How to calculate the change in the balance of work in progress in finished products. Comparison of nominal and effective interest rates shows that the increase in finished goods balances at the end of the period
Finished products can be accounted for in different ways: at actual or at standard (planned) cost. About what methods of accounting for finished products are supported in "1C: Accounting 8" edition 3.0, how the methods used are consistent with normative documents, and what needs to be considered before choosing one or another technique and fixing it in accounting policy- read this article. The entire sequence of actions and all the drawings are made in the Taxi interface. The above recommendations can also be applied by users of "1C: Accounting 8" (rev. 2.0).
The procedure for accounting for finished products and its features
Paragraph 2 of the Regulations on accounting"Accounting for inventories" RAS 5/01, approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 5/01) determines that the finished product (GP) is integral part inventories of the enterprise (IPZ).
In addition to PBU 5/01, the procedure for accounting for inventories is regulated by the following regulatory legal acts:
- Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation on Accounting and Reporting);
- Guidelines for accounting of inventories, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n (hereinafter referred to as the Methodological Instructions);
- Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts for the financial and economic activities of organizations, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n (hereinafter referred to as the Instructions for Using the Chart of Accounts).
These normative legal acts provide for various accounting methods for finished products. The main feature of GP accounting is related to the time gap between the moment it arrives at the warehouse and the moment the actual cost of products manufactured during the month is determined.
On the one hand, finished products should be accounted for by the actual costs associated with their manufacture (clause 7 PBU 5/01, clauses 16, 203 of the Methodological Instructions). On the other hand, it is not always possible to determine the actual cost of finished products at the time of their release. In this case, the organization can use the so-called normative method of accounting for finished products. The normative method provides for the use of discount prices, at which products are delivered to the organization's warehouse within a month and written off upon sale.
According to paragraph 204 of the Guidelines, the actual production cost, standard cost, contract prices and other types of prices can be used as accounting prices for finished products. The choice of specific options for accounting prices for homogeneous groups of finished products belongs to the organization and should be fixed in its accounting policy.
If the organization takes into account finished products at actual cost, then at the end of the month there are no differences in accounting. If the organization uses the standard method of accounting for finished products, then at the end of the month the costs of production are determined and the differences between the standard (planned) and actual cost(hereinafter - deviations).
Information on the availability and movement of finished products is reflected in account 43 " Finished products". With the standard method of accounting for finished products, deviations can be taken into account with or without the use of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” (Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts).
All of the listed methods of accounting for finished products are supported in 1C: Accounting 8.
Organization of accounting for finished products in "1C: Accounting 8"
To production operations were available to the user, he needs to make sure that the corresponding functionality of the program is enabled. The functionality is configured by the hyperlink of the same name from the section The main thing. Bookmark Production you need to set the flag of the same name.
To set accounting parameters that are common to all infobase organizations, follow the hyperlink Accounting Options(chapter The main thing).
Inventory accounting parameters, including finished products, are configured on the tab Stocks.
Analytical accounting of stocks on accounting accounts in the program is always carried out according to stock items (names of goods, materials, products). In addition, analytical accounting of stocks by batches and warehouses (by quantity or by quantity and amount) can be additionally set.
Please note that for the purposes of accounting and tax accounting inventory settings are the same.
If in accounting policy at least one of the organizations is given such a method of estimating the cost of inventories as FIFO, then the flag Inventory accounting is to be set in position By batches (receipt documents).
Bookmark Production filling in the details Planned price type will allow you to automatically fill in the planned (normative) cost of the item in production accounting documents ( Production report per shift and Provision of production services).
The type of planned (accounting) prices is selected from the directory Item price types, where all price types used in the organization's accounting are stored, for example: planned, wholesale, retail, purchasing. The actual accounting price can also be stored here (if the actual production cost is used as the accounting price of the product).
To set the price type for a specific item type, you must use the document Setting item prices(chapter Warehouse).
Information about the accounting policy settings for each organization is stored in the register Accounting policy, accessed via the hyperlink of the same name from the section The main thing.
Bookmark Stocks settings accounting policy a method for estimating inventories (IPZ) is selected upon disposal: average cost or FIFO. Recall that the LIFO method has not been used in accounting since 01/01/2008 (Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 03/26/2007 No. 26n). The LIFO method has been excluded from tax accounting since 01/01/2015 ( the federal law dated April 20, 2014 No. 81-FZ).
Props value will not affect the value of the finished product being disposed of if the entity uses the unit cost method. When accounting for inventories at unit cost, the rule must be observed: the name of each batch of manufactured products must be unique.
Bookmark Expenses describes the procedure for accounting for expenses for ordinary species activities (other than selling expenses).
If one of the activities of the organization is the production of products, then on the tab Expenses the appropriate flag must be set.
In progress scheduled operation the credit of account 20 "Main production" reflects the amount of the actual cost of manufactured products, work performed, services.
The cost of manufactured products is calculated taking into account planned prices in the following order:
- the costs collected in the debit of account 20 are distributed among the items of manufactured products in proportion to its planned (accounting) cost;
- the release of a specific product name includes the costs collected for that division and that nomenclature group that are indicated in the document for the release of this product.
The actual cost of manufactured products does not include the amounts indicated in the documents WIP inventory.
