On the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions). Economic security of the Russian Federation Political economic security of the Russian Federation
Second half of the 1990s marked by the revival of the attention of state structures and the public to the problems of the country's national security. The formation of a socially oriented market economy necessitated the development and approval of basic concepts in the national security system.
The modern reform of the legal and economic foundations of the Russian state cannot but take into account the interests of national security. This problem is becoming especially acute in the context of increasing globalization and in connection with Russia's active involvement in international political and economic processes. Foreign economic aspects of the national security of the country are the most important component of the system of economic security of the state. The more economically developed the country, the more economic resources it has (or controls), the higher its degree of protection from possible threats.
At the present stage, economic security is a guarantee of the country's independence, determines the possibility of pursuing an independent economic policy and creates a condition for stability and success in the context of the globalization of the world economy.
In the period from 1996 to 2005, scientific research was carried out and a number of scientific papers, collective monographs on this issue were published Senchagova V.K., Oleinikova E.A., Grunina O., Guseva G. and others. educational process and special courses are taught on national security and its various aspects. The urgency of the problems of economic security is reflected in the work of all-Russian and international scientific and practical conferences.
The paper considers the general problems of Russia's economic security associated with its activities in the system of international economic relations.
State features are:
the presence of a special system of bodies and institutions exercising the functions of state power;
· the law fixing a certain system of norms sanctioned by the state;
a certain territory to which the jurisdiction of the state extends and in which its population lives.
The life and activities of the people, the state are deployed in various spheres, and in each of them the action of adverse factors, dangers and threats that disrupt the normal life of a person, society and the state is possible. In terms of content, the following types (spheres) of its activity are distinguished: economic, social, political, military, environmental, legal, technological, cultural, intellectual, informational, demographic, psychological, and many others.
The state protects its interests, its territory, its population from external and internal threats.
A threat to the security of the state can be formulated as the possibility of such a development of events that will create (or creates) a danger to the existence of the state, its political and economic independence.
There are the following types of state security:
geopolitical security;
Geopolitical security is the protection and security of state interests guaranteed by constitutional, legislative and practical measures.
political security;
Each state is interested in having a stable internal political situation, in creating an internal state climate conducive to the normal development of all spheres of society and the individual. Political security is the state of security of the country's geopolitical life. The goal of political security is determined by the type of state. The essence of political security is determined by the ability to pursue an independent foreign and domestic policy and to resolve issues of state structure.
· military security;
Military security is the ability to protect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and population of a country from internal and external threats. Military security includes the following areas: state borders, armed forces, deterrence, military education, military science and military industry.
economic security.
The problems of national economic security are increasingly becoming the subject of study by representatives of various sciences. Scientists offer their own definitions, define the essential features of this complex social phenomenon, reveal emerging social connections between related concepts and phenomena. However, there are still many “dark spots” in this area. Until now, there is no unanimity of opinion among the researchers of this problem on the definition of basic concepts, which in practice gives rise to significant difficulties in applying the legislation on economic security. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the development of a conceptual apparatus.
The legal definition of the concept of "economic security" can be found in the Federal Law of October 13, 1995 No. No. 157-FZ "On state regulation of foreign trade activities". In accordance with Article 2 of the said Law, economic security is a state of the economy that ensures a sufficient level of social, political and defense existence and progressive development of the Russian Federation, the invulnerability and independence of its economic interests in relation to possible external and internal threats and influences. Therefore, the state of the economy is the main sign of economic security.
Therefore, in a compressed (concentrated) form, we can say that national economic security is a state of protection of the main national economic interests from internal and external threats.
It is important to emphasize that such concepts as “conditions”, “factors”, “correlation” characterize economic security from different points of view. Thus, a condition is an environment (environment) in which economic security proceeds (realizes). There are economic, geopolitical, environmental, legal and other conditions. The factor is the reason, the driving force of economic security. The ratio of economic interests is understood as their mutual relationship, location relative to each other.
Economic security is characterized by the level of development of productive forces and economic relations aimed at meeting the needs of the individual, society, state, the presence of minerals, developed infrastructure, skilled labor and its training system, as well as the nature of integration into the system of world economic relations.
The objects of economic security are:
· economic system of the country: producers and sellers of products, works and services;
· natural wealth of the country - agricultural land, forests, rivers, lakes, seas, shelf, minerals.
The subjects of economic security are:
functional and sectoral ministries and departments;
tax and customs services;
Banks, stock exchanges, funds and insurance companies;
Manufacturers and sellers of products, works and services;
Society for the protection of consumer rights.
