The influence of information on the economic security of the state Internal and external threats to the economic security of Russia
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1 Approved by the minutes of the Academic Council on the topic of final qualifying works in the specialty " Economic security" 1. Contemporary problems at the level local government 2. Problems of provision Russian Federation at the regional level 3. Public-private partnership as an effective form of ensuring Russia 4. The main directions of ensuring Russia in modern conditions 5. The main directions of ensuring food security in the region at the present stage 6. Strategy for ensuring the financial security of the region 7. Non-state bodies for ensuring the security of entrepreneurship in the region 8. Ways of improving the security of state property management in the region 9. Strategy for ensuring the scientific and technological security of the region 10. Main directions of ensuring 11. Improving the mechanism for ensuring economic security 12. Basic approaches to ensuring the safety of commercial secrets 13. Features of the organization and formation of the security service 14 Improvement of the structure of the security service of an economic entity 15. Formation of a system of technical and economic indicators for assessing safety 16. Ensuring personnel security 17. Features of ensuring the safety of employees of commercial structures and the safety of material and technical values
2 18. Analysis of modern threats 19. The role of the state in provision 20. The role of business intelligence in provision 21. Assessment of an enterprise operating in the energy sector 22. Development financial strategy an enterprise aimed at ensuring it in conditions of market instability 23. Development of a business plan for creating an economic service 24. Management of economic security: principles, methods, policies and mechanisms for its implementation 25. Development of guidelines for an economic security service to analyze and assess the company's competitive position 26. Development of a business plan for creating an enterprise in the service sector 27. Analysis of the economic efficiency of the protection of the enterprise 28. Analysis and assessment of the work of the organization department 29. Analysis of the support system of a commercial bank branch 30. Development of a methodology for identifying by the service signs of bankruptcy and the pre-crisis state of the enterprise 31. Development of recommendations to increase the company's profits based on the assessment and analysis by the service of its financial condition 32. Development of a business plan for the creation of a service for the economic security of a trading enterprise 33. Development of methodological recommendations aimed at improving management efficiency system 34. Development of a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of investments in the enterprise system 35. Development of a methodology for assessing the efficiency of investments by the enterprise system 36. Development of anti-crisis measures to ensure economic
3 37. Development of proposals for ensuring 38. Development of methodological recommendations aimed at improving the activities of the subdivision in the field of accounting for tangible assets of a production enterprise 39. Analysis and assessment of the activities of the service to ensure the functioning of the enterprise 40. Analysis and assessment of the state of the enterprise 41. Development of guidelines for the service economic security in the field of risk assessment in planning financial activities enterprises 42. Development of a methodology for evaluating a potential business partner by the service in conditions market risk 43. Development of the organization system 44. Development of proposals for improving the system of the credit institution 45. Development of methodological recommendations aimed at improving the business system 46. Development of a business plan for an enterprise engaged in the service sector 47. Improvement of the economic security management system of an enterprise 48. Activities of the analysis service and assessment of the production and financial activities of the enterprise 49. The activities of the service to improve the mechanism of analysis, formation and use of profits 50. Improving the management of the enterprise system to increase the safety of material assets in the process of production 51. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the economic service and the prospects for its development 52. Development of proposals on the formation of a support system for a newly created enterprise 53. Development of methodological recommendations for assessing the performance of the company's service 54. Activities of the service, n aimed at minimizing risks
4 55. The activities of the service aimed at improving the mechanism for managing financial results 56. Development of proposals aimed at improving economic security in a modern market 57. Economic assessment of the level of the enterprise and the prospects for its development 58. Analysis of the effectiveness of investments in the economic security of a commercial enterprise 59. Features of enterprise system management in conditions of bankruptcy risk 60. Improvement of the economic security management system of a commercial bank 61. Service activities aimed at improving profitability 62. Development of proposals for improving the existing system of an educational institution 63. Service activities aimed at improving financial stability 64. System improvement investment lending by the commercial bank service 65. Problems financial management budget funds and ways to solve them in order to provide a municipal institution 66. Mortgage lending and ways to improve it by the service 67. Improving the formation and execution of the budget in order to ensure municipality 68. Development of ways to improve the efficiency of financial and economic activity service 69. Management of financial results and improvement of the profit management mechanism in order to ensure economic security 70. Development of methodological recommendations by the service aimed at improving the use of financial instruments for managing fixed assets and increasing the efficiency of their use
5 71. Financial instruments management of working capital and ways to improve the efficiency of their use at the enterprise, as an element 72. Recommendations of the service for ways to improve the investment policy of the enterprise 73. The mechanism for the formation and use of profit and its improvement at the enterprise, as part of 74. Improving the management of income and expenses for the purposes of budgetary organizations 75 Increase based on improving the mechanism for managing financial results of activities 76. Increasing based on improving the mechanism for managing financial results 77. Recommendations of the service in the direction of ways to improve the efficiency of bank lending individuals 78. Improvement through forecasting financial stability and the development of measures to improve its financial condition 79. Cash flow management in the post-crisis economic development from the point of view of the economic 80. Recommendations for improving the mechanism for managing the financial and economic activities of the organization in order to increase 81. Financial mechanism management of the results of the economic activity of the enterprise, as part of the mechanism for ensuring economic security 82. Recommendations of the service for improving the mechanism of lending to individuals 83. Improving the mechanism for the formation and execution of the budget in order to ensure the municipal formation 84. Financial methods for optimizing the management of receivables and payables of the enterprise in order to ensure
6 85. Improvement of financial methods for increasing the efficiency of profit use by the economic security service 86. Lending to individuals in a commercial bank and directions for its improvement by the service 87. Development of methodological recommendations aimed at improving the activities of the unit in the field of managing the efficiency of using fixed assets at the enterprise 88. Optimizing the formation budget revenues and expenditures to ensure the municipal formation 89. Provision through forecasting and management of financial stability 90. Improvement of financial methods of organization and use of enterprise profits by the service 91. Improvement by the service of the organization's budget management mechanism 92. Forecasting and assessment by the service of the effectiveness of leasing operations and directions of their improvement 93. Formation and execution of the budget of the municipal formation and ways to improve it to ensure 94. Development and justification of the financial nsovyh methods of increasing the efficiency of the use of working capital by the economic service 95. Ways to increase the financial stability of the enterprise to ensure 96. Provision based on financial planning at the enterprise and ways to improve it 97. Management of long-term financial investments enterprises in order to ensure 98. Provision by increasing the efficiency of the financial mechanism for managing the costs of the enterprise 99. Optimization of financial policy by the economic service 100. Development of a financial management system for the use of profit as a direction for ensuring the enterprise 101. Improving the financial mechanism for attracting investments in a special economic zone to ensure economic security of the region
7 102. Improving the financial mechanism of cash flow management at the enterprise from the point of view 103. Deposit operations and directions of their improvement by the bank service 104. Ways to improve lending legal entities service of the bank 105. Lending to individuals by a commercial bank and ways to improve it by the service of the bank 106. Lending to small businesses and its improvement in order to provide the region 107. The mechanism of financial support for small and medium-sized businesses in order to provide the region 108. Development and evaluation of the efficiency of the investment project by the service 109 Credit risk management by the economic security service in banking 110. Investment risk management by the economic security service in banking 111. Improvement of the financial planning system by the enterprise service 112. Optimization of methods for assessing the borrower's creditworthiness by the service 113. Increase by improving the pricing management mechanism for products 114. Provision by improving financial planning at the enterprise 115. Financial mechanism for predicting financial stability, as an element of improving the business 116. Recommendations from Funds for the development of lending to small and medium-sized businesses in a commercial bank 117. Liquidity management to ensure the economic security of a commercial bank 118. Financial mechanism of anti-crisis management to improve
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Accredited educational private institution
higher education
"Moscow University of Finance and Law MFLA"
Department of Economics and Finance
Specialty 38.05.01 "Economic security"
Specialization "Economic and legal support of economic security"
GRADUATE QUALIFICATION WORK
On the topic:
Student Babakhanov Gennady Kurbanovich
ANN student 29131422
Group No. 31EBd1210
Moscow 2017
Assignment for the completion of the final qualifying work
economic security threat neutralization
For student Babakhanov Gennady Kurbanovich
(Full Name)
Theme:"Internal and external threats to the economic security of Russia" Initial data for work:regulatory and legal sources of the Russian Federation; statistical data; scientific and periodicals; educational, reference and methodological literature; Internet resources. The subject of the research is internal and external threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation in modern conditions. The purpose of the study is to develop a set of measures to neutralize internal and external threats to Russia's economic security. Research objectives: Study the theoretical and legal aspects of ensuring the economic security of the state. Analyze the impact of internal and external threats on the economic security of Russia. Develop a set of measures aimed at neutralizing threats in order to strengthen Russia's economic security. Completion date of the finished work to the department: 05/15/2017. Scientific adviser __________________ Ph.D., associate professor A.V. Yurchenko (signature) (academic degree, title, full name) The task was accepted for execution by ________________ G.K. Babakhanov. (signature) (full name) Review
scientific supervisor for the final qualifying work StudentBabakhanov Gennady Kurbanovich On the topic"Internal and external threats to the economic security of Russia" Graduation qualification work of the student Babakhanov Gennady Kurbanovich completed in accordance with the requirements of the guidelines for the preparation and defense of graduate qualification works, at a sufficient scientific, theoretical, methodological and practical level, accessible, economically literate language. The paper examines the issues of monitoring, determining the degree of influence and forming an effective system to counter internal and external threats to the economic security of the state, which are very relevant at the present stage of development in Russia of economic relations and the political situation in the external and internal spheres. The relevance and practical significance of the study of these issues is due to the fact that in the presence of crisis phenomena in the economy, sanctions pressure on our country, economic security is the foundation for ensuring all types of national security of Russia. The author managed to disclose at a sufficient level the topic chosen for research in the final qualifying work, to demonstrate in the course of work on research materials the ability to effectively study and apply legislative, by-laws legal acts, special literature, as well as materials characterizing the modern practice of assessing the impact of internal and external threats on the economic security of the state. The theoretical significance of the final qualification work is that the study systematizes the knowledge of a future specialist in the field of economic security in assessing and analyzing the impact of a complex of external and internal factors on the economic security of Russia. The structure of the final qualifying work is due to the logic of the research, formulated by the goal and objectives of its implementation. In carrying out the work, the author used a sufficient number of regulatory legal acts, sources of educational, educational-methodical and educational-practical literature, publications of specialists in the periodical economic press on issues related to the subject area of the study. The most important provisions of the work are illustrated by him in tables, figures and appendices. Output:the competencies assessed when working on the final qualifying work are fully formed, the final qualifying work is recommended for defense. Supervisor: Cand. military Sci., Associate Professor Yurchenko Alexander Viktorovich _______________________________________________ "___" ______________ 2017 Review
for final qualifying work StudentBabakhanov Gennady Kurbanovich ______________________________ (surname, name and patronymic) Theme "Internal and external threats to the economic security of Russia "_ ReviewerKolesov Roman Vladimirovich ______________________________ (surname, name and patronymic) cond. econom. Sci., Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Finance, Yaroslavl ____ branch of the FGOBU VO "Financial Institute under the Government of the Russian Federation" _______ (academic degree and title, position, place of work) Today, the problem of ensuring economic security is very relevant for any state. This problem is more urgent than ever for Russia in modern conditions, characterized by the illegal use of economic and political sanctions against our country. Currently, it is necessary to conduct continuous work aimed at improving the monitoring system of internal and external threats, the development of effective mechanisms to counter these threats at various levels of national economy management. The topic and questions of the final qualifying work are disclosed by the author in full and in detail, according to the assignment issued by the supervisor. The content and structure of the qualified graduate work is agreed with the supervisor and fully corresponds to the chosen topic. The material in the work is presented, reasoned, consistent and competent. The provisions used in the work are confirmed by the established procedure by references to normative and statistical sources, scientific and educational literature. The author has demonstrated the ability to carry out the necessary analytical calculations. The topic is of an applied nature. The goals and objectives of the research have been achieved by the author. The work performed confirms the author's ability to independently form, generalize, analyze statistical data, forecast and planning information of public authorities. The author is able to use the results of his analysis in the subject area of identifying internal and external threats and ensuring the economic security of the state. Almost all the material of the final qualifying work testifies to the author's independent understanding of the key problems associated with ensuring the economic security of the country in conditions of the negative influence of internal and external factors. The author forms practical proposals and ways of their implementation to ensure effective counteraction to internal and external threats to Russia's economic security. The style of presentation of the material, the reliability and validity of the author's judgments, demonstrated in the work, allow us to conclude that the author has worked out all the issues related to the topic under study. A positive aspect of the work should be noted the author's ability to work with scientific and educational materials, regulatory legal acts related to ensuring the economic security of the state, in practice to use the tools of economic analysis. In general, the final qualifying work was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the State Educational Standard for final qualifying works. The work deserves an "excellent" mark. The author deserves to be awarded the qualification "Specialist" in the specialty 38.05.01 "Economic security". Reviewer: Cand. econom. Sci., Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Finance, Yaroslavl Branch of the Financial Institute under the Government of the Russian Federation R.V. Kolesov "____" ______________2017 Theoretical and legal aspects of ensuring the economic security of the state 1 The essence of the economic security of the state and its content 2 History of the emergence and development of approaches to ensuring the economic security of the state: domestic and international experience 3 Characteristics of threats to the economic security of the state in modern conditions Analysis of internal and external threats to Russia's economic security 1 Assessment of the current state of economic security in Russia 2 Analysis of internal threats to economic security in Russia 3 Analysis of external threats to economic security in Russia Improving measures aimed at neutralizing threats in order to strengthen Russia's economic security 1 Measures to neutralize internal threats to Russia's economic security 2 Measures to neutralize external threats to Russia's economic security 3 Assessment of the economic effect and effectiveness of the proposed measures to ensure the economic security of Russia Conclusion List of sources used Applications Introduction
Economic security is the most important element in the system of ensuring the national security of the state. As practice shows, without an independent, sovereign economic system of the country, the development of the state in the right direction is impossible. The economy ensures the satisfaction of human needs: both material (food, housing, etc.) and spiritual (education, culture, sports, etc.). The economy should contribute to the development of society and a dignified life for the citizens of a given country. President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin at a meeting of the Security Council, which was devoted to the discussion of the document "Strategy of Economic Security", which was held on December 7, 2016, indicated that the economic security of the state ensures economic independence, economic stability, sustainability and contributes to improving the quality of life of people and increasing the prestige of the Russian Federation in the world. Today, the economic security of the state plays a key role in protecting the country's economy from possible and existing threats. It should be noted that there are a large number of threats to Russia's economic security. According to the source of education, they are divided into internal and external. To protect the economy of the state from threats, a clearly developed set of measures is needed to ensure the economic security of the state. Unfortunately, it is worth recognizing that the current economic crisis, which began in 2014 and continues to this day, makes it possible to understand how vulnerable the Russian economic system is from internal and external threats to economic security. At the same time, I would like to note that the current economic model shows that economic reforms, which were carried out over the past 25 years, after the collapse of the USSR, did not lead to the modernization of the economy. A huge role is played by the income of our country raw materials sector, while the scientific industry and heavy industry are in a much worse condition than before 1991. The work will assess what, today, threaten the economic system of Russia and will try to develop measures to eliminate the existing internal and external threats to the economic security of Russia. The object of the final qualifying work is the economic security of the Russian Federation The subject of research in this work is internal and external threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation in modern conditions. The purpose of the work is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of ensuring the economic security of Russia in the context of the impact of internal and external threats to economic security. Work tasks: Study the theoretical and legal aspects of ensuring the economic security of the state; 2.Analyze the impact of internal and external threats on the economic security of Russia; 3.Develop a set of measures aimed at neutralizing threats in order to strengthen the economic security of the Russian Federation. The work uses a general scientific research method. The historical approach will help to study the origin of the concept of "economic security" in world and national history. The analysis will give us the opportunity to study the impact of threats on the economy of our country. The synthesis will allow us to determine the relationship between economic security and national security. We will determine what measures need to be taken to protect our economy. To study issues, we will use regulations, textbooks related to the topic of economic security, works and works of economic figures, as well as electronic resources that study economic issues and news. Structurally, the final qualification work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and applications used. 1. Theoretical and legal aspects of ensuring the economic security of the state
