Functions of regional banks in the economy. Development problems of regional banks
Banks are an indispensable attribute of the commodity-money economy. Historically, they went "hand in hand": the beginning of the circulation of the monetary form of value can also be considered the beginning of banking, and the degree of maturity and development of banking activities always in one way or another corresponded to the degree of development of commodity-money relations in the economy.
Banks did not appear all of a sudden on a specific historical date. Elements of the development of banking are to one degree or another noted in Italy, Greece, Egypt and other countries long before the new era. Initially, banking operations were limited to buying, selling and exchanging coins, accounting for obligations before maturity, managing client estates, accepting deposits, issuing loans, mortgage and pawnshop operations, advice on drawing up acts, etc. Later, creditors begin to carry out settlements and other operations. Banks, therefore, are a consequence of the development of credit, and credit is the foundation in relation to banks. It can be argued that a bank is such a stage in the development of credit, in which credit, monetary and settlement operations are collectively concentrated in a single center. It is believed that banking activities in Russia began in the first half of the 18th century.
Bank - a credit institution that has the exclusive right to carry out in aggregate the following banking operations: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities in deposits, placing these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.
The essence of the bank is more fully revealed by its functions. What are the main functions of the bank?
The first and main function of the bank is the function of collecting, accumulating temporarily free funds. It is necessary to take into account a number of features of such accumulation. The fact is that the bank collects not so much its own as someone else's temporarily free funds. The collected monetary resources are used by him not for his own, but for other people's needs. The ownership of the accumulated and redistributed resources remains with the original creditor (bank clients). The accumulation of funds is becoming one of the main activities of the bank. To carry it out in modern conditions, a special permit is required - a license.
The second function of the bank is the function of regulating money circulation. Banks act as centers through which the payment turnover of various economic entities passes; Thanks to the settlement system, banks create an opportunity for their clients to make an exchange, turnover of funds and capital. The turnover of both a single entity and the country's economy as a whole passes through banks. Through them, the flow of funds and capital is carried out from one subject to another, from one branch of the national economy to another.
The third function of the bank is the intermediary function. It refers to the activities of the bank as an intermediary in payments. Payments of enterprises, organizations, and the population go through banks. Being between clients, making payments on their behalf, the bank thus performs an intermediary mission. However, this is not a primitive, elementary mediation activity. A bank can, bit by bit, accumulate small amounts of temporarily free funds of many clients and direct huge monetary resources to only one entity. The bank can borrow money from clients for a short period, and give it out for a long time. It can accumulate resources in one sector of the economy of a region, and redistribute them to other industries and completely different regions. Being in the center of economic life, the bank thus gets the opportunity to transform or change the size, timing and direction of capital in accordance with the emerging needs of the economy. With all this in mind, the intermediary function becomes more of a resource transformation function.
In popular use, banks are a depository of money. In fact, such an interpretation of the bank does not reveal its essence, its true purpose in the national economy.
In Babylon (VII-V centuries BC), it was practiced to issue cash loans to buy seeds with the repayment of the debt after the sale of the crop. Temples in Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire accepted deposits and put them into circulation. The centers of banking in the Middle Ages were the Italian republics, Holland, some German states, and later - England.
The first banks, which were the forerunners of modern banks, arose in Florence and Venice (1587) on the basis of a money changer - the exchange of money from various cities and countries. The main operations of banks were accepting cash deposits, providing loans to the state, merchants and cashless payments. The essence of the latter was to transfer the amount from one account to another in the banker's books in the presence of both clients. Later, on this principle, banks were organized in Amsterdam (1609) and Hamburg (1619). It was a primitive form of banking. Banks served primarily trade and settlements; they were not sufficiently connected with production, the circulation of industrial capital. They also did not develop such an important function as issuing credit money.
The banks of the modern type arose on the basis of relations in connection with the needs of reproduction, the circulation of industrial and commercial capital. The destruction of the natural economy, the growth of trade and commodity exchange sharply increased the importance of monetary settlements and credit. The shift to wage labor on a large scale led to the fact that more and more income was paid in cash. There was a regular money turnover, the turnover and maintenance of which were undertaken by banks.
As the volume of production and circulation increased, the role of banks in all countries increased. Free monetary resources appeared, which were accumulated and sent in the form of loans to industrial and commercial capitalists. With the development of commodity-money circulation in all sectors of the economy, the influence of bank capital expanded more and more. New functions were added to the listed initial functions, in particular, such as money management, which earned interest.
Banks as collectors and accumulators of capital began to serve the entire production process and were able to influence it. From small institutions for the storage of money, from modest intermediaries, banks have turned into active participants in the increase of industrial capital and active stimulators of the development of social production.
In addition to the traditional tasks of banks - the organization of monetary circulation and credit relations - their functions also include the implementation of financing the national economy, insurance operations, the purchase and sale of securities, and in some cases intermediary transactions, investment operations, and the acquisition of obligations under guarantees. In addition, credit institutions provide consultations, participate in the discussion of national economic programs, and keep statistics.
