State policy in the field of promoting employment of the population. State employment policy System of measures to ensure employment of the population
The state policy of employment of the population is part of the social economic policy of the state, aimed at resolving the problems of employment of the population in the economy on the basis of increasing the efficiency of employment programs, developing a system of social partnership, stimulating the mobility of the economically active population and enhancing the flexibility of the labor market.
The state employment policy is based on the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which states that the main directions of the internal policy of the state are determined by the President of the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the country in various areas of activity, including in the field of employment.
The functional body in the country for managing the employment of the population is the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia and the Rostrud under its jurisdiction. This ministry has been entrusted with the function of formulating state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor and social development, including issues of employment and unemployment. It forms, defines and controls the rules of conduct and regulation of the interests of partners in the labor market.
In accordance with the current legislation on employment of the population, the state pursues a policy of promoting the realization of citizens' rights to full, productive and freely chosen employment. Employment Law Russian Federation the following directions of state policy in the field of promoting employment of the population have been identified:
1) development of human resources for labor, increasing their mobility, protecting the national labor market;
2) ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of social status, political convictions, gender, age, nationality and attitude to religion in the exercise of the right to free labor and choice of employment;
3) creation of conditions ensuring a dignified life and free development of a person;
4) support for the labor and entrepreneurial initiative of citizens, carried out within the framework of the rule of law, as well as assistance in the development of their abilities for productive, creative work;
5) ensuring social protection in the field of employment of the population, carrying out special measures to help ensure the employment of citizens in particular need of social protection and experiencing difficulties in finding a job (disabled; citizens who are supported by persons who, according to the conclusion of the authorized body, need constant care , assistance or supervision; persons released from institutions executing punishment; minors between the ages of 14 and 18; persons of pre-retirement age - two years before the onset of the age that gives the right to retire to an old-age retirement pension, including early-assigned labor old-age pension; refugees and internally displaced persons; citizens dismissed from military service, and their family members; single and large parents raising minor children, disabled children; families in which both parents are recognized as unemployed; citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl and other radiation accidents and disasters);
6) prevention of mass and reduction of long-term (more than one year) unemployment;
7) encouragement of employers who keep existing and create new jobs, primarily for citizens in particular need of social protection and experiencing difficulties in finding a job;
8) a combination of the independence of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies in ensuring the employment of the population and the consistency of their actions in the implementation of federal programs that provide for measures to promote employment of the population;
9) coordination of activities in the field of employment of the population with activities in other areas of economic and social policy, including investment and structural policy, social security, growth regulation and income distribution, inflation prevention;
10) coordination of the activities of state bodies, trade unions, other representative bodies of workers and employers in the development and implementation of measures to ensure employment of the population and control over them;
11) ensuring employment in places of residence of indigenous peoples and other national minorities of the Russian Federation, taking into account their national and cultural traditions, as well as historically established types of employment;
12) international cooperation in solving problems of employment of the population, including issues related to the labor activity of citizens of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation, and foreign citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation, compliance with international labor standards.
The activities of the employment service bodies are carried out in accordance with the federal target programs for promoting the employment of the population of the Russian Federation and the regional programs corresponding to them.
State employment policy can be active and passive. The priority direction of such a policy is active measures in the labor market.
An active employment policy is a set of legal, economic and organizational measures of the state, carried out in order to prevent unemployment and reduce its level. This policy includes activities:
1) on prevention - prevention of layoffs of employees to preserve jobs;
2) vocational guidance, training, retraining and advanced training of job seekers in order to increase their competitiveness;
3) active search and selection of jobs;
4) subsidizing the creation of new jobs at existing enterprises, re-profiling existing jobs in accordance with the needs of the labor market;
5) the organization of new jobs through the organization of specialized industries, public and temporary work;
6) support of entrepreneurial initiative and the development of self-employment of the unemployed;
7) job quotas for vulnerable categories of citizens, etc.
Active labor market measures can be classified into two groups:
1) measures that determine the content of the main programs. They are financed from funds allocated for the maintenance of the employment service, and are provided to all citizens regardless of their socio-economic status, place of residence and attitude to employment. Such measures include employment mediation - selection of a suitable job and professional counseling - vocational guidance, professional information, psychological support, etc .;
2) measures that make up the content of special programs. They are financed from additional funds provided for in the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets. Among such measures are vocational training of unemployed citizens and workers at risk of dismissal, public works, subsidizing temporary employment of citizens, assistance to citizens in moving to work in another locality, etc. The scale of such measures depends on the amount of funds allocated for these purposes.
Passive employment policy consists in taking measures aimed not at combating unemployment, but at smoothing out its negative consequences. It includes:
1) payment of state-guaranteed unemployment benefits, and after the expiry of the term for the payment of such benefits - the provision of material assistance (payment of social benefits);
2) payment of additional payments for dependents, as well as the possible issuance of inexpensive essential goods, including food;
3) organization of cheap meals in special canteens, etc.
Employment policy is expressed in federal, territorial and sectoral programs to promote employment of the population.
One of the functions of the executive authorities at all levels
(federal, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities
self-government) provides for the regulation of employment, the search for ways to reduce unemployment and mitigate its consequences. The implementation of all these functions is carried out through the employment policy.
Employment policy is a set of measures of direct and indirect
impact on the socio-economic development of society as a whole and each of its members individually and measures aimed at improving the distribution of labor and maintaining effective employment.
The state of the labor market, as well as social and labor relations in general,
depend to a certain extent on the level of effectiveness of the legal
regulation, from the real compliance of the legal norms regulating this sphere of relations, the state and capabilities of society and the state to ensure the progressive development and economic reforms in the Russian Federation. Employment policy should be organically included and consistent with the general concept of economic reform, comply with its principles and implementation strategy.
A comprehensive study and skillful application of the experience of combating unemployment during periods of economic recession in other countries of the world will contribute to the early formation of an optimal domestic mechanism for state regulation of employment of the population of the Russian Federation, since at this stage, the legislative base of the labor market in the Russian Federation is far from ideal.
In the process of further improving the system of state regulation of employment, it is necessary to develop a scientifically grounded mechanism for assessing the effectiveness of employment policy at both the local, regional and federal levels and a corresponding set of incentives and sanctions.
Citizens of the Russian Federation have the exclusive right to dispose of their abilities for productive and creative work and to carry out any activities not prohibited by law, including those not related to the performance of paid work (raising children, maintaining household, off-the-job studies, social activities, etc.).
The legal basis for the regulation of these social relations is provided by:
The Constitution of the Russian Federation;
Labor Code of the Russian Federation;
Federal Law "On the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations" dated May 1, 1999;
The Law of the Russian Federation "On Collective Agreements and Agreements" of 1991; Federal Law "On the Procedure for the Resolution of Collective Labor Disputes" dated November 23, 1995;
Federal Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Russian Federation" On Collective Contracts and Agreements "" dated November 24, 1995;
Federal Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Russian Federation" On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation "dated 20.04.1996;
Federal Law "On Trade Unions, Their Rights and Guarantees of Activity" dated January 12, 1996;
Federal Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Russian Federation" On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation "dated April 30, 1999;
Federal Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Law
Federal Law "On Amendments to Article 5 of the Law of the Russian Federation" On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation "dated November 20, 1999, etc.
Each of these legislative acts regulates strictly
a certain area of public relations, including social and labor relations.
Also, in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian
Federation of May 8, 1996 No. 570 "On the Federal Target Program to Promote Employment of the Population of the Russian Federation for 1996-1997" and Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 23, 1996 No. 768 "On the Comprehensive Program of Measures to Create and Preserve Jobs for 1996- 2000 years ”, the country has implemented a number of measures related to the regulation of the labor market. However, as evidenced by statistical data on the labor market and the state of unemployment, no significant progress has been made towards improving the situation. That is why an effective employment policy is needed in the Russian Federation.
State employment policy- a system of measures of direct government and indirect impact on the labor sphere (labor market) to achieve the set goals.
State employment policy is tiered process: macro level; regional level; local level.
Macro level
At the macro level, the highest bodies of state legislative and executive power solve the cardinal tasks of employment policy:
Alignment of goals and priorities of employment policy with economic, social, demographic and migration policies.
Coordination of the system of goals and priorities of employment policy with financial and credit, structural, investment, foreign economic policy.
Development of a policy of employment and social support for the unemployed.
Regional level
At the regional level, the above directions are taken into account. However, the powers of the regional authorities are somewhat narrowed. For example, demographic policy is carried out by the federal authorities.
The regions include employment promotion among the main priorities of their policy and, within their competence, implement social policy. At the regional level, in the interests of employment policy, programs for housing, transport and industrial construction and others are being implemented.
At the regional level, measures to support farming and small business are more effective than at the national level.
Employment problems at the regional level are solved as follows:
development of a system of training and retraining of the population (primarily temporarily unemployed);
improvement of information support (including computerization);
provision of adapted premises and trained personnel for employment centers;
targeted job support to contain the release of workers;
increasing the efficiency of registration, employment and social support for the unemployed;
support in the labor market for refugees and internally displaced persons, citizens with limited working capacity, long-term unemployed, women, youth and adolescents and other socially vulnerable groups of the population;
organization of public and temporary works.
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COURSE WORK
STATE EMPLOYMENT POLICY
Introduction
1.2 Labor market
2.1 Main directions of labor market reform in countries
3.2 Features of the Russian labor market
3.3 The state of the labor market in the Kemerovo region
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Work aboutdrives away from us three great evils:
boredom, vices and want ...
Work? ... the only way to make life is bearable.
Voltaire
Considering the economic role of the state? one of the most important and integral parts economic education in countries with developed market economy. It is unlikely that today anyone will try to prove that a modern market economy can develop without the constant support of the state. Currently, it is very difficult to imagine a country or society where the government does not regulate the sphere financial relations, did not pursue an active fiscal policy, did not deal with social and other problems in the country. State? it is the link between the political, economic, social and spiritual spheres of society. State? an active participant in economic life, his role is multifaceted and has not been reduced to the function of a "night watchman" for a long time. It has a significant impact on virtually all aspects of development in almost all countries. Therefore, it is quite natural that within the framework of economic science, research is constantly being conducted on the important and multifaceted problem of state intervention and its pursuit of a policy for the development of society.
