Economic informatics basic concepts and definitions. Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-1.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> ECONOMIC INFORMATICS Lecture No. 1 Lecturer: Kochkina"> ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАТИКА Лекция № 1 Лектор: Кочкина В. Р.!}
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-2.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> ECONOMIC INFORMATION AND INFORMATION 1. 1. Theoretical foundations economic informatics 1. 1. "> ECONOMIC INFORMATICS AND INFORMATION 1. 1. Theoretical foundations of economic informatics 1. 1. 1. Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics Intensive introduction of information technologies in the economy has led to the emergence of one of the directions in informatics - economic informatics , which is an integrated applied discipline based on the interdisciplinary connections of computer science, economics of mathematics. The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is informatics. The word informatics (informatique) comes from the fusion of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automation), introduced in France to define the scope of activities involved in automated information processing.
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-3.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> There are many definitions of computer science. Computer science is the science of information, ways her"> Существует много определений информатики. Информатика - это наука об информации, способах ее сбора, хранения, обработки и предоставления с помощью компьютерной техники. Информатика - это прикладная дисциплина, изучающая структуру и общие свойства научной информации и т. д. Информатика состоит из трех взаимосвязанных составляющих: информатика как фундаментальная наука, как прикладная дисциплина и как отрасль производства. Основными объектами информатики выступают: · информация; · компьютеры; · информационные системы; . Общие теоретические основы информатики: · информация; · системы счисления; · кодирование; · алгоритмы.!}
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-4.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> The structure of modern computer science: 1. Theoretical computer science. 2. Computer technology 3. Programming."> Структура современной информатики: 1. Теоретическая информатика. 2. Вычислительная техника. 3. Программирование. 4. Информационные системы. 5. Искусственный интеллект. Экономическая информатика - это наука об !} information systems ah used for preparation and decision-making in management, economics and business. The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide a solution to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems ( economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of the functioning of which is the effective management of the economic system.
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-5.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> An information system is a collection of software and hardware tools, methods and people , which"> Информационная система – это совокупность программно- аппаратных средств, способов и людей, которые обеспечивают сбор, хранение, обработку и выдачу информации для обеспечения подготовки и принятия решений. К основным компонентам информационных систем, используемых в экономике, относятся: программно-аппаратные средства, бизнес-приложения и управление информационными системами. Назначение информационных систем - создание современной информационной инфраструктуры для управления компанией. Предмет дисциплины "Экономическая информатика" - технологии способы автоматизации информационных процессов с применением экономических данных. Задача дисциплины "Экономическая информатика" - изучение !} theoretical foundations computer science and the acquisition of skills in the use of applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-6.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> 1. 1. THEORETICAL BASIS OF ECONOMIC INFORMATICS 1. 1. 2 . DATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE"> 1. 1. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАТИКИ 1. 1. 2. ДАННЫЕ, ИНФОРМАЦИЯ И ЗНАНИЯ Основные понятия данных, информации, знаний. К базовым понятиям, которые используются в экономической информатике, относятся: данные, информация и знания. Эти понятия часто используются как синонимы, однако между этими понятиями существуют принципиальные различия. Термин данные происходит от слова data - факт, а информация (informatio) означает разъяснение, изложение, т. е. сведения или сообщение. Данные - это совокупность сведений, зафиксированных на определенном носителе в форме, пригодной для постоянного хранения, передачи и обработки. Преобразование и обработка данных позволяет получить информацию.!}
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-7.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Information is the result of transforming and analyzing data. Differentiating information from data"> Информация - это результат преобразования и анализа данных. Отличие информации от данных состоит в том, что данные - это фиксированные сведения о событиях и явлениях, которые хранятся на определенных носителях, а информация появляется в результате обработки данных при решении конкретных задач. Например, в базах данных хранятся различные данные, а по определенному запросу система управления базой данных выдает требуемую информацию. Существуют и другие определения информации, например, информация – это сведения об объектах и явлениях окружающей среды, их параметрах, свойствах и состоянии, которые уменьшают имеющуюся о них степень неопределенности, неполноты знаний. Знания – это зафиксированная и проверенная практикой обработанная информация, которая использовалась и может многократно использоваться для принятия решений. Знания – это вид информации, которая хранится в базе знаний и отображает знания специалиста в конкретной предметной области. Знания – это интеллектуальный капитал.!}