Button indirect costs on the bookmark Expenses allows you to go to the indirect costs accounting settings form (we remind you that indirect costs are recorded on accounts 25 “General production expenses” and 26 “General expenses”).
Account 26 costs can be accounted for in one of two ways:
- written off to the cost of sales as a semi-permanent (direct costing method) to account 90.08 "Administrative expenses";
- be included in the cost of manufactured products (in this case, the costs from account 26 are distributed between the main and auxiliary production units, that is, they are attributed to accounts 20 "Main production" and 23 "Auxiliary production").
Costs from account 25 "General production costs" are distributed among the item groups of the main or auxiliary production.
If general running costs are included in the cost of manufactured products or the organization uses account 25, then you should set up methods for distributing these costs by clicking on the hyperlink Methods for allocating indirect costs.
By button Additionally on the bookmark Expenses there is a transition to the form of additional installations used in calculating the cost of finished products (Fig. 1). These settings include:
- the need to calculate the cost of semi-finished products;
- the need to calculate the cost of services to their own divisions;
- determination of the sequence of production stages (repartitions);
- the need to use account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" to account for deviations.
Thus, using a combination of parameter settings accounting policy, by means of the program it is possible to organize the accounting of finished products:
- at full actual or planned production cost;
- at incomplete actual or planned production cost (excluding general business expenses).
In turn, accounting for finished products at the planned (normative) production cost (full or reduced) can be kept with or without the use of account 40.
For the purposes of tax accounting, the list of direct costs of production is indicated in the list Methods for determining the direct costs of production in NU, accessed in the settings accounting policy by the hyperlink of the same name on the bookmark income tax.
Accounting for finished products at actual cost
The actual production cost as the accounting price of products is used, as a rule, for single and small-scale production, as well as for mass production small nomenclature(p. 205 of the Guidelines).
At the same time, the cost of the same product, but released at different times, may vary. In this case, upon sale and other disposal, finished products must be written off by one of the following methods (clause 16 of PBU 5/01):
- at unit cost;
- on average cost;
- at cost of first-in-time acquisitions (FIFO).
The organization must fix the specific write-off method in the accounting policy.
Example 1
Organization "TF Mega" produces souvenir glasses, uses common system taxation (OSNO). Finished products are accounted for at actual cost, and inventories are valued at average cost upon disposal. At the beginning of 2015, there are no leftovers of finished products in stock. In January 2015, 100 pieces were produced. finished products at the actual cost of 30 rubles. per piece, and in February 2015, 100 pieces were produced. finished products at the actual cost of 60 rubles. per piece The selling price of a souvenir glass is 100 rubles. per piece (including VAT - 18%). In January 2015, a batch of finished products in the amount of 80 pieces was sold. The same batch of finished products was sold in February 2015.
If the organization takes into account finished products at actual cost, then only account 43 “Finished products” is used in accounting without using account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”. In settings accounting policy on the bookmark Expenses required with button Additionally open the advanced settings form and make sure that the flag is disabled (see fig. 1).
Bookmark Stocks in settings accounting policy props Method for estimating inventories (IPZ) must be set to By average cost.
After the document Production report per shift The program will generate the following invoice correspondence:
Debit 43 Credit 20 - in the amount of the actual cost of production (in January it amounted to 3,000 rubles (100 pieces x 30 rubles), and in February - 6,000 rubles (100 pieces x 60 rubles)).
After posting the document Sales of goods and services, a group will be formed accounting entries:
Debit 90.02.1 Credit 43 - for the amount of the written-off actual cost of goods sold (in January it amounted to 2,400 rubles (80 pieces x 30 rubles), and in February - 4,400 rubles).
Calculation of the average cost of products written off in February, taking into account the balance of the batch of glasses at the beginning of the month: ((20 pieces x 30 rubles + 100 pieces x 60 rubles) / 120 pieces) x 80 pieces. = 4,400 rubles.
Debit 62 Credit 90.01.1 - for the amount of products sold (both in January and February, the amount is the same and amounts to 8,000 rubles).
Debit 90.03 Credit 68.02 - for the amount of VAT on sales (both in January and February, the amount is the same and amounts to 1,220.34 rubles (8,000 rubles x 18/118).
An analysis of account 43 shows us the balances of finished products at the beginning and end of February, as well as the volume of manufactured and sold products in quantitative and sum terms (Fig. 2).
Please note that when applying the method for assessing the MPZ P about the average cost during the reporting period, the amount of write-off of finished products is calculated according to the moving average cost. When performing a scheduled operation Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26 corrective entries are formed for the difference between the moving average and the weighted average cost. Therefore, if additional batches of glasses are produced during the month, the cost of writing off finished products will be adjusted at the end of the month.
Normative method of accounting for finished products without using account 40
If accounting for finished products is kept at standard cost or at contractual prices (without using account 40), then paragraph 206 of the Methodological Instructions prescribes that such accounting be kept as follows:
- the difference between the actual cost and the cost of finished products at accounting prices is reflected on account 43 "Finished products" on a separate sub-account "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value";
- the excess of the actual cost over the book value is reflected in the debit of the sub-account of deviations and the credit of the cost accounting accounts, and the savings are reflected in a reversal entry;
- if the finished product is written off at book value, then at the same time deviations related to the sold finished product are also written off to the sales accounts;
- deviations related to the balance of finished products remain on account 43 "Finished products" (under the sub-account of deviations);
- Regardless of the method of determining the accounting prices, the total cost of the finished product (the accounting cost plus variances) must equal the actual production cost of this product.