In Russia, the doctrine of economic security was approved and introduced by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996. No. 608 "The State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)". In pursuance of the provisions of this Decree on December 27, 1996. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1569 “On priority measures for the implementation of the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)” was adopted. These documents define the purpose and objects of the state strategy of economic security, characterize the threats to the economic security of Russia, formulate the criteria and parameters of the state of the economy that meet the requirements of economic security, describe the mechanisms and measures of economic policy aimed at ensuring economic security. As noted in the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation, “in international relations, Russia is faced with the desire of industrialized countries, large foreign corporations to use the situation in the Russian Federation and the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in their economic and political interests .... Without ensuring economic security, it is practically impossible to solve any of the tasks facing the country, both at the domestic and international levels. By the above Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, a number of federal executive bodies (Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Security Council of the Russian Federation, etc.) are responsible for developing quantitative and qualitative parameters of economic security criteria, monitoring and forecasting the factors that determine the occurrence of threats to economic security, for conducting research to identify trends and opportunities for the development of threats and the search for optimal ways to overcome them. At the same time, the economic security system should identify situations in which the actual or projected parameters of economic development go beyond the threshold values, develop measures to overcome them (i.e., to exit the country from the danger zone), conduct an examination of the adopted regulatory legal acts, state decisions on financial and economic issues from the standpoint of Russia's economic security.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation GOU VPO MO
"Kolomensky State Pedagogical Institute"
Faculty of History, Department of State and Municipal Administration.
Department of Economics
day department
COURSE WORK
by discipline: Economic theory
on the topic: Economic security of the economy of the Russian Federation.
Performed:
3rd year student
Borodavkina Yu.A.
Supervisor:
Leonova Zh.K.
Kolomna
year 2009
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Economic policy of the state and economic security 5
1.1. The concept, structure and elements of the concept of economic
state security. 5
1.2 Regulatory framework for the economic security of the Russian Federation 12
Chapter 2. Present and Future of the Russian Economy 16
2.2. The current state of Russia's economic security 20
2.3. Globalization as a threat to economic security 35
2.4. The main directions of increasing the economic security of the country. 37
Conclusion 43
List of references 44
INTRODUCTION
The economic security of the country today has come to the fore among the problems that attract the close attention of specialists of various profiles, including representatives of special services. Such attention is by no means accidental. It is connected, first of all, with the fact that the economic sphere of the state is pivotal and determines the viability of other spheres. The influence of the economic sphere on others is more tangible than the influence of these spheres on it. Accordingly, economic security is dominant in relation to other types of security.
It used to be that economic security was the prerogative of the state security agencies. Undoubtedly, law enforcement agencies, special services, including the FSB of Russia, are an important link in ensuring the economic security of the state. But the structure of the economy itself must ensure security, the implementation of which is possible only if Russia's national interests are observed when conducting economic reforms and taking into account existing threats. Russia is a multinational country that includes dozens of nationalities that have their own statehood and even their own Security Councils involved in ensuring national security. One may get the impression that in the Russian Federation national security is understood as the security of only the Russian nation, but this is not so. The concept of "national security" reflects the state, the level of security of all the peoples and nations that make up Russia.
Ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country's independence, the conditions for stability and efficiency of the society's life, and the achievement of success. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.
Russian Prime Minister Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich said that Russia has two possible ways of development - either Russia will be a strong state, or this state will disappear from the atlas of the world, at least in the form in which it exists today. Many foreigners need Russia as a raw materials appendage to their economy, living off the sale of their resources. This is a disastrous path for Russia. In order to survive, the state needs to build its economic policy taking into account the requirements of the technogenic development of the world community in the 21st century, it is necessary to find our growth points in the form of new technologies, in which we must not catch up, but outstrip foreign competitors. The concept of the country's economic security includes not only maintaining the socio-political and military stability of the state at a sufficient level, but, above all, the development of the economy with its inclusion in the globalization processes taking place today in the world community.
Frivolity and attempts to minimize the threatening dangers are unacceptable here. The role of science in developing the concept of economic security is very important and responsible. It is fundamentally important to reveal the essence of the problem, to identify real threats, to offer reliable and effective methods to reflect them.
The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to strengthen the positions of the Russian economy in the modern world, especially during the economic crisis, as well as to pursue a more active economic policy.
This paper discusses some issues of the country's economic security, as well as directions for the development of the Russian economy in order to reflect threats to the economic security of Russia.
The purpose of this course work is to study the concept, structure, legal framework and strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation.
The objectives of this study are: consideration of theoretical provisions relating to economic security, analysis of the current state of Russia's economic security, identification of the main directions for increasing the economic security of Russia.
It can be said without exaggeration that the development of problems of ensuring guaranteed internal and external security of the country, all its aspects, and especially economic security, is a priority task for specialists in the field of state and municipal administration.
Chapter 1. Economic policy of the state and economic security
1.1. The concept, essence and criteria of the country's economic security.
In the 1970s, the term "economic security" first appeared. It quickly became widespread in the developed capitalist countries. It was then, defending a realistic assessment of the current international situation, that representatives, primarily Western European countries, advocated the use of economic methods to ensure national security.
The most intensive research in the field of economic security of the Russian Federation began with the creation of the Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council on Economic Security, although numerous studies of Russian economists, sociologists, political scientists and researchers in a number of related disciplines have been devoted to the problems associated with this concept.
The Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council on Economic Security was formed in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Security", "Regulations on the Security Council", approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 3, 1992, No. 547 "On the Formation of the Security Council of the Russian Federation" and Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 20, 1993 No. 1686, "On improving the activities of interdepartmental commissions of the Security Council of the Russian Federation." In essence, the listed documents introduced the concept of economic security. The concept of economic security in the most general sense means the ability and readiness of the economy to provide decent living conditions and personal development, socio-economic and military-political stability of society and the state, the ability to withstand the influence of internal and external threats. Economic security is the material basis of both national security as a whole and practically all of its components (food, energy, scientific and technical, environmental, informational, etc.).