Banks, therefore, are a consequence of the development of credit, and credit is the foundation in relation to banks. It can be argued that a bank is a stage in the development of credit, in which credit, monetary and settlement operations in their totality are concentrated in a single center.
The first and main function of the bank is the function of mobilization, accumulation of temporarily free funds. It is necessary to take into account a number of features of such accumulation. The fact is that the bank collects not so much its own as someone else's temporarily free funds. The collected monetary resources are used by them not for their own, but for other people's needs. The ownership of the accumulated and redistributed resources remains with the original creditor (the bank's clients). The accumulation of funds is becoming one of the main activities of the bank. To carry it out in modern conditions, a special permit is required - a license.
The second function of the bank is the function of regulating money circulation. Banks act as centers through which the payment turnover of various economic entities passes. Thanks to the settlement system, banks create an opportunity for their clients to make an exchange, turnover of funds and capital. The turnover of both a single entity and the country's economy as a whole passes through banks. Through them, the flow of funds and capital is carried out from one subject to another, from one branch of the national economy to another.
The third function of the bank is an intermediary function in making payments and lending, according to which the bank's activity is understood as an intermediary in payments. Payments of enterprises, organizations, and the population go through banks. Being between clients, making payments on their behalf, the bank thus performs an intermediary mission. However, this is not a primitive, elementary mediation activity. The bank can accumulate small reserves of temporarily free funds of many clients and, summing them up, direct huge monetary resources - only to one subject. The bank can borrow money from clients for a short period, and issue it for a long time. It can accumulate resources in one sector of the economy of a region, and redistribute them to other industries and completely different regions. Being in the center of economic life, the bank thus gets the opportunity to transform or change the size, timing and direction of capital in accordance with the emerging needs of the economy. With all this in mind, the intermediary function becomes more of a resource transformation function.
Thus, a bank is a financial organization, an institution that performs various types of transactions with money and securities and provides financial services to the government, enterprises, citizens and other banks. Banks issue, store, lend, buy and sell, exchange money and securities, control the flow of funds, the circulation of money and securities, and provide payment and settlement services.
To characterize a regional bank, we first define what is the criterion for highlighting this concept. In Russia, there is no legally accepted definition of "regional bank". Traditionally, when conducting research, these include credit institutions registered in the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. At the same time, they are guided by the fact that statistical information in a regional context is collected for the subjects of the Federation. In foreign practice, regional credit organizations are those credit organizations whose activities are limited to a certain territory (state, land, region).
In domestic science, various signs of the bank's classification as regional are considered. From the point of view of some authors, a regional bank is created and functions in the region and does not extend its influence to Moscow and the Moscow region. However, state and large federal and subsidiary foreign banks fall under this characteristic.
A number of rating agencies, singling regional banks into a separate group, proceeds from various performance indicators: the amount of equity capital, the level of capitalization, the volume of the balance sheet currency, etc. In our opinion, such a feature cannot serve as an essential characteristic, it reflects only the quantitative results of activities the Russian banking system.
There are other criteria, for example, a controlling stake in a bank held by local authorities, which predetermines the scope of a regional bank, its role and specificity. In our opinion, this feature of a regional bank is not decisive, since the participation of public authorities of a municipal formation or a constituent entity of the Russian Federation can also be carried out in banks of other regions or capital banks that are not related to the economy of a particular region.
Thus, there are many approaches, but each of them is ambiguous and therefore controversial. In our opinion, additional characteristics of a regional bank are needed to distinguish it from other credit institutions operating in the regional market:
- · The roots of the bank's equity capital formation are in the region;
- · Liabilities are formed mainly at the expense of the population and legal entities of the region;
- · Banking services are sold in the regional market;
- Independence from the financial resources of banks in other regions
So, let us formulate the definition of a regional bank - it is an organization that carries out specialized financial and intermediary operations in the territory of the region with the aim of developing its economy and depends on the financial condition of legal entities and individuals in the region.
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Andreyanova, Evgeniya Vladimirovna. Development of regional credit organizations as a factor in increasing the internal competition of the banking system: on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan: dissertation ... Candidate of Economic Sciences: 08.00.10 / Evgeniya Vladimirovna Andreyanova; [Place of protection: Vseros. state Tax Acad. Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation] .- Moscow, 2011.- 225 p .: ill. RSL OD, 61 11-8 / 1946
Introduction
1. THEORETICAL BASIS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL BANKS 10
1.1. The essence, types and main functions of regional banks 10
1.2 The role of regional banks in the financial development of constituent entities of the Russian Federation 34
1.3. Regional banking system development risks 46
2. ANALYSIS AND MAIN TRENDS OF THE REGIONAL BANKING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN) 66
2.1. Characteristics of the regional banking system of the Republic of Tatarstan 66
2.2. Analysis and assessment of the impact of regional banks on the development of the financial system of the Republic of Tatarstan 90
2.3. Assessment of the investment potential of regional banks 112
CHAPTER 3. DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL BANKING SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF INTERNAL COMPETITION 131
3.1 Formation of regional banking syndications as a tool for the development of the regional banking system 131
3.2. Development of proposals for the development of Islamic banking in the regional banking system of the Republic of Tatarstan 159
CONCLUSION 180
REFERENCES 185
APPENDICES 202
Introduction to work
Relevance of the topic of dissertation researchlies in the fact that the conditions for the restoration of the banking system in post-crisis conditions dictate new principles for organizing and conducting its activities, based on a deep study of the risks to which the activities of any financial intermediary are exposed. Particular attention is paid to credit institutions that form the financial system of any region, since it is commercial banks, due to the continental model of the economy existing in Russia, that are almost the only financial donors of economic entities of the regions that perform this function in conditions of market volatility.