In general, this accounting procedure is observed in 1C: Accounting 8, with the exception that the program’s chart of accounts does not provide for a separate sub-account to account 43 to account for deviations, and deviations are written off not simultaneously with the disposal of finished products, but only at the end of the month.
This approach is driven by the following considerations:
- as a rule, the actual production cost of finished products can only be calculated at the end of the month, when it will be accrued wage, all material costs are precisely determined, including costs for energy, fuel, etc., while the receipt and disposal of finished products can be made before the end of the month;
- it does not seem appropriate to keep operational records of deviations between the actual and planned cost of finished products, since these deviations are calculated and written off only at the end of the month when processing is performed Closing the month;
- the provisions of PBU 1/2008 "Accounting policy of organizations", approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n, namely, the assumption of business continuity, the requirement for timeliness and the requirement for rational accounting policies.
To calculate the deviations between the actual and planned cost of finished products in 1C: Accounting 8, the information register is used Product cost calculation. When performing a scheduled operation Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26 the following register movements are formed:
- the planned and actual cost for the purposes of accounting and tax accounting is determined in the context of each production unit, each item group and each item unit;
- the amount of work in progress (WIP) is determined for the purposes of accounting and tax accounting in the context of each production unit and each item group.
Deviations between the actual and planned cost for each item of product are reflected in Reference-calculation of the cost of manufactured products and rendered production services(Fig. 3).
To analyze in detail the cost of a unit of output allows Help-calculation calculation of the cost of production(Fig. 4).
After a routine operation Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26 the following accounting entries are generated:
Debit 43 Credit 20.01 - for the amount of the deviation (positive or negative in case of savings) between the actual and planned cost for each type of product released in the current month. Debit 90.02.1 Credit 43 - for the amount of deviation for each type of finished product sold in the current month.
You can check the calculation of the amount of deviations for manufactured products quite simply using Help-calculation of the cost of manufactured products, as well as standard reports on accounts 20 “Main production” and 43 “Finished products”, where deviations are reflected quite clearly.
But how is the sum of deviations calculated in terms of retired products, which can be released not only in the current, but also in previous reporting months?
According to the Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts, when writing off finished products from account 43, the amount of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at prices accepted in analytical accounting related to these products is determined by the percentage calculated based on the ratio of deviations to the balance of finished products at the beginning of the reporting period and deviations for products received at the warehouse during the reporting month, to the cost of these products at discount prices.
Let's see if the program follows the algorithm for calculating deviations related to sold products described in the Instructions.
Example 2
The organization "New Interior" produces wooden toys and other wood products, uses OSNO. Finished products are accounted for at the planned (normative) cost without using account 40. The planned cost of finished products is 70 rubles. per piece
At the beginning of February 2015, the balance of finished products amounted to 200 pcs.
Deviations attributable to the balance of finished products at the beginning of February amount to 448 rubles.
In February 2015, 400 pieces were produced. finished products.
The actual cost of manufactured products amounted to 30,142 rubles.
In February 2015, a batch of finished products in the amount of 500 pieces was sold.
The figures in the example have been rounded to the nearest ruble for ease of reading.
Calculate economic indicators, using the discount price of 70 rubles, according to the conditions of the example:
- the planned cost of products released in February is 28,000 rubles. (400 pieces x 70 rubles);
- deviations for products received at the warehouse during February amount to 2,142 rubles. (30,142 rubles - 28,000 rubles);
- the planned cost of the balance of finished products at the beginning of February is 14,000 rubles. (200 pieces x 70 rubles);
- the planned cost of sales in February will be 35,000 rubles. (500 pieces x 70 rubles).
Following the Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts, we calculate the percentage of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at prices accepted in analytical accounting: (-448 rubles + 2,142 rubles) / (14,000 rubles + 28,000 rubles) x 100% = 4.033%.
Then the amount of deviations attributable to products written off in February will be: 35,000 rubles. x 4.033% \u003d 1,412 rubles.
Now let's see what postings for writing off deviations the program makes.
Let's do the settings first accounting policy, which are similar to the settings for Example 1.
After the document Production report for the shift, the following wiring will be generated:
Debit 43 Credit 20 - for the amount of products received at the warehouse at discount prices, i.e. 28,000 rubles.
Because at the time of the document Sale of goods and services deviations cannot yet be determined, then the products are written off based on the method of assessing the inventory, set in the settings accounting policy(in our case - at an average cost). Then, when performing a routine operation Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26 the program "brings" the cost of the written-off finished goods to the actual cost.
Let's analyze the turnover of accounts 90.02.1 and 43 (Fig. 5).
The total amount of turnover for February is rounded up to 36,412 rubles. If we subtract from this amount the planned cost of goods sold (35,000 rubles), then we get a difference of 1,412 rubles, which corresponds to the amount of deviations calculated in accordance with the Instructions for Using the Chart of Accounts.