One of the most vulnerable, sharply reacting to the slightest changes in the structure of society, requiring the strongest state regulation of spheres is the social sphere of society. Employment level is an important indicator of well-being in a country. Therefore, achieving a high level of employment? this is one of the main goals of the state's macroeconomic policy. The economic system, which creates an additional number of jobs, sets the task of increasing the amount of the social product and thereby to a greater extent satisfy the material needs of the population. With an incomplete use of the available resources of the labor force, the system works without reaching the limit of its production capabilities. This leads to the fact that such an important economic factor as labor is not fully involved in the economic process, which means that the potential of this system is not fully revealed. Unemployment also inflicts considerable damage on the vital interests of people, not allowing them to apply their skills in the kind of activity in which a person can most express himself, that is, self-actualize, or by depriving them of such an opportunity, as a result of which people endure serious psychological stress. From the above, we can conclude that the unemployment rate is one of the key indicators for determining the general state of the economy, for assessing its effectiveness. The complexity and ambiguity of the unemployment situation in Russia influenced the choice of this topic for the course work.
The transition from centralized management of the economy to market system economic management inevitably leads to an aggravation of the employment problem, the emergence and expansion of unemployment, which, naturally, requires the development of principles and foundations for the formation of an employment policy and a mechanism for its implementation during the transition period, including the mechanism of social protection of the unemployed. This is the task facing the state. Employment policy should in one way or another affect the total volume of labor resources, allocate these resources in the most rational way by industry, protect vulnerable groups of the population, including them in the general labor process, and take a set of measures to achieve a high level of employment and maintain it.
The relevance of this work lies in the fact that at this stage of Russia's development, the problem of employment is acute. Numerous production cuts, an increase in unemployment, the active work of employment services and other factors make one think about the future situation on the labor market. The problem of employment is of a social nature; the fate of society depends on how it is solved.
The subject of the research is the state employment policy.
The object of the research is the factors influencing the employment of the population, the causes of unemployment, the main ways to increase the level of employment, and more.
The purpose of this work is to study the state employment policy, which consists in justifying the need for this policy, considering its goals and main directions.
Study of different concepts of employment of the population, as well as the theoretical foundations of employment: unemployment and its types, the labor market, and more.
Formation of the idea of the state as an active participant in issues of employment of the population.
Acquisition of knowledge in the field of state employment policy about the goals, methods and means of influencing the labor market.
Study of modern legislation and regulations on the employment of the population.
Studying the problem of employment in the modern world, in various countries, including Russia.
1. Theoretical basis employment
1.1 Concepts of employment
The theory of employment is characterized by a variety of approaches to the problem and methods of its solution due to a long path of evolutionary development. The great variety of directions of thought and schools in the system of the world economy has led to the emergence of various theoretical views on this problem. The main provisions were formulated by representatives of the neoclassical, Keynesian, monetarist, institutional sociological schools. Other concepts are also widespread, for example, the concept of a flexible labor market. Or the contract theory of employment.
The neoclassical school (D. Gilder, A. Laffer, M. Feldstein, R. Hall, etc.) took the provisions of the classical theory of A. Smith as a basis. The labor market, in the opinion of the representatives of this school, is an internally heterogeneous and dynamic system of ties that obeys market laws. The market mechanism is the regulator of this system. The level of wages (price of labor) affects the demand and supply of labor, maintains them in equilibrium. The price of labor force varies depending on the real need for it. If unemployment arises due to the excess of labor supply over demand, then prices are influenced in the direction of their lowering, and, consequently, wages are reduced until an equilibrium is established in the labor market. Thus, the classical model is based on the principle of self-regulation of the labor market.
The Keynesian direction believes that the labor market is an inert system in which the price of labor is strictly fixed. The main parameters of employment, such as the level of employment and unemployment, the level of real wages, and the demand for labor, are determined by the size of the effective demand in the market for goods and services, while the level of wages and the amount of labor supply are formed in the labor market. Labor supply does not play a major role in the formation of actual employment, but demonstrates its maximum level for a given wage. Labor demand is governed by aggregate demand, investment and production. The existence of forced unemployment is due to the lack of aggregate effective demand, which can be eliminated by monetary and budgetary regulation. The state influences the aggregate demand, increasing it, and contributes to an increase in demand for labor, and hence employment and a decrease in unemployment. Keynesian representatives believe that an effective means of ensuring the required level of employment is the expansion of investment activities of the state, providing them with the optimal amount of investment, taking into account the specific conditions of economic development. This employment model is based on government intervention in macroeconomic management, and the mechanism for its implementation is based on psychological phenomena (propensity to consume, to save, incentive to invest).
The market economy, according to representatives of the monetarist school (M. Friedman, E. Phelps, etc.),? it is a self-adjusting system, a price mechanism that itself determines the rational level of employment. Any state intervention in such a system leads to a failure of the self-regulation mechanism. Is there a "natural rate of unemployment"? the level of unemployment, which has the property of being compatible with the equilibrium in the structure of wage rates. Deviations in employment from the "natural norm" can only be short-term. When the level of employment is exceeded, accelerating inflation occurs, and when it falls, deflation occurs. Employment stabilization policies should deal with deviations in the unemployment rate from the equilibrium norm, with fluctuations in production volumes and the number of employees. For this, in the opinion of monetarists, the levers of monetary policy should be mainly used.
The institutional sociological school (T. Veblen, J. Dunlop, J. Galbraith, L. Ullman and others) is based on the idea that employment problems are solved with the help of various kinds of institutional reforms. Representatives of this school deviated from focusing only on macroeconomic analysis and explained the inconsistencies in the labor market by social, professional, gender and age, sectoral, ethnic and other features in the structure of the labor force.
Contract theory of employment (M. Bailey, D. Gordon and others)? synthesis of neoclassical ideas with Keynesian ones. The authors accept the Keynesian thesis about the rigidity of monetary wages and believe that changes in the labor market occur not at the expense of prices, but with changes in production and employment; but this rigidity is deduced from the optimizing behavior of individuals acting in their economic interests. The theory is based on the idea that entrepreneurs and workers enter into a long-term contractual relationship, the "implicit contract" is respected for reasons of mutual benefit.
The concept of a flexible labor market (R. Boye, G. Standing) spread at the end of the 70s, when the process of structural restructuring of the economy was going on in developed Western countries. It is based on the provision on the need for deregulation of the labor market, the transition to more flexible and non-standard forms of employment (for example, part-time employment, part-time work or a week, homework, etc.). This concept involves the formation of diverse forms of relationships between entrepreneurs and workers and is aimed at rationalizing total costs, increasing profitability and maintaining high dynamics of the labor market.
Thus, one can observe a great variety and originality of theories of employment, each of which is a well-thought-out, substantiated and proven concept of the successful functioning of the labor market. Currently, economists unambiguously assign an important role to the state - the role of a regulator and stabilizer of the economic system, and such macroeconomic indicators as the level of employment, unemployment, wages, etc. should also be closely monitored by the government.
1.2 Labor market
The labor market is a system of economic methods, mechanisms and institutions that ensure the involvement of the economically active population, able-bodied citizens in the national economic turnover and the use of their labor force (labor services) as a commodity, the equilibrium price and quantity of which is determined by the interaction of supply and demand.
The fundamental provisions of the labor market are the demand for labor, the supply of labor, the price of labor, competition between employees, between employers, etc. Usually in economic literature the concepts of "labor market" and "labor market" are used as identical, although, according to the theory of K. Marx, the real commodity is labor, that is, ability to work.
The labor market has some peculiarities. Its constituent parts are living people who act as carriers of the labor force and are endowed with such human qualities as psychophysiological, social, cultural, religious, political, etc. These features significantly affect the interests, motivation, degree of labor activity of people and are reflected in the state of the labor market ... The fundamental difference between labor and other types of production resources is that it is a form of human life, the realization of his life goals and interests. For example, the price of labor is not just a kind of price for a resource, but the price of living standards, social prestige, well-being of an employee and his family, the degree of social tension, etc. Therefore, when analyzing categories of the labor market, one must take into account the existence of “human” elements, which are living people.
The labor market is heterogeneous, but differentiated by the quality of the labor force, by nationality, gender, age and other characteristics. Labor markets are categorized by industry and category.
Since the 70s, Western economists have been talking about the formation of separate submarkets: internal (primary) and external (secondary)? characterized by job stability, wage levels, career prospects, working conditions and other parameters. The domestic market includes personnel workers of the main team with high qualifications, extensive experience, effective methods labor leading to high production volumes. The external market is associated with workers of unskilled or semi-skilled labor, persons with no work experience. They serve as a crisis buffer. Some scholars identify the tertiary market, the formation of which is associated with various public works programs addressed to socially vulnerable categories of the unemployed.
The subjects of social and labor relations are employees and their associations (trade unions, associations), entrepreneurs (individual and collective) and their unions, as well as government agencies. The state as a subject of the labor market plays an important and special role. It can act both as an entrepreneur in the public sector of the economy and as an investor in many programs. But its main function is to determine the rules for regulating the interests of partners and opposing forces. The state, represented by legislative bodies, develops laws and establishes general rules behavior for all subjects of the labor market. As a result, the resultant is determined, which serves as the basis for the decision and the basis of the labor market regulation mechanism, which also includes the social protection system.
The most important sign of the development of the labor market is wages that are adequate to qualifications and education. Clear principles of remuneration, taking into account numerous factors that determine its effectiveness (general educational and general cultural level, professional training, the degree of use of labor potential, etc.), are manifested, in particular, in the fact that the income of a highly qualified labor force and creative opportunities significantly exceed the cost of living. A characteristic feature of a developed ore market is a tendency towards a decrease in inter-industry differences in wages. In such a market, the ratio between the minimum and average wages is fairly stable.
Thus, the labor market is a system in which employers and labor owners interact. The labor market appears as a sphere in which sellers and buyers of labor services come into contact. It confronts those who want to work (employed and unemployed) and those who hire workers to produce goods and services. The labor market is characterized by the economic freedom of employers and workers, a flexible wage system that reflects the demand and supply of labor in terms of quantity and quality, free movement of labor, implying professional mobility, and other phenomena. The labor market is the most important macroeconomic structure, the analysis of which allows you to control and stabilize labor resources, ensuring the required level of employment.
1.3 Unemployment and its types. Okun's law
Unemployment is a situation in which people who want to work are looking for an acceptable place of work. The unemployment rate is the percentage of those people who are in the civilian labor force, but are not employed. Labor force refers to the entire population aged 16 and above who are employed or unemployed in the economic sense of the word. Unemployed and unemployed are not synonymous. A person may not work for many reasons: some are studying and still unable to work, others are retired and no longer able to work, and still others simply do not want to work. The unemployed category includes only those who are looking for work or expecting to return to work or start work.
From an employment perspective, adults are generally divided into three broad categories: those outside the labor force; those who serve in the military; those who work or are looking for a job in the civilian labor force.