The separation of regional banks into a separate structural unit of the domestic banking system dictates the peculiarities of the development of Russia, which are associated with the regionalization of our country, the disproportions in its economic development; the need for clustering the national economy; peculiarities of property relations; the specifics of the activities of regional banks, conditioned by the direction of development of the region in which these banks operate; strong structuring of banks in the banking system, expressed in the presence of both very large banks, which occupy slightly less than half of the banking market, and very small banks. The above prerequisites predetermined the study of the regional banking system as an independent link in the financial and credit system of Russia and require the development of processes of practical approaches to the formation of conditions that allow regional banks to fully realize their investment opportunities.
The degree of elaboration of the problem of dissertation research.
Theoretical questions on the role of banks in the regional
economics are considered in the works of E.S. Alpatov, SJ. Evseeva,
T.N. Zverkova, SI. Ilyasova, L.P. Krolivetskaya, O. I. Lavrushina, A.I.
Kakabadze, G.G. Korobova, R.G. Olkhova, S.N. Orlova, V.V. Ioannina and others
authors. The main approaches to the management of banking risks as the main factor in the sustainable activity of a commercial bank, including a regional one, are presented in the works: SR. Demidov, V.P. Buyanova, O. G. Ivanchenko, L.N. Krasavina, I.P. Skobeleva and other authors.
The issues of the investment potential of commercial banks are studied in the works of: Yu.A. Babicheva, I. T. Balabanova, L.G. Batrakova, V.A. Gamza, I.V. Dong, I.O. Markin, I. N. Rykova, G.S. Panova, K.R. Tagirbekova and other authors. Approaches to the formation of bank syndications are highlighted in the works of Yu. Alekseev, A.V. Boyarenkov, A. Yu. Burkov, V. Gromkovsky, Yu. Danilina, S. Yu. Karnaukh, G.O. Sukhushina and other authors.
The authors, considering certain issues, define the essence of a regional bank, identify its role in the development of the economy, form the main approaches to assessing the role of a bank in the financial system through a number of estimated indicators, and prove the need to develop qualitatively new concepts for managing the regional banking system.
However, despite the fairly extensive coverage of this issue in the literature, science needs additional research, since the issues related to methods for assessing the role of a bank in the financial system, determining a group of risks that affect the activities of the banking sector, and most importantly - and to this day, the issue of insufficient financing by regional banks of enterprises in the real sector, which form the domestic regional product, remains relevant.
Thus, the relevance and insufficient degree of scientific elaboration of the problems of forming an efficiently working regional banking system determined the need for further developments on this issue, and, consequently, the choice of the topic, goals and objectives of the dissertation research.
In this regard the purpose of the thesisis the development of basic approaches to the formation of an effective implementation mechanism 4
regional banks function as a financial donor by combining them into regional banking syndicates within the framework of common endogenous and exogenous factors in the development of the region's economy, as well as stimulating the development of financial innovations that will contribute to solving the problems of economic development of the region.
The realization of the goal required the following solutions tasks:
substantiate the need to distinguish the regional banking system as an independent link in the domestic banking system, explore the concept of "regional bank" and determine its qualitative characteristics that distinguish this type of banks from others;
to develop approaches to assessing the role of regional banks in the development of the regional economy, to determine the degree of influence of the financial and credit system on the state of the region's development and the direction of its further growth;
to study risk factors influencing the sustainable development of the regional banking system;
analyze and assess the role of the regional banking system on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan and determine the investment opportunities of regional banks in financing the subjects of the regional economy;
to reveal the prospects for the development of regional banking syndicates and to substantiate the structure of syndicated lending transactions.
Research objectare the regional commercial banks of the Republic of Tatarstan.
Research subjectfinancial relations in progress
activities of regional credit organizations aimed at
development of investment potential.
Scientific novelty of dissertation researchconsists in
development of a concept for the development of regional banks and a set of measures to
improving financial instruments in the post-crisis
development of the banking system aimed at increasing investment
potential of the subject of the Russian Federation.