The events of October 10-11, 1994, associated with a sharp depreciation of the ruble (Black Tuesday) heightened the interest of both the scientific community and the general population in economic security. In April 1995, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council on Economic Security was formed, as a result of which the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (basic provisions) was developed, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated April 29, 1996 No. 608.
The purpose of the State Strategy is to ensure such development of the economy, which would create acceptable conditions for life and personal development, socio-economic and military-political stability of society and maintaining the integrity of the state, successfully countering the influence of internal and external threats. Without ensuring economic security, it is impossible to solve any of the tasks facing the country, both domestically and internationally.
The implementation of the State Strategy should create the necessary conditions for achieving the overall goals of national security. In particular, ensure:
Protection of the civil rights of the population, improving the quality of their lives, guaranteeing peace in the country and tranquility in society;
Effective solution of internal and external political, economic and social tasks, based on national interests;
Active influence on the processes in the world affecting the national interests of Russia.
Economic security is organically included in the system of state security, as its basis, along with its components such as ensuring the country's reliable defense capability, maintaining social peace in society, and protecting against environmental disasters. Here everything is interconnected, and one direction complements the other: there can be no military security in a weak and inefficient economy, just as there can be neither military security nor an effective economy in a society torn apart by social conflicts. But, considering certain aspects of security, one cannot bypass their economic aspects.
At present, economic security is traditionally regarded as the most important qualitative characteristic of the economic system, which determines its ability to maintain normal living conditions for the population, sustainable provision of resources for the development of the national economy, as well as the consistent implementation of national-state interests.
Economic security is understood as such a state of the economy and government institutions, which ensures the guaranteed protection of national interests, the socially oriented development of the country as a whole, and sufficient defense potential.
Ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country's independence, a condition for the stability and effective functioning of society, and the achievement of success. This is explained by the fact that the economy is one of the vital aspects of the activity of society, the state and the individual, and, therefore, the concept of national security will be an empty word without assessing the viability of the economy, its strength against possible external and internal threats. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.
Economic security itself has a complex internal structure, in which the most important elements can be distinguished:
Economic independence is not absolute because the international division of labor makes national economies interdependent on each other. Under these conditions, economic independence means the ability to control national resources, achieve a level of production, efficiency and product quality that ensures its competitiveness and allows it to participate on an equal footing in world trade, cooperation ties and the exchange of scientific and technological achievements. This concept has a complex structure and means, firstly, the ability of the economy to maintain the country's sovereignty and geopolitical position in the world, to adapt to new development conditions; secondly, a systematic assessment of the state of the economy from the standpoint of protecting the national interests of the country; thirdly, the readiness of government institutions to counteract the threats and challenges of post-industrial development by increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of management, as well as creating economic and legal conditions that exclude criminalization.
The stability and sustainability of the national economy, which implies the protection of property in all its forms, the creation of reliable conditions and guarantees for entrepreneurial activity, the containment of factors that can destabilize the situation (the fight against criminal structures in the economy, the prevention of serious gaps in the distribution of income that threaten to cause social upheavals, etc.) d.).
The ability for self-development and progress, which is especially important in today's dynamically developing world. The creation of a favorable climate for investment and innovation, the constant modernization of production, the improvement of the professional, educational and general cultural level of workers are becoming necessary and obligatory conditions for the stability and self-preservation of the national economy. Development should go in the following directions:
The ability of the economy to function in the mode of expanded reproduction, that is, to ensure GDP growth in the next decade (within at least 7-8 percent per year);
Increasing the competitiveness of the economy not only in the extractive industries, but primarily in the manufacturing industries and increasing (by 5-6 times) the share of innovatively active enterprises;
Improving the well-being of the population, which means a steady increase in their real incomes, wages, a faster increase in pensions and benefits;
Reducing by 3-4 times the layer of poor people and the formation of the middle class of citizens with an appropriate level of effective demand;
Reliability of the banking system and the ability of the consolidated budget to finance the state's social obligations, maintain business activity and high market conditions, and prevent fluctuations in the change in the ruble exchange rate; sufficiency of the money supply and credit resources to ensure high long-term GDP growth rates;
Increase in the structure of foreign trade turnover of the share of exports of products of manufacturing industries;
Maintaining the level of imports, especially food, at a safe level (approximately 25 percent of retail food turnover);
Independence of Russia in strategically important areas of scientific and technological progress, especially in the field of defense industries, space technology, nuclear industry, mechanical engineering;
Prevention of excessive differences in the levels of development and well-being of the population of the regions.
Thus, economic security is a set of conditions and factors that ensure the independence of the national economy, its stability and sustainability, the ability to constantly update and improve itself.