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-8.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations), governing decision-making"> Формальные знания могут быть в виде документов (стандартов, нормативов), регламентирующих принятие решений или учебников, инструкций с описанием решения задач. Неформальные знания – это знания и опыт специалистов в определенной предметной области. Необходимо отметить, что универсальных определений этих понятий (данных, информации, знаний) нет, они трактуются по-разному. Принятия решений осуществляются на основе полученной информации и имеющихся знаний. Принятие решений – это выбор наилучшего в некотором смысле варианта решения из множества допустимых на основании имеющейся информации.!}
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-9.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is shown in the figure ...">!}
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-10.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> To solve the problem, fixed data is processed based on existing knowledge, then"> Для решения поставленной задачи фиксированные данные обрабатываются на основании имеющихся знаний, далее полученная информация анализируется с помощью имеющихся знаний. На основании анализа, предлагаются все допустимые решения, а в результате выбора принимается одно наилучшее в некотором смысле решение. Результаты решения пополняют знания. В зависимости от сферы использования информация может быть различной: научной, технической, управляющей, экономической и т. д. Для экономической информатики интерес представляет экономическая информация.!}
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-11.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> 1. 1. THEORETICAL BASIS OF ECONOMIC INFORMATICS 1. 1. 3 . ECONOMIC INFORMATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES"> 1. 1. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАТИКИ 1. 1. 3. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ !} Economic information Is a transformed and processed set of information reflecting the state and progress economic processes... Economic information circulates in economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information should be considered as one of the varieties of management information. Economic information can be: v control (in the form of direct orders, planning targets, etc.); v informant (in reporting terms, performs the function of feedback in the economic system).
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-12.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Information can be viewed as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources . Information"> Информацию можно рассматривать как ресурс, аналогичный материальным, трудовым и денежным ресурсам. Информационные ресурсы – совокупность накопленной информации, зафиксированной на материальных носителях в любой форме, обеспечивающей ее передачу во времени и пространстве для решения научных, производственных, управленческих и других задач. !} Information Technology Collection, storage, processing, transmission of information in numerical form is carried out using information technology. The peculiarity of information technologies is that in them both the subject and the product of labor is information, and the tools of labor are the means of computer technology and communication. The main goal of information technology is the production of information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions for its processing.
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-13.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> It is known that information technology is a collection of"> Известно, что информационная технология – это совокупность методов, производственных и программно- технологических средств, объединенных в технологическую цепочку, обеспечивающую сбор, хранение, обработку, вывод и распространение информации. С точки зрения информационных технологий для информации необходим материальный носитель в качестве источника информации, передатчик, канал связи, приемник и получатель информации. Сообщение от источника к получателю передается через каналы связи или посредством среды.!}
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-14.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Information is a form of communication between managed and controlled entities in any control system V"> Информация является формой связи между управляемыми и управляющими объектами в любой системе управления В соответствии с !} general theory management, the management process can be represented as the interaction of two systems - control and controlled. The structure of the control system is shown in the figure
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-15.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> The enterprise management system operates on the basis of information about the state of the object, its inputs"> Система управления предприятием функционирует на базе информации о состоянии объекта, его входов Х (материальные, трудовые, финансовые ресурсы) и выходов Y (!} finished products, economic and financial results) in accordance with the goal (to ensure the release of the required products).
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-16.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Managed by filing management action 1 (product plan) s taking into account"> Управление осуществляется путем подачи управленческого воздействия 1 (план выпуска продукции) с учетом обратной связи - текущего состояния управляемой системы (производства) и !} external environment(2, 3) - market, higher authorities management. The purpose of the control system is to form such influences on the controlled system that would induce the latter to accept the state determined by the purpose of control. Applied to industrial enterprise with some degree of conventionality, we can assume that the purpose of control is to fulfill production program within the framework of technical and economic constraints; control actions are the work plans of the department, feedback, data on the progress of production: release and movement of the product, the state of the equipment, stocks in the warehouse, etc.