1.1 The essence of the economic security of the state and its content
Economic security plays a key role in the national security strategy of the state. In accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2015 No. 683 "On the strategy of the national security of the Russian Federation", the national security of the Russian Federation is a state of protection of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, which ensures the implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens Of the Russian Federation, worthy quality and standard of living, sovereignty, independence, state and territorial integrity, sustainable socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. National security includes the country's defense and all types of security provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Russian Federation, primarily state, public, informational, environmental, economic, transport, energy security, and personal security. As we can see, economic security at the legislative level is the most important element of the national security of the Russian Federation. Let's try to find out what is the economic security of the state. There are several definitions of the concept of "economic security". For example, in the textbook "Economic Security", created under the general editorship of L.P. Goncharenko and F.V. Akulinina, several definitions are given. It should be noted that Lyudmila Petrovna Goncharenko is a Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department of Innovation Management of the Educational and Scientific Center "Management" of the Russian University of Economics. G.V. Plekhanov, and Akulinin Fedor Vladimirovich - Associate Professor, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Innovation Management of the Educational and Scientific Center "Management" of the Russian University of Economics. G.V. Plekhanov. “Economic security is the state of the economy that ensures a sufficient level of social, political and defense existence and progressive development of the Russian Federation, invulnerability and independence of its economic interests in relation to possible external and internal threats and influences. This is the state of economic, legal, organizational ties, material and intellectual resources of the enterprise, which guarantees the stability of its functioning, financial and commercial success, progressive scientific, technical and social development. " "Economic security is not only the protection of national interests, but also the readiness and ability of government institutions to create mechanisms for the implementation and protection of national interests of the development of the domestic economy, maintaining the socio-political stability of society." “Economic security is a state in which the people (through the state) can sovereignly, without interference and pressure from outside, determine the ways and forms of their economic development» . "National economic security is such a state of the economy and institutions of power, which ensures guaranteed protection of national interests, harmonious, socially oriented development of the country as a whole, and sufficient economic and defense potential." As we can see, the concept of "economic security" is complex. The economic security of the state includes the state of several types of activities in the economic sphere, as well as in the spheres of public life of the state. According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2017 No. 208 "On the strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030", the term "economic security of the Russian Federation" should be understood as the state of protection of the national economy from external and internal threats, which ensures the country's economic sovereignty, the unity of its economic space, conditions for the implementation of the strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation. The term "economic sovereignty" in this decree means the objectively existing independence of the state in the conduct of internal and external economic policy taking into account international obligations. Thus, the economic security of the state is an element of the national security of the state, which ensures the existence of a sovereign economic system of the country. The sovereign and independent economic system of the state has the following features: protection from internal and external threats to economic security. This means that the country's economy is able to function even under unfavorable external conditions, as well as to respond promptly to deteriorating internal conditions; development of the state economy. The development of the state economy should be understood as the possibility of a qualitative growth of scientific and technological progress necessary for the modernization of production and the creation of competitive products; Ensuring the national interests of the state. This means the ability to control national resources, as well as participate on an equal footing in world trade; development of society and citizens of the country. Creation of favorable conditions for investment, creation of new jobs, raising the standard of living of citizens; stability of the economic system of the state. It implies strong and reliable ties within the economic system, capable of adequately responding to changes in internal and external conditions. If we consider economic security in terms of content, then it is customary to represent it as the state of the economy, the process of the economy and the system. Economic security as a state of the economy implies that favorable conditions of the economic environment have been created, allowing for a constant reproduction cycle. Economic security as a process indicates that conditions are being created that allow the development of the state's economy. Economic security as a system that includes the elements necessary for sustainable economic development. These elements include: a) skilled labor; b) production assets; c) non-productive assets; d) scientific and technological progress; e) product sales markets; f) purchasing power. Also, economic security, as a complex structure involved in ensuring the independence of the economy, includes the following types of security: technological safety; technical and industrial safety; financial security; raw material safety; energy security; Environmental Safety; Information Security. Technological safety contributes to the development of new technologies, which is an integral part of scientific and technological progress, which allows modernization of production in important industries. Technical and industrial safety allows, in the event of a violation of foreign economic relations or internal shocks, to compensate them as quickly as possible, with the help of independent production. Financial security is concerned with ensuring stable work banking system and the national currency, tries to ensure the possibility of repayment of internal and external debts of the state, etc. Energy security is concerned with ensuring the stability of energy supplies for domestic use and the ability to adequately respond to changes in prices on the world market for them. Energy security tries to prevent those threats that may harm the development of the fuel and energy complex. Environmental safety contributes to resolving the contradictions between economics and ecology, as it is known that today, the issue of environmental pollution is very painful. Environmental safety deals with the issue of modernizing production with minimal damage to nature. Information security protects the secrecy of production technology when exchanging scientific, technical and production information both within the country and with foreign partners. This type of security occupies one of the key positions in the general structure of the economic security of the state, since it allows the state to ensure the leadership of the state in the global competition with other states due to the fact that there is a priority right to use the latest technologies, especially in the field of military production, which ensures defense capability country. In addition to military production, information security is important in creating a powerful scientific potential of the country, since developed technologies give a competitive advantage over foreign powers. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the elements of the economic security of the state. Figure 1. Elements of the economic security of the state Thus, the economic security of the state is an integral element of the national security system, which is designed to ensure the sovereignty of the state in the field of the economy. Since economic security is part of the overall system of national security, its provision is fully possible only with the provision of other types of security. Ensuring economic security is one of the key factors in protecting the sovereignty of the state, developing society and maintaining a high-quality standard of living and income of the population. 1.2 The history of the emergence and development of approaches to ensuring the economic security of the state: domestic and international experience If we consider economic security from the point of view of the history of occurrence of this concept, it should be noted right away that until the 17th century, the term "security" was understood only as the protection of the state from the invasion of foreign armed forces. However, in the 17th century, in capitalist countries, for example in England, the term "security" of the state began to be associated not only with the physical protection of the territory from aggressors, but also with economic well-being. Especially, security was considered necessary in the field of trade, since in connection with the new opportunities that were obtained thanks to the era of great geographical discoveries, mainly due to the receipt of a large amount of resources that were exported from the plundered territories of Africa, Asia, America and Oceania, traders considered it necessary to help the state in protecting internal economic interests. This position of European merchants and industrialists was expressed in the theory of mercantilism. The emergence of mercantilism is associated with England, later this theory received great interest in France, Italy and other European countries. Mercantilism assumed that the state should create conditions under which less foreign goods should be bought into the country and more sold. For this, bans were introduced on the export of money. A little later, as the industry developed, export bonuses were established, which were paid to merchants selling goods on the foreign market. Import duties were also used. Taxation of imported goods became the most common form of protection of domestic producers from foreign competitors. For example, in the British Empire, the role of protectionist duties grew in the 16th and 17th centuries, when it was threatened by the Netherlands, which began to actively develop industries, which made the Netherlands one of the main competitors of the British. In 1650, the Parliament of England passed a law forbidding foreigners to engage in trade without proper permission from England. In 1651, the "Navigation Act" was created, which supplemented this prohibition. Since the 18th century, the British Empire has been confidently gaining a leading role in industry, and in this regard, the promotion of the ideas of free trade begins in England. The situation was different for the European competitors of the British. In France, in the 17th century, the Minister of Louis XIV created a system of state support for industry, which included a ban on the export of raw materials, the planting of a number of new industries, and the creation of companies for foreign trade. If we consider the economic security of the state as an integral part of national security, then the first to use the term "national security" in the United States of America. In 1904, the 26th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, in his message to Congress, used the term "national security", which was understood as the security of citizens, society and the state. However, the importance of economic security as an integral part of national security was first noted by the 32nd President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The history of the formation of the concept of "national economic security" usually begins with the United States during the Great Depression - the worst economic crisis in the history of America. It lasted from 1929 to 1939. This period is characterized by mass unemployment, a deep decline in production. hunger, as well as bankruptcy of enterprises and banks. It is believed that the acute phase of the crisis occurred in 1929-1933. Having come to power in 1933, Franklin Roosevelt began implementing the "New Deal" - a set of measures to bring the US economy out of the crisis. Thanks to the reforms carried out under his leadership, the banking system was restored. A law was passed on the refinancing of farm debt, as well as a law on the restoration of agriculture, which provided for state control over the volume of agricultural production. Realizing that the US economic system needs protection, in 1934, by decree of President Roosevelt, the Federal Committee on Economic Security and the Advisory Council were created under him. This committee was chaired by US Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins. Also, the committee included the Ministers of Commerce, Justice and Emergency Services. The role of economic security grew especially strongly during the Cold War, the beginning of which is considered to be 1946, when Winston Churchill delivered his famous speech in Fulton, and the end - the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During this period, economic security was engaged in first of all, the economic support of the global confrontation between the superpowers, especially the economic aspects of the arms race. The concept of "security" was understood as something that requires the participation of power structures (armed forces, intelligence, special services). Research in this area received new development after the end of the war of the superpowers, when the economic component of national power began to acquire an independent significance. Interest in "national economic security" has awakened both in the West and in Russia. Western scholars understand the very term "security" of the state, seeing in it, first of all, protection from external threats, especially from malicious actions of any opponents or rivals. In the context of the bipolar confrontation between the superpowers, the main theoretical problem, from the point of view of economic aspects of security, consisted in finding an optimal balance between the volume and structure of defense spending and the economic efficiency and competitiveness of the national economy. British researcher W. Cable did not connect the concept of "economic security" with the use of military force. This approach, according to Cable, was characteristic of such a specific direction in the theory of international relations as "geoeconomics" and "globalization". His followers described international economic relations as a "cold war", in which the main competitors are the United States, the European Union and Japan. American scientist J. Kirshner from Cornell University, analyzing theoretical works on international relations, considered an important aspect of the state "national vitality", which was interpreted as the ability of society to solve existing problems, primarily socio-economic. In official US documents, the expression "economic security" is almost never used in relation to the state as a whole. But these or those economic issues are regularly considered from the point of view of security. The most important documentary source in this sense is the periodically updated US National Security Strategy. In all of her latest revisions there are three main goals of US domestic and foreign policy: Strengthening the military security of the state; economic prosperity, promoting democracy in other countries. The US national security strategy for the new era, adopted in 1997, reflects a modern approach to understanding the essence of the country's security. The document reflected the future tendencies of world development, designated national interests, estimated economic power, including potential, etc. The structure of the document shows that economic security is becoming a significant component of national security. In the last strategy of the Bush administration in 2006, the priority was to promote democracy in the countries of the world, which was supposed to contribute to the security of the United States itself. America's economic prosperity has been associated with a new era of global economic growth through free markets and free trade. In the "National Security Strategy" of the Barack Obama administration (2010), the document pays much less attention to the country's military actions abroad. The main idea of the document in the framework of ensuring economic security is the need for US cooperation with foreign partners, as well as overcoming the crisis. Restrictive measures in the economy are directly related to the national security of the United States, namely, with the restriction of foreign investment in strategically important sectors of the American economy. To regulate foreign investment in the United States in 1975, by decree of President J. Ford, an interdepartmental Foreign Investment Committee was established, which was to monitor the economic activity of foreign companies in the United States and report it to the president. However, the work of this Committee was not effective, so in 1988 Congress adopted the "Exxon-Florio position". Under this provision, the president was empowered to prohibit any merger or acquisition of American companies if it appeared to him to threaten "national security." But the "Exxon-Florio position" did not provide a clear definition of "national security." The new President of the United States, Donald Trump, considers the return of American business to the United States of America to be one of the key measures to ensure economic security. He plans to do this by cutting taxes for industrialists from 35% to 15%. This measure is usually called "economic protectionism". This should help increase US jobs and bring back companies that hold significant billions of dollars of their profits overseas. As for foreign economic activity, in this direction Trump is going to withdraw from global economic unions, which simplify trade and deprive the United States of industry and jobs. It is worth noting that the current US President has already signed a decree to withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which includes 40% of the world economy, and some large industries, for example, one of the largest automobile plants, Ford, are beginning to invest in factories in the United States. The experience of other foreign countries is also interesting. In 1982, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry of the country made a report on the economic security of the state, according to which “economic security is a state of the economy in which it is protected, first of all, by economic means, from serious threats to its security arising under the influence of international factors ”. The most important of the Asian powers modern world is China. The Chinese interpretation of economic security is based on “economic sovereignty,” especially independence in decision-making. Chinese scholar Jang Yong gave the following definition of economic security: “For developing countries such as China, economic security is best defined as the ability to ensure a gradual rise in living standards of the entire population through national economic development while maintaining economic independence. As you can see, there is no common understanding of economic security or economic aspects of national security in foreign science. The main goal of states in this area is usually stable economic growth, independence and preservation of state sovereignty. In Russian history, the concepts of economic security, with rare exceptions, have developed completely independently of the opinions of Western researchers. In Russia, the term "security" was first used back in 1881 in the Regulation "On measures to maintain public order and public peace." Later, this term in Russia was associated with the protection of public safety, with the fight against counterrevolution and the establishment of order in society. The modern interpretation of the concept of security dates back to the seventeenth century, when in almost all countries there is a point of view that the main goal of the state is general welfare and security. Therefore, the term “security” at this time receives the following interpretation: “a state, a situation of calmness arising as a result of the absence of real danger (both physical and moral), as well as material, economic, political conditions, relevant bodies and organizations contributing to the creation of this situations ". Most Russian scientists consider security to be ideally possible in the future, but unrealistic in the past and present concrete historical conditions, since in the exact sense it means the absence of dangers and threats. It can also be noted that some Russian scientists do not consider the concept of "economic security" to belong to the economic sciences and scientific in general. In the USSR, since 1937, the Department for Combating theft of Socialist Property was operating, which fought against economic crimes related to theft