The most important research findings are as follows:
The necessity of distinguishing a group of regional banks as a special form of organization of financial and credit relations was proved, on the basis of this, the author's definition of a regional bank was introduced and its characteristics were identified in conditions of uneven financial development, which made it possible to define it as a system-forming element of the banking system of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
The role of regional banks in the economy is determined and the author's classification of qualitative and quantitative indicators is proposed that assess the value of a bank in the financial system of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and allows you to measure indicators of the performance of financial institutions by reflecting the needs of the population and legal entities in the mechanism of relationships between participants in financial intermediation.
The author's classification of banking risks has been developed, which includes a set of indicators that assess the exogenous and endogenous factors of the bank's regional risk, namely, the financial, economic, political and social aspects of the development of the region that affect the position of the borrower; on the temporary structure of capital raised by the bank from the market; for the presence of certain legal acts regulating various aspects of the activities of participants in the regional economy.
The methodology for assessing the indicators of credit institutions on the development of the financial system and economic potential has been adapted, and a hypothesis has been proved about the influence of the level of development of the financial sector on the efficiency of all entities, which has a direct regulatory effect on the investment potential of the region, forming the material basis of its resource provision.
A model for the formation of the investment potential of the regional banking system has been determined, based on statistical methods 6
the relationship between the factors of investment potential is proved and a methodology for calculating the investment potential of the banking system of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is proposed, which will have a stimulating effect on the development of the financial system of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
6. A model for the formation of regional banking syndications is proposed, the possibility of organizing which is due to common endogenous factors of economic development, the functions of regional participating banks in bank syndications are determined and an approach to calculating the share of a participating bank in a regional syndicate is formulated, which will expand the range of financial instruments and reduce costs banks for funding.
Theoretical and methodological basethe dissertation research was based on the fundamental provisions of economic theory, the works of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to the problems of the functioning of payment systems and settlements. The theoretical provisions set out in the dissertation can be applied both in further scientific research on the problems of the activities of regional credit organizations, and in applied works aimed at solving urgent problems of the promising dynamics of the regional banking system.
The dissertation uses various methods and techniques of comparative and statistical analysis, as well as dialectical principles for the study of economic phenomena and processes.
Information basethe research compiled legal documents regulating credit, deposit and savings relations in the Russian Federation, statistical data of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Federal Statistics Service of Russia, credit organizations, analytical and rating agencies, the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Tatarstan, the National Bank of Tatarstan, the Federal Statistics Service Tatarstan.
The practical significance of the study.The practical significance of the study lies in the substantiation of recommendations for the development of regional credit institutions based on strengthening the competitiveness of both banks themselves and their products, optimizing the pricing mechanism, and introducing organizational changes.
The dissertation materials may be of practical interest for subjects of credit relations, be used as a basis for analyzing the financial condition of the regional banking market and the country's financial and credit system, and also be used as teaching material in teaching the disciplines "Money, credit, banks", "Organization of the activities of a commercial bank", "Analysis of the activities of commercial banks", "Banking management.
Approbation of research results.
The main provisions and results of the dissertation research were published, reported and discussed at conferences of various levels, in particular at interregional conferences, as well as in journals and in the educational process of higher educational institutions. The practical significance of the research results is confirmed by the acts of implementation in JSC “Rosselkhozbank” and the Association of Regional Banks.
Publications.The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation research are reflected in 8 published scientific works with a total volume of 4.5 pp, of which 4 publications are in publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia.
Thesis structure.The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, including eight paragraphs, conclusions, bibliography, appendixes. The work contains 201 pages, 37 tables, 31 figures.
Essence, types and main functions of regional banks
The role of banks in the development of the financial and credit system of a particular region cannot be overestimated, since it is they who bear the financial burden to provide the economy with both investment resources and funds used by borrowers to cover cash gaps.
Revealing the features of the functioning of regional banking systems, the ways of their development is among the priority tasks that are solved within the framework of the modern theory of banks and banking activities. The starting point that predetermines scientific developments in these areas is the study of stable and defining characteristics of the bank itself, as a backbone element of the regional banking system, their types and main functions.
Previously, from a theoretical point of view, regional banks were not the subject of comprehensive economic research by domestic scientists. But, at present, it is obvious that, despite the widespread use of this term and the relevance of the formation and functioning of regional banks within the framework of the national banking system, there is no legal consolidation of the status of a “regional bank” in Russia, and there are no regulatory or strategic documents. the nature of their position is still not clearly defined. It is impossible to find the definition of a regional bank in modern economic dictionaries and encyclopedias, and they have not yet been incorporated as a component into the Russian banking system.
In this regard, it becomes necessary to determine the conceptual toolkit, and first of all with the concept of "region", from which the concept of "regional bank" follows. It should be noted that the concept of "region" is given a lot of attention in modern economic, geographical and urban planning literature.
So, in the economic literature, a number of authors - by the region mean a certain part, the national economic complex of the country, which differs in geographic conditions and natural resource specialization. These areas are relatively closed both in production, technical and economic terms.