Src = "https://present5.com/presentation/3/17594644_23544080.pdf-img/17594644_23544080.pdf-17.jpg" alt = "(! LANG:> Obviously, the plans and content of the feedback are nothing more than how"> Очевидно, что планы и содержание обратной связи - не что иное, как информация. Поэтому процессы формирования управляющих воздействий как раз и являются процессами преобразования экономической информации. Реализация этих процессов и составляет основное содержание управленческих служб, в том числе экономических. К экономической информации предъявляются следующие требования: точность, достоверность, оперативность. Точность информации обеспечивает ее однозначное восприятие всеми потребителями. Достоверность определяет допустимый уровень искажения как поступающей, так и результатной информации, при котором сохраняется эффективность функционирования системы. Оперативность отражает актуальность информации для необходимых расчетов и принятия решений в изменившихся условиях.!}
1. What is economic informatics? What place does learning take in it?
Informatics is the science of information, how it is collected, stored, processed and provided using computer technology. The objects of informatics are both computers and information systems.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business. The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide a solution to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects).
An information system is a set of software and hardware tools, methods and people that collect, store, process and issue information to ensure the preparation and decision-making.
The objective of the discipline is to study the theoretical foundations of computer science and acquire skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and local computer networks.
The subject of the discipline is ways of automating information processes using economic data.
Education occupies the most important place in economic informatics, because this science does not stand still and new technologies are constantly appearing that require special knowledge. Continuous training is required. There is a possibility of distance learning.
2. What is information technology? What do they consist of and how do they relate to the processed information?
Informatics and Information Technology
Discussions about a qualitative change in the role that information has begun to play both in the life of society as a whole and in the life of individuals can be found in the pages of scientific, journalistic, and even fictional literature. We will try to summarize in a concise form, in what these changes were most vividly expressed:
First, over the past decades, there has been a constant acceleration in the growth of the volume of information. Briefly and succinctly, this situation was formulated in the form of the thesis: "Information is the only non-diminishing resource of society."
The consequence of this state of affairs has become a quantitative barrier in the processes of information processing: roughly speaking, sometimes it makes no sense to collect and store information, since there are still no possibilities for its processing and rational use;
secondly, the proportion of communication problems has increased (distortion and loss of information during transmission);
thirdly, serious difficulties are caused by the presence of interlanguage, geographical, administrative, terminological and other barriers;
fourthly, practical use information often becomes impossible due to its chaotic dispersion over various sources (the so-called scattering of information).
The work to solve the listed problems ultimately led to the allocation of an independent scientific discipline - informatics, the subject of which was the properties of information, its behavior in technogenic, social and biological systems, as well as methods and technologies focused on collection, processing, storage, transmission and distribution. information, or, in short, information technology (IT).
This formulation of the subject of informatics is not the only one. Quite popular is the definition, according to which, "Informatics is the science of describing, presenting, interpreting, formalizing and applying knowledge accumulated with the help of computer technology in order to obtain new knowledge." In addition, we point out that the very use of the term "informatics" to designate the relevant field of scientific knowledge is not generally accepted. In particular, in the USA the term "computer science" (or less often "computing") is used to name this area.
A feature of IT in comparison with traditional technologies is a qualitatively different sphere of their application. This is primarily due to their universal nature. Back side such "universalism" are the difficulties arising in the creation of formal descriptions of information technology. Such attempts were far from always successful. Traditionally, there are several levels of IT representation: conceptual, at the level of information flows, at the level of tools and some others.
The general diagram of the cycle of the information process, which should be covered by the corresponding technologies, is shown in Fig. 1.1.
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Rice. 1.1. General structural diagram of the information process cycle
The development of IT has resulted in the processes of global informatization of society. The latter means that more and more of its members are involved in professional activities within the information sectors of the economy, the proportion of which is steadily increasing. Over the past ten to fifteen years, there have been significant shifts in the structure of the market for software and hardware for computing technology. To a large extent, it is transforming from a market for products and services into a market for technologies.