A number of economists see unemployment as a necessary sign of a mobile and flexible market. Under these conditions, we can talk about the natural level of unemployment, which is characterized by the concept of “rate of unemployment with non-accelerating inflation”. Western economic literature uses the special term NAIRU (Non-Accelerating-Inflation Rate of Unemployment). According to M. Friedman, the natural level of unemployment reflects the economic feasibility of using labor, just as the degree of utilization of production capacities reflects the feasibility and efficiency of using fixed capital. The rate of unemployment at full employment is understood as the lowest rate of unemployment achievable with the existing institutional structure and does not lead to accelerating inflation. For example, in the United States at the end of the 1980s, every third adult was not part of the labor force (students, retirees, housewives, disabled people, etc.). The civilian labor force numbered about 123 million, of which about 7 million were unemployed, i.e. the unemployment rate was 7/123 * 100% = 5.7%.
In the economic literature, the following types of unemployment are distinguished: frictional, structural, cyclical, seasonal, regional, technological.
Frictional unemployment caused by constant objective and necessary changes both in the labor market and in the distribution of society's resources in general. It arises due to the fact that either employers do not have complete information about the availability of the categories of workers they are interested in, or employees do not have complete information about the jobs they are interested in. Efficient allocation of limited resources requires dynamic shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes in qualifications, relocation to other regions, etc. It is believed that frictional unemployment is the price that society must pay for an efficient economy. Anything that improves information about jobs and the availability of workers, or shortens job search times, leads to a decrease in frictional unemployment. But there is another reason for this type of unemployment - economic ignorance. Some workers move to other jobs in pursuit of higher cash salary, not realizing that if inflation is high, it will depreciate in a month or so, and the time they spent on the transition was wasted.
Structural unemployment is caused by structural changes in the economy, which generally eliminate some jobs and create others. This happens due to the withering away of old industries and industries and the emergence of new ones. At the same time, there are no workers with the required qualifications for new jobs. Structural unemployment differs from frictional structural unemployment precisely in that at the first time the worker retains sufficient qualifications to change industry or production. Those who actually lost their jobs due to structural changes are faced with the need for complete or significant retraining or with the possibility of being unemployed for a long time. For example, Russia is faced with a restructuring that has no analogues in the history of mankind. It is the elimination of many millions of jobs, the existence of which did not meet the needs of the country. For the most part, those who have occupied these positions (especially the millions of so-called managers) have no chance of working without a radical retraining.
Cyclical unemployment is the deviation of the actual unemployment rate from the natural one. It arises as a result of a cyclical recession and a corresponding decrease in the aggregate demand for goods and services, due to which producers reduce their employment. In Western countries, this type of unemployment is very common and there are strong social safety nets against it.
Seasonal unemployment is caused by seasonal fluctuations in the volume of production of certain industries: agriculture, construction, industries, in which there are sharp changes in demand for ores throughout the year. Seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor are usually determined by the characteristics of the rhythm of the production process. Therefore the dimensions seasonal unemployment v general view can be predicted and taken into account when signing contracts between employees and employers.
Regional unemployment is the result of a mismatch between labor supply and demand in a given region. The reason for its existence is the unevenness of the socio-economic development of certain territories, due to the natural resource, technical and economic, demographic, historical, cultural and other features of the region.
Technological unemployment is associated with the introduction of new technologies and new equipment, which leads to the replacement of people with machines and the release of their account. Moreover, if the volume of the market increases, then employment increases mainly due to the involvement of workers in new professions and higher qualifications.
If the actual unemployment rate exceeds the natural level, then the country loses part of its GNP. The calculation of potential losses of products and services as a result of an increase in unemployment is carried out on the basis of the law formulated American economist A. Oaken.
(Y *? Y) / Y = b * (U? U *)
Y? actual production (GDP);
Y *? potential GDP (at full employment);
U? actual unemployment rate;
U *? natural unemployment rate (rate of unemployment at full employment)
b? Okun's parameter, set empirically (3%).
If the actual level of unemployment is higher than the natural one by 1%, then the actual volume of production will be lower than the potential one by b%. According to Okun's calculations, in the 60s, in the USA, when the natural rate of unemployment was 4%, the parameter b was equal to 3%.
According to Okun's Law, an excess of the actual unemployment rate by 1% over its natural level leads to a decrease actual GDP in comparison with the potentially possible (with full employment) GDP by an average of 3%.
Thus, having considered the types of unemployment and Okun's law, we can conclude that unemployment exceeding its natural level leads not only to a decrease in production volumes and an economic recession, but also to an increase in socially negative processes and an increase in tension. An unemployed person not only cannot use his knowledge and skills, is deprived of income and livelihood, but also loses his status and significance in society, becomes psychologically unstable, uncertain about the future. That is why regulation and subsequent stabilization of employment is one of the most important directions of state policy.
1.4 State regulation of employment
In a narrow sense, the labor market regulation mechanism is a set of normative acts, legislative or collective bargaining, that are guided by partners in the implementation of employment policy. In a broad sense, the regulatory mechanism covers the entire range of economic, legal, social and psychological factors that determine the functioning of the labor market.
The actual concrete economy demonstrates that in countries with a developed market economy, a mechanism has been created and improved for several decades for the purposeful regulation of vocational training and employment of the population. This is due to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, rapidly changing requirements for the quality of labor resources, and structural changes in the economy. The spontaneous labor market no longer ensured the timely adjustment of the supply of labor to the change in the structure of demand for it. As a result, there is an increase in unemployment with a simultaneous acute shortage of personnel with the necessary qualifications. These processes showed how necessary a close linkage of employment policy with socio-economic transformations in the economy and the general direction of human resource development is.
Since the beginning of the 60s, labor market regulation has become of great importance and becomes one of the priority areas of policy in many states. So, for example, in Canada about 2 - 3% of GDP is spent on this area. In the United States, in 1962, a milestone was set in the development of state regulation of the training and use of labor resources. Several specialized workforce training and employment programs have been developed. One of the most famous of these is the New Opportunities program, which has trained youth since 1964, the first since the Great Depression to create public sector jobs.
In the 60s? In the 1970s, the main directions of state intervention in the sphere of employment were identified, designed to alleviate the problems of the labor market. These programs are aimed at stimulating employment growth and increasing the number of jobs, training and retraining workers, promoting the hiring of a labor force, social insurance of unemployment (allocation of funds for unemployment benefits), etc. a different focus.
Also, the state is implementing a set of measures for indirect regulation of the labor market: tax, monetary, and depreciation policies. These measures are measures of general economic regulation. Influencing the economic situation as a whole (economic growth, growth in output, social well-being), they also affect the level of employment and the state of the labor market.
Practice has proven that there can be no single employment regulation policy. In different time periods, on the territory of different countries, differing in the level of development, climatic conditions, the historical predestination of the production process and other factors, the situation is deeply specific and therefore requires an individual approach. There is no and never will be a single model, a standard for the implementation of a policy to regulate the labor market. For example, the all-Russian market is a whole system of regional and local markets with their specific problems; therefore, it is important not only general, but also regional regulation of the processes of distribution and use of labor. Thus, the labor market cannot develop without independent actions of regional and local government bodies to address issues of effective use of existing personnel, taking into account the specifics of this particular region or industry, assistance in employment and retraining, expansion of certain benefits and compensation in excess of the established minimum, etc.
At the same time, the practice of developed countries shows that strict centralization restricts the development of various forms of employment regulation, prevents the timely consideration of specific problems of individual industries and regions.
Thus, solving the problems of unemployment requires a multilateral, all-embracing, integrated approach on the part of the state, a combination of macroeconomic policy with measures at the microeconomic level, and national actions with local initiatives. For the ore market to function effectively, central government bodies must assume the role of a guarantor of ensuring a single minimum of social obligations, the right to vocational training and retraining, to receive social compensation in case of release and involuntary unemployment. The state must ensure that laws and regulations governing the labor market are respected. The problems of creating new organizational structures for employment and the labor market, the choice of means and methods for regulating employment, the ratio of private and state initiatives, centralization and decentralization in this area are becoming especially significant.
Foreign experience demonstrates an example of the fact that one of the main roles in the regulation of employment is played by government recruitment services. The functions of the employment service are as follows: analysis of the labor market situation and provision of information about it, assistance in finding a job, vocational guidance and retraining of the unemployed, payment of unemployment benefits, as well as registration of unemployed and vacant jobs, testing persons who want to get a job, organizing public works, participation in the creation of additional jobs, participation in the development of state and regional employment programs for various groups of the population, assistance in the creation of various forms of entrepreneurial activity, stimulation of self-employment, flexible non-traditional forms of employment. In many countries, employment services are government agencies, but there are also a large number of private intermediary firms operating alongside them. For example, there are about 15,000 such firms in the United States.
The need to introduce new forms and methods of employment regulation required changes in the functions and structure of employment services. For example, in Canada, new types of recruitment centers have been established to improve services for different populations and different areas.
Employment services are the main organizational structures that implement nationwide employment policy at the local level. The experience of advanced countries confirms the high efficiency of the work of these services in relieving acute situations in the labor market.
The State Employment Service of the Population in Russia was formed on the basis of bodies for employment, retraining and vocational guidance of the population in order to carry out a unified state policy of employment of the population throughout the territory of the Russian Federation. The State Employment Service is guided by the RSFSR law of April 19, 1991 "On Employment in the RSFSR", other laws and regulations on labor and employment issues. The State Employment Service is called upon to ensure the implementation of the state employment policy.
Thus, employment regulation is a priority direction of the entire state policy, which is carried out through specific measures on the part of the state, initiatives of local self-government bodies, as well as with the help of public and private organizations to assist in finding a job, that is, employment services. These tools allow for continuous analysis of the market and, taking into account the specifics of a specific situation, to assist in the efficient distribution of labor.
2. Current situation in the world labor market
2.1 Main directions of labor market reform in OECD countries
Since the mid-1990s, countries with developed market economies have been adjusting labor market policies. More than ten years have passed since the adoption of the new Employment Strategy of OECD countries in 1994 - a considerable period of time to see how these countries have transformed the institutional structure of the labor market, to assess the results of the reforms.
Labor market reform has become one of the policy priorities of the OECD countries. Comparison of reforming the institutional structure of the market in different countries is associated with methodological difficulties. The point system, proposed by A. Bassanini and R. Duvall, allows you to compare countries in terms of the overall intensity of the reforms. Table 1 shows the estimated data on the activity of some countries, as well as the main directions of reform.