For a better understanding of the essence of economic security, it is important to understand its relationship with the concepts of “development” and “sustainability”. Development is one of the components of economic security. After all, if the economy does not develop, then the possibilities of its survival, as well as its resistance and adaptability to internal and external threats, are sharply reduced. Stability and security are the most important characteristics of the economy as a single system. They should not be opposed, each of them in its own way characterizes the state of the economy. The stability of the economy characterizes the strength and reliability of its elements, vertical, horizontal and other links within the system, the ability to withstand internal and external "loads". Security is the state of an object in the system of its connections in terms of the ability to survive in the face of internal and external threats, as well as the action of unpredictable and difficult to predict factors.
The more stable the economic system, the more viable the economy, and hence the assessment of its security will be quite high. Violation of proportions and connections between different components of the system leads to destabilization and is a signal of the transition of the economy from a safe state to a dangerous one.
The essence of economic security is realized in a system of criteria and indicators. The criterion of economic security is an assessment of the state of the economy in terms of the most important processes that reflect the essence of economic security. Safety criteria include assessments of:
Resource potential and opportunities for its development;
The level of efficiency in the use of resources, capital and labor and its compliance with the level in the most developed and advanced countries, as well as the level at which external and internal threats are minimized;
Competitiveness of the economy;
Integrity of the territory and economic space;
Sovereignty, independence and ability to resist external threats,
Social stability and conditions for the prevention and resolution of social conflicts.
The system of indicators-indicators, which received a quantitative expression, allows you to signal in advance about the imminent danger and take measures to prevent it.
For economic security, it is not the indicators themselves that matter, but their threshold values. Threshold values are the limiting values, non-compliance with the values of which prevents the normal course of development of various elements of reproduction, leads to the formation of negative, destructive trends in the field of economic security.
It is important to emphasize that the highest degree of security is achieved on the condition that the entire set of indicators is within the acceptable limits of their threshold values, and the threshold values of one indicator are achieved without detriment to others. Therefore, we can conclude that beyond the threshold values, the national economy loses its ability to dynamic self-development, competitiveness in external and internal markets, becomes an object of expansion of foreign and transnational monopolies, is corroded by ulcers of corruption, crime, suffers from internal and external robbery of national wealth.
Among the indicators of economic security are:
Indicators of economic growth (dynamics and structure of national production and income, indicators of volumes and rates of industrial production, sectoral structure of the economy and dynamics of individual sectors, capital investments, etc.);
Indicators characterizing the natural resource, production, scientific and technical potential of the country;
Indicators characterizing the dynamism and adaptability of the economic mechanism, as well as its dependence on external factors (inflation rate, consolidated budget deficit, the effect of external economic factors, the stability of the national currency, internal and external debt);
Quality of life indicators (GDP per capita, level of income differentiation, provision of the main groups of the population with material goods and services, working capacity of the population, the state of the environment, etc.).
Threshold levels of safety reduction can be characterized by a system of indicators of general economic and socio-economic significance, reflecting, in particular:
The maximum permissible level of decline in economic activity, production volumes, investment and financing, beyond which it is impossible to independently develop the country on a technically modern, competitive basis, preserve the democratic foundations of the social system, maintain defense, scientific and technical, innovative, investment and educational and qualification potential ;
The maximum permissible decrease in the level and quality of life of the bulk of the population, beyond which there is a danger of uncontrolled social, labor, interethnic and other conflicts; there is a threat of loss of the most productive part of the national "human capital" and the nation as an organic part of a civilized community;
The maximum permissible level of cost reduction for the maintenance and reproduction of the natural and ecological potential, beyond which there is a danger of irreversible destruction of elements of the natural environment, loss of vital resource sources of economic growth, as well as significant areas of residence, production and recreation, causing irreparable damage to the health of the current and future generations, etc.
Summarizing the above, we can say that economic security is the ability of the economy to ensure the effective satisfaction of social needs at the national and international levels. In other words, economic security is a combination of internal and external conditions conducive to the effective dynamic growth of the national economy, its ability to meet the needs of society, the state, the individual, to ensure competitiveness in external and internal markets, which guarantees against various kinds of threats and losses.
Two conclusions can be drawn from this:
First. The economic security of the country must be ensured, first of all, by the efficiency of the economy itself, that is, along with the protective measures taken by the state, it must protect itself on the basis of high labor productivity, product quality, etc.
Second. Ensuring the country's economic security is not the prerogative of any one state department or service. It must be supported by the entire system of state bodies, by all links and structures of the economy.
1.2. Normative-legal basis of the economic security of the country.
The legislative branch of state power, through laws, forms the legal foundations of economic security, outlines the range of state values and interests under state protection, establishes a system of state bodies specializing in ensuring economic security, determines their competence, provides for the possibility, grounds and types of legal liability for misconduct individuals and legal entities recognized as subjects of law. The main activities of the chambers of the Federal Assembly in the field of ensuring economic security are carried out on an ongoing basis through the structure of committees of the Federation Council and the State Duma in cooperation with the relevant departments of the apparatus of the Federal Assembly (information and analytical department of the Federation Council and the analytical center of the State Duma).