Information Technology
Technology is understood as a set of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials, materials or semi-finished products carried out in the process of manufacturing products. This is the highest ability to do something. When people talk about information technology, information is used as a material. As a product - also information. But this is qualitatively new information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon. The technology is presented by methods and ways of working with information from personnel and technical devices.
Information technology is a set of methods, production processes and software and hardware, united in a technological chain, ensuring the collection, processing, storage, distribution and display of information in order to reduce the labor intensity of the processes of using an information resource, increase their reliability and efficiency, rational organization of one or more other fairly often repeated information process. At the same time, savings in labor, energy or material resources required for the implementation of this process are achieved.
Information technology, like any other, must meet the following requirements:
1. to provide a high degree of dismemberment of the entire information processing process into stages (phases), operations, actions;
2. include the entire set of elements necessary to achieve the goal;
3. have a regular character, i.e. stages, actions, operations of the technological process can be standardized and unified, which makes it possible to more effectively carry out purposeful management of information processes.
The main properties of information technology that are strategically important for the development of modern society
Among the distinctive properties of information technologies that are strategically important for the development of society, it seems appropriate to highlight the following seven most important:
1. Information technology makes it possible to activate and effectively use informational resources societies, which today are the most important strategic factor in its development. The activation, dissemination and effective use of information resources (scientific knowledge, discoveries, inventions, technologies, advanced experience) make it possible to obtain substantial savings other types of resources - raw materials, energy, minerals, materials and equipment, human resources and social time.
2. Information technologies make it possible to optimize and, in many cases, to automate information processes, which in last years occupy an increasing place in the life of human society. It is well known that the development of civilization takes place in the direction of the formation of an information society, in which the objects and results of labor of the majority of the employed population are no longer material values, but mainly information and scientific knowledge. Currently, most developed countries already a large part of the employed population in their activities is in one way or another connected with the processes of preparation, storage, processing and transmission of information and therefore is forced to master and practically use information technologies corresponding to these processes.
3. Information processes are important elements of other more complex production or social processes. Therefore, very often information technologies also act as components of the corresponding production or social technologies. Moreover, they, as a rule, implement the most important, "intellectual" functions of these technologies. Typical examples are computer-aided design systems for industrial products, flexible automated and robotic manufacturing, automated systems process control, etc.
4. Information technologies today play an extremely important role in ensuring information interaction between people, as well as in the systems of preparation and dissemination of mass information. In addition to the now traditional means of communication (such as telephone, telegraph, radio and television), social sphere more and more widely used systems of electronic communications, electronic mail, facsimile transmission of information and other forms of telematic communication. These funds are quickly assimilated by the culture of our society, since they not only create conveniences, but also remove many industrial, social and everyday problems caused by the processes of globalization and integration of the world community, the expansion of domestic and international economic and cultural ties, population migration and its increasingly dynamic moving around the planet.
5. Information technologies occupy a central place today in the process of intellectualization of society, the development of its educational and cultural systems. In almost all developed and in many developing countries computer and television equipment, educational programs on optical discs such as CD-ROM and multimedia (technologies are already becoming familiar attributes not only of higher educational institutions, but also of ordinary schools of the primary and secondary education system. effective method and for systems of self-education, continuing education, as well as for systems of advanced training and retraining of personnel.
Multimedia technologies have become the technical basis for a rapidly developing new direction in art - screen art. Tens of thousands of optical computer disks of the CD-ROM type have already been created and are being industrially replicated, popularizing the masterpieces of world culture, which were previously available for acquaintance only with direct visits to museums, palaces, art galleries, art exhibitions. At the same time, it is possible to combine in a general thematic plan not only colorful and sufficiently detailed images of works of architecture, sculpture and painting, but also to accompany these images with multifaceted reference text information, as well as musical works, television and animated films corresponding to one or another topic. All this creates a rather strong emotional impact on the viewer, develops his artistic taste and at the same time makes it possible to receive necessary knowledge in the field of culture, art, human history.
