Sberbank credit policy. Deposit policy of a savings bank Analysis of the interest rate policy of a savings bank
Stabilization of the political situation, positive trends in the Russian economy create the basis for expanding investment in the real economy and require an acceleration in the growth rate of the resource base of Sberbank of Russia. The Bank determines as the main sources of raising funds:
Savings of the population is the main and most stable investment resource.
Facilities legal entities- the most dynamically growing component of the Bank's liabilities.
The main task of the bank in the field of attracting resources is:
Maintaining a leading position in the market for attracting citizens' savings, stimulating savings and investment activity of the population by providing the Bank's depositors with the opportunity to choose effective forms of savings that meet client requirements for liquidity, profitability and reliability, ensuring the growth and accumulation of invested funds. Preservation of priority price conditions for deposits for the least socially protected groups of the population.
Maintaining and possibly increasing market share banking service corporate clients, formation of long-term preferences among clients in using the Bank's services.
In order to create a resource base for expanding active operations, investing in the real sector of the economy and reducing its own interest rate risks, the Bank identifies as the main priorities in the formation of the resource base: lengthening the terms of raising funds, reducing the total cost of resources, optimizing the structure of raising resources in terms of "price - term - risk of reassessment or early withdrawal”.
Consequences of socio-political and economic instability and inflationary expectations, characteristic of the post-crisis period, seriously complicate the problem of the population's choice of effective forms of savings. The high level of public confidence in the work of Sberbank of Russia, combined with the availability and familiarity of the forms of holding funds used, contribute to the gradual overcoming of the tendency to keep savings in cash. As inflation slows down, production growth accelerates, and arrears in the payment of wages and pensions, lowering tax rates for citizens' incomes, the bank's ability to attract funds from the population will increase.
The bank's attraction policy will be aimed at maintaining its leading position in the deposit market individuals. The savings of the population will continue to be the basis of the resource base. The Bank will offer new financial products for individuals, developed on the basis of an assessment of macroeconomic parameters, regular monitoring of regional markets for deposits and services, and the level of demand for certain conditions on deposits. The deposits offered by the Bank will take into account the needs of all social and age groups of citizens - working and pensioners, young people and middle-aged people, and will be designed for both low-income strata of the population and people with medium and high incomes.
The interest rate policy of the bank on fixed-term deposits of individuals will be aimed at supplying interest rates, taking into account market conditions, reserve requirements of the Bank of Russia, which will provide depositors with an increase and accumulation of invested funds. Among the priorities of the interest rate policy will be an increase in the share of long-term deposits. The desire to involve the "mattress" means of the population in economic turnover leads to the need to increase the attractiveness and stimulate the growth of not only ruble, but also currency deposits. The implementation of such an interest rate policy will allow the Bank to significantly reduce interest rate and currency risks. When optimizing the structure of deposits by terms of attraction, the Bank will take into account the risk of the possibility of unconditional, early withdrawal of the deposit by the depositor, which is provided Civil Code. The Bank's many years of experience in the retail deposit market, an extensive branch network that ensures the widespread availability of the Bank's services, the prevailing stereotypes of behavior and savings motives of different population groups have historically determined the formation of the Bank's client base mainly due to citizens of retirement age. Taking into account the social mission, the Bank will maintain priority price terms for deposits for this group of clients.
The Bank considers the country's economically active population and youth as a target group of potential clients. The Bank will continue to develop and implement a set of measures aimed at attracting this group of clients for servicing and stimulating their savings activity. The bank will offer a combination of deposit products with credit and insurance, develop products aimed at meeting the needs of depositors in housing, large purchases, education, tourism and recreation. Attracting and retaining this group of clients, creating a system of long-term mutually beneficial partnership between the Bank and the client will be facilitated by the development of programs to support individual operations in the financial markets, trust management of client funds, financial consulting, brokerage and agency services, the use of advanced information technologies, including the Internet. Along with the replication of standard competitive banking products aimed at the general population, individual services and deposit products for wealthy clients will be offered.