Thus, despite the absence in 1C: Accounting 8 of a separate sub-account to account 43 for accounting for deviations, the proposed procedure ensures that the key points of accounting for finished products are met:
- at the end of each month, it is possible to analyze the deviations between the planned and actual cost for each item of finished products;
- at the end of each month, the total cost of finished products is always equal to the actual production cost of these products, in accordance with paragraph 5 of PBU 5/01 and paragraph 206 of the Guidelines.
In our opinion, if an organization keeps records of finished products in 1C: Accounting 8 using the standard method without using account 40, then it should fix the methodology implemented in the program in the accounting policy.
Once again, we emphasize that this methodology guarantees compliance with the requirements of PBU 5/01.
Normative method of accounting for finished products using account 40
When accounting for finished products at the standard (planned) cost, account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” can be used to identify the difference between the actual cost and the cost of finished products at accounting prices. Account 40 is closed monthly to account 90 "Sales" and has no balance on reporting date. Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts allow the organization to use account 40 if necessary.
In "1C: Accounting 8" you can use the option of accounting for the cost of manufacturing finished products using account 40. To do this, in the settings accounting policy on the bookmark Expenses required with button Additionally Take into account deviations from the planned cost(deviations of the actual cost from the planned cost are taken into account on account 40).
However, it must be borne in mind that the normative method using account 40 can be applied with one significant limitation: all manufactured products must be shipped to customers in the same reporting period in which these products are produced.
The essence of this restriction follows from the totality of normative legal documents regulating the accounting of finished products.
Thus, the Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts establishes next order accounting for finished products using account 40: the resulting deviations are fully written off to the expenses of the period without distribution between the balances of finished, shipped and sold products. If, with this accounting procedure, at the end of the reporting period, unsold finished products remain in the warehouse, then it will be reflected in the balance sheet at the standard cost.
Paragraph 59 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting allows the reflection of finished products in balance sheet, both in terms of actual and standard (planned) production costs. However, making financial statements, the organization should be guided by the Regulations only if otherwise is not established by other accounting regulations (standards) (clause 32 of the Regulations). And paragraph 5 of PBU 5/01 provides for the accounting of finished products only at actual cost.
As for the Guidelines, paragraph 203 allows for the assessment of finished product balances at the end (beginning) of the reporting period at the standard cost, however, such an assessment is used only in analytical and synthetic accounting, but not in an organization.
Example 3
LLC "Andromeda" manufactures products (sports equipment), applies OSNO, uses the standard method of cost accounting using account 40. At the beginning of 2015, there are no balances of finished products in stock. In January 2015, 5 pieces were released. products at a standard (planned) cost of 32,000 rubles. The amount of actual costs amounted to 150,575 rubles. Released products in full (5 pieces) were sold in January. The figures in the example have been rounded to the nearest ruble for ease of reading.
In settings accounting policy on the bookmark Expenses required with button Additionally open the advanced settings form and set the flag Take into account deviations from the planned cost.
After the document Production report per shift the following invoices will be generated:
Debit 43 Credit 40 - for the amount of products received at the warehouse at planned prices, i.e. 160,000 rubles. (5 pieces x 32,000 rubles).
When conducting the document R Realization of goods and services products are written off by posting:
Debit 90.02.1 Credit 43 - for the amount of the standard (planned) cost of goods sold (160,000 rubles).
When performing an operation Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26 the program adjusts the cost of production and the cost of writing off products by postings:
- Debit 40 Credit 20.01 - in the amount of the actual cost of products released in the current month (150,575 rubles). STORNO Debit 43 Credit 40 - for the amount of the deviation between the planned and actual cost of products released in the current month (9,425 rubles). STORNO Debit 90.02.1 Credit 43 - for the amount of the deviation between the planned and actual cost of products written off in the current month (9,425 rubles).
The balance sheet for account 43 (Fig. 6) shows that despite the fact that planned prices were used in accounting for finished products, the total cost of finished products (accounting cost plus deviations) is equal to the actual production cost of these products, that is, the requirements of paragraph 206 of the Guidelines and paragraph 5 of PBU 5/01.
In our opinion, an organization can fix in its accounting policy a standard method of accounting for the costs of manufacturing finished products using account 40 only if the specifics of production at a given enterprise assumes that there are no leftovers of finished products in stock at the end of the reporting period.
IS 1C:ITS
For more information on accounting for finished products, see the “Handbook of business situations. 1C Accounting 8" in the section "Accounting and tax accounting" in IS 1C: ITS.
61. The outpacing of the growth rate of product sales over the growth rate of marketable products in the reporting period to the previous one is a consequence of:
1) growth of balances of unsold products at the end of the reporting period;
2) reducing the balance of unsold products at the end of the reporting period;
62. Increase in balances of finished products at the end of the period:
1) increases the volume of sales of products for reporting period;
2) reduces the volume of sales of products for the reporting period;
3) does not affect the volume of sales of products.
63. Determine the impact of changes in sales of products on the increase in profits from sales. Sold products in the reporting year -7800, in the previous year - 4300 thousand rubles; profit from sales of the previous year 650 thousand rubles:
1) increased by 3500 thousand rubles;
2) increased by 529.1 thousand rubles;
3) increased by 143.4 thousand rubles.