The possibilities of this direction of development of information technologies are so promising that it is quite reasonable to speak about the emergence of a whole new direction in the field of culture - screen culture.
6. Information technologies now play a key role also in the processes of obtaining and accumulating new knowledge. At the same time, to replace the traditional methods of information support scientific research through the accumulation, classification and dissemination of scientific and technical information, new methods come, based on the use of the newly discovered opportunities for information support of fundamental and applied sciences, which are provided by modern information technologies.
First of all, methods of information modeling of processes and phenomena investigated by science are distinguished here, which allow a scientist to carry out a kind of "computational experiment". In this case, the experimental conditions can be chosen such that often cannot be practically implemented under the conditions of a full-scale experiment because of their great complexity, high cost, or danger to the experimenter. This direction, actively developed by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.A. Samarsky, has already received the well-deserved recognition of not only domestic, but also foreign scientists.
The second promising area is artificial intelligence methods that allow finding solutions to poorly formalized problems, as well as problems with incomplete information and fuzzy initial data. In this case, the logic of the automated search for a solution to the above class of problems begins to approach those procedures that are used by the human brain.
The third promising area is represented by the methods of the so-called cognitive computer graphics. With the help of these methods, which make it possible to represent figuratively various mathematical formulas and patterns, it has already been possible to prove several very complex theorems in number theory. In addition, their use, apparently, opens up new opportunities for a person to understand himself, the principles of the functioning of his consciousness - this most complex and intimate secret of the universe.
The basic concepts of economic informatics are:
Information and economic information;
Task and economic challenge;
Data - these are messages about objects and processes presented in a structured or unstructured form, on any material medium (paper documents, magnetic disks). In order for the data to be processed by a computer, a number of operations must be performed on them to enter them: first, they are considered as the result of observations or measurements, then they are recorded on a physical medium (paper documents, signals, etc.) and, finally, the data is transferred to a computer, where it is structured and stored in the form of databases or other formal means.
In a broad sense information is defined as information about one or another side of the material world and the processes occurring in it. The term "information" is most often understood as the meaningful aspect of data, as opposed to data ("data" - fact).
From the point of view of science, information is a measure of eliminating uncertainty about the outcome of an event of interest to us. That is, the concept of information is associated with the probability of an event occurring.
Information cannot exist by itself, therefore the presence of an object (source) and a subject (receiver) is implied. The object reflects and the subject perceives information. The material component of the processes of storing, transferring and transforming information are information carriers, communication channels, transmitters and receivers.
Information, first of all, is distinguished by subject content, it is one of the main resources of the life of society, but, unlike natural resources its volume does not decrease with time, but on the contrary only increases.
There are the following information properties:
1. Accuracy and completeness.
Information is reliable if it does not distort the true state of affairs. Information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and making decisions.
2. Value and relevance.
The value of information depends on what tasks are solved with its help. It is important to have up-to-date information when working in the constantly changing conditions of our world.
3. Clarity and understandability.
Information becomes clear and understandable if it is expressed in the language spoken by those to whom the information is intended.
According to the type of human activity, information is divided into scientific, technical, production, managerial, economic, social, legal, etc. Each of the areas of human knowledge operates with “its own” type of information. Economy, economic activity operates with economic information, to which both general properties of information and properties reflecting its characteristic features arising from its nature are extended.
Economic information- This is information that reflects and serves the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Economic information serves as a management tool and at the same time belongs to its elements. In this case, economic information is considered as a kind of management information
Economic information is characterized by:
· Large volumes.
High-quality management of economic processes is impossible without detailed information about them. Improving management and increasing production volumes are accompanied by an increase in the accompanying information flows.
· Cyclicity.
Most production and economic processes are characterized by the recurrence of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes. This property of economic information makes it possible to reuse a program once created for data processing.
· Diversity of sources and consumers.
This property is due to the variety of production and economic activity of people.
· The proportion of logical operations during processing.