Sberbank of Russia will expand the issuance of cards of international payment systems focused on middle class and wealthy clients; international debit cards and AS Sbercard microprocessor cards for transferring salaries, pensions and social benefits. Improving the level of service, the possibility of using Internet technologies and mobile telephone communication, the development of acquiring allows turning bank cards into a mass product and will provide a significant increase in flows Money using bank cards and balances on client card accounts. The Bank plans to increase the balances on bank card accounts up to 3-5% of the total attraction of funds from individuals. as the most priority direction The Bank allocates work with enterprises, universities, institutes on the proposal of salary projects.
In order to improve the structure of attracted resources and provide competitive price conditions for investments in the real sector of the economy, the Bank sets one of the main tasks in the field of raising funds to maintain and increase its share in the banking market for corporate clients. It is planned to increase the share of funds attracted from corporate clients in deposits. The goal is expected to be achieved through the formation of long-term relationships and mutually beneficial cooperation with customers.
A healthy banking system is essential for the successful development of the economy. Increasing competition in the financial market increases the requirements for the level of work of the credit system. One of the elements of its regulation is a well-formed interest rate policy of a commercial bank (PPKB). If interest rates are formed correctly, then the credit institution will have a sufficient level of liquidity and will be able to meet its obligations in a timely manner and in full.
The concept and essence of the interest rate policy of a commercial bank
PPCB is a set of measures in the field of setting rates for attracting and placing funds, which are aimed at ensuring the profitability of a financial institution. It is influenced by such external factors:
- Market condition.
- inflation rate.
- Service demand.
- The level of competition.
- Regulator policy.
- Social environment.
Among external factors can be distinguished:
- The range of services provided.
- Personnel qualification.
- The size and quality of the customer base.
The bank's profit is the difference between the income received in the form of interest from the granted loan and the amount of funds payable on the deposit. Credit institution will make a profit if it can correctly formulate an interest rate policy.
Directions
Loan interest and interest rate policy of commercial banks are formed separately for different market sectors. The official discount rate of the regulator is used in short-term loan transactions between banks. Loan interest and the interest rate policy of commercial banks in relations with borrowers are formed separately. RZB rates determine the level of yield of bonds at the time of their issue and resale in the secondary market.
Deposit operations
Passive operations are those that financial institution generates its own resources. These include: raising funds from legal entities and individuals, maintaining accounts, issuing securities, loans from other financial institutions, etc.
The formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is the main lever in the competition in the market. Raising the proposed rate provides an opportunity to attract resources. If a bank has a sufficient amount of borrowed funds and few options for their profitable use, then it can reduce its deposit rates.
Consider theoretical basis formation of the interest rate policy of a commercial bank. The level of payment on the deposit depends on the attracted amount and the period of placement of funds. Pricing is carried out after analyzing the ratio of the rate that reflects market value funds, and the cost of servicing each contract. It should be noted that the percentage fee is not provided for all types of banking services. Thus, one of the largest cost items is the cost of maintaining current accounts of clients. That's why additional income not provided for them. Part of the costs is paid by the client himself in the form of a fee for carrying out operations.
The average price of attracted deposits is calculated as follows:
Sd \u003d RPD / 1 - Hp x 100%, where:
- RPD - the average level of interest on deposits.
- Нр - reserve norm.
The rate that takes into account the growth rate of the economy and the rate of inflation is called the nominal risk-free rate. In an unstable economic situation financial institutions cannot predict the rate of inflation growth. Therefore, the analysis of the interest rate policy of a commercial bank on deposits is carried out on the basis of the discount rate of the NBU. If it changes frequently, then clients are offered a floating rate on loans. That is, the essence of the interest rate policy of commercial banks is the formation and timely change of rates for the services provided.
Principles of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
- The rates differ depending on the terms, the amount of attracted resources and the category of clients.
- The level of profitability depends on the discount rate of the regulator and the level of provisioning.
- For passive operations, real rates should be set, that is, they should not exceed the yield on active operations.
Analysis of the interest rate policy of a commercial bank
Deposit policy Russian commercial banks determines the level of operating costs. Therefore, a financial institution, on the one hand, is not interested in a high level of rates, and on the other hand, it is forced to attract customers with interesting terms on deposits.
The assessment of the deposit policy of a commercial bank consists in calculating the cost of all attracted resources. The process is carried out in the following algorithm:
- the level of current rates is determined;
- the dynamics of their change is studied;
- the real cost of resources is calculated;
- changes in expenses on deposits in the total amount of expenses are analyzed.
