying vacation pay are not included in tax expenses (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 04/01/2013 No.
- Compensation for unused vacation, including insurance premiums from them, cannot be written off from the reserve for vacation pay, therefore they are recognized in labor costs (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 03.05.2012 No. 03-03-06/4/29).
An example of calculation of monthly deductions to the reserve for vacation pay Month The amount of actual labor costs for the month The amount of insurance premiums from wages gr. 2 x 30.2% The amount of monthly deductions to the reserve for vacation pay (column 2 + gr.
Creation of a reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting
Many accountants on the simplified tax system believe that reserves are some abstract accounts that only large companies should use. Such an opinion is erroneous. Simplified companies have the right not to reserve amounts for certain expenses.
Attention
However, there are such reserves under the simplified tax system that must be created 07/30/2015 Author: Marina Kosulnikova, Chief Accountant company "Galan" Let's say right away that in the tax accounting of a company on the simplified tax system, they are not entitled to create reserves. The fact is that for such firms, the Tax Code contains a closed list of expenses, in which deductions for reserves are not provided (Art.
346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 29, 2004 No. 03-03-02-04/4/1). Yes, and in principle it would be illogical, because with the "simplification" expenses are recognized only after they are actually paid (clause 2 of article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/08/2011 No. 03-11-06/2/90).
Reserve for vacation pay when applying the simplified tax system
Important
It should be noted that the audit is carried out at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment (paragraph 6, clause 38 of PBU 19/02). To summarize information on the availability and movement of reserves for the depreciation of financial investments, account 59 “Reserves for the depreciation of financial investments” (Chart of Accounts) is intended.
Commercial organizations form a reserve at the expense of financial results as part of other expenses (paragraph 4, paragraph 38 of PBU 19/02): DEBIT 91 sub-account "Other expenses" CREDIT 59 - a reserve for depreciation of financial investments has been formed. A similar entry is made with an increase in the amount of reserves (clause 39 PBU 19/02). When the amount of created reserves decreases (an increase in the estimated value or disposal of financial investments), the amount of the previously created reserve is transferred to other income (clauses 39, 40 of PBU 19/02) (see
Reserve for vacation pay in tax accounting
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