Logical operations provide the appropriate ordering of data in arrays (primary, intermediate, constant and variable). A significant place is occupied by such types of work as ordering, distribution, selection, sampling, consolidation.
It is customary to subdivide economic information according to the following main features:
control functions (use),
place of origin.
According to the functions of management, economic information is divided into planning, accounting, normative and reference, reporting and statistical.
Planned information includes directive values of planned and controlled planning indicators for a certain period in the future (five-year, year, quarter, month, day). For example, the output of products in physical and monetary terms, the planned demand for products and profits from their sale, etc.
Accounting information reflects the actual values of the planned indicators for a certain period of time. Based on this information, planning information can be adjusted, an analysis of the organization's activities can be carried out, decisions on more effective management of the organization can be made. The information of natural (operational) accounting, accounting, financial accounting acts as accounting information.
For example, accounting information is: the number of parts of a given name made by a worker per shift (operational accounting), the worker's wages for the manufacture of a part (accounting), the actual cost of manufacturing a product (accounting and financial accounting).
Reference information contains various reference and regulatory data related to manufacturing processes and relationships. This is the most voluminous and diverse type of information. Suffice it to note that in the total volume of information circulating in the organization, reference information is 50-60%.
Examples of normative and reference information are: technological standards for the manufacture of parts, assemblies, products as a whole; cost standards (prices, tariffs, prices), reference data on suppliers and consumers of products, etc.
Reporting and statistical information reflects the results of the organization's actual activities for higher management bodies, state statistics bodies, tax office etc. For example, an annual accounting report on the activities of an organization.
The classification of economic information by levels of management (place of origin) includes input and output information.
Input information- this is information coming to the organization (structural unit) from the outside and used as primary information for the implementation of economic and managerial functions and management tasks.
Imprint- this is information coming from one control system to another. One and the same information can be input for one structural unit as its consumer, and output - for the unit that generates it.
In this case, the form of presentation of economic information can be: alphanumeric (text) - in the form of sets of alphabetic, digital and special characters and graphic - in the form of graphs, diagrams, drawings, and the physical medium of information - paper, magnetic or optical disc, image on display screen.
The most essential properties of economic information are:
semantic content of messages;
variety of data presentation forms;
large amount of data;
discreteness of values and data structuring;
requirements for the quality of information, etc.
In the light of the ideas of semiotics (the science of signs), the concept of information and its properties can be considered in three aspects:
syntactic,
semantic,
pragmatic.
Syntactic aspect associated with the consideration of the form and environment for the presentation of information: document, machine medium, computer memory - with an assessment of the amount of processed and stored information, the establishment of conversion rules and the choice of data format, etc. Information at the syntactic level is traditionally called data.
On semantic level, structural units of information are formed - economic indicators, the structure is being designed Database(an integrated set of interrelated data), the content of documents and the workflow scheme are determined. The semantic aspect requires understanding content information.
Pragmatic Aspectinformation is associated with the assessment of the quality and usefulness of information for making management decisions. The quality of information is considered at the level of an economic indicator. It is a combination of the following properties:
Representativeness information - methodological correctness of the formation of economic information: highlighting the most essential features and connections of objects, events, phenomena; measurement, selection of the correct algorithms for the formation of calculated indicators.
Necessity and sufficiency(completeness) of information for making management decisions.
Relevance information - preserving the usefulness of information over time.
Availability and timeliness obtaining information.
Accuracy information at the level of individual economic indicators.
Credibility information - display of the true value within the required accuracy with a given probability.
Value information - assessment of the impact of the indicator on the efficiency of the system, etc.
Information in the management system is considered as a "management resource" of great strategic importance. Information resources are largely interchangeable with respect to material, financial or labor resources. The organizational form of information resources, the amount of information, its quality affect the effectiveness of management. Currently, the most widespread forms of organizing information resources are:
collections of documents, manual filing and search files;
subject databases on computer media;
integrated databases for shared use using computer networks, including the INTERNET;
knowledge bases that provide new information based on a system of inference rules.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business. The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide a solution to entrepreneurial and organizational problems arising in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of the functioning of which is the effective management of the economic system.