According to the Federal Law "On banks and banking", the financial institution does not have the right to unilaterally change rates and terms of contracts. Income on the deposit is paid in the form of interest in cash, which are accrued on the balance of the deposit at the end business day. Depending on the type of deposit, the amount of the rate and the number of days for which the resources were attracted are used in the calculation.
Lending rates
Supply and demand for Banking services affect the size of bets. Today, financial institutions can independently set competitive rates, focusing on the state of the market, the type of deposit, the amount and specifics of the account. Although the state is still adjusting the level of rates in order to ensure priority development branches of the economy. For example, simplifying the process of lending to export industries makes it possible to reduce the trade balance deficit and create equal conditions for participants in credit relations.
Interest on loans is formed according to the method " base rate plus". That is to discount rate the credit spread (the difference in the price of two options) is added. The value of the latter reflects the risk level of the borrowing bank, which is assigned based on the international credit rating. For the highest rated institutions (AAA), the spread is zero.
For banks without official rating, the level of risk is assessed independently by the lender and depends on solvency, reliability, liquidity and other indicators. The rating score determines the possibility of borrowing funds through the issuance of certificates of deposit and other debt obligations. Institutions rated "BB" have virtually no access to this source. A credit institution can purchase certificates of deposit from other market participants, but at a very high percentage.
Credit policy analysis
The level of profitability on active operations depends on:
- the official rate of the NBU;
- market conditions;
- the cost of attracting resources;
- risk level of the project;
- the level of solvency of the borrower.
Margin is the difference between interest received and paid. It is designed to cover costs, all risks and generate profits. The absolute margin is calculated as the difference between total income and expenses, and between interest on individual active operations.
Credit interest rate policy of a commercial bank reflects the principle of distribution of resources between the operations of banks. You can restructure capital based on the liquidity of assets or take resources from the "common pool". To choose best way allocation of resources, you should calculate the actual margin ratio:
- KFpm = (% received -% paid) / cf. for the period the balance of assets.
- KFPM on credit. opera. = (% received - % paid on resources) / cf. remainder credit debt during the period.
The margin adequacy ratio shows the minimum level of interest required to cover the bank's expenses. It is calculated to determine the level of rates for future contracts:
To Ven. = ((operating costs - % paid) + (administrative costs - other costs)) / cf. residual income assets.
Coefficients can be calculated from actual data and predicted values. Comparison of indicators for individual transactions allows you to evaluate the real profitability of the selected direction of the bank.
Interest rate policy of the Bank of Russia
Having considered how the interest rate policy of a commercial bank is formed, we turn to the issue of rate regulation by the Central Bank. The Bank of Russia, as a lender of last resort, finances institutions and sets price targets. At the macro level, it regulates money supply, lending to the real sector of the economy, and at the micro level - regulates the liquidity of organizations.
If the essence of the interest rate policy of commercial banks is to regulate the level of profitability of an individual institution, then in the case of the Central Bank, the principle of action looks different. If the regulator aims to reduce the amount of money in circulation in order to curb inflation, then the refinancing rate will increase. As a result, lending rates will increase and the country's credit potential will decrease. If the purpose of the Central Bank is to facilitate the access of banks to refinancing, then the rate is reduced, and the credit potential of the country is increased. In this case, one should take into account the state of the market and the factors that affect the change in the rate. They will be listed in more detail below.
In the same way that the interest rate policy of a commercial bank is aimed at adjusting the level of costs and income of a financial institution, the refinancing rate serves as an indicator of changes in the market. Its decrease is regarded as a signal for the expansionist policy of the Central Bank, and its increase - for a restrictive one. At the same time, the regulator sets rates for individual operations: discount, pawnshop and on the open market.
Factors
The process of regulating the money supply by changing the refinancing rate will be effective if:
- Inflation is not constant and is monetary in nature.
- The change in the rate regulates the demand for credit resources. At the same time, the money market should have a close relationship with the segment of lending to the real sectors of the economy. That is, the rate should balance the level of profitability of borrowers and cover inflationary risks.
- The refinancing rate will not provoke a rise in prices.