of socialist property in organizations and institutions of state trade, consumer, industrial and individual cooperatives, savings banks, as well as the fight against speculation. In 1937-1946. was part of the USSR People's Commissariat, and from 1946 to 1991. - to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. The USSR, along with the USA, after the end of the Second World War, remained the only superpowers on the planet. After the start of the Cold War, the USSR, as well as the United States, understood the role of economic security in ensuring the national security of the state. Economic security in the Soviet period was understood as the conditions that ensure the preservation and development of the economy of the USSR, as well as the countries of the socialist camp, which were members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, created in 1949. This council was created by a decision of the country's leadership, for settlements between the participating countries, which excluded the use of dollar calculation. The economic security of the USSR presupposed the presence of a powerful military-industrial complex, the provision of jobs with minimal unemployment, and the development of science. However, due to the priority of state ownership over private, as well as significant funding of the military industry, there was a shortage of consumer goods for the mass population in the Soviet Union. At the same time, it should be noted right away that funding for the military industry was necessary due to the presence of a serious competitor in the face of the United States, but the lack of the opportunity to engage in entrepreneurial activity did not allow meeting the requirements of the population as much as possible. "Perestroika" 1985-1991, which was carried out under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev, set the goal of economic transformation in the country and the development of entrepreneurship. But in the end, "Perestroika" led to the collapse of the USSR. Since a market economy was declared in the legal successor of the USSR - the Russian Federation, the concepts of the economic security of the state were revised. The key point for most definitions of economic security is the term “security”. Many authors consider the safety of economic activity as a state of protection of the vital activity of society and its structures. An important feature of discussions on the topic of economic security in post-Soviet Russia was that practically from the very beginning, the term "economic security" began to be classified. Food, medicine, fuel, raw materials, technological, financial, environmental and safety were born, claiming, if not for their own scientific status, then at least for their place in socio-political and economic discussions. In general, the concept of security began to be applied to almost all types of economic activity. In 1996, the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation was published, which developed a set of measures to protect the country's economy from threats. It is worth noting that at this time in Russia there was a weak economic security, which ultimately led to the default of 1998. Russia's National Security Strategy, approved by presidential decree on May 12, 2009, focuses on economic growth. It sets the task of Russia's joining, in the medium term, among the five leading countries in terms of gross domestic product, as well as achieving the required level of national security in the economic and technological spheres. For this, it seemed expedient to strengthen economic security through the implementation of an active state anti-inflationary, foreign exchange, exchange rate, monetary and fiscal policy focused on import substitution and support of the real sector of economies. The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2015 pays special attention to economic growth. The strategic goals of ensuring national security are the development of the country's economy, ensuring economic security and creating conditions for personal development, the transition of the economy to a new level of technological development, Russia's joining the number of countries leading in terms of gross domestic product and successfully resisting the influence of internal and external threats. In connection with the gradual return of Russian sovereignty after the arrival of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, which resulted in an improvement in the indicators of the military industry and agriculture, it became clear that the further development of the state would be impossible without economic sovereignty. At a meeting of the Security Council of the Russian Federation held on December 7, 2016, the President noted the need for sovereignty in technological and financial sphere... It was decided to develop a new strategy for the economic security of the Russian Federation, the document should be developed by March 1, 2017. Today, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation plays an important role in ensuring the economic security of the state. It ensures the safety of defense facilities, nuclear energy, transport and communications, life support for cities and industrial centers, other strategic facilities and priority scientific developments. Threats to economic security are largely associated with attempts by foreign intelligence services to gain access to information constituting state secret, use cover firms to exert influence on the development of the Russian economy, beneficial to foreign states, by carrying out unequal exchange, pushing outdated technologies, etc. Also, the Main Directorate of Economic Security and Anti-Corruption is involved in ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation. The table "History of the development of the economic security of the state" can be studied in Appendix 1. Thus, economic security as a branch of national security has been formed over a long period of time. An attempt to define the concept of economic security of the state began in the 16th century. The first state in which the definition of the economic security of the state was given is the United States of America. Today, there are clear criteria for determining the economic security of the state. 1.3 Characteristics of threats to the economic security of the state in modern conditions
At the present stage of human development, there is a great need to ensure economic security. The reasons for this need include the following: the process of globalization; development of methods of competitive struggle between states. Globalization is the process of uniting into one system the economic, political, social and cultural aspects of all states on the planet. Economic globalization plays a more important role in ensuring economic security. Economic globalization is a process of economic integration between states, which leads to the merger of national markets of countries into a single world economic system. Economic globalization assumes that each specific part of the planet should be assigned a role in shaping the product for the world economy. This phenomenon leads to a significant loss of the sovereignty of states, since in the course of the distribution of industries between countries, the opportunity to be economically independent from foreign states is lost. The development of methods of competitive struggle between states consists in a different approach to the manifestation of this competitive struggle. If in the past, the main method of struggle between states were wars, which were expressed in open physical aggression, today the so-called "cold" or "hybrid" wars have become the most used method of struggle. The term "cold" or "hybrid" war is understood as a confrontation between states, in which the main components of this struggle are economic, ideological and informational. This type of war is caused by the development of the armed forces of the countries of the world. Today, when the ideology of many countries has a similar capitalist orientation, economic and informational components come to the fore. From this point of view, undermining the normal functioning of a competitor's economy is one of the ways to be a leader among other states. The special services of countries play a special role in this type of confrontation. It is for these reasons that ensuring the economic security of the state is the most important task of the state. The economic security of the state is influenced by threats to the country's economy. Globalization and the development of methods of competition between states are the reasons for the emergence of threats to economic security. A threat to the economic security of a state is a phenomenon and processes that have a negative impact on the country's economic system, which infringe on the interests of the state, society and the individual. Threats to the economic security of the state are usually divided according to the source of their formation into internal and external. In modern conditions, the main internal threats to the economic security of the state are considered to be: 1)loss of domestic and international sales markets; 2)strengthening of interethnic and interethnic tensions. This problem arises as a result of the problems of excessive migration of people from Africa, Asia and Latin America to the developed countries of Europe and America; 3)outflow of financial resources abroad. The main place where resources go are offshore. In our opinion, an offshore company is a company registered by foreign citizens in a state with a favorable tax climate, which is not actively involved in this country; 4)the presence of a significant public debt, mainly in developed countries. The USA, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, etc. are subject to this threat. ... Table 1 shows the countries with the largest government debt as of 01.01.2017. Table 1. - Countries with large public debt as of 01.01.2017 Country Debt (in USD)United States $ 19 trillion United Kingdom $ 2 trillion Germany $ 2 trillion France $ 2 trillion Japan $ 9 trillion China $ 10 trillion As we can see, the national debt of developed countries reaches a significant size, which endangers the economies of these countries; 5)corruption within the state. This problem hinders the development of the economy due to the theft of funds that were intended to improve the country's economy; 6)increasing the degree of differentiation of living standards and incomes of the population. There is a formation of a group of the rich population, which is significantly inferior in quantitative terms to the part of the poor population. At the same time, the gap in living standards and incomes of the population, the rich population far exceeds the poor. This situation leads to the creation of a situation of social tension in society, which ultimately can lead to serious socio-economic upheavals. This creates a number of problems in society - total insecurity of the population, its psychological discomfort, the formation of large criminal structures, drug addiction, alcoholism, organized crime, prostitution. It is customary to refer to the main external threats to the economic security of the state: 1)outflow of human resources and intellectual property abroad. Due to the significant difference in living standards and incomes of the population of the countries of the world, young scientists tend to leave for a place where they can carry out their intellectual activities, which will be adequately paid; 2)development of international terrorism. This threat undermines the security of most countries in the world. Damage is caused to the infrastructure where terrorist attacks take place and active hostilities take place; )increasing the degree of differentiation of the standard of living and income of all countries of the world. At the international forum in Davos, in January 2017, Oxfam, the international association of anti-poverty organizations, made a presentation, according to which eight richest people the planets have a wealth of more than three billion six hundred million people of the planet's population; 4)dependence on international economic organizations and imports. Developed countries are highly dependent on natural resources, while developing countries are highly dependent on technology. If we take the example of dependence on international economic organizations, then the most obvious example here will be the example when the Russian Federation, taking a loan from the IMF, was forced to comply with the conditions that the IMF offered to our country. These events occurred in the 90s of the XX century and became one of the reasons for the default of 1998. 5)the threat to local producers and the domestic market from foreign producers who gain unhindered access to the local market as a result of globalization; )weakening of competitiveness. Transnational corporations try to monopolize the market and smaller companies do not have the opportunity to compete with them. Thus, we can say that the main characteristic feature of threats to economic security is that they have arisen as a result of globalization of the planet (including the economic system) and the development of methods of competition between states. Also, it is necessary to separate threats according to their source. This criterion divides threats into internal and external. 2. Analysis of internal and external threats to the economic security of Russia
2.1 Assessment of the current state of economic security in Russia
Russia is a great country with a great history, which has the largest territory in the world. Our natural resources account for approximately 30% of the total resources on the planet. However, this territory, which we inherited from our predecessors, needs constant protection, and our state must constantly defend its sovereignty. The presence of such a quantity of resources has always attracted other countries and served as the reason for aggression against our state by foreign opponents. In connection with this condition, the presence of a sovereign economic system in the country is an integral part of the possibility of the existence of an independent state. From this point of view, the economic security of the Russian Federation plays big role in ensuring the national security of Russia. The modern economic system dates back to 1991. Prior to that, the priority of state ownership and state control over most of the country's enterprises, including strategically important sectors of the economy, prevailed on the territory of the USSR. Since 1985, a stage of modernization of the country's economic system was announced, which was commonly called "perestroika". It was decided to develop individual entrepreneurship and gradually minimize state participation in the activities of enterprises. After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Federation was declared market system... From that moment on, Russia and all the territories of the former USSR began to actively integrate into the process of globalization. The main principles that were proclaimed and on which the economic system was built in the 1990s were freedom of entrepreneurial activity, minimal government interference in the economy, creating a favorable environment for competition, and open borders for capital movement. This economic policy has completely failed. The period of the last decade of the XX century is characterized by the criminalization of business, raider seizures, a significant number of workers who received "black" wages (wages from which taxes were not paid), and the lack of access to financial resources for domestic industrialists. It is worth mentioning that the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation during the 1990s. ranged from 50% to 205%. Due to the fact that the leaders of the economic block relied more on international loans than on their own producers, our country had a significant debt to foreign creditors. As a result, in 1998 it was decided to declare the Russian Federation bankrupt. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Russian economy began to develop gradually. A huge role in this development was played by the rise in prices for the main export commodity of our country - raw materials. Thanks to this factor, as well as more serious assistance from the state, the Russian Federation gradually began to come to their senses. Agriculture, military industry. It is also worth noting that an increase in the standard of living of citizens became possible due to an increase in the income of the Russian Federation thanks to the measures implemented under Vladimir Putin. These include the introduction of a tax on the extraction of minerals from 01.01.2002, the cancellation of the production sharing agreement. According to this agreement, foreign investors provided technology and monetary resources for the development of deposits, and in return had the right not to pay royalties to the Russian Federation until the investor reimbursed his costs through the sale of the products obtained. As a result, 260 out of 262 production sharing agreements were canceled. The need to strengthen economic security became more and more clear. After Crimea became part of the Russian Federation, pressure from Western countries began to be put on our country. The main instrument of pressure was economic and political sanctions. With the introduction of sanctions by the United States and European countries, the country's leadership has increased its attention to ensuring the country's economic security. On December 23, 2016, during the annual press conference, Russian President Vladimir Putin gave an interesting answer to the question about the need for economic sovereignty: “Economic independence is important. This applies not only to import substitution, it also applies to our financial system, interbank settlements, and so on. There are many components that we considered unshakable and which we considered taken out of the scope of possible political disagreements - it turned out that this was not so and we were simply “cheated”. When it became necessary to exert some political pressure, they immediately began to use economic leverage. And this must be borne in mind, especially in the defense sphere. " The term “national security” is mainly used, but actions aimed at protecting against the imposed sanctions are measures to ensure economic security. These measures include an embargo on food imports, import substitution, as well as those measures provided for by the plan of priority measures to ensure sustainable economic development and social stability of January 27, 2015 No. However, the actions of the state authorities to ensure economic security should be not only a response to the introduction of Western sanctions, but also a constant policy that will deal with the development of the economy, which includes improving the living standards and incomes of the population of the Russian Federation. To assess the state of economic security of the Russian Federation, a table can be used, which compares actual parameters with target indicators reflecting the economic policy of the state and national interests of the country in the field of the economy and with the threshold values of economic security. Such a comparison for some indicators for which there is relevant data in the statistical reporting is given in Appendix 2. The table shows that out of 15 indicators related to the real economy, social and foreign economic spheres, only three of them are already in a safe zone. Particularly alarming is the preservation in the danger zone of the rates of economic growth, the level of innovation activity, the sectoral structure of industry and the level and comfort of life of Russians, in particular, the persistence of hunger for housing. The deepening of the investment activity indicator into the danger zone makes it unlikely that these indicators will leave the danger zone by 2020. In the monetary and financial sphere, out of the six above indicators, already in 2014, the country firmly left the danger zone or approached it in 4 indicators. There is reason to assert that such a clear prosperity in this area has been achieved largely due to the fiscal and monetary policy pursued to minimize budget expenditures aimed at curbing the growth of the money supply. This can be seen from the example of finding an indicator of the monetization of the economy in the danger zone. As a result of constant underfunding of economic development, this monetary and financial well-being is achieved. Various forecast options published by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation suggest that the relative prosperity in the monetary and financial sphere and the threatening situation from the standpoint of economic security in the real economy and in social sphere will continue until 2018. The solution of many tasks of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, which are set before the country, many of which are indicated in the message of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2014, are aimed at ensuring, first of all, economic security. The main economic indicators of the Russian Federation related to GDP for the entire period of 2016 are presented in Table 2, based on the results of a study by the Federal State Statistics Service and the website "investorschool.ru". Table 2. - GDP of the Russian Federation, indicators for 2016 Indicator ValueGDP in rubles 85.8 trillion RUB GDP in USD 1.3 trillion GDP growth, expressed as% -0.2% of GDP per capita in US dollars 7.7 thousand US dollars GDP by parity purchasing power in US dollars 3.7 trillion US dollars GDP at purchasing power parity per capita in US dollars 26.1 thousand US dollars Thus, we can say that today there is a gradual development of the economic security of the Russian Federation, but due to the fact that in the era of the 90s. Since the 20th century, a significant part of sovereignty has been lost (including economic), then in order to gain final economic independence, a significant amount of work has to be done to ensure our economic interests and security. 2.2 Analysis of internal threats to economic security in Russia