Table 1. Activity of OECD countries in implementing employment policy reform
Aggregated assessments of reform activity, points |
Unemployment rate, % |
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Leading countries |
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Australia |
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Ireland |
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Netherlands |
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Middle peasants |
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United Kingdom |
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Germany |
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Finland |
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Lagging countries |
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Norway |
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Portugal |
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Point assessment of the main directions of reform |
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Active employment programs |
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Unemployment insurance system |
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Flexible working hours, fixed-term contracts, early retirement programs |
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Employment protection legislation |
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Labor Relations |
A number of conclusions can be drawn from these data. First, the activity of countries in reforming labor market institutions was different. The most consistent reforms were carried out in Ireland, Australia, Denmark and the Netherlands. In Italy, although a member of the group of leaders, reforms in many areas diverged from the recommendations developed. The presence of Norway among the "lagging behind" is explained by the fact that major reforms took place there back in the 1980s. Most countries are in an intermediate position in terms of the scale of reform. The second conclusion concerns the correlation between the intensity of transformations and the situation on national labor markets in the initial period of reforms. As OECD countries entered the reform period with differing employment and unemployment rates, it was expected that the countries with the most acute employment situations would be more active in implementing reforms. However, this assumption has not been confirmed. Thus, countries with high unemployment rates, such as Spain and Finland, did not show significant reform activity. At the same time, countries where the employment situation in the early 90s was favorable (Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands), actively reformed their labor market.
Finally, labor market reform in the overwhelming majority of countries has been selective character... Of the five reform areas, the focus was on institutions such as active employment programs, unemployment insurance and working hours. At the same time, the provisions of the legislation on the protection of employment, the formation of wages and labor relations were outside the zone of reforms.
The highest score (46) was given to the modernization of active programs in the labor market. The essence of the reforms of active employment programs was the policy of revitalization, which is a set of measures aimed at reducing the length of stay of the unemployed in the register of employment services. Its integral part is the individual approach of employees of the state employment service to the unemployed. In almost all OECD countries, a profiling system has been introduced, that is, early identification of the categories of unemployed who may face special difficulties in finding a job, and the development of a detailed plan of assistance to them. The results of reforms in the area of active employment programs showed that the changes made were not drastic. Despite the lack of effectiveness of the programs, significant resources continue to be spent on their implementation. As the data in Table 2 show, in the early 2000s, compared with the mid-80s, the share of spending on active programs in GDP in OECD countries increased (the highest growth was recorded in Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands).
Table 2. Structure of expenditures on active employment programs in OECD countries,%
Job placement assistance |
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Education and retraining |
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Youth programs |
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Subsidized employment |
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Employment programs for people with disabilities |
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Share of spending on active programs in GDP |
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Share of spending on active programs in total spending on employment policy |
The unemployment insurance system has become one of the institutions that most OECD countries have addressed to reform certain elements. This is due to the large role of the system in the functioning of the labor market. The provision of benefits for the period of job search maintains a socially acceptable standard of living for the unemployed. Thanks to this, he has the opportunity to take a more balanced approach to the choice of a new place of work, which leads to an improvement in the correspondence between quality characteristics the employee and the requirements of a particular workplace. At the same time, overly generous benefits have a destructive effect on the labor market. Inflated benefits, especially if they are paid for a long period, increase the time needed to find a new job and thus the length of stay without work. By reducing the economic hardships associated with staying in the ranks of the unemployed, this system simultaneously increases the reserved wages. However, it should not be forgotten that benefits are funded from taxes, which negatively affects employment.
Despite the importance of reforming the unemployment insurance system, most OECD countries have not made major changes to the functioning of this institution. Benefits have declined in Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Finland, Spain and some Eastern European countries. Despite the fact that the factor of the duration of the benefit payment has a more negative effect on unemployment than its size, the overwhelming majority of countries with developed market economies did not go to reduce the terms of payments. Perhaps the only exception was Denmark, which has cut the period of benefit payments by almost half - from 7 to 4 years, although, we note that this period remains one of the longest among the OECD countries.
Reforming the working time, which has become one of the priority areas of reform, took place under the slogan of increasing its flexibility. Flexibility included increased use of part-time workers, flexible work schedules, including shift work, work on evenings, Sundays and holidays, and the regulation of overtime. This area also included the possibility of regulating working hours throughout the working career, as well as early retirement programs.
Consideration of the main directions of reforming labor market institutions allows us to draw two important conclusions. First, the OECD countries approached the reform selectively: only certain institutions were affected by the reforms, such as active programs on the labor market, the unemployment insurance system, working hours, while many other institutions and, above all, legislation on the protection of employment, the system of labor relations were outside the zone of reform. Second, in most OECD countries, the very implementation of reforms has often been inconsistent and half-hearted. In most countries, no changes have been made to any of the institutions that radically change its basic characteristics. Moreover, the liberalization of some labor market institutions often coexisted with the tightening of others.
Despite the fact that most OECD countries have not carried out deep and comprehensive reforms in the field of employment, some of them have made significant progress towards reforming labor market institutions. True, the circle of these countries is rather narrow. Denmark, the Netherlands, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand have implemented profound reforms, and precisely in the direction outlined in the main OECD document on labor market policy reform.
The main indicator by which one can judge the effectiveness of the reforms being carried out is the unemployment rate. Over the past 20 years, it has declined in many OECD countries. The downward trend in unemployment was undoubtedly promoted by the fact that in the middle of the last decade the OECD countries were able to overcome the crisis tendencies and their economies in recent years have been in a stage, albeit not always stable, but recovery. However, the rate of decline in unemployment in individual countries varied significantly. The countries shown in Table 3 are divided into several groups depending on the dynamics of the unemployment rate.
Table 3. Change in the unemployment rate by groups of OECD countries, 1994-2005, percentage points
Summing up, we can state that those countries that have carried out transformations in the institutional framework of the labor market were able to significantly improve the situation with employment and unemployment. Thus, the OECD Employment Strategy is the right reference point for countries that are faced with the need to improve the situation in the labor market.
2.2 Current situation on the labor market
Considering that the population of any country is the starting point for characterizing its labor potential, we will start the analysis by comparing the average annual indicators. The largest increase was observed in the United States, where by 2003 (since 1995) it amounted to 10% or 28 million people. Russia is the only one of eight countries (Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, Russia, USA, France, Japan), where the average annual population decreased by 2.7% or 4 million people in 1995-2004.
In terms of population, Russia ranked second among the G8 countries: in 2004? 145 million people (about half of the US population).
As for the size of the economic population, Russia and here had indicators almost 2 times lower than the United States: 72.9 million people against 147.4 million, although higher than in other countries (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Economically active population of the G8 countries in 2004, thousand people
In Russia, the share of the economically active population in its total number is quite high (51%). This indicator is higher in Canada (54%) and Japan (52%); lower - in the UK (50%), France (46%) and Italy (42%).
Compared to other G8 countries, Russia stands out in terms of the ratio of men and women in the structure of the economically active population, which is shown in Table 4. employment population unemployment
Table 4. Gender structure of the economically active population of the G8 countries in 2004
Total, thousand people |
Including |
Men in the economically active population,% |
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United Kingdom |
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Germany |
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The relatively small proportion of men in the economically active population is to some extent explained historically (the “echo” of losses in the Great Patriotic War), but the main reason in recent years is their high mortality rate in the working age associated with injuries at work, alcoholism, etc. .d.
The data on the sectoral structure of employment show the largest differences across countries (table 5). So, the share of industry in Russia (23.6%)? approximately at the same level as in Italy (23.5%) and Germany (24%), while in the UK and the USA it is much less (14.4% and 13.1%, respectively). Does Russia have the smallest share in the sectors of financial activity, real estate transactions, rent and provision of services? 7.5% (despite the fact that in recent years these industries have developed very rapidly), while in other G8 countries this figure is more than 10%.
Table 5. The structure of employment by sectors of the economy of the G8 countries
Britannia |
Germany |
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Agriculture and forestry, fishing and hunting |
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Industry |
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Construction |
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Transport and communications |
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Trade, hotels and restaurants |
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Financial activities, real estate transactions, rentals and provision of services |
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Education, healthcare, social services |
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Other services |
As for the unemployment rate in the modern world, the data for 2008 are summarized in Table 6. Russia ranks 126? 127th in the world, and the overall unemployment rate is 6.6%.
Unemployment rate, % |
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Kazakhstan |
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Germany |
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Finland |
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Australia |
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Belarus |
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Thus, having considered the most basic indicators of employment in the modern world, we can conclude about the different development of the studied countries. Some of them, for example, Germany, demonstrate a high unemployment rate (7.1%), but at the same time lead in terms of the share of industry in the sectoral structure of production (24%). Others are lagging behind in industry, but have a fairly low unemployment rate and a leading indicator in health and education, as, for example, in the United States. Each country develops in its own way, due to its own capabilities and achieves different results.
Making a forecast for the future development of events in the modern world, we can say that despite the rapid progress in the spheres of the economy, jobs will not be enough. The authors of the World Social Situation 2007 report, published by the United Nations, concluded that the world is suffering from economic growth that has not been accompanied by job creation. Over the past decade, the world's gross product has increased by 3.8% annually. During the same time period, the unemployment rate worldwide rose, the number of unemployed increased by 34 million and reached 195 million. Nearly 1.5 billion working people are not paid enough to lift themselves out of poverty. Employment is dominated by the service sector, with most jobs that are low-paid, insecure and not secured by social safety nets. Therefore, governments should pay more attention to employment policies, providing people with safe and decent jobs.
3. State regulation of employment in Russia
3.1 The need to regulate the labor market in Russia
The emergence of market relations has led to the transformation of employment and predetermined a fundamentally new situation in the emerging labor market in Russia. In the conditions of the most severe socio-economic crisis, the Russian society corresponded to a surplus of labor and unemployment in its various manifestations.
In the course of the reforms, there was a redistribution of labor resources. So, after 1992, out of 23.5 million people employed in industry, 11.6 million moved to other industries related to self-employment and informal employment or work in the commercial sector.
The decline in the economic activity of the population is becoming more and more threatening. The economically active population fell by 2.4 million between 1993 and 1997. This happened at the expense of vulnerable categories of workers - people of pre-retirement age, women, disabled people, youth.
The changes taking place in the labor market today (redistribution in the sectoral, vocational and qualification structure of the employed, the emergence of new forms of employment, the growth of unemployment) are complex, contradictory and ambiguous. A differentiated approach to employment regulation is needed. Currently, there is an urgent need to generalize and systematize the existing experience in labor market regulation. It should be borne in mind that mechanical copying of theoretical Western models and their practical implementation in Russia is not always reasonable. However, some programs and measures to regulate the labor market can be used in Russian conditions.