64. Comparison of the volume of marketable output with actual output, planned structure and planned price with the volume of marketable output with actual output, actual structure and planned price allows you to determine:
1) change in marketable products due to the factor of "prices" for products;
2) change in marketable products due to structural changes in the composition of products;
3) the dynamics of the volume of production and sales of products.
65. Profit margin is the difference between:
1) proceeds from the sale of products and the amount of direct material costs;
2) proceeds from the sale of products and the amount of variable costs;
3) proceeds from the sale of products and the amount of fixed costs.
66. Critical volume of sales of products in the presence of an actual loss from sales of products:
1) is equal to the actual proceeds from sales of products;
2) below the actual proceeds from product sales;
3) higher than the actual proceeds from product sales.
67. The critical volume of sales of products (profitability threshold, break-even point) in the number of units of products is determined by the ratio:
1) total amount fixed costs / the amount of marginal profit per unit of products sold;
2) the total amount of fixed costs / the amount of marginal profit in the amount of sales proceeds;
3) the total amount of fixed costs / margin of financial safety.
68. How will an increase in selling and administrative expenses affect the strength of the impact of operating leverage?
1) the impact force of the operating lever will increase;
2) the impact force of the operating lever will decrease;
3) the impact force of the operating lever will not change.
69. A high level of operating leverage ensures the improvement of financial results from the sale of products with:
1) increase in sales of products;
2) increase in variable costs;
3) increase in material costs.
70. At what value of the impact force of the operating lever will the degree of entrepreneurial risk be minimal:
1) 9,4 2) 12,4 3) 7,1
71. The impact force of the operating lever will be greater when:
1) high proportion of fixed costs;
2) high proportion of variable costs.
72. At the breakeven point:
1) the volume of proceeds from the sale of products is equal to the marginal profit; 2) the amount of proceeds from the sale of products is equal to the sum fixed costs;
The volume of proceeds from the sale of products is equal to the sum of fixed and variable costs.
73. Determine the amount of marginal profit based on the following data: proceeds from the sale of products - 9,000 thousand rubles, fixed costs - 3,000 thousand rubles, variable costs - 5,000 thousand rubles:
1) 6000 thousand rubles . 2) 4000 thousand rubles. 3) 8000 thousand rubles.
74. Operating lever reflects:
1) the growth rate of sales revenue;
2) the rate of decline in sales profits;
The ratio of the rate of change in profit from sales of products to the rate of change in revenue from sales of products.
75. The effect (impact force) of the operating lever is defined as the ratio:
1) profit from sales of products to the amount of net profit;
2) marginal profit to profit from sales of products;
3) gross profit to profit before tax.
76. The price of products is 5 thousand rubles. for a unit. Variable costs are 2 thousand rubles. per unit of production. Annual semi-fixed costs are 1.8 million rubles. Calculate the critical sales volume in physical terms (units):
1) 900 2) 300 3) 600
77. The difference between revenue and the amount of variable costs is called:
1) marginal profit;
2) net profit;
3) balance sheet profit.
78. At the break-even point, the margin of financial safety:
1) Equals 0
2) Greater than 0 3) Less than 0
79. Determine the break-even point (profitability threshold) of sales of products, if the proceeds from the sale of products are 4,000 thousand rubles, fixed costs are 1,200 thousand rubles, variable costs are 1,600 thousand rubles:
1) 2400 thousand rubles. 2) 3000 thousand rubles. 3) 2000 thousand rubles.
80. Determine the value of the margin of financial safety, if the actual sales proceeds are 4200 thousand rubles, fixed costs are 200 thousand rubles, the share of marginal profit in the amount of sales proceeds is 10%:
1) 2200 thousand rubles. 2) 4000 thousand rubles. 3) 420 thousand rubles.
81. Marketable output of the reporting year increased by 200 thousand rubles compared to the previous year. and amounted to 9900 thousand rubles. The sold products of the reporting year increased by 300 thousand rubles compared to the level of the previous year. and amounted to 10200 thousand rubles. The change in the volume of sales in the reporting year compared to the previous year due to changes in the balance of finished products amounted to:
1) 200 thousand rubles. 2) 100 thousand rubles. 3) 300 thousand rubles.
82. Marketable output of the reporting year increased by 200 thousand rubles compared to the previous year. and amounted to 9900 thousand rubles. The sold products of the reporting year increased by 300 thousand rubles compared to the level of the previous year. and amounted to 10200 thousand rubles. The change in the volume of sales of products in the reporting year compared to the previous year due to marketable products amounted to:
1) 200 thousand rubles. 2) 100 thousand rubles. 3) 300 thousand rubles.
83. Rhythm coefficient of output for a month by days is calculated as the ratio:
1) the sum of the volume of production by days, credited against the plan for the month to the sum of the planned volume of production by days for the month;
2) the total actual volume of production for the month to the total planned volume of production for the month;
3) the sum of the planned volume of production by days for the month to the sum of the volume of production by days, credited against the plan for the month.
84. The rhythm of product release characterizes:
1) the release of the same quantity of products at equal intervals of time;
2) exact observance of production schedules;
3) fulfillment of the production plan.
85. When analyzing the volume of shipment and sales of products:
1) always match;
2) coincide in determining the proceeds from the sale of products by shipment;
3) coincide in determining the proceeds from the sale of products for payment.