Internal threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation at the moment have a strong impact on the state of the economic system of our state. If we talk about internal threats, as a concept, then we can define internal threats to the economic security of the Russian state as factors that damage the country's economy, with the source of their formation within the state. The main internal threats to Russia's economic security include: ) Property stratification of the population; ) Monetary policy pursued by The Central Bank RF and the economic block of the RF Government; ) Recession of the real sector of the economy; ) Offshore nature of modern business in Russia; 5) Raw materials bias of the domestic economy. I would like to start considering internal threats to economic security with such a threat as property stratification of the population. This threat is characterized by a significant difference in the standard of living and income of different segments of the population. Property stratification contributes to the growth of crime, due to the fact that a significant number of citizens living in the Russian Federation are falling in income necessary to maintain a satisfactory standard of living. In addition to the growth in crime, citizens' dissatisfaction with the high degree of manifestation of social injustice is growing, which is expressed in different opportunities for the wealthy and the poor, for example, the lack of equal access to quality food, social services, etc. Research center "Romir" found out that the citizens of the Russian Federation are forced to save on food, due to the fall in the real level of income. Figure 2 shows the results of surveys of residents of the country, which reflect the share of Russians who save on certain goods and services in March 2016, as well as the share of Russians who were going to save on certain goods and services a year earlier. Figure 2. Survey of the research center "Romir" in March 2016 It is worth noting that a significant proportion of Russians have increased, who have to save on very important goods, for example, food products, which are necessary to meet human natural needs. This phenomenon creates a threat of physical harm to the health of the population of the country. At the same time, there is a social stratification between the richest and the poorest people in Russia. Ella Pamfilova talks about this in detail in her report, which was prepared in 2016. Until March 25, 2016, Ella Aleksandrovna held the post of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, and from March 28, 2016 she was appointed Chairman of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. This report describes an increase in the difference in the ratio of average income between the 10% of the richest strata of the population and 10% of the poorest strata in 2015 by about 15 times. If the current conditions persist, by 2017 the income inequality between the richest and the poorest could grow up to 20 times. According to Ella Pamfilova, the prohibitive gap in incomes between the richest and the poorest (poor), which is observed in Russia at the present stage, is one of the most significant internal threats to the state. The next threat considered in our work, we consider the monetary policy pursued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic block of the Government of the Russian Federation. Since the imposition of sanctions by the leadership of the Western countries, our economy began to experience a deficit in credit resources. After all, the meaning of the sanctions, if we mean exactly economic sanctions, was to restrict the access of businesses in Russia to cheap Western credit resources. And in the modern economy, credit resources play an important role, which are used as an advance for the development of production. Due to the loss of access to foreign loans, a large role in providing the economy with financial resources is assigned to the Central Bank of Russia. Since enterprises do not have the opportunity to develop their production through Western loans, they have a need to change the source of obtaining credit money. In this situation, this role could be quite successfully taken by the Bank of Russia, as the only legal emission center in the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. But the Central Bank of the Russian Federation decided to be guided by the recommendations of the International Monetary Fund, which were indicated in the final statement following the visit of the IMF staff in September 2014. This document states that it makes sense for the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to continue the course of tightening monetary credit policy and raise interest rates to reduce inflation. This decision raises questions, since, for example, for the United States and the European Union countries, it was recommended not to raise the interest rate, as this could cause tightening of financial conditions or undermine financial stability, which would impede economic growth. It should be understood that by raising the interest rate, the Bank of Russia complicates the work of domestic entrepreneurs, since the lending rate, which is set, exceeds the profitability of most enterprises. In December 2014, the interest rate was raised to 17 percent and until March 2015 did not fall below 15 percent. In 2016, it decreased from 12% to 11%. As of 01.04.2017, the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is 9.75%. After the increase in interest rates on loans to a level exceeding the profitability of the production sector, many enterprises were deprived of the opportunity to use bank loans to develop their activities. The contraction of credit led to a decrease in enterprise investment and consumer demand, which ultimately led to an even greater decline in production. Since production facilities cannot use credit resources, enterprises, instead of using the devaluation of the ruble as an opportunity for import-substituting expansion of production, are forced to raise prices for their products and services, due to the fact that European competitors were deprived of access to the Russian market. ... Thus, there is an increase in inflation, an increase in production costs, which entails an increase in the number of problem loans and bankruptcy of enterprises. Table 2 shows the profitability of goods, products and services sold in 2015, according to data from the Federal State Statistics Service and the Institute for Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Table 2. - Profitability of goods, products and services sold in 2015, according to Rosstat data Industry nameReturn on sales in%Chemical production 33.0 Mining 26.8 Agriculture, hunting and forestry 26.8 Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products 22.4 Pulp and paper production; Publishing and printing activities 18.7 Textile and clothing industry 12.5 Manufacturing industry 12.4 Wood processing and production of wood products 12.3 Manufacture of electrical, electronic and optical equipment 11.9 Manufacture of food products, including beverages and tobacco 10.7 Transport and communications 10.6 All types of economic activities 9.3 Manufacture of machinery and equipment 8.2 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 8.0 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 7.7 Manufacture of leather, leather goods and footwear 7.3 Wholesale and retail trade 7.1 Production of coke, petroleum products 6.5 Manufacture of vehicles and equipment 6.1 Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water5, 6 Other production 5.5 Construction 5.4 We see that fewer industries in our economy have a return on sales that exceeds the current level of interest rates. Accordingly, most enterprises are unable to use the loan, both for financing investments and for financing working capital. Domestic enterprises, unable to attract loans to expand production, decided to raise prices, as conditions became looser as a result of counter-sanctions of the Russian Federation against the European Union. In addition to being forced to base the price of credit in the price of the product, they also had to reduce the volume of goods produced. Thus, there was an increase in inflation This threat leads to the following: offshorization of the domestic economy. "Offshorization" of our economy undermines the economic security of the state. It is generally accepted that the offshoring of the economy is now considered a global problem. But it should be borne in mind that the offshorization of the Russian economy differs significantly from this phenomenon only in developed countries. In developed countries, offshore companies appear, in the overwhelming majority of cases, to create subsidiaries of parent companies registered in Western countries. Subsidiaries offshore structures are created to accumulate profits. Western schemes are used to minimize taxes that are paid by the parent company to the budget system of the country of registration. Russian schemes differ from Western ones. We are building the following scheme: a chain of offshore companies is created, at the upper end of which is the parent company - the ultimate beneficiary. And in the domestic jurisdiction there are daughters, granddaughters, great-granddaughters, etc., in the capital of which the parent offshore companies participate. On 12.2011, at the congress of the all-Russian public organization Delovaya Rossiya, who was then prime minister, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin said that the offshoring of Russian business deprives the state of the ability to manage the economy. For the first time at such a high level, it was announced that offshoring is a serious threat to the Russian economy and national sovereignty. Not only medium and large private businesses are offshorized in our country. Offshores are also actively used by companies with state status - state corporations, joint stock companies with a predominant share of the state. On 12.12.2012, President Putin announced to the Federal Assembly that 90% of state-owned companies make transactions in foreign jurisdictions. For example, PJSC Gazprom, the controlling stake of which is owned by the state, conducts a significant part of its activities within the jurisdiction, with more favorable taxation than in the Russian Federation. At the end of 2014, it became known that Gazprom was among the corporations using preferential tax schemes in Luxembourg. It is also worth noting that the largest commercial Bank countries "Sberbank", a controlling stake in which belongs to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. By going offshore, companies pursue economic goals. For example, the possibility of lending on acceptable terms, as well as the possibility of tax evasion. But this can lead to political consequences, since Offshorization of the Russian economy undermines the security of our state, as a situation arises in which the assets of our enterprises are taken offshore, which entails the loss of sovereignty not only in the economy, but also in the management of the state. The threat of a raw materials bias flows smoothly from the monetary policy of our country and the offshoring of Russian companies. Our scientists, who are engaged in scientific research and the creation of new technologies, having no opportunity to develop their activities by attracting domestic investments, are forced to look for them in other countries. This leads to a "brain drain". Brain drain is a process of mass immigration of people with higher education, as well as specialists with high intellectual abilities. On June 17, 2016, during the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets said that it was not possible to stop the process of "brain drain" in Russia. In his message to the Federal Assembly on December 1, 2016, Vladimir Putin raised this problem and proposed measures to resolve this issue. On the other hand, since our companies, in order to gain access to acceptable credit resources and avoid tax payments, register their business on the territory of foreign countries, then they have to fulfill the conditions set by Western creditors. It is becoming clear that Western lenders will provide loans at acceptable rates only on those terms that will be beneficial to the Western side. Accordingly, the main field of activity for which the money was provided was the raw materials industry. The logic of the actions of foreign creditors, who do not need competitors in scientific and technological spheres of activity, is quite understandable. It is worth mentioning separately such a threat to our economic security as corruption. For our country, this issue is painful, since the amount of bribes is too significant. The head of the department for interaction with the media of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, A. Kurennoy, said that the damage from corruption crimes committed in 2015 amounted to more than 43 billion rubles. This amount is 0.053% of Russia's total GDP in 2015. The most dangerous thing in this situation is that most of the stolen funds settle abroad, together with the criminals who stole them. Thus, based on the above, we can understand that the main internal threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation are the property stratification of the population; monetary policy pursued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic block of the Government of the Russian Federation; recession in the real sector of the economy; the offshore nature of modern business in Russia; raw materials bias of the domestic economy and corruption. 2.3 Analysis of external threats to economic security in Russia
External threats have a fairly significant impact on the state of the state's economy. As a rule, if a country's economy is sovereign and independent, then the influence of external threats is less than the influence of internal ones. Today, external threats to Russia's economic security have a significant impact on the state of our economy. It is customary to refer to the main external threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation: 1)The dependence of our economy on external factors; 2)Pressure from foreign states; 3)External debt of the Russian Federation. As noted earlier, the main reasons for the emergence of external threats to the economic security of the state are globalization and the development of methods of competition between states. Globalization contributes to the emergence of such a threat as the dependence of our economy on external factors. Speaking about the dependence of our economy on external factors, it should be understood that this threat includes technological dependence, financial dependence, etc. When we talk about technological dependence, we mean that our economy is mainly raw materials bias. Due to the fact that domestic scientists do not have sufficient opportunities to finance their activities through domestic investments, they have to look for them in foreign countries. In this regard, there is a significant amount of emigration of our scientists to foreign countries. Accordingly, we do not have enough personnel who could ensure sustainable scientific and technological development. The same specialists who remain in Russia are deprived of the opportunity to develop their developments due to a lack of financial resources. Also, due to the fact that there are periodic cuts in the field of health care, many dismissed qualified medical workers are forced to look for a new job in foreign countries. At the same time, we are seeing technological breakthroughs in the field of the military-industrial complex. This circumstance is possible due to the participation of the state in this industry. Accordingly, since the bulk of promising scientists are forced to leave for foreign countries, we have to acquire the bulk of the technologies and discoveries they create from a foreign state. This dependence was created largely due to our financial dependence. It is known that our financial system is built on the fact that the Bank of Russia principally prints its own money only on the condition that the required amount of dollars is stored in its gold and foreign exchange reserves. This system is called "currency board". This system assumes that foreign exchange reserves held by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation must fully cover the funds in circulation. A scheme is used in which, in order for rubles to enter the Russian economy, it is necessary to sell abroad goods or services valued in US dollars. They go to the Moscow Stock Exchange, where they are bought by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which, having printed rubles, exchanged them for dollars. Dollars go to the gold and foreign exchange reserves of the Bank of Russia, and the Central Bank issues cash that is used in Everyday life our citizens. In addition, the dependence of our financial system on external factors is explained by the policy of maximum openness of the Russian financial market, as a result of which there is a significant export of capital abroad. This circumstance, along with the lack of competitive domestic sources of credit, leads to the fact that a significant part of the money supply in the country is formed under foreign liabilities. As a result, every year we are forced to make contributions to the global financial system in the amount of 120-150 billion dollars. The scheme of contributions to the global financial system is shown in Appendix 4. We have already noted earlier that credit resources in our country have a very high price. Besides the fact that our loans have high interest rates, they are not designed for a long period of time. This lending condition is very different from the practice of developed countries. The difference between our interest rates and the rates of the central banks of foreign countries is shown in Table 3. Table 3. Key rates of central banks, expressed as a percentage, as of 01.01.2017 (in%) Country Central Bank Interest RateUSA 0.5% European Union countries 0% UK 0.25% Canada 0.5% Japan - 0.1% China 4.35% India 6.25% Turkey 8% Russia 10% Brazil 14% Belarus 18% Ukraine 14% Unlike Russian loans, developed countries actively use the method of “long and cheap loans” for the development of the country for the development of the economy. Accordingly, many of our "offshore" businessmen go to these zones largely due to high interest rates. Also, taking loans in the West, businessmen are forced to register their enterprise in the territory specified by the lender. Above, we found out why, with modern monetary policy, it is almost impossible to develop real production in the country. As we can see, the imposition of sanctions on our country was the result of pressure from foreign states, primarily the United States and the EU countries. Since the positions of Russia and the United States began to diverge on many issues, it was decided to exert economic pressure on the Russian Federation. A ban was introduced on visiting the territories of certain countries for a certain circle of people, as well as restrictions on financial transactions for our companies in the foreign market. The main purpose of the introduction of these measures against Russia is the desire to stop the acquisition of economic sovereignty by the Russian Federation, as well as to change the political power in the country, which was frankly stated by the US Treasury Secretary in 2016, Jack Lew. This position of the United States is quite logical, since in the unipolar world, which was established after the collapse of the USSR, the dominant will always try to maintain a leading position. These are the principles of competition between states. Since Russia and China are for last years began to threaten the destruction of the existing world order with the sole dominant in the person of the United States, efforts were made to stop this process. The economic restrictions imposed on the Russian Federation were chosen as the main method. It should be noted that these sanctions, imposed on Russia by Western countries, contradict the norms of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Officially, this organization is designed to ensure the conditions of free trade, sustainable development, progress, justice, equal opportunities between countries. By introducing the sanctions, the WTO rules were grossly violated, and it is all the more surprising that the countries of the European Union and the United States were unhappy with the retaliatory measures from the Russian side, which include the embargo on food imports from the EU countries. Also, a significant threat to the economic security of our country is the presence external debt... The external debt of the Russian Federation is considered to be liabilities arising in foreign currency, with the exception of liabilities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities to the Russian Federation arising in foreign currency as part of the use of targeted foreign loans (borrowings). According to the data of the Bank of Russia, as of 01.01.2017, the volume of the external debt of the Russian Federation, according to preliminary estimates, amounted to 518.7 billion US dollars. This indicator is not as large as that of the developed countries of the world, but the solution of this issue also takes an important place in neutralizing threats to economic security. This debt did not decrease compared to last year, but on the contrary, there was an increase of $ 200 million. It should be noted that most of Russia's external debt is occupied by the share of the private sector of the economy, followed by the share of the banking sector, and the share of the state in the structure has the smallest value, along with the share of the Central Bank of Russia. Figure 3 shows the structure of external debt, as well as what share is occupied by the banking, public, private sector, as well as the debt of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, according to the Bank of Russia estimates as of 01.01.2017. Figure 3. External debt of the Russian Federation as of 01.01.2017 according to the Bank of Russia estimates. Compiled by the author based on data from the Central Bank The highest indicator of external debt was achieved in 2013, which was equal to approximately $ 730 billion. This was followed by a significant decrease in external debt, by about 18%, to 599 billion. In 2015, a rather noticeable decrease also followed, approximately 14%, as a result of which the debt began to equal the amount of $ 515.254 billion. These results became possible, in many respects, due to the closure of external financing markets, which ultimately forced to reduce the volume of external borrowings. The dominant part of the external debt is occupied by the private sector, both the banking and the real sector of the economy. It accounts for approximately 90% of the total debt, while government sector has a share of 10%. This circumstance is due to the fact that most of the public debt was repaid at the expense of the Stabilization Fund, created on the initiative of Vladimir Putin in 2004. The problem of a significant debt of the private sector to external creditors is associated with the inability to use internal sources of credit on acceptable terms. Thus, speaking of external threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, we should note, first of all, such threats as the dependence of our economy on external factors, pressure from foreign states, as well as the presence of significant external debt, a large share of which is private. business. In the chapter "Analysis of Internal and External Threats to Russia's Economic Security", an assessment of the current state of economic security of the Russian Federation was made. We found out that today, the economic security of Russia is subject to the influence of internal and external threats. An analysis of these threats was carried out and on the basis of this analysis it was concluded that the property stratification of the population should be attributed to internal threats to the economic security of Russia; monetary policy pursued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic bloc of the Government of the Russian Federation; recession in the real sector of the economy; the offshore nature of modern business in Russia; raw material bias of the domestic economy. External threats should include the dependence of our economy on external factors; pressure from foreign states; external debt of the Russian Federation. 3. Improving measures aimed at neutralizing threats in order to strengthen the economic security of Russia 3.1 Measures to neutralize internal threats to Russia's economic security