An important role in ensuring economic security was played by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608 “On the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation”
In March 1994, i.e. more than three years after the start of the "reform" of the economy, the government adopted a decree on the development of the "Basic Provisions of the State Strategy in the Field of Ensuring the Economic Security of the Russian Federation." The document was prepared and its draft in January 1995 was considered and approved by the Security Council. However, it took almost 1.5 years for it to become a document, since it was only in April 1996 that the President signed Decree No. 608 "On the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)". The most important element of Russia's state security is economic security. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608 "On the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)", the economic security of Russia is the state of protection of the economic interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, based on independence , efficiency and competitiveness of the country's economy.
The objects of economic security of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Decree, are the individual, society, the state and the main elements of the economic system, including the system of institutional relations.
Without ensuring economic security, it is impossible to solve the tasks facing the state, both at the national and international levels.
Thus, the state strategy of economic security, being an integral part of the national security of Russia, pursues the goal of ensuring the protection of the population by increasing the level and quality of life, effectively solving internal economic and social problems, as well as influencing world processes, taking into account national state interests.
The current situation in the Russian economy requires the definition of an economic security strategy. However, all ongoing economic measures are mostly impulsive, fragmented.
Despite the complexity of the transition period, Russia has a huge potential to ensure its economic security not only within the country, but also abroad. The foreign economic orientation of the state strategy lies in the effective realization of the advantages of the international division of labor, in the participation of the country in its equal integration into world economic relations, in the elimination of its dependence on foreign countries in matters of economic and technical cooperation.
The objects of economic security, in addition to the individual and the state, are the main elements of the economic system and economic activity.
The state economic security strategy includes:
1) characterization of external and internal threats to the economic security of Russia as a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital economic interests of the individual, society and the state; identification and monitoring of factors that undermine the stability of the socio-economic system of the state, in the short and medium term (3-5 years) perspective;
2) determination of criteria and parameters that characterize national interests in the field of economy and meet the requirements of Russia's economic security;
3) the formation of economic policy, institutional reforms and the necessary mechanisms to eliminate or mitigate the impact of factors that undermine the stability of the national economy.
The implementation of the economic state strategy should be carried out through a system of specific measures implemented on the basis of qualitative indicators and quantitative indicators - macroeconomic, demographic, foreign economic, economic, technological, etc.
Thus, only in May 1997 was the concept of national security adopted, which was supposed to combine the forces and means of the Russian special services and law enforcement agencies - primarily the Department of Economic Security of the FSB (though formed only in 1998), as well as the relevant units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, GRU, the Federal Tax Police Service and the State Customs Committee.
On January 10, 2000, the second version of the Russian National Security Concept was adopted. This document defines the fundamental initial provisions for the national security of the country, which should become the basis for the formation of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. It analyzes Russia's place in the world community, defines its national interests, processes and phenomena that threaten them.
The protection of the country's national interests in the economic sphere plays a paramount role in ensuring Russia's national security. Ultimately, the provision of all elements of national security: defense, environmental, informational, foreign policy, and others depends on the country's economic capabilities. At the same time, the development of a program of priority and long-term measures to ensure Russia's economic security and practical steps in this direction should be based on a clear understanding of contemporary threats.
In accordance with the concept of national security: “in the sphere of the economy, threats are complex in nature and are caused, first of all, by a significant reduction in the gross domestic product, a decrease in investment, innovation activity and scientific and technical potential, the stagnation of the agricultural sector, an imbalance in the banking system, the growth of external and internal state debt, a trend towards the predominance of fuel and raw materials and energy components in export deliveries, and food and consumer goods, including basic necessities, in import deliveries. The state of the domestic economy, the imperfection of the system of organization of state power and civil society, the socio-political polarization of Russian society and the criminalization of public relations, the growth of organized crime and the increase in the scale of terrorism, the aggravation of interethnic and complication of international relations create a wide range of internal and external threats to the national security of the country. The weakening of the scientific, technical and technological potential of the country, the reduction of research in strategically important areas of scientific and technological development, the outflow of specialists and intellectual property abroad threaten Russia with the loss of leading positions in the world, the degradation of high-tech industries, increased external technological dependence and undermining the defense capability of Russia.
Negative processes in the economy underlie the separatist aspirations of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This leads to increased political instability, weakening the single economic space of Russia and its most important components - production, technology and transport links, financial, banking, credit and tax systems.
Economic disintegration, social differentiation of society, devaluation of spiritual values contribute to increased tension in relations between the regions and the center, posing a threat to the federal structure and the socio-economic structure of the Russian Federation.
The greatest efficiency in the implementation of the legislative powers of the Federal Assembly can be achieved through interaction with the information and analytical divisions of the Federation Council and the State Duma, committees of the Federal Assembly, the Presidential Administration, the Security Council apparatus, and the Government apparatus. However, coordination between these bodies on economic security issues is currently not effective enough. Various bodies participate in ensuring national security independently of each other without coordinating plans and results of work. This dispersion damages the quality of work and reduces the level of public administration. Obviously, the functional and organizational issues of ensuring national and economic security need further improvement.
Chapter 2. Prospects for the Russian economy.
Among the main directions of economic policy, it is advisable to single out the following areas, which are relevant today both for countries with developed market economies and for Russia:
opportunistic policy;
economic growth policy;
structural policy;
Regional policy;
employment policy;
Anti-inflation policy;
Investment policy;
Social politics.