From a geographical point of view, the region has certain characteristics, which include: location, size of the territory and population. Investigating urban planning approaches to the definition of "region", one can find the following distinctive features of this concept: the nature of the development of production facilities, housing and services.
Thus; Based on the above, the following definition of a region can be taken as a basis - this is a territory within the administrative boundaries of a constituent entity of the Federation, characterized by: territory, economic complexity and integrity, economic and resource specialization, and the presence of political and administrative governing bodies.
Any region as an integral system has its own infrastructure, which includes various components, including the financial and credit system. Under the regional financial and credit system we mean a set of relatively isolated and at the same time interconnected spheres and links of financial relations, controlled by a special financial apparatus created in the territory of a given region2.
Characteristics of the regional banking system of the Republic of Tatarstan
The scale of development and qualitative characteristics of the banking system of the Republic of Tatarstan depend on the level of socio-economic development of the region. In this regard, it becomes urgent, first of all, to investigate the main indicators of regional development and identify trends in the socio-economic development of the republic in 2010.
Studies have shown that a number of factors, incl. GRP makes it possible to assess the level of development of the regional banking system, since GRP shows the total volume of production of goods and services, therefore, according to its indicator, one can judge the activity of development of economic entities of the regional economy. Analysis of the level of development of the economy of Tatarstan indicates an improvement in the general economic situation in the post-crisis period. The rate of growth of the gross regional product was, according to estimates, 103.8% to the level of 2009, covering the crisis decline. The GRP volume reached 995 billion rubles (Fig. 13). The industrial production index was 108.1% against the level of 2009, or 99.9% against 2008. Indicators of favorable changes in business activity in industry are also indicators of growth in freight turnover, which in 2010 amounted to 106.5% of the level of 2009. As can be seen from Table 10, indicators of banking development
The Republics of Tatarstan are at a high level, which is explained by the following trends in the economic development of this region.
Analyzing the data in the table, it can be said that the regional economy of Tatarstan had positive development trends that had a positive impact on the state of its banking system. In addition, some features of the development of the regional economy are reflected in the development of regional banks. For example, the growth in the number of profitable enterprises led to an active increase in funds, customers in bank accounts (116.8% in 2010 compared to 2009). The expansion of the resource base, in turn, allowed to increase the assets of regional banks operating in the republic (109.9% in 2010).
In 2010, the economy of Tatarstan managed to overcome the downward trend in investment activity. In January-September, investments in fixed assets in the amount of 188.3 billion rubles were directed to the economy and social sphere of the republic, which is 0.9% more than the indicator of the corresponding period last year. The expected estimate for 2010 is 284.2 billion rubles with a growth rate of 100.9%. In terms of the volume of investments in fixed assets among the regions of Russia, the republic takes the 6th place.
In January-September, the Republic of Tatarstan received 4056.9 million US dollars of foreign investments (taking into account the ruble receipts converted into dollars), which is 2.6 times more than in the same period of 2009. The volume of accumulated foreign investments as of October 1, 2010 amounted to $ 4948.6 million.
The volume of construction work in 2010 increased by 4% in comparable prices to the level of 2009, to the level of 2008 - by 8.1% and amounted to 176.9 billion rubles. In terms of the volume of work carried out in the area of \u200b\u200bconstruction, the Republic of Tatarstan takes 1st place among the regions of the Volga Federal District.
In 2010, there was an increase in consumer activity of the population. Retail turnover increased by 8.9% in comparable terms to the level of 2009 and amounted to 454.4 billion rubles. In terms of retail trade turnover among the regions of Russia, the republic took 9th place. It should be noted that the dynamics of retail trade was most significantly influenced by the growth in the turnover of the retail market for non-food products; in the structure of retail trade turnover, the share of non-food products was 53%.
Formation of regional banking syndications as a tool for the development of the regional banking system
Considering, in the previous sections of the dissertation "the mechanisms of the banking system's influence on the economic development of the region, we were convinced that regional banks, as subjects of economic relations, play the role of mobilizing many small and large sums of money temporarily released at the regional level, and their subsequent transformation into financial sources of economic development.
However, despite the assigned functions of the regional banking system, it can be said that banks underutilize the available investment potential, as a result of which the economy of Tatarstan remains underfinanced by long-term bank loans.
One of the reasons for this situation is high lending risks, which do not allow banks to place funds, since this increases the risks of losing liquidity and reducing the capital adequacy ratio.
The increase in this risk is a consequence of the growth of regional risks, creating conditions for unstable "operation of economic entities, whose financial position can change at fairly short intervals and lead to the inability to service bank debts. The mechanism of influence of this type of risk on the bank's activities was described in detail in Section 1.3 of the thesis. The theory of banking distinguishes between various mechanisms of risk reduction, which include insurance, self-insurance, diversification, limiting, distribution of risk between creditors;
In the context of this dissertation work; special! interest: is this / mechanism: reduction! risk; as distribution - between creditors that in; foreign practice is called a syndicated loan37.