Identifying specific approaches to government action in the field of employment involves the study of trends emerging in the labor market, analysis of the reasons for their formation, as well as the identification of the most acute and destructive forms of unemployment. The situation on the Russian labor market is characterized by a significant increase in the number of people who have been unemployed for a long time and an increase in their share in the total number of unemployed. This trend is based on the interaction of social, demographic and economic factors. It also predetermines another unfavorable shift in the structure of the unemployed towards socially vulnerable groups. With the release of workers and the intensity of staff turnover caused by heavy financial situation the majority of enterprises, unemployment is increasingly taking on a structural-cyclical form. There is an increase in its duration, the accumulation of stagnant unemployment among older workers, women, youth. Since the increase in the forced unemployment of these categories, usually, by a reduction in their ability to re-engage in the labor process, we can assume a further increase in the average time to find a job, associated with devastating consequences both for the quality of the labor force and for the individual as a whole. This makes it necessary to adapt the employment policy to the constantly changing structure of unemployment.
When characterizing the state intervention in the labor market system, it is possible to classify the implemented measures according to different criteria. For example, according to the directions of regulation, social and economic measures are distinguished, according to the method of influence - measures of direct and indirect influence. Direct impact measures include job creation programs, education, vocational training and retraining programs, changes in labor legislation, and regional policy measures. Indirect measures include monetary and tax policy, subsidizing entrepreneurs who employ the unemployed and organize industrial training and retraining, as well as other measures of a general economic nature. If we analyze the activities of the state according to the object of regulation, then it is possible to distinguish between the existing measures according to their influence on certain elements of the labor market: on supply and demand, on wages.
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Introduction
1.1 The essence of the concept of employment in domestic and foreign literature
2. Analysis of state and municipal policy in the field of employment regulation
2.1 Analysis of the situation on the labor market of the Moscow region
2.2 Analysis of the implementation of programs in the field of employment in the Moscow region (on the example of Naro-Fominsk)
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The relevance of the chosen topic is that on the present stage it is necessary to pursue a purposeful policy and the results of the reforms being carried out should be person-centered with the help of an adequate employment policy for the population. This statement applies to both federal and regional levels. The state employment policy should be based on a market economy with a social orientation.
Human resources are fundamental to creating long-term unique benefits. people, their work ethic and striving to achieve their goals, their knowledge and value system, creative and innovative abilities. It is these factors that make it possible to ensure economic growth, well-being and security of the country. A decisive role is played by the sphere of labor, employment conditions, profound transformations in the entire system of labor relations, without which it is impossible to make a real turn towards man as the main goal of the functioning of a socially - oriented economy.
The modern Russian economy is characterized by several features that must be taken into account when analyzing the existing Russian system employment of the population.
Firstly, it is the extreme limitation of the own financial resources of enterprises, which sharply narrows the range of opportunities for attracting able-bodied population in general and personnel in particular.
Secondly, with the increasing complexity of production technologies, in accordance with the development of scientific and technical progress, the mentality of the employee also becomes more complicated, his spiritual and material needs have an increasing influence on the final result of labor. The general state of the Russian economy and its opportunities to create new jobs and provide employment for a significant number of the economically active population does not add stability either.
The works of S.N. Trunin, I.V. Gelets, N.R. Molochnikova, SV. Shekshnya, M.V. Gracheva. A.A. Nikiforov, E. Balatsky. Studies of the socio-psychological foundations of the modern labor market and employment were carried out by V.A. Spivak, V.P. Pugachev, SB. Kaverin, EL, Ilyin, etc. On certain aspects of the research topic, such as the organization of labor employment, training and advanced training of personnel in employment centers, the works of M. Gorshkov, K. Volkov, V. Shkatulla, I. Eliseeva, V. T. Bylova and others.
The problem of employment of the population is the problem of involving people in labor activity and the degree of satisfaction of their labor needs with jobs. It is impossible to achieve such a position that the entire able-bodied population is employed. After all, some enter the labor force, others leave it, others are fired or they quit themselves, others are in search of work, i.e. there is a normal movement of labor, a part of which remains unemployed for a certain period of time.
The most important indicators in the labor market are indicators of the level of economic activity of the population, its employment and unemployment. An increase in these indicators leads to an undoubted improvement in the labor market and its welfare.
The economic basis of labor relations in our country has undergone a serious transformation over the past decade and a half. The labor relations themselves have also changed. In particular, the role of such forms of employment, which were either prohibited or were in their infancy, increased.
Purpose of the work: to study theoretically the state policy in the field of employment of the population and to analyze effective practical recommendations for its improvement on the example of the Moscow region.
This topic is very relevant in our time, since employment is an important sector of the socio-economic development of society, combining the economic and social results of the functioning of the entire economic system. In addition, employment is a kind of indicator by which one should judge about national well-being, the effectiveness of the chosen course of reforms, and their attractiveness for the population.
The economic policy of the state to promote employment of the population at the present time should ensure the coordinated functioning of the labor market and capital, regulation of the formation and movement of investments across the territory of Russia, the use of corporate and private capital, taking into account the provision of employment at a level sufficient to maintain population reproduction within the guaranteed the constitution and laws of the Russian Federation.
Object of research: the sphere of employment of the population.
Subject of research: state regulation and municipal management in the field of employment of the population (on the example of the Moscow region).
Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:
1. Consider the state policy in the field of employment.
2. To study the situation on the labor market of the Moscow region
4. Analyze the implementation of programs in the field of employment in the Moscow region
5. Develop practical recommendations for improving employment policy in the Moscow region.
Research methodology and technique. Theoretical and methodological basis The research was based on the works of domestic and foreign authors devoted to the problem of the labor market and employment of the population, analysis of the forms and methods of regulating employment of the population at the level of the municipality.
In the theoretical part, the concepts of population employment in domestic and foreign literature are considered. The features of state and municipal policy in the field of regulation of employment of the population and management of employment of the population at the level of the municipality have been studied.
The analytical part analyzes the situation on the labor market of the Moscow region, and also studies the implementation of programs in the field of employment in the Moscow region.
1. Theoretical study of state regulation of employment of the population
1.1 The essence of the concept of employment in domestic and foreign literature
Domestic economists have made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of employment. So, B.D. Breev gives the following definition of employment: "Employment of the population is a complex socio-economic phenomenon, which is the most important part of social production. From the point of view of the economic category, employment today is practically considered as a social attitude not only to provide the population with jobs (i.e. from the standpoint of production and accumulation), but also to provide a person with the necessary means of subsistence (i.e. in connection with the formation and use of the fund consumption) ".
E.R. Sarukhanov gives a slightly different definition of the category of employment, who believes that "... the socio-economic relations that people enter among themselves regarding participation in socially useful labor at a particular workplace", i.e. "this is the practical activity of people in the production of material goods, social relations between them regarding the inclusion of an employee in a specific cooperation of labor at a specific workplace."
S.V. Andreev views employment "as a condition for inclusion in the production process." In this case, the essence of employment is determined from several positions:
From the standpoint of production, where labor is its condition, since for the organization of the production process it is necessary to connect the worker with the means of production;
From the point of view of consumption, providing for the realized labor supply, according to which the services provided by the employee are materially rewarded;
From the standpoint of the division of labor, i.e. assignment of an employee to any field of activity.
Based on the generalization of the above and other definitions of the content of employment found in the economic literature, in our opinion, it is possible to formulate the position according to which employment, as a general economic category, expresses the totality economic relations regarding the provision of jobs and the direct inclusion of the employee in the process of labor activity.
The desire for the most complete and at the same time effective employment of the entire economically active population of the country is the goal of development in any economic system. However, if this goal is achieved, then only for a certain period. As a rule, there is always a gap between actual and effective employment, the magnitude of which and its impact on production testify to the effectiveness of the economic system itself.
Experience shows that relatively full and efficient employment can be achieved on the basis of sufficiently high and sustainable rates of economic growth. Economic growth rates are associated with investment, job creation and employment growth, which ultimately determines the growth of income and consumption of the population and has a reverse positive impact on investment, employment and economic growth.
The traditional (classical) explanation of unemployment can be called today simple: it proceeds from the usual reciprocity between the price of labor and the demand for labor. A decrease in wages stimulates the demand for labor and, therefore, employment; an increase in wages increases the supply of labor, but delays the growth of demand.
Arthur Pigou, author of The Theory of Unemployment, interpreted spontaneous regulation of employment in this way. During a depression, employment, wages, prices decrease, but at the same time, real wages, expressed in a basket of goods that can be bought, fall more slowly than prices, or even remain at the same level. In the context of the current widespread rise in prices, this reasoning sounds archaic, but it is possible to bring the analysis closer to today, if you remember that prices are growing unevenly and sometimes really nominal salary may rise somewhat more noticeably than the rise in commodity prices. But if real incomes do not decrease or even slightly increase, then this means that consumer demand, despite the depression, persists. If there is a demand for consumer goods, then it means that there is also a demand for the means of production. So, we get a situation that predetermines the transition to revitalization and growth of employment. In other words, the starting point, according to A. Pigou's theory, is the fact of the relative growth of real wages in comparison with investments. If the wage increases beyond the "net product of labor", i.e. compensates for part of the remuneration for capital, then this causes a reduction in production and demand for labor. At the same time, in his "Theory of unemployment" A. Pigou puts employment in dependence on two main parameters: on the rates of real wages and on the form of the function of the real demand for labor.
At the same time, world economic practice shows that ensuring full employment and simultaneously increasing the economic efficiency of social production in modern conditions is difficult to achieve, most likely impossible. This is explained by the fact that the main factor of economic growth and production efficiency - the scientific and technological revolution - is simultaneously the main factor in the emergence of unemployment.
Economically effective implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution is impossible without the absolute release of labor. At the same time, a decrease in employment occurs not only with the technical and technological renewal of existing jobs, but also with capital construction. The latter is carried out in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution on a more perfect technical basis, which ensures a reduction in employment and a specific reduction in the cost of production.
Any change in the socio-economic development of modern society leads to a change not only in views as to unemployment itself and its causes, but also to reforms of labor market institutions. To solve unemployment, it is necessary to determine the type of unemployment and its actual size.
According to the methods of calculation accepted in statistics, a person who has a job is considered to be employed, someone who does not have a job is considered to be unemployed, and the amount of unemployment is defined as the difference between the number of labor force constituents and the number of those employed at the moment.
In the new conditions, freely chosen employment, as a reference point for the social market economy, should become the fundamental principle of the formation of state policy for ensuring full productive employment, which implies the need to switch to a new model of the employment system. It is based on a combination of market principles of regulation and active participation of the state in the regulation of the rules for the functioning of the labor market and entrepreneurial activity, social protection of the population from the threat of unemployment, policy development and implementation of measures to promote employment, and enhance adaptation of the population to the conditions of a market economy.