All these directions intersect, and sometimes contradict each other. The government, depending on the situation, chooses priorities.
Particular attention of the Government of the Russian Federation in the medium term is paid to the implementation of priority national projects in the field of healthcare, education, housing for the population, as well as the development of the agro-industrial complex.
In addition, the Government of the Russian Federation intends to develop measures aimed at increasing the effectiveness of programs in the field of social policy and improving the mechanisms for providing social assistance. In this regard, it is necessary to ensure the coordination of the activities of all authorities providing social assistance in the implementation of relevant programs, to promote the increase of regional and interregional labor mobility.
It is planned to continue the implementation of the administrative reform and civil service reform, which are aimed at ensuring publicity and regulation of the activities of state authorities and further reducing their redundant functions.
To ensure the innovative direction of economic growth, it is necessary to increase the role of scientific research and development, the transformation of scientific potential into one of the main resources for sustainable economic growth by creating an innovation system, forming markets for innovative capital and information and consulting services in the innovation sphere, improving the regulatory legal framework for protecting the rights to intellectual property, staffing of the innovative economy. It is necessary to create favorable conditions for the introduction of advanced technologies into production, including the integrated and balanced development of innovative infrastructure.
In order to develop the Russian regions, it is necessary to move from the inefficient alignment of the economic development of the regions to the creation of conditions that stimulate the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities to mobilize the available resources for economic growth. This should be achieved by improving the efficiency of public administration, the formation and development of production clusters, and the improvement of interbudgetary relations aimed at stimulating reforms in the regions.
To solve problems related to the elimination of infrastructural and technological constraints, it is necessary to develop transport infrastructure as a condition for sustainable economic development, contributing to the growth of trade, information transfer volumes, production capacities, and changes in the structure of the economy. This task can be successfully solved only with the active participation of business.
The development of competition and the reduction of the non-market sector will be ensured by creating and improving market institutions, developing small businesses, and ensuring equal and fair competition. With a general improvement in the business climate and the creation of economic incentives for intersectoral capital flows, conditions will be created to increase the attractiveness of the processing industries and the service sector.
On April 19, 2007, the Russian Government approved the socio-economic development forecast for 2008. and for the period up to 2010. The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (MEDT) presented an updated scenario for the country's development in the medium term, which focuses on economic diversification, strong investment and consumer demand, faster development of the manufacturing industry and the growth of non-commodity exports. The domestic economy will reduce dependence on oil prices, officials promise. They do not foresee domestic macroeconomic risks and believe that the indicators of economic development have reached indicators of stability.
According to economists, the presented forecast looks optimistic, and there are some prerequisites for this. Last year, successful in many respects of the country's economic well-being, and the first quarter of 2007. demonstrated the acceleration of the economy. The fact that the Russian economy will move away from growth based on oil and gas exports and will be based on the manufacturing industry and technology can only be welcomed, experts say.
In the forecast of the socio-economic development of the country for 2008-2010. the following parameters are fixed. Inflation forecast for 2007 is 7-8%, in 2008. - 6-7%, for 2009 - 5.5-6.5%, for 2010 - 5-6%. The forecast for GDP is: for 2007. - 6.5%, for 2008 - 6.1%, for 2009 - 6%, for 2010 - 6.2%. At the same time, the head of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade German Gref believes that Russia may reach higher GDP growth rates than those included in the three-year forecast. This can happen if the investment activity of enterprises is higher and the price of oil exceeds official expectations.
Industrial production growth forecast for 2007 is 5.2%, for 2008. - 5.1%, for 2009 - 4.8%, for 2010 - 5.2%. The growth of investments in fixed capital, according to the forecast of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, will be: in 2007. - 12.8%, in 2008 - 11.9%, in 2009 - 10.5% and in 2010. - 11.4%.
In addition, the officials focused on indicators related to the social sphere. Real disposable income of Russians in 2007 will grow by 9.8% in 2008. - by 9.1%, in 2009. - by 8% in 2010. - by 7.5%. At the same time, real wages, according to the forecast, in 2007 will increase by 12.8% in 2008. - by 10.8% in 2009. - by 8.8% and in 2010. – by 8.2%. Unemployment is expected to decrease from 7.3% in 2006 to to 6.8% in 2010 At the same time, the number of registered unemployed should grow, which indicates structural changes in this area.
The turnover of retail trade will grow in 2007. by 11.6% in 2008 - by 10.5%, in 2009. - by 9.1%, in 2010. - by 8.4%. The positive trade balance of the Russian Federation in the medium term will gradually decrease. Thus, according to the forecast of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, in 2007 it will amount to 100.8 billion dollars, in 2008. - 67.6 billion dollars, in 2009. - 34.7 billion dollars, and in 2010. already $3.2 billion
Economists note that by raising the forecast for economic growth, officials are betting on strong domestic investment and consumer demand. According to their estimates, the expected growth rates of the economy as a whole look very plausible: the economy still has a huge reserve for growth associated with the possibility of increasing its efficiency (reducing energy intensity, increasing labor productivity, etc.) and 6% per year seems to be a normal growth rate for her.