A syndicated loan is a loan that represents a set of credit shares of each of the banks involved in lending, thus, a syndicated loan differs from traditional mono lending by the presence of several lending banks, united by contractual relations.
Let us consider the main positive results for the bank that the use of syndicated lending brings in practice.
First, syndication is interesting for the banks - participants in the topics; that it is possible to distribute the risks across several credit institutions59. Currently; The Bank of Russia: as a regulator of the banking sector, it imposes strict requirements for compliance with the risk ratio for one or a group of related: borrowers; which directly depends on the size of the equity capital of the lender bank. Q: due to low capitalization, not everyone, a domestic bank is able to issue a large loan (even if: resources are available) without violating the specified standard. Participation: in bank syndication, allows diversifying risks between all participants against the background of compliance with the risk ratio by each of the banks.
Secondly, the decline; risks of non-repayment of the issued loan share. Minimization; credit risk; for the bank; arises as a result of the fact that each bank participating in the syndication conducts its own: research of the borrower; both from the financial side and from the outside, its market reputation; As a result, the totality of the information received is obtained from various banks; using numerous sources; allows you to significantly increase the likelihood of a borrower's default forecast. It should also be noted here that the joint work of creditor banks in terms of analyzing the creditworthiness of the borrower makes it possible to develop a single unified model for its assessment, which is inherently more objective and has a high predictive ability. Speaking of risks, it should also be said that any syndicated transaction; belongs to the category of public transactions, and world practice shows that the risk of a public transaction is always lower than that of a local credit transaction “one-on-one”.
Third, expanding the client base of participating banks. This advantage stems from the fact that not all banks admitted to the syndicate have large borrowers in their client base, which may be of strategic importance to them. Gaining access to such borrowers through participation in a syndicate may subsequently allow banks to form their own relationships; with such clients already outside the syndicate.
Fourth, by participating in the temporary pooling of: credit resources, banks can receive additional income in the form of commissions; The value of these commissions can reach significant volumes, especially if the syndication being formed is extensive both geographically and financially, or has a complex structure. However, if a bank is a simple syndication participant, then its income can be called savings on transaction costs associated with the issuance and execution of such a loan.
Banking organizations are engaged in servicing current and savings accounts of clients, make payments between legal entities and individuals, offer credit products, advise on legal issues and business activities.
The task of the banking sector is to serve financial flows in the country, provide reports to regulatory authorities and develop the state's economy.
Banking activities are regulated by Federal Law 395-1 and requires a mandatory license to conduct operations. Permits are required for foreign exchange, credit transactions, the conclusion of lease agreements, and cash collection. The banking sector is actively developing, organizations are formalized as LLC (limited liability companies), CJSC or JSC (open and closed joint stock companies). The most in demand are universal banks (providing a full range of services) and interbank associations operating on a national and international scale.
Types of banks and their functions
Specialized banking structures are relevant for the US market, the domestic market offers universal organizations with a range of narrowly focused services. For example, Rosselkhozbank has a full line of products, but specializes in servicing the agricultural sector of the economy.
- Private and state commercial banks - structures engaged in settlement and cash services for legal entities and individuals, conducting trade operations, lending to commercial and industrial enterprises, offering leasing services. Commercial banks form the backbone of the financial sector of the economy and provide the widest range of services.
- Private investment banks - structures that provide the issue of securities (stocks, bonds) in order to raise funds for client projects. The customers of the services are government agencies or private businesses looking for external sources of capital. The investment bank sets the timing of the issue of securities, the procedure for payment and the amount of dividends, places them on stock exchanges, and controls secondary operations (resale of shares and bonds by brokers).
- State and private issuing banks (issuing banks) are organizations that are involved in standardization, emission and control of national banknotes. Legally, the issuing bank belongs to the structure of the Central Bank, the organization can issue securities (for example, government bonds). The functions of the issuing bank for the issue of payment and settlement documents (credit and debit cards, checkbooks) are performed by commercial banking structures.
- Private savings banks are small structures under the control of the state that offer credit products to customers, place deposits of the population in accounts and pay interest. Savings banks participate in the state deposit insurance system in order to protect clients' funds from economic crises.
- Deposit banks are organizations offering long-term placement of clients' funds at high interest rates. Such banks receive income through trading in financial markets, offering large loans to legal entities.
Depending on the number of additional offices, banking structures are divided into branchless and institutions with a large branch network. Banking consortia, associations and large structures have branches throughout the country, small organizations are represented by one (main) office.