As follows from the threats discussed earlier, our economy, unfortunately, does not have sufficient economic sovereignty, which makes us fear for the state of economic security. Since economic security is one of the most important elements of national security, the overall security of the Russian Federation is also threatened. To increase the economic independence of our country, we will propose the necessary set of measures to neutralize internal and external threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation. We propose to start with the developed set of measures to neutralize internal threats. To solve the problem of the economic crisis and recession of the country's economy, it is necessary to revise the monetary policy pursued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic block of the Government of the Russian Federation. As we can see, the current economic course has led us to stagflation of our economy. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Sergei Yurievich Glazyev gives the following definition of the concept of "stagflation". "Stagflation is a destabilization of the ruble exchange rate and an increase in inflation, on the one hand, and a fall in investment and economic activity, on the other." Capital outflow is considered to be one of the main reasons. Capital outflow is usually understood as the transfer of material resources and monetary funds from the territory of one state for their placement and use on the territory of another state. Table 4 shows data on the size of capital outflows in the period from 2014 to 2016, as well as the share of capital outflows in the country's GDP, which are based on data published by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Table 4. Capital outflow from the Russian Federation in the period from 2014 to 2016. and the share of capital outflows in Russia's GDP (in US dollars). Indicator Period 2014 2015 2016 Russia's GDP 1.880 trillion 1.318 trillion 1.282 trillion Capital outflow (share in the country's GDP in%) 151.5 billion (8%) 57 billion (4.4%) 19 billion (1.5%) Capital outflows are related to the offshore nature and openness of our economy. More than 50% of our monetary base was formed for external sources of credit, but with the introduction of sanctions, the opportunity for investment in our country decreased, which entailed the demonetization of our economy. This situation led to a drop in investment and a reduction in production. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation does not seek to replace external sources of credit with internal ones. As a result, there was a reduction in the money supply in the economy, which entailed a reduction in credit, investment and production. Most of the borrowers go bankrupt, including a significant part of the production. At the same time, attempts to replenish the budget revenues that the economic bloc of the Government of the Russian Federation is undertaking by increasing tax deductions increases the growth of the “shadow economy” and the decline in business activity. In order to stop the decline of the economy and provide an opportunity for its growth, we propose to change the ineffective monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to create a sovereign credit system to increase production and investment. To achieve this goal, it is necessary: a) add, at the legislative level, to the objectives of the Bank of Russia the creation of conditions for economic growth, investment growth and employment of the population; b) limit the borrowing of corporations controlled by the state and gradually replace loans in foreign currency with loans in rubles. The creditor should be a state commercial bank at the expense of targeted refinancing of this bank by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; c) go to the system of refinancing of the banking system, in which the emission of money will be made to refinance commercial banks in accordance with the demand of industrial enterprises. The interest rate should not exceed the average rate of return of the enterprise, and the terms of loans should be commensurate with the terms of the exemplary activities of the research and production cycle in the manufacturing industry. Development banks should have access on special terms that correspond to the profile and goals of their activities; d) to provide targeted financing of investment projects approved by the state at the expense of loans from the Bank of Russia to development institutions at 1% for a period of 5 to 15 years under the obligations of state corporations, the Government of the Russian Federation, international organizations; e) lend to private business at low interest rates, which will be secured by its counter obligations to the state for the production of agreed goods or services, produced in previously defined volumes, terms and at reasonable prices. f) increase the volume of concessional lending to support small businesses, housing construction, mortgages and agriculture, in which the interest rate should not exceed 2%; g) to expand targeted lending to industrial enterprises, the sale of products of which is guaranteed by export contracts, government orders. The loan must be issued at a rate not exceeding 2%; h) fill the deficit of imported goods and services by carrying out import substitution with the subsequent development of domestic production. To prohibit the import and leasing at the expense of state funds (funds from the budget of the Russian Federation and state-owned companies) of products, analogues of which are produced in Russia; i) prohibit commercial banks from renegotiating the terms credit agreements unilaterally. This measure is necessary to ensure stable lending conditions. We hope that these measures to neutralize the threat of ineffective monetary policy will help domestic enterprises develop. Since the level of utilization of production facilities in 2016 averaged 60%, our producers need conditions to develop their activities. One of the most important conditions is available credit resources. The level of capacity utilization in 2016 is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. The level of utilization of production facilities in 2016, expressed in% We believe that the above measures to change the monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic block of the Government of the Russian Federation will contribute to the growth of production. Also, an opportunity will be obtained for the development of high technologies and a departure from the raw material bias of our economy. Adding to the objectives of the Bank of Russia the additions that the Central Bank of Russia should engage in economic growth, including by increasing investments and reducing unemployment, will increase the growth of jobs, since an increase in production implies the need for new workers, in connection with which growth is expected income of the population. To solve the problem of offshoring our economy, it is necessary to take, in our opinion, the following measures: a) introduce at the legislative level the concept of "national company", which will imply the presence of Russian registration, tax residence, the introduction of the main activity in the Russian Federation, the ownership of a controlling stake by Russian residents who are not affiliated with foreign entities and jurisdictions. b) oblige the ultimate owners of shares in Russian enterprises to register their ownership rights to them with Russian registrars; c) conclude agreements on the exchange of tax information with offshore companies, denounce existing agreements on the avoidance of double taxation, including transit offshore companies. Determine a single list of offshore companies, including those located within the onshore; d) prohibit at the legislative level the transfer of assets to offshore jurisdictions with which no agreements have been concluded on the exchange of tax information; e) form a list of foreign banks participating in schemes for the withdrawal of capital with Russian companies and banks, referring transactions with them to the category of dubious; f) introduce, in relation to offshore companies owned by Russian residents, requirements for compliance with Russian legislation on providing information about company participants, as well as on disclosing tax information for the purposes of taxation in Russia of all income received from Russian sources; g) stop switching on during non-operating expenses bad debts of non-residents to Russian enterprises. Submit claims on behalf of the state against managers for compensation for damage to the enterprise and the state if such are identified; g) introduce taxes on speculative currency and financial transactions and the export of capital; i) toughen administrative and criminal liability for illegal export of capital from the territory of the Russian Federation. These actions should lead to a decrease in the offshore nature of our economy, which will lead to an increase in the independence of our economy. Thus, in order to neutralize internal threats to Russia's economic security, it is necessary to change the monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic block of the Government of the Russian Federation. The change presupposes a transition to sovereign money emission, which should lead to a solution to the problem of the offshore nature of our economic system, a departure from the raw materials bias of our economy, an increase in the production of goods and services, which will entail an increase in income and living standards of our country's residents. 3.2 Measures to neutralize external threats to Russia's economic security
In order to fully ensure economic security, it is necessary, in addition to neutralizing internal threats, to solve the problem of external threats to economic security. Earlier, we found out that one of the main external threats to our economy is the dependence of our economy on our factors. To resolve the issue of technological dependence of our country, on 01.12.2016, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation was issued "On the strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation." All terms and conditions are clearly stated in this document. Which are necessary for progress in the scientific and technological field. Separately, I would like to highlight the tasks that need to be solved for the purpose of scientific and technological development: a) create opportunities to identify talented youth and build a successful career in science, technology and innovation, thereby ensuring the development of the country's intellectual potential; b) create conditions for research and development, appropriate modern principles scientific, scientific and technical organizations, innovation activities and the best Russian and world practices; c) to form an effective communication system in the field of science, technology and innovation, ensuring an increase in the susceptibility of the economy and society to innovation, creating conditions for the development of science-intensive business; d) to form an effective management system in the field of science, technology and innovation, ensuring an increase in the investment attractiveness of the field of research and development, as well as the efficiency of investments in this area, the effectiveness and relevance of research and development; e) contribute to the formation of a model of international scientific and technical cooperation and international integration in the field of research and technological development, which allows protecting the identity of the Russian scientific sphere and state interests in the context of the internationalization of science and increasing the effectiveness of Russian science through mutually beneficial international interaction. To solve these problems, which will lead to the effective implementation of the strategy for the scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to create organizational, financial and legislative mechanisms that are necessary to ensure the conditions for the development of the scientific, scientific and technical, innovation, industrial, economic and social spheres of the Russian Federation. In addition to resolving the issue of the country's technological development, the implementation of the project for the scientific and technological development of Russia will strengthen the existing information security system. If we talk about the financial dependence of our economy on external factors, then to address this issue, we propose the following set of measures: a) the creation of a sovereign lending system necessary for the growth of production and increased investment; b) pursue a policy of deoffshorization of the economy. 03/20/2014 at the congress of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, V.V. Putin explained the importance of solving this problem: “If domestic companies pay taxes in Russia, if they don’t hide, avoid responsibility for the country, trust in business, in the institution of private property, and in the values of economic entrepreneurial freedom will grow. This is a key element for the progressive development of Russia ”; c) termination of the possibility of currency speculation, which can lead to destabilization of the ruble exchange rate: establishment of centralized control over foreign exchange transactions of state banks and state corporations in order to stabilize the market; Recovery state control over the Moscow Exchange; prohibition to direct funds received by enterprises through preferential refinancing channels and with the help of other forms of state support for speculative transactions, including the purchase of foreign currency in the absence of import contracts; in order to prevent the flow of money issued to refinance production activities and investments to financial and currency market, it is necessary to ensure the intended use of such loans through the relevant rules of banking supervision. Limit the foreign exchange position of commercial banks resorting to refinancing by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; d) to stimulate the transition in mutual settlements in the Eurasian Economic Union to rubles, in settlements with the European Union to rubles and euros, with China to rubles and yuan; e) increase the possibility of settlements in national currencies between enterprises of the EAEU states; f) organize exchange trading in natural resources in rubles; g) create a payment and settlement system in the national currencies of the EAZU member states with its own system for exchanging information between banks, assessing credit risks, and quoting currency exchange rates. Develop and implement its own independent system of international settlements in the EAZU, SCO and BRICS, which could eliminate dependence on the SWIFT system. Since we have determined that our economic system is dependent on external factors, both financial and technological, it is obvious that the sanctions imposed by Western countries on our country are causing tangible harm to the economic security of the Russian Federation. Sanctions are a way of exerting pressure on Russia from foreign states. To neutralize the impact of sanctions, the following measures are proposed: a) transition from external sources of credit to internal; b) ensuring increased confidence in the ruble. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation should be engaged in stabilizing the ruble exchange rate at the expense of gold and foreign exchange reserves that the Bank of Russia has available. It should be noted that the gold and foreign exchange reserves held by the Bank of Russia in the period from 03/01/2016 to 03/01/2017 would have been enough to maintain a stable ruble exchange rate. The amount of gold and foreign exchange reserves held by the Bank of Russia for this period is indicated in Appendix 5. As of 01.03.2017, gold and foreign exchange reserves amount to 397.334 billion US dollars; c) allowing borrowers to retaliate against loans granted to subjects of countries that have imposed financial sanctions against Russia: the imposition of a moratorium on the repayment and servicing of loans and investments received from countries that have imposed sanctions against Russia; ban Russian banks which are subsidiaries of American and European banks, attracting new funds from Russian individuals and legal entities; d) termination of loans in foreign currency by Russian banks. Prohibition at the legislative level of loans to non-financial organizations, nominated and provided in foreign currency to Russian commercial banks; Solving the problem of the external public debt of the Russian Federation presupposes effective management of external debt in order to minimize the cost of servicing it. To do this, it is necessary to implement the following set of measures: a) reducing the external debt of the private sector to foreign creditors by switching to domestic sources of credit; b) development of the economy, which will make it possible to use the increased share of profits for the purpose of repaying external debt; c) minimizing the impact of the dollar system on Russian economy, due to the refusal to use US dollars to pay for foreign trade operations and the transition to settlement in rubles; Thus, in order to neutralize or at least minimize damage from internal threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to implement a set of measures to gain financial and technological independence of Russia, protect the domestic economy from pressure from foreign states, and effectively manage Russia's foreign debt. 3.3 Assessment of the economic effect and effectiveness of the proposed measures to ensure the economic security of Russia Today, our economic system needs changes. The Russian economy is heavily under-monetised. With free production capacity, which on average can be estimated at 40% of the total amount of production capacity available in the Russian Federation, domestic entrepreneurs are unable to realize their potential. This fact became possible due to the fact that producers do not have access to the most important factor of economic development - credit resources. In our opinion, if we let our entrepreneurs use credit resources to expand production, then we should expect an increase in the potential of our economy. Based on statistical data, we can predict that when the mechanism of targeted money emission is activated, there will be no sharp inflation. If we look at the experience of our foreign partners, compare the inflation rate and the rates of the central banks of different countries of the world, then we can see that the higher the interest rate, the higher the inflation in the country. As noted earlier, to ensure favorable conditions for the development of the economy, the IMF recommended that developed countries do not tighten monetary policy, but, on the contrary, provide an opportunity for the most favorable environment for investment in the production of goods and services, the development of innovative projects, etc. As a result, a stable position of the economy is ensured in these countries, scientific progress is taking place, but at the same time, the maximum low level inflation. In Table 5, we have the opportunity to compare the rates of the Central Bank of the respective country and the inflation rate. The data on interest rates are taken from the official websites of the Central Banks of the countries, and the data on the inflation rate in the countries are published on the website "statbureau.org", which is engaged in statistical research in the field of economics. Table 5. - Interest rate of Central banks and inflation rate in foreign countries as of 01.01.2017, expressed in% Country Central Bank Interest Rate Inflation RateUSA 0.5% 2.07% European Union countries 0% 1.16% UK 0.25% 1.6% Japan -0.1% 0.3% Canada 0.5% 1.5% China 4.35% 2% Turkey8% 8.5% Russian Federation 10% 5.5% Belarus 18% 10.5% Ukraine 14% 12.4% As we can see, based on statistical data, the low inflation rate also depends on the rate set by the Central Bank of the state. Developed countries use a mechanism of low interest rates, which allows them to have low inflation rates. This is due to the fact that producers of goods and services use money to expand production, reduce costs, and increase jobs. Money, since 1947, first in Japan, as well as modern world currencies, such as the US dollar and the euro, are printed against government debt. Credit serves as a mechanism for increasing economic growth, but at the same time, targeted spending of funds aimed at developing the economy is strictly controlled. Low rates Central banks of developed countries provide long-term lending to investment projects. In all these countries, the monetary authorities create credit resources in huge resources and use the money to develop the real economy. Interesting is the experience of Japan and European countries, which, in order to solve economic problems and create powerful infrastructures, in connection with the significant damage suffered as a result of World War II, used long-term refinancing instruments and increased them. Therefore, we propose a system for refinancing commercial banks to meet the demand for loans from industrial enterprises, at low interest rates, which implies control over the targeted use of credit resources. In addition to foreign practice, it is worth recalling