High consumer demand will be able to provide growth in the processing sectors of the industry. The clearly marked arrival of foreign manufacturers, localizing certain industries, not only contributes to the forecasted growth, but may also have an additional positive impact on the economy. There are no obvious domestic or external threats to growth, with the exception of a collapse in world commodity prices, but this threat is becoming less significant every year due to the same diversification of the economy. At the same time, there are several points in the forecast that raise questions: the prospects for the oil and oil refining sector look underestimated, and the prospects for non-commodity exports look overestimated. Many analysts are also positive about the socio-economic development forecast prepared by the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade. And they suggest that against the backdrop of a possible shortage of labor, one of the priorities for the government should be migration policy. High growth rates of wages and pensions will lead to a further increase in the disposable income of the population, in connection with which the increase in consumption will continue to be one of the key factors for the growth of the Russian economy.
However, without ensuring economic security, it is impossible to solve the tasks facing the state, both at the national and international levels.
2.2. The current state of Russia's economic security
The structure of economic security problems is shown in Scheme 1.
Scheme 1. The structure of economic security problems.
Let's return to the State Strategy for Economic Security. This document defines the criteria and parameters of economic security to be monitored.
Criteria of economic security, defined as factors that determine the emergence of threats to economic security, are formulated as follows:
1. The ability of the country's economy to sustainable growth.
2. Dependence of the country's economy on imports of the most important types of food and products, the production of which can be organized in the country.
3. Levels of external and internal debt.
4. Reproduction of strategic resources.
5. Levels of poverty and unemployment.
6. Stability of the financial system.
7. Rationalization of the structure of foreign trade.
8. Accessibility for the population of education, culture, medical and social services, passenger transport, mass communications, as well as housing and utilities.
9. Maintaining the scientific potential of the country.
10. Relations with the CIS member states.
Each of these factors has an established set of indicators that can be found on the website of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics.
An analysis of the economic security categories of developed countries and Russia shows that the Russian Federation faces a number of threats that are not typical for developed countries. These threats include the need to integrate into the already established system of international institutions; difficulties in identifying the position of the system associated with the crisis of the bodies responsible for collecting statistical information, and as a result, the impossibility of making optimal management decisions; on the territory of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation there are legal acts that are contrary to federal legislation; Russia has vast unguarded borders. At the same time, the Russian Federation, as a country developing in a global economy, is faced with the entire traditional complex of threats inherent in the era of globalization.
The strategic national interests of Russia in the economic sphere are multifaceted, but, summing up, they can be represented in three most important areas: long-term sustainable economic growth outpacing the average world, European and Asian GDP growth rates, increasing the competitiveness of the country's economy and its citizens, conquering new niches in commodity and financial markets; the growth of well-being, the quality of life of Russians and the recognition of their role in the global cultural space.
More specifically, the implementation of Russia's national interests in the economic sphere can be expressed as follows: the ability of the economy to function in the mode of expanded reproduction, that is, to ensure GDP growth of at least 7-8 percent per year in the next decade; increasing the competitiveness of the economy not only in the extractive industries, but primarily in the manufacturing industries and increasing the share of innovatively active enterprises by 5-6 times; improving the well-being of the population, which means a steady increase in their real incomes, wages, a faster increase in pensions and benefits; reduction by 3-4 times of the layer of poor people and the formation of the middle class of citizens with an appropriate level of effective demand; the reliability of the banking system and the ability of the consolidated budget to finance the state's social obligations, maintain business activity and high market conditions, and prevent fluctuations in the change in the ruble exchange rate; sufficiency of the money supply and credit resources to ensure high long-term GDP growth rates; increase in the structure of foreign trade turnover of the share of exports of products of manufacturing industries; maintaining the level of imports, especially food, at a safe level (about 25 percent of retail food turnover); Russia's independence in strategically important areas of scientific and technological progress, especially in the field of defense industries, space technology, nuclear industry, mechanical engineering; maintaining a single economic space and preventing excessive differences in the levels of development and well-being of the population of the regions.
The practical experience of different countries, including ours, shows that threats to national security may not manifest themselves in an open and acute form for a long time, but this does not mean that nothing threatens us or that any crisis can be easily overcome. In order to timely prevent threats to Russia's national interests in the economic sphere, it is advisable to constantly monitor indicators of economic security. 19 such indicators have been identified, reflecting the most important areas in the real and financial sectors of the economy, in the social sphere (see Table 1). It is these indicators that are used as threshold values for economic security. They characterize the limiting values, ignoring which hinders the normal course of development of the economy and the social sphere and leads to the formation of destructive trends in the field of production and the standard of living of the population.
Thresholds should acquire the status of quantitative parameters approved or approved at the state level, compliance with which should become an indispensable element of government forecasts and development programs, as well as budgeting. Unfortunately, this did not happen, and there are still no approved quantitative parameters of threshold values.
Table 1 shows that the threshold values of the indicators quite accurately signal the state of Russia's economic security. The situation cannot be characterized as unambiguous, with an assessment of “good” or “bad”. Some indicators in 2005 were below the threshold values. This is the inflation rate, budget deficit, public debt. The volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves many times exceeds the limits of the threshold value.