1. EI is specific in the form of presentation. It will certainly be reflected on material media in the form of primary and consolidated documents; to increase the reliability, only legally formalized information is transmitted and processed, that is, if there is a signature on traditional or electronic documents (requires special means and organizational measures).
2. EI is voluminous. High-quality management of economic processes is impossible without detailed information about them. Improving management, increasing production volumes in the material and non-material spheres is accompanied by an increase in the accompanying information flows (requires an increasing productivity of processing tools and communication channels).
H. EI is cyclical. Most production and economic processes are characterized by the repetition of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes (once created information processing programs can be used and replicated many times).
4. EI reflects the results of production and economic activities using a system of natural and cost indicators. In this case, quantitative values, digital values are used (it is convenient to process them).
5. EI is specific in terms of processing methods. In the process of processing, arithmetic and, first of all, logical (for example, sorting or selection) operations prevail, and the results are presented in the form of text documents, tables, diagrams and graphs (it makes it possible to restrict oneself to a certain circle of problem-oriented software).
Economic information Is a transformed and processed set of information reflecting the state and course of economic processes. Economic information circulates in the economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information should be considered as one of the varieties of management information. Economic information can be:
· Manager (in the form of direct orders, planned assignments, etc.);
· Informing (in reporting indicators, performs the function of feedback in the economic system).
Information can be viewed as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources. Information resources - a set of accumulated information recorded on material carriers in any form that ensures its transmission in time and space for solving scientific, industrial, managerial and other tasks.
8 .Information product. Information resources.
Information product- documented information prepared in accordance with the needs of users and presented in the form of a product. Information products are software products, databases and data banks and other information. The result of information activities is an information product that appears on the market in the form of information products and services.
Let's note the main features of the information product, which fundamentally distinguish information from other products.
First, information does not disappear when consumed, but can be reused. The information product retains the information it contains, regardless of how many times it has been used.
Secondly, over time, the information product undergoes a kind of “ obsolescence”. Although information does not wear out with use, it can lose its value as the knowledge it provides is no longer relevant.
Thirdly, different consumers of information goods and services are comfortable with different ways of providing information, because the consumption of an information product requires effort. This is the property of information targeting.
Fourth, the production of information, in contrast to the production of tangible goods, requires significant costs compared to the costs of replication. Copying one or another information product costs, as a rule, much cheaper than its production. This property of an information product - the difficulty of production and the relative ease of replication - creates, in particular, many problems in connection with the definition of property rights within the scope of information activities.
Informational resources- this is the accumulated information about the surrounding reality, recorded on material carriers, providing the transfer of information in time and space between consumers for solving specific problems.
It should be noted that the information resource is all accumulated information, including:
· Unreliable information ("defectological");
· Information that has lost its relevance;
· Information provided by false statements and ineffective approaches;
· Incomparable data accumulated by non-standard methods;
· Information that has lost its concreteness as a result of subjective interpretations;
· Deliberate "misinformation".
Depending on the media, information resources are divided into three main classes:
· Personnel who have knowledge and qualifications;
· Documents of all types and their collections on all types of media;
Collections of objects of inanimate and wildlife (industrial designs, recipes and technologies, standard samples and etc.);
Among the features of information resources are:
• inexhaustibility - as the society develops and the consumption of knowledge grows, their reserves do not decrease, but grow;
· Intangibility - which ensures the relative ease of their reproduction, transmission, distribution in comparison with other types of resources. Information resources - individual documents and individual arrays of documents in data storages of information systems: libraries, archives, funds, databases, and other types of data storages.
· Classification of information resources:
State (national) information resources. State information resources - information resources received and paid for from the federal budget. Content of state information resources (examples): activities government agencies authorities, legal information, stock and financial information, commercial information.
· Information resources of enterprises. Information resources of enterprises - information resources created or accumulated in enterprises and organizations. The content of information resources of an enterprise (examples): information support of economic activities, planning and operational management of enterprise activities, business plans, foreign economic activity.
Personal information resources. Personal information resources - information resources created and managed by any person and containing data related to his personal activities
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