The modern investment needs of the regional economies necessitate the involvement of the credit and financial system in the formation of resource potential to ensure the development of the economic system of the subjects of the Federation. By definition, a functional feature of banks' activities is the accumulation of free funds created in the country's economy as a whole, and in the regions in particular. Moreover, if the formation of the revenues of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation is mainly due to tax deductions and is regulated by the tax policy of the state, then commercial banks have the ability to form a resource base in accordance with their own deposit policy. Providing depositors with the necessary protection of their investments is a paramount task in expanding the resource potential of the region's credit and banking system. Further, the resources generated by banks on their own behalf and at their own expense, according to the strategic plan, are invested by them in priority sectors of the domestic economy. In turn, the direction of resources, according to some domestic economists, should be carried out jointly with the administrations of municipalities. Thus, banks participate in the reproduction process of priority sectors of the national economy. In order to activate the role of the credit and banking system in the reproduction process of the region, it is required to create a mechanism for the formation of a high-quality resource base for its diversified use, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the regional economy.
Summarizing the experience of the development of the credit and banking system in Russia over the past few years, it is advisable to highlight the main problems of the functioning of the banking system headed by the Central Bank:
insufficiently effective impact of the consequences of monetary regulation of the Bank of Russia on economic development;
not the interest of large capital banks in the development of the economy of the territories;
small capitalization of regional banks;
sectoral specialization of commercial banks - servicing financial flows of enterprises that are part of holdings;
the inability of commercial banks to form a high-quality resource base;
low development of banking investment activities;
passive policy of banks in the field of lending to enterprises of various forms of ownership and the population;
reduction of the reproduction function of the national currency and the use of foreign currency by individuals as a means of accumulation.
Summarizing the experience of commercial banks in Russia in the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods, it is advisable to study the activities of the credit and banking system on the territory of one administrative entity. This will make it possible to assess the results of banks' activities in the Tyumen region under the influence of economic factors, to show the role of the banking system in the formation of the region's resource potential, and to formulate a concept for the development of investment activities of banks in the Tyumen region.
The economy of the Tyumen region is characterized by a high share of industrial production. Most of the Tyumen region, where the main oil and gas production is carried out, are autonomous districts - the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They are independent subjects of the Russian Federation and provide 94% of the total volume of marketable products and occupy 89% of the region's territory. The south of the Tyumen region, headed by the capital of the region, initially concentrated the management, financial functions and functions of the branch headquarters and the transshipment base. At present, the south of the region from an economic point of view is a region with a developed agro-industrial complex. The economic structure of the Tyumen region is dominated by enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, and the diversified economy of the region is aimed at servicing the fuel and energy complex.
The second level of the regional banking system is represented by commercial banks registered in the Tyumen region, with an extensive branch network within the region and beyond, as well as branches of banks not registered in the region, including branches of Sberbank of the Russian Federation. 28 regional banks are registered and operate in the Territorial Administration of the Bank of Russia for the Tyumen Region. Their total capital is estimated at 9,019.9 million rubles. The largest of them are the Khanty-Mansiysk Bank, Surgutneftegazbank, Sibneftebank and Zapsibkombank. One of the largest branches of Sberbank of Russia in the Tyumen Region is the West Siberian Bank of Sberbank of Russia. The West Siberian Bank of Sberbank of Russia has an extensive network of branches in the Tyumen Region, providing resources for the Tyumen branch. Branches of banks in other regions have insignificant aggregate capital, consisting of funds from the reserve and other funds of banks. The largest branches are the branches of the Ural-Siberian Commercial Bank and Alfa-Bank.
The main activities of the banks that make up the banking system of the region are based on various goals formulated in the strategic plans of these banks. Regional banks consider the purpose of their activity to provide the priority sectors of the economy and the population of the region with the necessary banking products. The strategic goal of Sberbank of Russia is to strengthen the achieved positions of a universal commercial bank, which retains specialization and leadership in the retail banking market, which means that its main activity is to provide services to the population. Branches fulfill the tasks assigned to them by the parent banks. Depending on the objective factors of functioning, the activities of the branches are divided into:
servicing financial flows of enterprises that are part of the holdings to which the bank belongs, or is its founder;
mobilization of free funds created in the region to form the resource base of the parent bank;
participation in financing investment projects and programs.
A functional feature of the credit and banking system is the ability to service financial flows of industrial enterprises of various forms of ownership and create their own financial flows. This makes it possible to concentrate on bank accounts the funds that make up the resource base of the banking system. The potential of the banking system in the reproduction process of the region depends on the volume and quality of the resource base.
Funds in the accounts of enterprises and organizations are a stable source of resources for banks, but during the period of sectoral crises, their volume decreases and this negatively affects the banking liquidity. Legal entities rarely accumulate funds in deposit accounts, their investments are short-term.
At present, the problem of forming the resource potential of commercial banks is the reduction of fixed-term investments. Commercial banks accumulate excess bank liquidity in accounts with the Central Bank. The growth of the resource base of banks in the Tyumen region is accompanied by an increase in free credit resources. The share of required reserves transferred to accounts with the Bank of Russia is 11.3% of the total volume of investments with regional banks; branches - 3.41%; ZSB Sberbank of Russia - 0. Accumulating assets of credit institutions, the Central Bank increases gold - foreign exchange reserves, accounting for bills and loans to credit institutions are reduced. To expand the resource potential of the credit and banking system, the credit issue of the Central Bank is of particular importance. The mechanism of issuing credit through commercial banks ensures the supply of money to the real sector of the economy. The central bank is helping to increase the demand for loans from the "bank of banks" by lowering the refinancing rate, introducing new instruments for securing loans - promissory notes of industrial companies and guarantees of large commercial banks. But, on the part of commercial banks, especially regional ones, there is no activity in attracting loans from the Central Bank.