- The dynamics of interest changes does not contradict the trends in the money market. Demand for interbank loans will grow against the backdrop of lower rates. In turn, the REPO money market should be liquid over long periods of time. Then the change in the rate will affect the level of profitability in general.
The interest rate risk and interest rate policy of a commercial bank in the long term depend on the state of the market, namely:
- The time period through which the rate will affect the inflation rate and the state of the real sector of the economy.
- Consequences of shrinking lending market. Under equal conditions, an increase in the refinancing rate will lead to an increase in the cost of loans in the country.
- If the improvement of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is carried out against the backdrop of growing public confidence in the institution, then changes in the refinancing rate will not have a large impact on the income of the institution.
- Will financial institutions provide loans to the population and entrepreneurs at the expense of interbank loans.
- An increase in the refinancing rate should not cause an imbalance in the RZB.
- Rate adjustments should be smoothed out, not jumpy. IN developed countries, including in the Russian Federation, today the rate changes in increments of 0.25 percentage points only in case of significant deviations of real inflation rates from the planned ones. For smaller deviations, the costs associated with changing volatility will exceed the economic benefit.
- An inefficient interest rate policy of a commercial bank may be the cause of an underdeveloped financial sector in the country.
Management of risks
The interest rate policy implemented at the level of the regulator should contain inflation and ensure stability national system and promote the development of certain sectors of the economy. The risk management system can be built according to one of the following principles:
- The higher the margin, the lower the interest rate risk. In other words, the return on active operations must exceed liabilities.
- The essence of the concept of "spread" is to identify the difference between the average rates on active and passive obligations. The larger it is, the lower the level of risk.
- The concept of the GAP is to analyze the imbalance of assets and liabilities with a floating rate for the excess of assets over liabilities for a certain period.
global trend
One of the principles of forming the interest rate policy of banks is the regulation of inflationary expectations. If the decisions of the Bank of Russia are aimed at curbing price growth, then the Central Banks around the world set the goal of achieving a certain level of inflation. They seek to keep prices high (2% per year) while fighting deflation. At the same time, experts often criticize the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for keeping the refinancing rate at 9.5%.
The Central Banks of other countries build their tasks around “inflation targets”. The policy of the Bank of Russia is mainly aimed not only at targeting the inflation rate at 4%, but also at maintaining economic development the country as a whole. After financial crisis Since 2008, regulators have become more responsible for the health of the country's economy as a whole. They began to pay more attention fiscal policy, financial regulation and exchange rates.
Market situation
The current refinancing rate of 9.75% since the beginning of the year is twice the real rate of inflation, which hinders the development of the country's economy as a whole. A business cannot attract investment in new projects. After Western sanctions Russian companies foreign loans became unavailable. Against the backdrop of a lack of affordable loans, all the actions of economists to accelerate GDP growth are in vain.
The actions of the Central Bank are more aimed at strengthening the ruble exchange rate. This is also confirmed by a number of economic scenarios for the development of the country. Thus, according to forecast data, in the medium term, the price of a barrel of oil will be $40. This will lead to a rise in the price of imported, and then domestic goods. Some experts argue that real inflation is 7-8%, and therefore the current refinancing rate is not too high. A decrease in the refinancing rate will lead to a decrease in the yield on deposits. Interest on deposits in real terms may not cover the rate of inflation.
Forecast values
Despite this forecast for the development of the country's economy, on April 28, 2017, the Bank of Russia lowered the rate to 9.25%. According to economists' forecasts, by the end of 2017 the level of refinancing will decrease to 8.5%, and by the end of 2018 - to 7.5%. These changes will affect all Russians.
In a couple of months, a rate cut will lead to a depreciation of the currency. Experts predict that with the growth of imports and the purchase of foreign currency by the Ministry of Finance, the dollar in June 2017 will cost 60 rubles. At the same time, lowering the rate will reduce the cost of loans, which will affect consumption. Sberbank has already announced a reduction in interest rates on consumer loans up to 13.9%. Loans for individuals will become more affordable, but not for everyone. The availability of loans will be offset by tougher requirements for borrowers.
Chosen monetary policy The Central Bank also aims to solve another problem of the economy: entrepreneurs do not invest in their development. The availability of credit should alleviate this problem.