86. Intensive reserves for growth in the volume of marketable output due to improved use of labor include:
1) increase in labor productivity;
2) creation of additional jobs;
3) elimination of losses of working time.
87. To intensive reserves for growth in the volume of sales of products due to improved use of the main production assets relate:
1) increasing the productivity of equipment;
2) staffing new jobs with equipment;
3) installation of new equipment.
88. When assessing the impact on the volume of production of marketable products, the use of production resources uses quantitative indicators that characterize:
1) the dynamics of extensive factors associated with an increase in this type of resource;
2) the dynamics of intensive factors, increasing the efficiency of the use of production resources.
89. The pricing policy of an enterprise involves:
1) diversification of production;
2) stabilization and reduction of the price level in the competition;
Focus on customer demand and after-sales service.
90. Higher growth rates of marketable products compared to the level of the previous period compared with the growth rates of sold products indicate:
1) on an increase in the balance of unsold products at the end of the reporting period;
2) on reducing the balance of unsold products at the end of the reporting period;
3) reducing the balance of work in progress.
> effective more than nominal
effective less than nominal
Effective is equal to nominal
The effective rate is the annual nominal rate
· > compound interest, which makes it possible to obtain the same result as when calculating interest several times a year
· simple interest, which makes it possible to obtain the same result as when calculating interest several times a year
Planning and budgeting in the enterprise financial management system
### The income statement reflects:
Profit (loss) from the sale of products
organization's profit before tax
· > profit (loss) both for the main and for other activities
Profit from the main activities of the organization and net profit
Manage income, expenses, profit and profitability
### Increase in stocks of finished products at the end of the period with other factors unchanged:
Increases the volume of sales of products for the reporting period
> reduces the volume of product sales for the reporting period
Does not affect the volume of sales of products
The growth rate of proceeds from the sale of products amounted to 105.8%, the growth rate of the average headcount - 101.2%. How has the efficiency of the use of labor resources (labor productivity) changed?
> increased
decreased
has remained unchanged
### Find the correct statement:
profit from sales = revenue (net) from the sale of goods (products, works, services) - production cost
sales profit = gross profit– management expenses
profit from sales = revenue (net) from the sale of goods (products, works, services) - commercial expenses - management expenses
> sales profit = gross profit - management expenses - selling expenses
### Coefficient showing the amount of material costs per 1 rub. production is called:
material efficiency
Relative deviation of material costs
> material consumption
### The coefficient showing the output per 1 employee for the analyzed period is called:
labor intensity
> labor productivity
labor costs
### The average number of employees of the organization has increased from 25 to 27 people. The volume of output in the base period amounted to 3375 thousand rubles, in the reporting period - 3699 thousand rubles. As a result of changes in labor productivity, the volume of output:
· > increased by 54 thousand rubles.
· Decreased by 54 thousand rubles.
increased by 50 thousand rubles
### Profit margin is defined as:
The difference between revenue and fixed costs
> the difference between revenue and the sum of variable costs
the amount of profit from the sale of products and variable costs
### The zone of safe or stable operation of the enterprise is characterized by:
The difference between marginal income and profit from the sale of products
> difference between actual and critical sales
difference between marginal profit and fixed costs
### At the breakeven point:
> the volume of sales proceeds is equal to the sum of fixed and variable costs
the volume of sales proceeds is equal to the marginal profit
The amount of revenue is equal to the sum of fixed costs;
The cost of selling products last year amounted to 1,735 thousand rubles, and the proceeds from the sale of products - 2,634 thousand rubles. In the reporting year, the proceeds from the sale of products in the prices of the previous year reached 3237 thousand rubles. Determine the amount of possible increase in costs in the reporting year under the influence of the sales growth factor.
326.4 thousand rubles.
· > 397.2 thousand rubles.
depends on sales volume financial results activities of the organization, financial condition, solvency. In the process of analyzing the volume of sales, it is necessary to determine the level of implementation of the plan for the sale of products, to identify the factors influencing its change, to assess the fulfillment of contractual obligations.
The analysis of the implementation of the plan and the dynamics of the volume of sales is carried out by the method of comparison, it consists in comparing the actual data with the planned indicators and previous periods. At the same time, absolute deviations, growth rates, percentages of the plan are calculated.
The relationship of the main factors affecting the change in sales volume is revealed using the balance linking method:
where DRP is the change in actually sold products compared to the plan or the previous period; ΔVP - change in the cost of manufactured products; - change in the balance of finished products in the warehouse, respectively, at the beginning and end of the analyzed period.
To analyze the influence of factors, the balance of the cost of manufactured products in wholesale prices is calculated (Table 5.3).
Table 5.3
Analysis of factors of change in sales volume, thousand rubles.
Indicators in the planned wholesale prices of the enterprise |
Base period |
Reporting period |
Influence on the implementation of various factors |
|
Remains of finished products in stock at the beginning of the year |
||||
Released products |
||||
Remains of finished products in stock at the end of the year |
||||
Products sold (p. 1 + p. 2 - p. 3) |
In the reporting period, products were sold for 385 thousand rubles. more than the base. The following factors influenced the change in sales volume: an increase in the cost of manufactured products (+360 thousand rubles), an increase in stocks of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the year (+15 thousand rubles), a decrease in the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the end of the period ( +10 thousand rubles).