The deposit policy of regional banks is passive, but banking operations for the population are at the stage of continuous development. The era of extensive development of operations for the population is giving way to the intensive growth of complex projects for servicing individuals. The growth of private deposits is due to the increasing confidence in the banking system, trends towards the strengthening of the national currency, and the functioning of salary projects using plastic cards. Having this positive trend towards expanding the resource base at the expense of deposits and deposits of the population, deposits should be insured against devaluation. In our opinion, the deposit insurance fund can be created by commercial banks that are part of the banking system of the region.
On the territory of the region, issue and non-issue securities of commercial banks are circulating. By issuing them, the bank attracts urgent resources.
Forming the resource base, commercial banks are faced with the problem of its small volume in comparison with the needs of large clients in financing their needs and investing in production. The low capitalization of the resource base limits many regional banks in expanding investment and capital financing. The problem of short-term banking resources is acute, which makes it difficult to implement mortgage programs and long-term investment. Increasing the resource potential at the expense of funds created in the territory of the district, commercial banks place them in priority sectors of the region's economy. These are the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex serving its small enterprises, enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the population of the region.
Regional banks are active in the field of lending and investment. The share of lending and investment is 62.07% of the allocated resources of regional banks. ZSB of Sberbank of Russia allocates 46.14% of the resources it allocates to lending and investment. Banks in other regions lend and invest only 27.20% of the total volume of allocated resources. Such a passive policy of branches in the field of lending is explained by their lack of independence in the selection of potential borrowers and a high proportion of interbank settlements. At the same time, free credit resources from branches of banks in other regions account for only 8.11%, ZSB of Sberbank of Russia has 0.02%, and regional banks have unused credit resources of 38.17. This means that regional banks are not using their credit and investment potential to the proper extent.
In the structure of credit and investment investments of branches of banks in other regions, resources directed to lending prevail, accounting for 88.94%. ZSB of Sberbank of Russia allocates 61.06% of the volume of credit and investment investments in lending. The peculiarity of the formation of credit and investment portfolios is maximum diversification, that is, the presence of loans of a diverse range of maturities in it. The share of short-term lending - up to 180 days is 31.51%; from 180 days to one year - 24.76%; the share of medium-term loans - from 1 to 3 years is 15%, over three years - 25.12%. Regional banks are increasing the share of long-term lending in the total volume of credit investments, as the Khanty-Mansiysk bank has long-term investments - 47.8% of the total volume of credit investments, Surgutneftegazbank - 72.43%, respectively, Sibneftebank - Zapsibkombank - 16.9%.
In the total volume of credit investments of regional banks, loans to enterprises and organizations of the real sector of the economy prevail; their share in the total volume of ruble loans is 76.49%, and 82.53% in the total volume of foreign currency lending.
Small business is experiencing high production growth in the Tyumen region. The needs of small businesses for resources lent by banks are met by small regional commercial banks, ZSB of Sberbank of Russia, Ural-Siberian Bank, Zapsibkombank, and so on. The share of small business lending is not large. The reasons for such a passive credit policy are due to the lack of credit history, poor quality loan security and high investment risk. The share of lending to the population is only about 10%. If we take into account the growth of household deposits up to 18.68% in the total resource base, then such a passive policy of regional banks for lending to the population is explained by low demand for them from potential borrowers.
The problem of mortgage lending and the role of banks in this system is especially acute. In the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, a model of mortgage and housing lending "with the participation of municipalities" operates, in which the bank's role is limited to providing bank loans to the authorities to finance housing construction. The share of lending by regional commercial banks for construction is not large and in the total volume is only 3.3%. The Khanty-Mansiysk Bank is engaged in long-term crediting of the Housing Fund formed by the constituent entity of the federation, which has allocated 600 million rubles for this purpose. Meanwhile, construction costs from the budget of municipalities are increasing every year. Economic cooperation between regional commercial banks and municipal administrations is taking on a special role in stimulating long-term lending, including mortgage lending.
The activities of the participants in the banking system of the Tyumen region are heterogeneous in terms of the goals of functioning and methods of achieving these goals. In overcoming these contradictions, there is an acute problem of the competitiveness of regional banks in the resource market. The resource market is saturated with supply, but the sources of their attraction to the system participants are different. There is a specialization of banks according to the sources of the formation of the resource base. The potential of banks to invest in the regional economy depends on its quality. Until now, investing and lending to the real sector of the economy, the banking system has not exhausted its possibilities in channeling resources into the social sphere. Regional development should be financed by various sources, primarily from the resources of the banking sector, whose role is growing.