In April 2017, the price increase was 4.3%. The rate cut should further reduce inflation. But in practice, price growth largely depends on the consumer activity of the population, which is very weak among Russians. In addition, a stable ruble exchange rate and a good harvest are also factors that curb inflation.
It will become clear in a couple of months how real the forecasts of experts will turn out to be. In the meantime, you can prepare to reduce the cost of consumer loans.
The Bank pursues interest and tariff policies based on the profitability of operations and assessment market conditions. Significant volumes of products sold and services provided reduce the cost of individual transactions and thus ensure the most competitive prices for the Bank's customers.
The main directions of the bank's activity.
attraction
The Bank determines as the main sources of raising funds:
· Savings of the population is the main and most stable investment resource.
· Due to legal entities – the most dynamically growing component of the Bank's liabilities.
· Funds raised on international financial markets are a long-term liability for expanding the financing of investment projects.
Fig.3 Structure of attracted resources as of 01.01.2000
The Bank's attraction policy will be aimed at maintaining its leading position in the retail deposit market. The savings of the population will continue to be the basis of the resource base.
Among the priorities of the interest rate policy will be an increase in the share of long-term deposits. The implementation of such an interest rate policy will allow the Bank to significantly reduce interest rate and currency risks. While optimizing the structure of deposits by terms of attraction, the Bank will take into account the risk of the possibility of unconditional early withdrawal of the deposit by the depositor, which is provided for by the Civil Code.
In order to improve the structure of attracted resources and provide competitive price conditions for investments in the real sector of the economy, the Bank sets one of the main tasks in the field of raising funds to maintain and increase its share in the banking market for corporate clients. This will also help to reduce interest rate risk and increase the Bank's non-interest income.
The Bank will continue the practice of attracting funds from individuals and legal entities by issuing debt obligations and issuing bank certificates and intends to maintain the share of this type of resources at the level of 6-7% of the funds attracted by the Bank.
The role of the leader banking system In Russia, high levels of liquidity and reliability give the Bank a competitive advantage in the interbank market and allow the use of fundraising tools to ensure short-term liquidity, reduce the cost of financing current payments, and more efficiently use the Bank's account balances.
Borrowings of medium-term and long-term resources from commercial banks are not considered as significant sources of formation of the Bank's resource base.
Accommodation
To achieve the main strategic goals, the Bank will maintain an optimal balance between the three main areas of activity in the field of resource allocation:
· Lending to individuals is a promising segment of the resource allocation market.
· Lending, project finance and investments in debt securities of legal entities - the main direction of allocation of resources, contributing to the development national economy, support for domestic producers of goods and services.
· Investments in government securities, lending and participation in the implementation of targeted state and regional projects are the main form of support for the state's economic programs.
As part of the risk management strategy, when forming assets, the Bank will strive to maintain a sufficient level of liquidity, balance the structure of the Bank's assets and liabilities by terms and types of currencies, ensure the necessary level of diversification by regions, industries, customers and investment sizes. The development of the active operations of the Bank will be carried out taking into account the assessment of the effectiveness of various market segments.
Fig.4 Structure of allocated resources as of 01.01.2000
The main areas for optimizing the structure of highly liquid assets will be:
· minimization of cash balances on hand, funds on correspondent accounts with the Bank of Russia that do not generate income;
· Increasing the level of profitability of placing funds on accounts with correspondent banks and in interbank deposits;
Creation of highly liquid trading portfolios valuable papers first-class Russian and foreign issuers providing yields above the rates money market; placement of funds in short-term financial instruments international financial market with fixed risk and return parameters.
The main task of the Bank in the field of lending is to increase a high-quality and highly profitable loan portfolio based on minimization and diversification credit risks. The Bank will continue lending to all major customer groups: households, corporate customers, federal structures and executive authorities of the constituent entities Russian Federation, financial institutions.
Fig.5 Structure of the loan portfolio by areas of lending as of 01.01.2000
As the economic situation in the country stabilizes and the effective demand of the population grows, it is planned to increase the share of loans to individuals in the Bank's loan portfolio by increasing the volume of loans and services provided. The Bank intends to increase its share in the retail lending market to 30%.