the domestic experience. In the 1990s. a course was announced for the development of private activity, for attracting investment, but at the same time, Russian entrepreneurs did not have the opportunity to use one of the most important tools for business development - credit. Due to the very high rate of the Bank of Russia, which was related to production costs, we had a fairly high inflation rate. This trend was especially noticeable in 1992-1995, when inflation reached indicators exceeding 100% several times. At the same time, the rate of the Bank of Russia ranged from 80% to 200%. The ratio of the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the inflation rate in the period 1996-2016 shown in Figure 5. The data were taken from the official website of the Bank of Russia, and the data on the inflation rate - from the statistical portal “statbureau.org”. Figure 5. The ratio of the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the inflation rate in the period from 1996 to 2016. As we can observe, the rise in inflation has always been accompanied by an increase in the Bank of Russia rate and has always decreased when the interest rate has also decreased. In addition to minimal inflation, after the inclusion of the mechanism of targeted money emission, we expect GDP growth. This is possible due to the fact that an increase in the money supply and investment instruments allows manufacturers to develop their production. Statistics show us that an increase in interest rates and a contraction in the money supply, as a rule, lead to a drop in production, investment, and massive bankruptcies. In addition, due to the fact that our economy is under-monetised, and there is also a monopoly, there is an increase in inflation. And vice versa: in the case of a decrease in the interest rate and an increase in the money supply, there is an increase in the country's GDP and a decrease in inflation. Figure 6 shows the indicators of the dynamics of GDP growth in the Russian Federation and the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the period from 1996 to 2016, according to Rosstat data and data taken from the official website of the Bank of Russia. Figure 6. The ratio of the Bank of Russia rate and the dynamics of GDP growth in the Russian Federation in the period from 1996 to 2016. It should be noted that after the financial and budgetary crisis of 1998, a monetary policy was pursued, which was expressed in a decrease in the refinancing rate and an increase in the monetary base. Over the three years of this policy, Russia's GDP has grown by 25%, industrial production - by almost 30%, with an annual increase in the money supply by 40-60%. There was also a drop in inflation by almost 4 times. The crisis of 1998, just like the current one, was a consequence of the massive withdrawal of capital from the Russian financial market. The IMF proposed an action plan that coincides with the action plan proposed in September 2014, but these were rejected by the Russian monetary authorities. Restrictions were introduced on the foreign exchange position of commercial banks and mandatory sale foreign currency, the ruble exchange rate and the currency and financial market have been stabilized. We restored export duties on the export of raw materials, which made it possible to stabilize the federal budget. The retention of the negative interest rate in real terms, along with the increase in the monetary base, ensured lending for import substitution and the resumption of economic growth. Table 6 shows the inflation indicators for the year, the refinancing rates of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the growth in the monetary base for the year, and the growth in GDP under a soft monetary policy in the period from 1999 to 2001. Table 6. - Indicators of inflation, refinancing rates of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, growth of the monetary base for the year and growth of GDP under a soft monetary policy in the period from 1998 to 2001. Year Inflation for the year Bank of Russia refinancing rate at the end of the year Growth in the monetary base for the year GDP growth for the year 199884,5%60%26%-5,3%199936,6%55%65%6,4%200020,1%25%69%10%200118,8%25%29%4,8%
The implementation of a set of measures, in our opinion, should contribute to the growth of the country's GDP. State GDP is one of the most important indicators of economic growth. In 2016, the GDP of the Russian Federation amounted to 85.8 trillion. rubles, and GDP growth was -0.2%, according to Rosstat data. GDP is equal to the sum of expenditures on final consumption of households and the state, investments and net exports. The data published by Rosstat indicates that our final consumption expenditures amounted to 59.6 trillion. rubles, investments - 20.4 trillion. rubles, and net exports are equal to 4.2 trillion. rubles. The statistical discrepancy is estimated at $ 1.5 trillion. rubles. It is assumed that the decline key rate Central Bank of the Russian Federation and ensuring the stability of the ruble exchange rate will entail the emission of money, which, with targeted spending on the development of industry and scientific and technological growth, will contribute to the growth of investments and innovations, which will lead to an increase in Russia's GDP growth. Increased investment and innovation will help businesses drive higher output and lower costs. An increase in production and a decrease in costs will help reduce inflation. It is planned that a decrease in the level of interest rates in the lending market will help to increase the profitability of many investment projects. Also, the targeted use of funds in priority sectors will ensure the growth of activity in related sectors. These circumstances will contribute to economic growth, technological development, increased competitiveness and lower inflation. In connection with the expansion of production, enterprises will create new jobs, which should lead to a decrease in unemployment. A decrease in inflation and the emergence of new jobs will increase domestic demand for goods and services - one of the most important indicators of economic growth. Conclusion
Today, the economic security of the state is an integral factor in ensuring national security and is part of the country's national security system. Based on the results of the study, the following definition of the economic security of the state can be given. The economic security of the state is an element of the national security of the state, ensuring the existence of a sovereign economic system of the country, capable of protecting the national interests of the country, in the form of economic development, ensuring a high standard of living and income of the population, which is protected from interference and pressure from outside. Economic security is a complex system that includes such elements as technological, production, financial, raw materials, energy, environmental and information security. Economic security, as a concept, appeared in the 20th century, when, by decree of President Roosevelt, the Federal Committee on Economic Security and the Advisory Council under it were created in 1934. This committee was chaired by US Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins. Also, the committee included the ministers of trade, justice and emergency services. Thus, the Committee on Economic Security of the United States of America became the first organizational form of activity aimed at ensuring the economic security of the state. Economic security, as a system for protecting the economy from external influences and pressure, is subject to the risks of the influence of threats. Threats to the economic security of the state are usually divided (according to the source of their occurrence) into internal and external. The economic security of the Russian Federation is influenced by both internal and external threats. The President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin at a meeting of the Security Council, which was devoted to the discussion of the document "Strategy of economic security", which was held on 07.12.2016, instructed to develop a strategy of economic security until 2030. This strategy should eliminate the shortcomings in the modern security system economic security of Russia. The document must be developed by May 30, 2017. Since economic security is closely linked with all elements of the system for ensuring Russia's national security, the solution to the issue of neutralizing threats takes an important place in ensuring military security, social security, etc. The main internal threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation include the property stratification of the population; monetary policy pursued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic bloc of the Government of the Russian Federation; recession in the real sector of the economy; the offshore nature of modern business in Russia; raw material bias of the domestic economy. In our opinion, the implementation of an unbalanced monetary policy leads to the emergence of such threats to economic security as a decline in the real sector of the economy, the offshore nature of our economy, which ultimately leads to a raw material bias in our economy. External threats to Russia's economic security include the dependence of our economy on external factors; pressure from foreign states; external debt of the Russian Federation. In our opinion, in order to solve the problem of internal threats to economic security, it is necessary to revise the monetary policy pursued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic block of the Government of the Russian Federation. Changing conditions for the possibility of creating domestic investment is one of the most important elements of a sovereign economy. Solving the issue of creating conditions for investment will help resolve the issue of the offshore nature of our economy. Also, it is important to create favorable conditions for entrepreneurs so that they do not have a need to register offshore companies. To do this, it is necessary to tighten the requirements for offshore companies. To deoffshorize the economy and stop capital flight, it is necessary to introduce at the legislative level the concept of a "national company", which must meet the following requirements: registration, tax residence and main activity in the Russian Federation, belonging to Russian residents who have no affiliation with foreign entities and jurisdictions. Only national companies and Russian resident citizens should be granted the right of access to subsoil and other natural resources, government orders, programs and subsidies, loans, concessions, to property and property management, to housing and infrastructure construction, to operations with the population's savings, as well as to other types of activity that are strategically important for the state and sensitive for society. In addition to creating conditions for solving the issue of offshorization, available investments will allow entrepreneurs to use working capital for the development of production, the creation of new technologies, which will allow us to diversify the economy and rely not only on our raw materials industry, but also on high-tech developments. The development of the country's scientific potential creates conditions for reducing production costs, as well as expanding it. This will create high-tech jobs, which implies an increase in household income and an increase in demand for goods and services. It is very important to solve the problem of property stratification of the population of the country, since the drop in incomes of a significant number of residents of our country to the level of the subsistence minimum and below will lead to an aggravation of social contradictions and raise the question of the unfair distribution of national income and wealth. The implementation of an effective import substitution program will increase the number of quality goods and services of domestic production, which will ensure the self-sufficiency of our economy. To solve the problem of corruption, the participation of society in the fight against bribery is necessary. Strict observance of the law is necessary, as well as the ability of citizens to demand the resignation of any official in case of improper performance of his official duties. The solution to the problem of external threats is possible only if internal threats to Russia's economic security are neutralized. Also, to solve the problem of external threats, it is necessary to create a sovereign economic system, develop the scientific potential of the state and a reasonable solution to the issue of servicing the external debt of the Russian Federation. It is worth noting that the implementation of these measures will make it possible to realize the enormous economic potential of the Russian Federation. It is known that the measures outlined earlier are used in practice in developed countries. This allows them to maintain a favorable investment climate in the country, which leads to economic growth, low inflation and ensuring a high standard of living for the population. In addition to the experience of foreign developed countries, the experience of our country clearly shows that an increase in the money supply in the country will invariably lead to a decrease in inflation, an increase in GDP and the standard of living and incomes of Russian citizens. Only thanks to the implementation of targeted money emission measures, currency restrictions, etc., we managed to get rid of the consequences of the 1998 default as quickly as possible. Thus, the Russian Federation, as one of the leading powers in history, must be a fully sovereign state. To gain full economic sovereignty for the country, it is necessary to solve the problem of neutralizing internal and external threats to Russia's economic security as soon as possible. This will help develop the state, society and ensure a decent standard of living for the population of our country. List of sources used
Regulations 1. Constitution of the Russian Federation of 12.12.1993 // The official text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation as amended on 21.07.2014 was published on the official Internet portal of legal information # "justify"> Annex 1
The history of the development of the economic security of the state Time period Event XV-XVII centuries The era of "Great Geographical Discoveries", awareness of the need for not only physical, but also economic security. Security was considered necessary in the field of trade, since in connection with the new opportunities that were obtained thanks to the era of great geographical discoveries, mainly due to the receipt of a large amount of resources that were exported from the plundered territories of Africa, Asia, America and Oceania, traders considered it necessary government assistance in protecting domestic economic interests from foreign competitors in 1650, the Parliament of England adopted the "Act on the Promotion and Establishment of Trade of the English State", which prohibited foreigners from engaging in trade without the appropriate permission from England. 1651 The Parliament of England adopted the "Act on Increasing the Merchant Marine navigation of the English nation ”, which supplemented the“ Act on the Promotion and Establishment of Trade of the English State ”. The protectionist measures of British merchants and shipowners in international trade were intensified. A number of restrictions were imposed on foreign traders and entrepreneurs of the British Empire. 1881 The term "state security" was first used in Russian history in the "Regulations on Measures to Protect State Order and Public Peace" in 1904 26th US President Theodore Roosevelt in his message to Congress first used the term "national security", which was understood as the security of citizens, society and the state in 1934 By the decree of the 32nd US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Federal Committee on Economic Security and the Advisory Council under him were created. This committee was chaired by US Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins. Also, the committee included the ministers of trade, justice and emergency services 1937-1946 In the USSR, there was a Department for combating theft of socialist property, which fought against economic crimes related to the theft of socialist property in organizations and institutions of state trade, consumer, industrial and individual cooperation, savings banks, as well as the fight against speculation 1946-1991 The department for combating theft of socialist property was part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR 1996 The State Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation was published, which provided for a set of measures to protect the country's economy from existing threats 1997 Adopted a US national security strategy for the new era, which reflects a modern approach to understanding the essence of the country's security. The document reflected the future tendencies of world development, designated national interests, estimated economic power, including potential, etc. The structure of the document shows that economic security in 2006 is becoming a significant component of national security. In the strategy of the Bush administration in 2006, the priority was to promote democracy in the countries of the world, which was supposed to contribute to the security of the United States itself. America's economic prosperity has been linked to a new era of global economic growth through free markets and free trade in 2009, Russia's National Security Strategy, approved by presidential decree, focuses on economic growth. It sets the task of Russia's joining, in the medium term, among the five leading countries in terms of gross domestic product, as well as achieving the required level of national security in the economic and technological spheres. much less attention is paid to foreign countries. The main idea of the document in the framework of ensuring economic security is the need for US cooperation with foreign partners, as well as overcoming the crisis. Restrictive measures in the economy are directly related to the national security of the United States, namely, with the restriction of foreign investment in strategically important sectors of the American economy, 2015. The decree of the President of the Russian Federation pays special attention to economic growth. The strategic goals of ensuring national security are the development of the country's economy, ensuring economic security and creating conditions for personal development, the transition of the economy to a new level of technological development, Russia's entry into the number of leading countries in terms of gross domestic product and successfully resisting the influence of internal and external threats 2016. At the meeting of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, held on December 7, 2016, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin noted the need for sovereignty in the technological and financial spheres. It was decided to develop a new strategy for the economic security of the Russian Federation, the document should be developed by March 1, 2017. Appendix 2
Comparison of actual indicators with the threshold values of economic security and target parameters that reflect the economic policy of the state proposed by the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Indicators Target parameters reflecting the economic policy of the state Threshold values Actual2014 2015 2016 Average annual GDP growth rates,% Above the world average 5-60.6-3.8-0.2 Investment in fixed assets, in% of GDP 25% by 2018 25-30 1919.620.4 Grain harvest, mln tons -110 105.3105119 Share of shipped product innovations 25-3025-308.97.9 Share of population with incomes below the subsistence level,% -611,213,315.6 Funds ratio (ratio of incomes of 10% of high-income and 10% of low-income strata of the population, times) 7151515.7 Share of average class in the entire population,% 50-6050-6020-2520-2520-25 The ratio of the average pension to the average wages,% 4040333333.7 Unemployment rate according to ILO methodology,% 45.25.85.4 Size of gold and foreign exchange reserves (billions of dollars at the end of the year) -250385.5364.7385.3 Annual inflation rate,% 43-411.4 12.95.4 Level of economic monetization ( money supply M2 at the end of the year in% of GDP) -50-704544,544.7 Deficit (-), surplus (+) of the federal budget, in% of GDP Overcoming the deficit by 2017, ensuring budgetary balance -3-0.5-2, 6-3.6 The value of the external debt of the Russian Federation, in% of GDP 25323940 The share of imported food in all food resources,% Ensure food security 25342424 External trade balance,% of GDP-815105 Appendix 3
Recommendations implemented by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic bloc of the Government of the Russian Federation in determining monetary policy, which were indicated in the final statement following the visit of the IMF staff in September 2014. 1) "It makes sense for the Central Bank of Russia to continue the course of tightening monetary policy and raising interest rates in order to reduce inflation and continue its movement towards inflation targeting, which is achievable within the framework of fully flexible exchange rate formation." ) "Russia needs further fiscal consolidation." ) “To reduce inflation will require a tightening of monetary policy. The Bank of Russia has taken appropriate measures in recent months by raising interest rates on its operations and resuming the transition to greater flexibility exchange rate... However, core inflation has accelerated, which will require further tightening of monetary policy to stabilize and contain inflation expectations. Raising interest rates will also help limit capital outflows. ” 5) "It is necessary to ensure the preservation of the operational independence of the Bank of Russia." ) "Strengthening supervision and strengthening measures to ensure financial stability remain priorities." ) "The projected fiscal stance is reasonably and moderately neutral." ) "Structural reforms are key in an environment of growing uncertainty." ) “Protecting investor property rights, lowering trade barriers, fighting corruption, resuming the privatization program, and continuing efforts to integrate into the global economy are key to revitalizing economic growth.” Appendix 4
Contribution scheme for the global financial system Net losses of the Russian financial system through the channel of capital operations = $ 60 billion per year Additional losses through trade channels = $ 20-30 billion per year. As a result, the estimated losses are $ 120-150 billion per year.