Deepening the analysis is to study the dynamics of the balance of finished products and released. At the same time, groups of factors related to:
- with production (ΔVP);
- sales (ΔOGP).
Factors related to the production of products will be discussed below. When analyzing the balances of finished products, the timing and causes of deviations should be highlighted.
The analysis of product sales is closely related to the analysis of the fulfillment of contractual obligations for its supply. The failure of the enterprise to fulfill the plan under the contracts leads to a decrease in its revenue, profit, and the payment of penalties. In addition, in a competitive environment, an enterprise may lose markets for its products, which will lead to a decline in production.
In the process of analysis, the implementation of the supply plan for the month and the cumulative total for the whole enterprise, for individual consumers and types of products is studied. The reasons for the underfulfillment of the plan are clarified and an assessment is made of compliance with contractual obligations.
The percentage of fulfillment of contractual obligations (specific data is given in Table 5.4) is calculated using the following formula:
where OPpl, OPn - respectively, the planned volume of shipment under contractual obligations and its shortfall.
Table 5.4
Analysis of the fulfillment of contractual obligations for the shipment of products for the month, thousand rubles.
Customer |
Deliveries under the contract |
actually shipped |
Short deliveries of products |
Included in the scope of deliveries |
|
Short delivery of products negatively affects not only the results of the activity of this enterprise, but also the work of trade organizations, allied enterprises, transport organizations, etc.
The implementation process can be divided into three stages: exit from production, receipt of finished products at the warehouse and shipment to consumers. These stages are interrelated and interdependent. Each of them depends on the fulfillment of contractual obligations. Implementation should be carried out in such a way that at the previous stage, normal conditions are created for operations at the subsequent stage. If a tense situation arises at any stage, then it passes to the next one, and so on. To ensure the implementation of the plan, it is necessary to make operational decisions on the management of the implementation process, the decision should be preceded by an operational analysis.
To manage the implementation process internal reasons for non-delivery can be grouped by responsibility centers 111.
- 1. Reasons related to the supply department:
- - untimely registration of applications;
- - untimely delivery of materials, components and semi-finished products;
- - replacement certain types materials and components.
- 2. Reasons related to production:
- - manufacturing defect;
- – violation of technological discipline;
- – equipment downtime;
- - lack of energy;
- - lack of labor force;
- - lack of components and semi-finished products;
- – lack of basic and auxiliary materials.
- 3. Reasons related to the work of the sales department:
- - incomplete readiness of a batch of products for shipment;
- – lack of storage facilities;
- – return of products;
- – weak mechanization of loading and unloading operations;
- - Lack of labor force;
- – absence of packaging and auxiliary materials;
- - incorrect labeling of containers;
- - Violation of the terms of registration of documents for shipment;
- – untimely coordination of replacement deliveries.
TO external reasons for non-delivery relate:
- – change in the supply plan; change in the composition of buyers;
- - untimely issuance of orders for shipment;
- - refusal of the buyer from the product;
- - low quality of supplied materials, semi-finished products and components;
- – refusal to supply materials, semi-finished products and components;
- – non-allocation of automobile and railway transport in accordance with the plan.
When analyzing the volume of underdelivered products for the reporting and past periods for all types of consumer goods and the provision of services to the population are subject to special control. Further, underdeliveries by components and exports are analyzed in more detail. In the context of the nomenclature, they analyze the shipment of products to foreign trade associations for export.
Compliance with contractual conditions for the supply of products is considered mandatory not only in terms of volume, but also in terms of timing, range and quality. In case of non-compliance with contractual obligations, penalties are applied to the violating enterprise. It must compensate for the damage caused to the consumer, the amount of which is determined based on the consequences of a breach of contractual obligations. Each consequence can have one or more types of damage. At the same time, under damage means an additional expense, loss or damage to property, lost profit. Thus, the consequences of non-fulfillment of the volume of deliveries are the following types of damage:
- lost profit;
- sanctions costs.
The consequences of a decrease in product quality can be such types of damage as:
- lost profit;
- expenses for damages;
- the cost of correcting deficiencies;
- additional expenses for warranty repairs;
- the costs of paying sanctions for causing damage.
The most economical principle of operational management of the enterprise, including marketing activities, is decision-making based on analytical information about emerging deviations. Deviation Management lies in the fact that decisions on corrective actions on the work of the sales department are taken only upon receipt of information about the excess of the specified tolerance limits for deviations from the plan.
Tolerances for deviations in the supply of products, if exceeded, it is necessary to intervene in the marketing activities of managers of a higher rank than the head of the sales department, are established taking into account the nature of the manufactured and shipped products, the terms of contracts and the transportation of products. As a tolerance, for example, a transport lot (the amount of products that fit into a wagon or container) can be taken.
Deviation control increases the effectiveness of analysis and management itself, since it requires regulation only at the moment and in those areas when and where the deviations from the normal course of production and marketing exceed a given tolerance. Due to this, the flow of analytical information is reduced, and most decisions in standard situations are made at a lower level of management and, therefore, more quickly. This approach is based on a preliminary and subsequent operational analysis.