The determining factors in making decisions on lending will remain the efficiency of the borrower's business, the profitability of the financed project, as well as maintaining stable turnover on accounts with the Bank
Lending to corporate clients will be carried out in the following main areas: short-term commercial lending, investment lending and project finance.
Short-term lending to corporate clients in rubles and foreign currency for a period of up to one year will be focused on meeting the needs of customers in working capital. As target groups for this type of lending, customers with the highest turnover of funds are identified, which are represented by enterprises in the light and food industries, consumer services, trade and trade and intermediary enterprises.
A trading portfolio of securities is created as an effective tool to reduce the cost of maintaining the Bank's short-term liquidity, a necessary condition for the development of client operations.
Sberbank of Russia is considering investment investments in securities as one of the main assets of the Bank, a way of effective investment own funds and resources attracted from clients.
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Price policy
Sberbank pursues interest and tariff policies based on the profitability of operations and an assessment of market conditions. Significant volumes of products sold and services provided reduce the cost of individual transactions and thus ensure the most competitive prices for Sberbank customers.
Sberbank's pricing policy reflects both regional differences and specifics of transactions with the main categories of customers. When providing comprehensive services, Sberbank will take into account the effectiveness of interaction with the client in terms of general financial result. Sberbank maintains a socially oriented interest rate policy, primarily in the market for raising household funds.
Sberbank has developed systematic approaches to advertising policy, making it an effective tool for building a client base. Each competitive advantage of Sberbank, each new product offered for sale must be known and understandable to customers, easily comparable and advantageously different from competitors' offers.
Implementing the principle of transparency, Sberbank will expand cooperation with the media to disseminate reliable information about Sberbank. The amount of information provided on the Internet will increase significantly, and customer information will improve about corporate service standards, the terms of offered products and services, and Sberbank's technological capabilities. Client seminars and conferences will be put into practice, targeted promotions targeted at a specific group of clients, and a system of targeted advertising will be developed.
The main condition for expanding the client base of Sberbank is the development of the entire range of banking products and services in order to maximize customer satisfaction. Sberbank considers this area of work as the main source of ensuring stable growth of the non-interest component in Sberbank's income, an additional reserve of stability and stability in the event of significant fluctuations in market interest rates.
Sberbank defines the following main tasks for the development of banking services:
Increasing the share of Sberbank in the non-cash market cash flows population, including social transfers and wage transfers. Expansion of participation in operations for servicing retail trade and the service sector, increasing the share of Sberbank in the market of non-cash payments of the population in favor of enterprises and organizations. Growth of Sberbank's share in the market of operations with bank cards, as well as foreign exchange transactions.
Increasing the share of Sberbank in the market for legal entity payments in rubles and foreign currency. Maintenance of cash flows of public authorities and budgetary organizations.
Significant strengthening of Sberbank's positions in the market of services provided to enterprises and organizations participating in foreign economic activity.
Sberbank's participation in the market banking operations trust management, servicing transactions of purchase and sale of property, brokerage and depositary operations.
The priority in the development of this area of Sberbank's activity will be to increase the volume of services provided while reducing their cost and improving the quality of standard and individual services.
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But on reflection, he comes to the conclusion that the well-known thesis of Christianity about the creation of the world from nothing should be understood as follows: there is a certain Nothing that exists independently of God. But Berdyaev believed that in this case it is impossible to justify freedom, what kind of freedom it is if everything in the world is controlled by God and all the sins of the world fall on God. But it deprives the Christian God of the role of master of all that exists, which is absolutely unacceptable for most Christians. we, by virtue of social habit and training, often without much evidence, not to mention ... | |||
20344. | THE SPECIFICITY OF SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM. SOPHISTICS, SCEPTICISM AND SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM. THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM FROM BERKELEY TO KANT. MAIN THEMES AND FOUNDATIONS OF THE CRITIQUE OF SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM | 63.5KB | |
Xi is a philosophical direction that sharply perceives the problem of the topic of limited human experience of knowledge, from where it objectively follows that human consciousness creates the world. For the extreme consistent SI, this means not only cognitively epistemologically creating the world, that is, a person with his consciousness does what we consider to be the material world. In antiquity, they tended either to simple relativism, everyone had their own views on the world, or to prudence, the criticism of philosophical views at the same time did not reject it, but vice versa ... | |||