State and municipal administration
The role of political parties in the system of public administration and local government.
Conflicts in the apparatus of state (municipal) management bodies and ways to resolve them.
Ways to improve the efficiency of the distribution of powers in state (municipal) government.
Bureaucratization of representative and executive bodies of state (municipal) management.
Features of the distribution of powers between the federal center and the subjects of the federation (for a specific example).
Ways to improve the structure of the executive body of local self-government
Methods and forms of organizing control over the activities of government bodies
Municipal Management: Development Trends and Modern Technologies "
The current state and development prospects of local self-government bodies (on a specific example).
Problems of improving prosecutorial supervision in the field of public administration.
Municipal economy in the structure of the economy of a municipality (on a specific example)
State regulation of the social sphere in a crisis
Management of housing and communal services of the municipality
Bureaucracy in the system of state and municipal government.
Development of the social infrastructure of the municipality (for a specific example).
The relationship of territorial public self-government with the administration of the municipality (for a specific example).
Improving the security system of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation (for a specific example).
Analysis and improvement of the state property management system (for a specific example).
The role of state authorities (local self-government) in the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the region of the Russian Federation (for a specific example).
Analysis of the processes of formation and development of the Russian public service RF (for a specific example).
Economic security.
The history of the emergence of the concept of "economic security" in Russia and abroad.
The relationship of economic security with other components of national security.
Balance of interests in the economic sphere.
Confrontational interests as the main source of threats in the economic sphere.
Mutual responsibility of the individual, society and the state in ensuring economic security.
Comparative analysis of conceptual approaches to ensuring economic security in major foreign countries.
Measures of the US government to ensure national economic interests.
Measures of the PRC government to ensure national economic interests.
Measures of the collective bodies and governments of the member states of the European Economic Community to ensure its economic interests.
Comparative analysis of the economic policy of the “near abroad” states.
The reasons for the weakening of Russia's economic security in the process of market reforms of its national economic complex.
Vital interests of the citizens of the Russian Federation in the economic sphere.
Vital interests of Russian society in the economic sphere.
Vital interests of the Russian state in the economic sphere.
Modern problems of economic security at the level of local government.
Problems of ensuring economic security at the regional level.
Internal and external threats to Russia's economic interests as a single destructive system.
The threat of Russia's isolation in the system of world economic relations: essence and content.
The function of the state in ensuring the economic security of Russia.
Contradictions in ensuring economic security at the federal, regional and local levels and ways to overcome them.
The main directions of ensuring the economic security of Russia in modern conditions.
Cooperation between Russia and the CIS member states as a factor in ensuring national and collective economic security.
Strategy for ensuring energy security of Russia.
Strategy for ensuring food security in Russia.
Strategy for ensuring the external economic security of Russia.
Strategy for ensuring the financial security of Russia.
Non-governmental bodies for ensuring the security of entrepreneurship in Russia.
Ways to improve the security of state property management in Russia.
Topical directions for further study of the problems of ensuring the economic security of Russia.
Strategy for ensuring scientific and technological security in Russia.
Economic security of a business entity.
The main directions of ensuring the economic security of an economic entity.
Improving the mechanism for ensuring the economic security of an economic entity.
Conceptual approaches to the problem of protecting trade secrets.
The main approaches to ensuring the safety of commercial secrets of an economic entity.
Features of the organization and formation of the Security Service of an economic entity.
Improvement of the structure of the Security Service of an economic entity.
Formation of a system of technical and economic indicators for assessing the safety of an economic entity.
Ensuring personnel security of an economic entity.
Counteraction of the Security Service of Business Entities to Terrorist Threats.
Features of ensuring the safety of employees of commercial structures and the safety of material and technical values.
Analysis of modern threats to the economic security of an economic entity.
Ensuring the safety of entrepreneurial activity in the organization of work with personnel.
Modern approaches to screening candidates for work in a commercial structure.
The legal basis for ensuring the economic security of an economic entity.
Ensuring information security of an economic entity.
The role of the state in ensuring the economic security of an economic entity. Homeland
Industrial espionage as a threat to the economic security of an economic entity.
Organized crime as a threat to the economic security of an economic entity.
Corruption as a threat to the economic security of business.
The role of business intelligence in ensuring the economic security of an economic entity.
Typical topics of final qualification works in specialty 38.05.01 "Economic security", specialization 38.05.01.03 "Activities of financial and credit institutions for banking services" 1. Ensuring economic security as a subsystem of national security of the Russian Federation in the context of globalization. 2. Resource saving (energy saving) as a national economic priority in the context of globalization. 3. Influence of high-tech industries on ensuring national economic security. 4. Analytical retro-assessment of innovation and investment security. 5. Ensuring systemic investment security in the context of globalization. 6. Systemic investment security as the basis for sustainable economic development. 7. Formation of innovation and investment clusters as a factor of sustainable and safe development of the national economy. 8. Competitiveness as a mechanism for ensuring economic security. 9. Raw material security as the most important factor in economic growth. 10. Food security in the system of relations between the level and quality of life of the population. 11. Import substitution as a factor in stimulating the growth of domestic production. 12. The role of the budgetary system in ensuring national economic security. 13. Consolidation of financial resources of the state and business as a mechanism for ensuring economic security. 14. Evaluation and directions for improving efficiency financial markets... 15. The role of financial markets in ensuring economic security. 16. The role of stock markets in ensuring economic security. 17. Strategic assessment of potential security threats in the debt market. 18. The influence of monetary policy on ensuring the economic security of the country. 19. Strategic guidelines for the development of the banking system. 20. Taxes as a factor of economic security. 21. Taxes as a factor of financial security. 22. The role of the tax system in ensuring social security. 23. Development human potential as a strategic objective of the country's safe development. 24. Poverty of the population as an indicator of national economic security. 25. Shadowing of economic activity and its impact on economic security. 26. Assessment of threats in the demographic sphere and their impact on the economic security of the country. 27. Ensuring economic security in the field of foreign trade. 28. Improving the mechanism for ensuring financial security at the present stage of integration into the world economy. 29. Development of organizational and economic mechanisms of tax and verification activities of internal affairs bodies in the system of ensuring economic security. 30. Development of mechanisms for ensuring economic security in the field of education. 31. Ensuring economic security in the health sector. 32. Influence of the state of fixed assets (technological equipment) on the provision of economic security. 33. Development of the organizational and economic mechanism for ensuring the economic security of the region. 34. Formation of a policy of active economic recovery of the regional sector of the economy as a condition for its sustainable and safe development. 35. Assessment of threats in the social sphere of the region. 36. Development of human potential as a strategic task for the safe development of the region. 37. Assessment of threats in the demographic sphere and their impact on the economic security of the region. 38. Strategies for increasing the economic security of the region. 39. Economic retro-assessment of the development of regional crisis situations and their neutralization. 40. Formation of a security system for the real sector of the economy (industry, agriculture, construction, transport). 41. Strategic assessment of potential security threats in the sectoral structure of industry 42. Development of mechanisms to ensure the economic security of a high-tech enterprise. 43. Ensuring the economic security of electric power enterprises. 44. Financial risks in ensuring the economic security of energy enterprises. 45. Ensuring the economic security of the enterprise (firm) in the context of anti-crisis management. 46. Formation of an innovation and investment program to ensure the economic security of a high-tech enterprise. 47. Analytical retro-assessment of the stability and security of the real sector of the economy. 48. Strategic assessment of potential threats in the real sector of the economy. 49. Formation of a management system for the economic security of an enterprise (organization). 50. Investment policy of an enterprise (organization) as a condition for strengthening its economic security. 51. The role of risk management in ensuring the economic security of the enterprise. 52. Formation of the risk management system at the enterprise. 53. The effectiveness of measures to ensure the economic security of the enterprise (organization). 54. Analysis and assessment of the state of the financial component of the economic security of the enterprise (organization). 55. Assessment of the ability of the enterprise (organization) to innovative development. 56. Analysis and assessment of the personnel component of the economic security of the enterprise (organization). 57. Analysis and assessment of the technical and technological component of the economic security of the enterprise (organization). 58. Analysis and assessment of the information component of the economic security of the enterprise (organization). 59. Diagnostics of the ecological component of the economic security of the enterprise (organization). 60. Diagnostics of the power component of the economic security of an enterprise (organization).
General Provisions
In accordance with the State educational standard of higher professional education, the regulation on the final state certification of graduates of BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov, the curriculum for training specialists, the implementation and defense of the final qualification work is the final stage of mastering the educational program presented in the form of a diploma project, and is included in the state final attestation of the student.
The goals and objectives of the final qualifying work are formulated in accordance with the current state educational standard of higher education for the specialty "Economic security".
Achievement of the FQP goal presupposes the solution of the following tasks:
Formation of a graduate of general cultural, general professional, professional and professional-specialized competencies, determined by the current Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education in the specialty "Economic security";
Systematization and consolidation of theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired during the entire period of study;
Revealing the ability to independently solve problems in the field of professional activity.
Based on the results of the defense of the graduation work, the State Attestation Commission (SAC) decides on the assignment of the specialist qualification to the graduate.
2. Requirements for the final qualification
work of the SPECIALIST
When performing the final qualifying work, the student must independently perform the following types of work:
1. Justify the relevance of the topic of the final qualifying work. (The list of topics is presented in Appendix 1).
2. Study the theoretical and methodological literature on the chosen topic.
3. Formulate the purpose and objectives of the WRC.
4. Draw up the plan (content) of the WRC.
5. Determine the volume and sources of initial information required for solving the tasks set in the WRC.
6. To analyze the initial data using information processing methods, using modern information technologies.
7. Develop specific proposals to improve the level of economic security of the research object.
9. To issue the final qualifying work in accordance with the established requirements.
10. Submit the WRC for defense. Report the main provisions of the WRC, as well as answer questions from the SAC members and those present.
The handout (illustrative) of the FQP material is presented in accordance with the current requirements of the Belgorodsky State University them. V.G. Shukhov ".
The design of the diploma project must comply with the provisions set out in the relevant sections of these guidelines.
The theme of the FQP is approved by the order of the rector of the FSBEI HE “Belgorod State University named after V.G. Shukhov ".
A mandatory requirement for the final qualifying work is the student's demonstration of scientific and practical knowledge on the chosen topic. It should contain a review of scientific, educational, methodological, analytical and reference-information literature, generalize the analyzed problems, and also demonstrate knowledge of the main points of view and concepts on this topic. In addition, in the final qualifying work, the student's possession of standard research methods, calculation skills and the use of computer programs, the ability to generalize and analyze factual material, using theoretical knowledge and practical skills must be demonstrated.
Final qualification work in the specialty "Economic security" (specialization "Economic and legal support of economic security") is carried out by students in the form of:
1) an explanatory note;
2) the graphic part.
The explanatory note of the final qualifying work contains theoretical and computational and practical parts with a total volume of 100-120 A4 sheets.
The graphic part includes at least 7 sheets of analytical and calculated material, reflecting the main results of the completed WRC, for presentation to the SAC members in the form of handouts, as well as slides intended for the presentation of the final qualifying work, performed in the Power Point program.
The text of the explanatory note is divided into chapters and paragraphs, entitled in accordance with the work plan, logically united by the topic into a single whole. Each chapter of the final qualifying work should contain two or three paragraphs.
The structural elements of the final qualifying work are:
Title page (Appendix 2);
The assignment for the final work (Appendix 3);
Graduate student's calendar
(Appendix 4);
Introduction;
The main part, consisting of 3 chapters;
Conclusion;
Bibliographic list;
Applications;
Review of the head (not filed);
Review (not filed).
In the introduction the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, the goal is clearly defined and the main tasks are formulated, the degree of study in the literature of the issues under study is reflected, the object of the final qualifying work is indicated. The introduction should not contain illustrations and references to sources.
It is advisable to correct the introduction after completing the main part of the work, since in the process of writing the final qualifying work, the relevance of the topic, the purpose and objectives of the study is more accurately and clearly determined. The introduction is not considered an independent section of the final qualifying work, therefore it does not have a serial number.
In the main part the state of the issue to which this work is devoted should be fully and systematized.
The main part consists of a theoretical (methodological) and practical component, each of which is divided into paragraphs depending on the research topic and its goals. Each chapter should have two or three paragraphs.
Thus, the main body of the work consists of three chapters:
1. Theoretical (methodological).
2. Analytical.
3. Design.
In the first chapter based on the study of the current legislation, domestic and foreign experience, different points of view of the authors, the main theoretical, methodological and methodological provisions of the topic under study are presented. The essence, content of the considered categories, phenomena, investigated issues is described, the degree of their knowledge to the present moment of time is determined; systematization and critical examination of the views of leading domestic and foreign experts or directions in economic science on the topic is carried out; are considered problematic issues.
Modern methodological approaches to solving problems defined by the topic of the work are systematized, discussion issues are considered.
The correct interpretation of concepts, their accuracy and scientific character is of great importance. The terms and definitions used should be generally accepted or cited with reference to the author.
The title of the chapter and its constituent paragraphs should reflect the content of the WRC theme.
In the second chapter the existing practice on the chosen topic is analyzed in relation to the object of research (country, territorial entity, industry, enterprise, organization).
The title of the chapter is "Analysis of the economic and legal support of economic security ..." (indicating the problem under consideration and the object of research).
The structure of the chapter is made up of the following paragraphs:
1. Brief description of the research object including:
name of the enterprise, organization, territory; location; organizational and legal form; type of ownership; main activities; description of the industry and prospects for its development; organizational structure management (indicating the functional units for ensuring economic security); analysis of the dynamics of the main economic indicators for three years.
2. Regulatory and legal framework implementation of the investigated direction of ensuring the economic security of the object WRC research(indicating a specific aspect of EB and the name of the research object. For example, "Legal and regulatory framework for the economic security of the healthcare sector").