The source of unemployment can be a variety of circumstances (change of residence, entry into working age, etc.). However, according to Western economists, the main reason for the change in the dynamics of unemployment is the cyclical development of the economy.
Taking into account the purpose of the study, it is advisable to dwell on those types of unemployment that go beyond the traditional forms and show the nature of development and changes that the previously known forms of unemployment have undergone.
Technological unemployment, which is caused by the transition to new generations of technology, technology, mechanization and automation of manual labor. Under these conditions, a part of the workers turns out to be redundant or a labor force of a different skill level is required.
Frictional unemployment arising from normal labor turnover and job search processes and seasonal fluctuations in employment. Frictional unemployment exists even at full employment. Frictional unemployment is often viewed as voluntary due to occupational movements and finding a better job.
Structural unemployment, which is formed in the event of a mismatch between the demand and supply for labor, and the ratio between these indicators for different types of labor and in different sectors of the economy and regions is not the same. This form of unemployment is associated with the closure of outdated enterprises and industries, a decrease in the output of a number of industries (for example, in connection with the transition to a resource-saving type of reproduction, a reorientation to the production of science-intensive products). Structural unemployment occurs when enterprises in some industries go bankrupt and their workers are unable to find jobs in other, successfully developing industries.
Cyclical unemployment generated by the general low demand for labor in all sectors, spheres, regions. It is cyclical unemployment that indicates a general deterioration in the labor market. Within the framework of the described forms of unemployment, there are various modifications of them:
Conversion unemployment is similar to structural unemployment and is caused by a decrease in the number of people in the army and those employed in the military-industrial complex. At times, this unemployment can be acute, affecting the lives of millions of people;
Economic unemployment is relatively stable, due to fluctuations in the market environment, the ruin of some producers in the course of competition;
Youth unemployment is characterized by a disproportionately high proportion of young people (16-24 years old) among the unemployed; it has the character of predominantly functional unemployment;
Latent unemployment is most widespread in agriculture (a classic form of agrarian overpopulation), but it can also be observed in other areas - where there are more workers than is required to produce the final product;
Long-term unemployment covers people who do not want, and eventually cannot work.
World economic practice has made it possible to identify certain patterns in the development of the labor market and the movement of the labor force, indicating the presence of opportunities for absorbing the relative surplus of the active population.
In the new conditions of the prevailing market relations, there is a need for the formation of employment, which would be aimed at creating market relations in the labor sphere. In accordance with the laws of the market, these relations should be based on a number of fundamental principles, the main of which is the personal and economic freedom of the employee, who can choose between employment and non-employment in social production, a particular profession and type of activity, taking into account his own capabilities. , and social needs, which means the voluntariness of labor, the abolition of its compulsory and compulsory nature.
The new concept modifies and expands the content of the "full employment" target, linking it exclusively to effective employment. This connection is based on an orientation towards the needs and interests of a person, a departure from a purely production approach to labor resources.
The problems of employment of the population do not coincide with the problems of unemployment, since it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of employment of various socio-demographic groups of the population, the motivation of workers, changes in the structure of labor resources and other factors. From the point of view of N.I. Velichko the goal of ensuring full and productive employment is to achieve an increase in labor efficiency, the formation of an employment structure in accordance with the needs of improving the sectoral and regional structure of production, taking into account socio-demographic factors.
Thus, within the framework of this concept, full employment can be achieved at any of its level, if the population's demand for jobs is satisfied, provided that it is economically feasible to create and use jobs. In this case, a job is considered suitable that corresponds to the professional suitability of the employee, taking into account his professional training, work experience, health status, and transport accessibility of jobs, profitability. It should be noted that during the transition period in Russia, the problem of informal employment, caused by the presence of labor activity that is not taxed, has become acute. Along with hidden unemployment, informal employment can easily turn into open unemployment; in addition, it causes a deterioration in labor morale, de-qualification of the labor force, and the expansion of the "shadow" economy.
In a market economy, the point of view on effective employment is changing significantly. The ideology of universal employment of the entire able-bodied population, supported by the obligation of a person to participate in social production, is being replaced by the concept of ensuring the desired employment and free choice of the form and type of employment. In market conditions, according to B. Lisovik, "Full and effective employment of the population means providing all able-bodied citizens with the opportunity to work in their chosen field of activity in accordance with vocation, abilities, education, professional training, taking into account social needs. Thus, full employment should not be compulsory headcount and can be achieved with varying degrees of coverage of the working-age population. "
From all of the above, it follows that in market conditions, the state must create conditions that guarantee every person the opportunity to work, and a person has the right to choose a place and type of labor activity and make a decision on participation in it. Undoubtedly, it is much more difficult for a market economy to fulfill the first condition compared to the second. In Russia, thanks to the adoption of new foundations of legislation on employment, a legal basis has emerged for changing the existing principles, the functioning of the employment system.
For positive change, a fundamental turn in economic thinking and social imperatives is required. The new legislation on the employment of the population provides that every citizen of the country has the right to voluntarily choose any type of socially useful activity that does not contradict the legislation, free choice of place and type of work. The democratic principle of the voluntariness of labor is proclaimed, according to which the employment of citizens is based solely on their free expression of will and the administrative coercion of people to work is prohibited.
1.2 Features of state policy in the field of regulation of employment
Direct public administration employment of the population, in connection with the economic transformations in Russian society, gave way to market labor relations based on the mechanism of self-regulation of employment of the population through the labor market. Taking into account modern views on the problem of employment of the population and, in particular, the regulation of labor relations in the market economy, is the fundamental principle of the formation of the economic policy of the state.
Employment as a social category is one of the most important macroeconomic indicators of the stability of society. It reflects the need of people not only for income, but also for self-expression through socially useful activities, as well as the degree of satisfaction of this need at a certain level of socio-economic development of society.
Employment of the population is a necessary condition for the reproduction of labor, since the standard of living of people, the costs of society for the selection, training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, their employment, and material support for the unemployed depend on it. Employment reveals one of the most important aspects of human social development, associated with the satisfaction of his needs in the world of work and in connection with work.
In the theory of J. Keynes, a different meaning is attached to the role of the state in regulating the problems of unemployment. The labor market is viewed as an inert, static system that needs government regulation. The state is able to eliminate the imbalance in the labor market by regulating the demand for labor not by fluctuations in market prices for it, but by influencing production volumes.
According to J. Keynes, the state must fight unemployment and regulate it using financial policy. By raising government revenues and lowering taxes, the economy can increase aggregate demand, which will lead to an increase in labor demand and lower unemployment. However, with the development of society and the course of scientific and technological progress, economists began to face more and more problems with determining the causes of unemployment. The number of factors influencing, as it has already become generally accepted, the not completely equilibrium mechanism of supply and demand in the labor market, has become so enormous that it has become almost impossible to simulate the processes taking place in this area and identify direct mathematical dependencies.
The employment policy in our country should be based on the market economy of the rule of law. It is believed that society (state), employers and employees in their public roles should balance each other in such a way as to facilitate further progress. The state defines the general boundaries of the activities of employers and employees, and they form the details of the system of rules for their relationships. Employment policy is an important element of socio-economic policy and aims to make capital, natural resources and labor interact for economic growth and prosperity.
At the same time, according to the concept adopted in developed countries, the employment policy should not take responsibility for education, for raising qualifications into its sphere; should not relieve employers of their obligations to ensure working conditions and rehabilitate those who have been forced out of the labor market. Employment policy should help people get into the labor market or return there if they were forced out of it. An active employment policy should pursue the following goal: a high degree of labor force participation in social production. Achieving this goal is necessary because prosperity can only be achieved when everyone contributes to production, thereby creating the basis for their own security. Full employment in the country is considered a fundamental goal of labor market policy. It is believed that people temporarily ousted from the labor market should receive either a job or the education required for it, but not financial assistance.
Preference in this area will be given to measures that are economically justified from a long-term perspective. Three systems are designed to provide full-time employment: a system of regular (regular) retraining, a system of organizing public works and a system of youth practice, which was a specifically Swedish innovation. According to this latter system, young people who do not find work in the usual way are provided with jobs, the costs of which are compensated to employers by the state.
Competence issues play a decisive role in a competitive environment, therefore, the main thing is to have a well-functioning school system and highly developed higher education and science. The responsibility of employers to provide their employees with opportunities for improvement in the work process is important both for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises and for the morale of employees who achieve better results if they see that the employer is interested in their improvement and development of motivations. This work is carried out primarily by the stakeholders themselves (employers and employees), however, the state, through a special "Working Life Fund", is helping to develop programs to create jobs.
The main goal of the labor market policy in the country is considered to be the achievement of full employment. For its implementation, it is considered necessary to support those regions of the country where structural changes are taking place in order to create new jobs; support is guaranteed for both private and public employers. In addition, state and local authorities are required to organize temporary employment for young people and citizens who have not worked for a long time. Note that in practice, full employment is usually unattainable, thus characterizing not the real state of the labor market in the country, but only the direction of work of state and other bodies in this area.
Important principles of organizing the labor market are the coordination of the activities of all administrative institutions when solving issues of employment of the population and taking into account the latter when developing programs that have at least an indirect impact on the situation in the field of labor and employment. It seems possible to apply these principles in our country, if not at the level of state programs, then at least at the level of the regions, where it is easier to coordinate the interests of all parties.
Among other tasks of labor market policy, the improvement of working conditions is highlighted. It is believed that solving this problem is in the interests of both workers and employers, and society as a whole. It contributes to the preservation of the working capacity of workers, thus preventing the rapid aging of the labor force and alleviating the problem of labor shortages. The impact on working conditions is provided through legislation, as well as constant monitoring carried out by both state and public authorities.
The issues of retraining of personnel are also among those solved within the framework of the state policy on the labor market. The creation and maintenance of the system of professional retraining in the current state increases the opportunities of the able-bodied population to find work in the constantly changing labor market. Both adult workers and young people entering the labor market for the first time are involved in the vocational training system. At the same time, the latter somewhat prevail in the total number of people who annually undergo vocational training and retraining.
The state of employment at a certain period of the country's development is determined by the ratio of labor supply factors (the initial size of the economically active population, the motivation for employment, the living wage and the size of the pension, etc.) and the factors of demand for it (the totality of jobs, the structural transformation of the economy, the dynamics of production volumes and the price of labor, etc.), the regulation of which is the prerogative of the state.
The experience accumulated over decades in countries with developed market economies shows not only the inevitability, but also the effectiveness of the combination of self-regulation mechanisms and state regulation of the labor market. Of the significant number of problems associated with employment and the functioning of the labor market, priority areas of state regulation are such components as: increasing jobs, regulating demand for a job, as well as implementing state policy in the development of education, vocational training and advanced training of personnel.