The most effective way to prevent violation of contractual obligations is a preliminary analysis carried out in the course of preliminary control over compliance with the terms of supply. Such an analysis is carried out mainly by sales employees when drawing up an order to warehouse employees for each shipment of products under the contract. It includes identifying the causes of deviations from planned delivery rates:
- by quantity and cost of products;
- their nomenclature (replacement).
At the time of preparation of the order, all the details of the reasons for the violation of contractual obligations are obvious and can be accurately and in detail set out on the order form.
It is recommended to fill out an order for the shipment of products with a violation of the delivery conditions above the tolerance on a form that has distinctive signal features. Warehouse workers can execute orders only with the visa of the head of the enterprise or his deputy. An important consequence of the reflection in the orders for the shipment of products of the reasons for the violation of contractual obligations is the formation of a meaningful array of information for in-depth conduct of operational and final analysis of the implementation of the implementation plan.
Daily analysis and preparation of decisions on shipment are carried out according to the data on the balance of products according to the nomenclature at the beginning of the working day and taking into account the calendar schedules of shipment for the day and the release of products. The main method of analysis is the comparison of balances by product range with shipping rates. This takes into account the location of the recipients and the vehicles allocated for the day.
The objectives of the subsequent operational analysis of product sales on a cumulative basis from the beginning of the month (or quarter - taking into account the period of responsibility under contracts) are to ensure uniform and complete fulfillment of the supply plan for the reporting period, timely prevention of non-fulfillment of obligations under contracts.
Violations of contractual terms mainly occur at the production stage. In this regard, the operational analysis should cover both shipment and output at the same time. Only with this combination is the effective character of analysis as a means of managing production manifested.
Sources of information for operational analysis are operational planning and accounting documents. Of great importance is the development of a schedule for the release and shipment of products.
In the schedule (Table 5.5), at the beginning of the month, products that are in the warehouse of finished products should be placed in the order of their upcoming shipment. Products released during the month are indicated in the sequence of document flow terms and taking into account the presence of products in the warehouse to create a transit norm.
Table 5.5
Schedule for the release and shipment of products for May
This schedule is developed and applied in the work of three services: financial, marketing and production and dispatching. The production and dispatching service, in accordance with this schedule, ensures the distribution of the terms of production of products by workshops and keeps operational records of the output of products, the sales service ensures the distribution of the terms of shipment of products and keeps records of the shipment, financial service plans daily intake Money. Comparison of reporting information with the data of the schedule allows you to identify deviations in days from the planned deadline for the implementation of individual contractual obligations. Based on such an analysis, it is possible to establish untimely fulfillment of obligations by individual services and workshops and promptly influence the improvement of their activities, take measures to eliminate the consequences of violations.
So the data preliminary analysis carried out on the basis of operational information, allow long before the end of the reporting period to fairly accurately predict the results of enterprises and take appropriate measures in a timely manner. The accuracy of the preliminary assessment of the fulfillment of the implementation plan under contracts is significantly increased when performing calculations using computer technology.
1. For the purposes of this chapter, work in progress (hereinafter referred to as WIP) means products (works, services) of partial readiness, that is, those that have not passed all the processing (manufacturing) operations provided for by the technological process. WIP includes works and services completed but not accepted by the customer. WIP also includes the remains of unfulfilled production orders and the remains of semi-finished products of own production. Materials and semi-finished products in production are classified as WIP, provided that they have already been processed.
The estimate of WIP balances at the end of the current month is made by the taxpayer on the basis of data from primary accounting documents on the movement and balances (in quantitative terms) of raw materials and materials, finished products by workshops (production facilities and other production units of the taxpayer) and tax accounting data on the amount carried out in the current month of direct expenses.
(see text in previous edition)
The taxpayer independently determines the procedure for distributing direct costs for WIP and for products manufactured in the current month (work performed, services rendered), taking into account the compliance of the costs incurred for manufactured products (work performed, services rendered).
(see text in previous edition)
The specified procedure for the distribution of direct costs (formation of the cost of WIP) is established by the taxpayer in the accounting policy for tax purposes and is subject to application for at least two tax periods.
(see text in previous edition)
If it is impossible to attribute direct costs to a specific production process for the manufacture of a given type of product (work, service), the taxpayer in his accounting policy for tax purposes independently determines the mechanism for distributing these costs using economically justified indicators.
(see text in previous edition)
The amount of work in progress at the end of the current month is included in the direct costs of the next month. At the end tax period the amount of balances of work in progress at the end of the tax period is included in the direct costs of the next tax period in the manner and under the conditions provided for by this article.
(see text in previous edition)
2. Assessment of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the end of the current month is made by the taxpayer on the basis of data from primary accounting documents on the movement and balance of finished products in the warehouse (in quantitative terms) and the amount of direct expenses incurred in the current month, reduced by the amount of direct expenses, related to the residuals of WIP. The assessment of the balance of finished products in the warehouse is determined by the taxpayer as the difference between the amount of direct costs attributable to the balance of finished products at the beginning of the current month, increased by the amount of direct costs attributable to the release of products in the current month (minus the amount of direct costs attributable to the balance of WIP) , and the amount of direct costs attributable to the products shipped in the current month.