The features of legal regulation on the issues under study in the Russian Federation and its territorial entities, industries, enterprises and organizations are revealed, unresolved or problematic issues in the legislation are revealed.
3. Assessment of the level of economic security in the context of the problem under study for a specific object (for example, "Assessment of the level and state of the technical and technological component of the economic security of JSC" Zavod ZhBK-1 ").
Threats are analyzed and the level of economic security of the object under study as a whole is assessed (if possible in the context of its functional components) with the identification of the main problems and the causes of their occurrence in the context of the subject under study.
The provided analytical material should correspond to the theme of the thesis project.
Chapter Three The WRC should be of a project nature. Based on the results of the previous chapter, depending on the chosen direction, measures are being developed to increase the level of economic security of the research object.
The proposed measures must be justified technically, technologically and economically, the effectiveness of their implementation must be confirmed by calculations.
Structurally, a chapter might look like this:
1. Development of scenarios for increasing the level of economic security of the research object ( with an indication of a specific aspect of DL). The introduced recommendations and proposals must be scientifically grounded and realistic for practical implementation. It is supposed to select the most priority measures, taking into account the specific features of the research object and the level of EB achieved by it.
2. Budget planning for the implementation of the proposed set of measures. Includes the development of resource, financial, investment, operational and other budgets.
3. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed set of measures to improve economic security... This implies the calculation of technical and economic indicators, criteria and indicators in dynamics, corresponding to the research topic, the use of discounting methods, expert assessments, the theory of fuzzy sets, methods of economic and mathematical modeling in calculations of the effectiveness. If the object of the study is an enterprise in the real sector, it is advisable to calculate the map of the effectiveness of the measures taken, including the assessment of the prevented and incurred damage and the calculation of the overall effectiveness of the measures taken.
In custody the main conclusions for each section of the work are presented and the results of the study are summarized.
The volume of the conclusion is 3-4 sheets.
Bibliographic list drawn up after the conclusion.
The list of sources used includes only those publications that were actually studied and used in the preparation of the work: legislative and regulatory documents, monographs, textbooks and teaching aids, methodological
indications, articles in periodicals, Internet documents, etc.
It is necessary to refer to literary sources objectively and conscientiously, carefully study, analyze, agree or disagree with certain provisions normative documents and the opinions of the authors.
The list of sources used must include at least
10-15 titles of the regulatory framework and at least 15-20 titles from other sources.
Applications are located after the bibliographic list, they are necessary to confirm certain provisions, conclusions and proposals, and may contain:
Accounting, tax and statistical reporting of the investigated object;
Intermediate calculations;
Additional digital data tables;
Calculation results using special software products;
Material that, due to its volume or content
it is inappropriate to place in the main part (samples of contracts, acts, etc.).
A mandatory component of the annexes is a handout (5-8 pages) illustrating the main results of the WRC. Also, the appendix can include those materials that are of an auxiliary nature when writing an FQP: graphs, tables of initial data, large tables, etc.
Each application starts on a new page, has a number and a title.
Thus, the final qualifying work of a specialist has a generally accepted structure and consists of an introduction, a main part and a conclusion, a bibliographic list and annexes.
3. Writing a graduation qualification
work of the SPECIALIST
Management
The direct management of the WRC is carried out by a leader approved by the issuing department, whose role is as follows:
· Practical assistance to a student in choosing a topic for an FQP and developing an individual plan;
· Assistance in choosing a research methodology from the options offered by the student;
· Providing qualified consultations on the selection of literature (from the list proposed by the student) and factual material;
· Implementation of systematic control over the progress of work in accordance with the developed plan;
· Assessing the quality of work in accordance with the requirements for it;
· Carrying out pre-defense of the final qualifying work in order to identify its readiness for presentation for defense.
The head of the FQP controls all stages of preparation and writing of the work up to its defense.
Selection of literature
The beginning of the FQP is associated with the selection of literature, which is advisable to start with the study of those works that are close to the topic chosen by the student.
1) regulatory framework;
2) scientific and educational-methodical, including periodicals;
3) statistical data.
First of all, one should study the most relevant publications over the past three to five years, as well as the main works of domestic and foreign authors on the problem under study.
When selecting regulatory legal acts, it is advisable to use the capabilities of thematic search for documents in the reference legal system "Garant", as well as in other reference systems ("Consultant", "Code", etc.). These reference and information systems greatly facilitate the thematic search for the necessary regulatory documents.
Statistical and analytical material related to the processes taking place in the economy can be found on the Internet. At the same time, the ability to work in search engines is very important.
To evaluate the work of both individual scientists and research teams, the Science Citation Index (SCI: Science Citation Index) or its Internet version (WOS: Web of Sciences) is used.
When selecting literature, it is necessary to immediately compile a bibliographic description of the selected publications in strict accordance with the requirements for the design of a list of references. This list of literature on the topic of the final qualifying work is agreed with the head.
Presentation style
The final qualifying work must be sustained in a style characterized by the use of constructions that exclude the use of first person singular and plural pronouns, and second person singular pronouns. In this case, it is supposed to use vaguely personal proposals (for example, "First, the factors are selected for analysis, and then their influence on the indicator is established"); forms of presentation from a third party (for example, "The author believes ..."); passive sentences (for example, "An integrated approach to research has been developed ...").
Colloquial vernacular vocabulary cannot be used in the text. Terminological expressions must be used. If you have doubts about the stylistic coloring of a word, it is better to refer to the dictionary.
The most important means of expressing the semantic completeness, integrity and coherence of the text is the use of special words and phrases. Words like this reflect the following:
Sequence of presentation of thoughts ( first, first of all, then, firstly, secondly, so, so);
Transition from one thought to another ( before moving on to, turn to, consider, dwell on, having considered, go to, it is necessary to dwell on, it is necessary to consider);
Conflicting relationships ( however, meanwhile, while, nevertheless);
Causal relationship ( therefore, therefore, due to this, in accordance with this, consequently, it follows from this that);
Varying degrees of confidence and the source of the message ( of course, of course, indeed, apparently, one must assume, perhaps, probably, according to the message, according to the information, according to the opinion, according to the data);
Total, conclusion ( So, thus, in conclusion, we note that everything that has been said allows us to draw a conclusion, summarizing what has been said, we note).
To express a logical sequence, complex unions are used: due to the fact that, meanwhile, since, instead of, in view of what, because, after, while etc. Derivative prepositions are especially used during, in accordance with, as a result, as opposed to, along with, in connection with, due to etc.
Pronouns, adjectives and participles ( data, this, such, named, indicated, listed).
To express logical connections between parts scientific text the following stable combinations are used: we will give the results, as shown by the analysis, based on the data obtained.
Abbreviation of words in the text is not allowed (except for the generally accepted ones).
You can not use in the text signs (<, >, =, №,%) without numbers, and also use the mathematical minus sign (-) in front of negative values of quantities in the text: in this case, write the word "minus".
In the text, only Arabic numerals are used, but when numbering quarters, semesters, the use of Roman numerals is allowed.
When writing decimal fractions, the integer part of the number from the fractional must be separated by a comma (for example: 15.6 thousand rubles, 18.5 m 2).
The presentation of the material in the thesis project should be consistent and logical. All chapters should be linked. You should pay special attention to logical transitions from one chapter to another, from paragraph to paragraph, and within a paragraph - from question to question.
4. General requirements to the registration of the final qualifying work of the SPECIALIST
The job must be printed on one side of a sheet of A4 white paper. The font color must be black. For computer typing, we recommend size 14, one and a half line spacing, typeface - Times New Roman. The top and bottom margins are 20 mm, the left margin is 30 mm, and the right margin is 10 mm. The paragraph indent is 1.25 cm. The main text of the work must be justified.
Page numbering is done in a continuous way throughout the text of the work, starting with title page, but numbers are printed only from the second sheet of the introduction (at the bottom right of the sheet).
The final qualifying work begins with a title page, which indicates information about the educational institution where the work was performed, the title of the topic, the type of work performed, surname, initials, as well as surname, initials, academic degree and title of the head, city and year of work (annex 2). A sticker is attached to the dense binding of the explanatory note (Appendix 5).
To emphasize certain terms, formulas are allowed to be italicized.
The use of surnames without initials is not allowed within the text of the work. Initials always (except for the bibliographic list) should precede the surname separated by a space (for example, I.I.Ivanov).
4.1. Structural elements of work
The headings of the structural elements of the work ("Contents", "Introduction", "Conclusion", "Bibliographic list", etc.) should be placed in the middle of the line without paragraph indentation, without a period at the end and without underlining.
Chapters and paragraphs of the work should have headings. Headings should not overlap word for word either with each other or with the topic.
Headings should be meaningful, reflect the ideas revealed in the text. Their purpose is to direct attention to specific material.
Chapters begin on a new page. ( Chapter 1. Title of chapter).
There should be one spacing between the heading lines, and one and a half spacing before the text. The distance between the headings of the chapter and paragraph is one and a half spacing. The chapters and paragraphs of the work should be numbered with Arabic numerals. Chapters should be sequentially numbered throughout the entire text (except for appendices).
The paragraph number includes the chapter number and the ordinal number of the paragraph, separated by a dot (for example, 1.1. Paragraph title)... Headings of the third level are not used in the work.
4.2. Link design
When using information from a source in the text, the description of which is included in the list of references, a bibliographic reference is required in the text of the work. At citing of the text, the quotation is given in quotation marks, and after it, in square brackets, there is a link to a literary source according to the bibliographic list and the number of the page on which the cited text is placed in this source. For example: .
When making references to the provisions of regulatory legal acts in square brackets, instead of the page number, the number of the corresponding article (paragraph) of the document is indicated with the symbol "Art." ("NS.").
4.3. Table decoration
The digital material is presented in the form of tables, which provides better visibility and ease of comparison of indicators. The table, depending on its size, is usually placed under the text in which the link to it is first given.
Each table should have a title that accurately and concisely reflects its content. The table heading should be placed above the table in the center and printed in lowercase letters (except for the first uppercase). Word hyphenation in table headings is not allowed. There is no full stop at the end of the table heading.
If the table is borrowed from a book or article by another author, a link must be made to it.
In the upper right corner above the heading of the table, place the inscription "Table" (with a capital letter) indicating the number of the table. The distance between the word "Table" and the preceding paragraph should be one and a half line spacing, the distance between the word "Table" and the heading, as well as between the heading and the table itself should be one and a half spacing.
Tables should be sequentially numbered in the text within each chapter, where the first digit with a dot indicates the chapter number, the second digit indicates the sequential number of the table (for example, "Table 1.1."). The “№” sign in front of the table number is not used.
Tables should use a smaller font size (size 12) than in the main text, and single line spacing. It is not allowed to highlight in italics or bold the headings of columns and rows of tables, as well as the tabular data themselves. The headings of the columns and rows of the table should begin with an uppercase letter, and the subheadings of the columns with a lowercase letter, if they form one sentence with a heading. Subheadings that have independent meaning begin with an uppercase letter. At the end of headings and subheadings, the graph and lines are not dotted.
Units of measurement must be specified for digital tabular data. If the table data has different units measurements, they are indicated in the corresponding headings (subheadings) of the columns or rows of the table. In the case when all tabular data have one unit of measurement, this unit is given above the table on the right, using the preposition "in" (for example, in thousand rubles, in hectares, in m 2, in%, etc.).
Numerical values in the columns of the tables are put down so that the digits of the numbers throughout the column are located one below the other. In one column, the same number of decimal places should be observed for all values of quantities.
In the absence of individual data, a dash should be inserted in the table. If these columns (lines) of the table do not require filling, then you should put the sign "x".
The width of the table must match the width of the body text. If the width is exceeded, the table should be placed in landscape format in the text or in the Appendix.
If the size of the table exceeds the amount of space remaining at the end of the page, then part of it is transferred to the next page, duplicating the "header" of the table.
When transferring, you cannot separate the table header from the table itself, leave only the table “header” on the page without recording at least one row of table data. The final row should also not be separated from the table.
After the completion of the table, printing of the main text begins at one and a half intervals.
4.4. Decoration of illustrations
Diagrams, diagrams, pictures, etc. can be presented in the work as illustrations. All illustrations are designated in the text by the word "drawing".
Illustrations can be made both in black and white and in color.
Figures, depending on their size, are placed in the text immediately after the paragraph in which this figure was first mentioned, or on the next page, and, if necessary, in the appendix. The drawing should be centered.
All figures must have a title, which is placed under the illustration in the center without indentation. Before the name enter the word "Fig." (with a capital letter), then a space, after which the figure number is indicated, where the first figure with a dot indicates the chapter number, the second figure - the figure serial number, then a space and the figure name, which is printed in lowercase letters (except for the first capital letter). The period at the end of the name of the figure is not put.
If the illustration is borrowed from a book or article, a link should be made to it at the end of the title of the figure.
For example:
Rice. 1.1. Investment Gap Analysis Graphical Model
Printing of the main text after the name of the figure begins with one and a half line spacing.
4.5. Formula formatting
If necessary, formulas can be used in the text of the work.
Formulas should be selected from the text in a separate line... Between the text and the following formula, between the formula and the following text, there must be a distance equal to one and a half line spacing.
It is allowed to transfer formulas to the next line only on the signs of the performed mathematical operations, and the sign at the beginning of the next line is repeated.
Formulas are numbered continuously within a chapter, where the first digit with a dot indicates the chapter number, the second digit indicates the ordinal number of the formula. There is no full stop after the formula number. The number is printed in Arabic numerals in parentheses to the right of the formula, at the same level as it. When writing formulas, you should use alphabetic characters.
Explanations of the symbols and numerical coefficients included in the formula (if the corresponding explanations have not been used earlier in the text) are given directly under the formula. The first line of explanation begins with the word "where" followed by a colon. After the formula itself, a comma must be placed before the explanations.
For example:
where: I 0 - the amount of initial investment; n- the number of periods in the project; P is the net cash flow for the period; r- discount rate.
The printing of the main text after the explanation of the meanings of the symbols and the numerical coefficients of the formula begins at one and a half line spacing.
4.6. Bibliographic list design
At the end of the work there is a "Bibliographic List", which allows the author to documentally confirm the reliability of the materials cited and shows the degree of study of the problem.
The list includes only those sources that were directly studied when writing the work. Each source indicated in the bibliography must be referenced in the text.
Sources should be listed in the following order:
1) regulatory and legal acts;
2) educational and scientific literature, including Internet resources;
3) foreign literature (placed in alphabetical order).
The list of used literature has a continuous uniform numbering.
Sources should be numbered in Arabic numerals and printed from a paragraph. Sources are arranged strictly in alphabetical order by the names of the authors, and if the author is not indicated - by the title of the work.
Information posted on the Internet is an electronic resource for remote access and can also be used to compile a list of references.
Bibliographic description of documents is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 7.1-2003
4.7. Application design
Appendix - the final part of the work, which should include handouts for the WRC, as well as additional (reference) materials for a more complete coverage of the topic.
The handout should reflect the main results of all chapters of the WRC. It is recommended to use mainly graphical and tabular presentation of the material. The volume of the handout is 5-8 pages.
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