All of the above is achieved on the basis of a study of the mechanisms of state regulation of employment and the labor market that are common for countries with developed market economies, which include three groups:
Economic methods (system of concessional lending and taxation; budgetary policy aimed at stimulating entrepreneurship; preservation of old and creation of new jobs; personnel training, etc.);
Organizational methods (creation of a state employment and employment service, Information system, a system of vocational guidance, training and retraining of personnel);
Administrative and legal methods (regulation of the conclusion of labor relations; working hours; introduction of mandatory contributions by the enterprise to employment funds; determination of quotas for employment; regulation of working life with the determination of the minimum hourly wage rate, etc.)
In addition, methods of indirect influence are actively used in the regulation of the sphere of labor force reproduction. They form the preconditions for the market entities to be guided by those recommendations, which to a greater extent express the goal of the economic strategy, when choosing the direction of business independently.
Thus, the methods of direct and indirect impact on the process of employment and the labor market can be defined as a set of methods of the economic, organizational, legal order, which form a certain system of organized influence at all stages of the reproduction of the labor force, including its formation, training and retraining of personnel, distribution and redistribution of labor force in spheres and branches of the national economy and direct use.
The state employment policy presupposes the solution of the following main tasks:
the maximum possible satisfaction of the needs of the economically active population in paid work by using funds at the disposal of the state aimed at stimulating the development of the production of goods and services in organizations of all forms of ownership;
expanding the scale of effective employment based on the creation and maintenance of highly productive jobs with favorable working conditions and an economically justified level of remuneration through the use of market mechanisms of management;
development of the quality of the labor force, increasing the level of its professionalism, competitiveness in the labor market and professional mobility on the basis of the development of the vocational education system adequate to the requirements of the labor market;
minimization of the scale and level of unemployment, prevention of long-term unemployment;
providing material support for unemployed citizens;
increasing the role of labor migration in creating a single national labor market, taking into account the professional interests of citizens and the needs of the economy for labor.
The goals and objectives of the state employment policy are specified in relation to each stage of socio-economic development and are consistent with the directions of structural investment, demographic, foreign economic policy, financial stabilization policy, income and economic growth.
An important element of the state employment policy is the labor market policy, which provides for:
employment in the shortest possible time of citizens looking for work, taking into account the satisfaction of the needs of organizations in workers of certain professions and specialties;
expanding employment opportunities by stimulating entrepreneurship and self-employment of citizens, organizing public works, creating specialized jobs for citizens with limited working capacity or experiencing special difficulties in the process of finding a job;
increasing the competitiveness of job seekers;
social and labor adaptation of unemployed citizens in need of additional state support in the labor market;
providing material support for unemployed citizens at a socially acceptable level.
The state employment policy is viewed as a two-tier system, including the macro-level and the regional level.
State employment policy at the macro level.
At this level, the state carries out:
Adoption of legislative and regulatory legal acts on employment and labor market issues and control over their observance;
Coordination of long-term and current tasks of the state employment policy with the priorities of the policy of economic growth, structural investment, monetary and social policy;
Adoption of state programs for promoting employment of the population, organizes control over their implementation;
Coordination of the procedure for financing the state employment policy (in terms of central government budget funds);
Coordination of standards for social support of unemployed citizens uniform for the entire territory of the country;
Financial and organizational support to areas with a tense situation in employment and the labor market.
In the Russian Federation, the procedure for classifying a territory as tense according to the situation in the labor market is determined by the federal government.
State employment policy at the regional level.
State authorities in the regions of the country:
Develop and implement a regional employment policy, taking into account the socio-economic and demographic specifics of the regions and the main directions of the national employment policy;
Take additional measures of budgetary, tax and credit policies in order to promote the economic development of the region and ensure employment of the population;
Develop and implement territorial targeted programs to promote employment in conjunction with the territorial bodies of the employment service;
Establish the procedure and directions for financing the regional employment policy at the expense of regional budgets and exercise control over the targeted use of the allocated funds;
Adopt regional legislative and normative legal acts that provide additional guarantees of employment and social support for unemployed citizens in relation to the norms of state legislation on employment;
Coordinate the activities of local self-government bodies in the implementation of employment policy measures.
The state employment policy is based on several principles. They are quite logical and do not need detailed explanations. These principles include:
the priority of active measures to promote employment, including the preservation and creation of new jobs, retraining of personnel, vocational guidance and training in comparison with simple social support for the unemployed (payment of unemployment benefits);
priority maintenance at the expense of funds state budget those elements of the supply in the labor market that require the lowest costs and give a quick result;
implementation of the state employment policy, taking into account the interests of specific regional, sectoral and socio-demographic groups of workers;
support for employment in regions that are in crisis due to the state of the labor market;
implementation of balanced measures of social support for the unemployed to prevent, on the one hand, their desocialization (lumpenization), and on the other hand, social dependency.
The state pursues a policy of promoting the realization of citizens' rights to full, productive and freely chosen employment. State policy in the field of promoting employment of the population is aimed at:
Workforce development;
Ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of nationality, gender, age, social status, political convictions and attitude to religion in the exercise of the right to voluntary work and free choice of employment;
Creation of conditions ensuring a dignified life and free human development;
Supporting the labor and entrepreneurial initiative of citizens, carried out within the framework of the rule of law, promoting the development of their abilities for productive, creative work;
Provision of social protection in the field of employment of the population, carrying out special measures that contribute to the employment of citizens who are in special need and social protection and experiencing difficulties in finding a job (disabled people; citizens with lip service who, according to the conclusion of the authorized body, need constant care, assistance or supervision; persons released from places of detention and not provided with work for reasons beyond their control; young people under the age of 11 who are looking for work for the first time; persons of pre-retirement age two years before the age of retirement (by age); refugees and internally displaced persons, citizens dismissed from military service, and their family members; single and large parents raising minor children, disabled children: families in which both parents are recognized as unemployed; citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl and other radiation accidents and disasters); prevention of mass and reduction of long-term (more than one year) unemployment; encouragement of employers who keep existing and create new jobs, primarily for citizens in particular need of social protection and experiencing difficulties in finding a job; the combination of the independence of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments in ensuring employment of the population with the consistency of their actions in the implementation of the federal program for promoting employment of the population; coordination of activities in the field of employment of the population with activities in other areas of economic and social policy, including investment and structural policy, social security, growth regulation and income distribution, inflation prevention; coordination of the activities of state bodies, trade unions, other representative bodies of workers and employers in the development and implementation of measures to ensure employment of the population and control over them;
providing employment in places where indigenous peoples and other national minorities of the Russian Federation live, taking into account their national and cultural traditions, as well as historically established types of employment; international cooperation in solving problems of employment of the population, including issues related to the labor activity of citizens of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation, and foreign citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation, compliance with international labor standards.
The country's transition to a market economy is a complex and unique process. It is necessary to find original ways, ways of solving tasks unprecedented in their scale. Policies should focus primarily on changing the nature of the labor market by moving from over-employment with low productivity to creating low level unemployed with highly productive employment. This is especially true when technologies and types of products are constantly changing, some are developing and other enterprises and sectors of the economy become bankrupt.
There is a need to transform a number of narrow Western models of employment policy into a more specific model for Russia, which ensures an increase in the quality of the labor force in the labor market as a means of social protection of people from unemployment and an important factor in the economic well-being of society. Such a model requires a comprehensive account of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of our country.
Currently, we can talk about three main options for a set of employment policy tools:
passive:
moderately passive;
active.
The passive policy includes the payment of benefits to the unemployed and providing them with the simplest job selection services through the state employment service.
A moderately passive policy also provides material support for the unemployed and the provision of job selection services. Outwardly, these two options are more economical in terms of temporary government spending.
However, the tactic of passively waiting for economic growth could justify itself only with a high flexibility of the labor market and labor force as a whole, positive economic prospects, expanding the possibilities of independent search and selection of jobs. Otherwise, the restraining efforts of passive policy on the labor market will be weak, the problem of unemployment will worsen, unemployment and associated social isolation will expand, and the loss of labor motivation among the unemployed population.
The most optimal and acceptable variant of the employment policy for the Russian Federation is an active one. It is this approach, which provides for active actions in the labor market, improving the quality of the labor force for the subsequent employment of the unemployed, can ensure the maximum possible employment of the population, the release of competitive products and the economic prosperity of society.
Based on the foregoing, it seems appropriate to implement the following priority areas of active employment policy:
pay special attention to improving the quality of the labor force in the labor market, improve the system of primary, secondary, higher and additional education, its focus on the needs of employers and changes in demand and supply in the labor market;
constantly adjust the volumes and profiles of personnel training in educational institutions, reduce the risk of unemployment among graduates of educational institutions;
to assist enterprises in the training and professional development of personnel in production;
ensure employers allocate necessary funds for personnel training, as well as advanced retraining of redundant workers for new areas of employment;
ensure the development and improvement of a flexible, employment-oriented system of vocational training for unemployed citizens and the unemployed population, adequate to the needs of a market economy;
develop a system of continuing education, including on-the-job training, development of self-study opportunities;
develop a system of vocational guidance and psychological support for the population;
pay special attention to the preservation of efficient workers and the creation of new jobs, including preferential taxation and lending, to support competitive industries, to support small businesses, to stimulate the entrepreneurial activity of the population;
in accordance with the program of structural restructuring of the economy, provide for measures for retraining and employment of laid off workers;
to promote the employment of vulnerable groups of the population (disabled, women, youth, refugees, internally displaced persons, etc.), to develop public works, to develop and implement targeted programs for young people, to stimulate employers who recruit graduates of schools and vocational educational institutions;
to expand the scale of assistance to people who find themselves out of work, to take measures to quickly involve them in active labor activity.
In the process of forming a new system of labor relations in Russia, a lot has already been done: legislative and regulatory acts governing the relationship between the employer and the employee, compliance with the legality and legal protection of entrepreneurs and the population, internal and external tariff policy, etc. This is especially important for the development of entrepreneurship in the field of small and medium-sized businesses in the sphere of services, trade and especially production - areas that make up a huge reserve for ensuring employment of the population.
1.3 Employment management at the municipal level
In Russia, an integral system of employment management developed during the Soviet era as a mechanism for providing a social guarantee aimed at efficient use and remuneration for the work of each individual person in accordance with his qualifications and social status. In general, the employment management mechanism adopted and developing at that time (basic rights in the field of labor and employment, social guarantees of the standard of living) ensured the achievement of the set goal.
In our opinion, the effectiveness of employment management at the level of the municipality should be understood as positive trends formed in the process of the formation and functioning of the labor market as a result of targeted actions taken related to identifying problems, finding and organizing the implementation of applied solutions to issues of labor market regulation, based on the use of a wide range of methods, means, techniques, levers and technologies of the influence of the subject of management on the object (labor market) of management and the achievement of full employment of the population.
The main constituent elements of the employment management mechanism are organizational and economic instruments of influence on the labor market, which are interconnected and interact with each other, in the process of which the interests of employers and the hired labor force are coordinated (should be ensured), and, thus, occurs (should occur) implementation of the state employment policy at all levels of its management, including at the level of the municipal formation.
The structure of the employment policy and social protection of the population from unemployment is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The main directions of the policy of employment of the population
In modern Russia, with the transformation of the social system on a market basis, the main emphasis in the sphere of labor relations is placed on the formation of a mechanism for self-regulation of the employment process, which is determined by the nature of the operation of the market laws of the organization of labor and production. But, at the same time, in market conditions, the formation of many elements of the employment system remains the prerogative of state regulation, which gives the management of employment a social and market content.
In the process of functioning of the modern labor market, changes in the forms of employment and the system of labor organization constantly occur, which makes it possible to increase the degree of productive employment in relation to the economically active population. To develop mechanisms for effective management of the development of the labor market, it is required to use advanced methods for assessing the state and effectiveness of the implemented measures to promote employment of the population.
As the analysis of literary sources shows, in order to study the effectiveness of managing the employment of the population, quantitative parameters of the activity of employment services are mainly used. The most common approaches to determining effective measures to ensure employment are to designate certain areas, or they are indicated in the form of measures aimed at creating and maintaining jobs, retraining the unemployed at the request of employers, organizing public works, improving the qualifications of personnel directly in production, etc.
At the same time, in the economic literature, other approaches are proposed to the system of assessing the management of the efficiency of employment of the population. These approaches are based on specific indicators of the social performance of employment management. These indicators include:
a) indicator of total social efficiency, which is calculated by the ratio of the number of unemployed, deregistered for all reasons during the year, to the number of unemployed registered at the beginning of the calendar year;
b) an indicator characterizing the share of costs per established unit of social efficiency or per one unemployed person (a value showing "the degree of expected increase in the unemployment rate).
The practical content of the application of these indicators is that as the unemployed are removed from the register, the value of the indicator of social efficiency increases, and vice versa.
The practice of using the above approach to determining social efficiency has revealed a certain drawback, the essence of which is that it does not reflect its real effectiveness, since it takes into account the dynamics of only two categories of the able-bodied population - employed and unemployed. At the same time, beyond the scope of the analysis, there are population groups included in the category of "conditionally unemployed", persons who can move into the category of actually unemployed. Taking into account the above provision of assessing the effectiveness of employment management, this study analyzes the effectiveness of providing employment at the level of the municipality using the example of Podolsk, for which the effectiveness of measures to promote employment was assessed on the basis of a comprehensive methodology developed by O.V. Inshakov and A.E. Kalinina.
The proposed comprehensive methodology for monitoring employment promotion activities and assessing their effectiveness assumes a sequence of actions in the following areas:
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Due to the diversity of internal regulators of the labor market, as well as due to the social importance of its effective functioning needs qualified regulation. It seems that the creation of such an effective system of regulation in the sphere of employment is one of the main social tasks of the reforms being carried out in Russia.
The state plays an important role in providing employment.
There are four main directions of state regulation of the labor market.- a program to stimulate employment growth and increase the number of jobs in the public sector.
- programs aimed at training and retraining the workforce.
- workforce recruitment programs.
- the government adopts social insurance programs for unemployment, i.e. allocates funds for unemployment benefits
- full employment, which is understood as the absence while maintaining the "natural level of unemployment", determined by the size of its frictional and structural forms;
- creation of a "flexible labor market" able to quickly adapt to changes in internal and external conditions of economic development, maintain controllability and stability. This "flexibility", compared to the traditional labor market, manifests itself in the flexible use of part-time workers, temporary employment, job turnover, changing the number of shifts, expanding or adding depending on the need for job functions. Everyone who wants to work must find a job in such a market that meets his needs.
State labor market policy is carried out in two main forms:
- active - creating new jobs, increasing the level of employment and overcoming unemployment through training and retraining of workers;
- passive - support for the unemployed through the payment of benefits.
Carrying out active policy, aimed at achieving full employment, is in developed countries a priority direction of state policy on the labor market. The main measures of this policy are:
- government stimulation of investment in the economy, which is the main condition for creating new jobs;
- organization of retraining and retraining of the structurally unemployed;
- development of employment services, labor exchanges that mediate in the labor market, providing information on job vacancies in order to reduce frictional and structural unemployment;
- promoting small and family entrepreneurship, which is considered in many countries to be the most important method of providing employment to the population;
- state incentives (tax and legislative measures) for employers to provide jobs to certain groups of the population - disabled people;
- assistance, if necessary, to change the place of residence in order to get a job;
- international cooperation in solving employment problems; solving issues related to international labor migration;
- job creation in the public sector - in education, medical services, utilities, construction of public buildings and structures;
- organization of public works.
State support for people left without work, their social protection are related to passive form state policy on the labor market. The state guarantees to unemployed citizens:
- provision of social support in the form of unemployment benefits, material assistance and other social benefits;
- free medical care.
In developed countries financial aid the unemployed is carried out on the basis of unemployment insurance systems. The minimum task of these payments is to ensure the current living expenses of the unemployed. Duration - from several months, to indefinite assistance (for example, in Belgium, Australia). The funds are formed mainly at the expense of the state and entrepreneurs.
The relationship between unemployment and wages
An important basis for regulating the labor market in the country is the relationship between unemployment and. We are talking about the so-called, graphically reflecting the non-linear relationship between these two phenomena.
If we assume that there is a similar relationship between the rate of change in wages and prices, then the Phillips model can be transformed into the relationship between unemployment and the rate of change in the price level. The Phillips curve gives options: either high enough employment with maximum economic growth, but with a rapid rise in prices, or fairly stable prices, but with significant unemployment.
For many years it served as the basis for socio-economic regulation in the United States and other Western countries. Many Western economists still proceed from the assumption that there is a unidirectional movement of changes in wages and prices and a multifaceted movement between these values and unemployment. However, there were many examples when unemployment and inflation acquired not an inverse, but a direct relationship: despite the rise in unemployment, prices continued to rise. This raises criticism of the validity of the Phillips curve as a reliable regulator in the economy.
The listed areas do not exhaust all measures of government influence on the labor market. Along with them, there are methods of indirect regulation of the labor market: tax, monetary and depreciation policies of the government. In addition, legislation on social security, labor relations, equal civil rights, etc., also has a significant impact on the labor market.
Labor exchange
A special place in the system of state regulation of the labor market is occupied by the labor exchange (employment service, recruitment assistance service), which is one of the important structures of the market economic mechanism.
Labor exchange- a special institution that mediates in the labor market. In most countries, ore exchanges are state-owned and operate under the direction of the Ministry of Labor or a similar body, however, in the labor market, along with public employment services, there are a large number of private intermediary firms whose activities are very high. There are about 15,000 such firms in the United States.
The main areas of activity of labor exchanges:- registration of the unemployed;
- registration of vacancies;
- employment of the unemployed and other persons;
- studying the labor market situation and providing information about it;
- testing of persons wishing to get a job;
- vocational guidance and professional retraining of the unemployed;
- payment of benefits.
Most economists believe that the problem of unemployment and other imbalances in the labor market can be mitigated only by a combination of various means of stimulating economic growth, reducing the working week, and creating an effective system of retraining.
State employment policy in Russia
State employment policy- a system of measures of direct government and indirect impact on the labor sphere () to achieve the set goals.
State employment policy is tiered process: macro level; regional level; local level.
Macro levelAt the macro level, the highest bodies of state legislative and executive power solve the cardinal tasks of employment policy:
- Alignment of goals and priorities of employment policy with economic, social, demographic and migration policies.
- Coordination of the system of goals and priorities of employment policy with financial and credit, structural, investment, foreign economic policy.
- Development of a policy of employment and social support for the unemployed.
At the regional level, the above directions are taken into account. However, the powers of the regional authorities are somewhat narrowed. For example, it is carried out by the federal authorities.
The regions include employment promotion among the main priorities of their policy and, within their competence, implement social policy. At the regional level, in the interests of employment policy, programs for housing, transport and industrial construction and others are being implemented.
At the regional level, measures to support farming and small business are more effective than at the national level.
Employment problems at the regional level are solved as follows:
- development of a system of training and retraining of the population (primarily temporarily unemployed);
- improvement of information support (including computerization);
- provision of adapted premises and trained personnel for employment centers;
- targeted job support to contain the release of workers;
- increasing the efficiency of registration, employment and social support for the unemployed;
- support in the labor market for refugees and internally displaced persons, citizens with limited working capacity, long-term unemployed, women, youth and adolescents and other socially vulnerable groups of the population;
- organization of public and temporary works.
At the local level, all practical work is carried out on employment, payment of benefits, and training.
State employment policy in Russia
The government of any country strives to maintain a certain level of employment in the economy. Of course, the measures taken depend on the national characteristics of each state. Below we will consider the state policy in the field of employment on the example of Russia.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation states that "everyone has the right to work in conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene, to remuneration for work without any discrimination and not lower than the established federal law minimum size wages, as well as the right to protection from unemployment "(Article 37, paragraph 3).
In 1991, the law was adopted " Employment in the Russian Federation", which defined state guarantees for the implementation of the right to work and protection from unemployment.
State guarantees for the unemployed include:- free vocational training and retraining in the direction of the employment service;
- reimbursement of expenses related to being sent to work in another region on the recommendation of the employment service;
- payment of unemployment benefits;
- the opportunity to conclude labor contracts for participation in public works, etc.
Fight against- one of the elements of the public (social) insurance system. According to the Employment Law, the State RF was created, which is off-budget federal fund... The funds of the fund are federal property and are managed by the State Employment Service. The fund's resources are formed at the expense of mandatory contributions from employers and working citizens, allocations from budgets of various levels, income from placing funds on deposits The Central Bank and others and are directed to social protection of the population from unemployment.
Government actions to reduce unemployment can have mixed consequences.
Retraining and advanced training programs, as well as increasing the efficiency of the information service on the availability of vacancies, can increase the level of employment and reduce unemployment.
On the other hand, the payment of unemployment benefits reduces the incentives to look for work, which manifests itself in the "unemployment trap". To avoid this, the government sets differential benefit rates that decline over time.