If the level of monetization corresponded to the limit value of the indicator, we can make an unambiguous conclusion about the improvement of the financial situation. However, it is two times lower, which indicates the underdevelopment of the banking sector, the distrust of investors in banks, the insufficient inclination of the population to organized forms of savings, and the weak development of non-cash payments. The economic and political risks in investing are still very high.
The increase in financial and banking reserves occurs due to the infringement of financial opportunities for the development of the real sector of the economy, innovation and social spheres. All indicators signal the unfavorable situation of these sectors of the economy. The share of food supplied by imports in total food resources is much (15 percentage points) above the threshold value, which makes the economy vulnerable to unfavorable developments in the foreign exchange market. Total GDP is well below the threshold. Consequently, in order to achieve the goal of doubling GDP by 2012, it is necessary to significantly accelerate the rate of economic growth.
Unfortunately, the health of the Russian population is much worse than in industrialized countries. In general, according to the integral indicator of health, Russians are in 68th place in the world. The average working capacity of a Russian worker, measured by the number of years of work, loss of working time due to illness and accidents, activity at work, is half that of a US worker.
A significant personal characteristic of human resources is morality. This quality was pointed out by Aristotle in his work "Nicomachean Ethics". During the years of reforms, such negative traits of morality among workers as lack of initiative, aggressiveness, conflict, cynical attitude towards society, the state and the individual, bribery, racketeering, and corruption have developed. Also, its technical and production component is of great importance for ensuring the economic security of the state. It is understood as the ability of the country's industry in the event of a disruption in foreign economic relations or internal socio-economic shocks to promptly compensate for their negative consequences, sustainably carry out expanded reproduction, and satisfy public (including defense) needs. It is closely connected with both material and social factors of production. As a result of significant imports of machinery and equipment to Russia, an increasingly tangible dependence on Western supplies began to take shape. It is especially high in metalworking, metallurgical and chemical equipment. In the event of an aggravation of the economic situation or the unleashing of direct military confrontation, such dependence can lead to significant economic difficulties. That is why it is so necessary to produce high-quality and sufficient quantities of machine-technical products at home. At the same time, an analysis of the data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation shows that high-tech industries - the production of machine tools, forging and pressing machines, radio-electronic equipment, computers, modern means of communication - is slightly more than 5% of the 1991 level. The share of mechanical engineering in the total volume of industrial output has decreased three times.
The industry of Russia is currently focused mainly on the production of an intermediate product - fuel and raw materials. Industries producing end-use products account for only about two-fifths of industrial production. The fixed assets of industrial enterprises in the real sector of the economy are worn out by more than half, and in the fuel and energy complex, the depreciation is already reaching almost 80%.
The technological component of economic security implies such a state of the country's scientific and technical potential, which guarantees, in the shortest possible time, the independent development of the latest technological solutions that provide a breakthrough in the leading sectors of civil and defense production. Increasing Russia's self-sufficiency in key technologies, building up technological potential based on the latest scientific and technological achievements will undoubtedly strengthen the country's economic security. The mass use of promising technologies will contribute to an accelerated transition of the economy to an intensive development model, a significant change in the export-import structure of the Russian economy, and the elimination of its economic dependence on foreign countries.
In the third millennium, the advanced countries of the world - the USA, the countries of Europe and Japan - are on the verge of a new stage of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of the latest technologies of the 21st century in all spheres of life.
The leading direction in the scientific and technical sphere is the humanization of technical progress, the strengthening of the life-supporting branch of scientific and technical progress, the shift of priorities towards biology, biochemistry, biophysics, medical sciences, information services, i.e. in the direction of those areas of science and technology that improve the quality of life of people.
The second important direction of scientific and technical progress is the reduction of energy intensity and metal consumption of social production. The developed countries have made significant progress along this path, gradually moving to a type of economic growth in which the satisfaction of the production and personal needs of people can be carried out with a smaller specific volume of resources involved in production. The implementation of this direction will contribute to the sustainable development of individual countries and the global economy.
Industrially developed countries pay exclusive attention to the development of information technologies. The development of information networks and satellite communications makes it easy to overcome national borders and makes the life of society more and more global. The development of a complex of the latest information technologies - the Internet - is compared with the invention and spread of printing.
For our country, the challenge of globalization means the need to gradually move away from energy and raw material exports to a more balanced participation by integrating domestic scientific and technological potential into the world economy, exporting science-intensive products and services, and joining strategic alliances.
An important element of the economic security system is the food component, which implies the ability of the agricultural sector of the economy to provide the country's population with food, and industry - with the necessary agricultural raw materials.
Today, the danger of losing the country's food independence is becoming very real. The archaism of agriculture and the food complex of Russia as a whole has sharply aggravated as a result of the chosen version of the agrarian reform. The haste in the destruction of existing structures and economic ties, the aggravation of price disproportions between industry and agriculture, the almost complete opening of the domestic market for food imports - all this undermines the basis for the country's self-sufficiency in food. The marketability of agriculture has declined markedly. The monopoly of agricultural machinery manufacturers, the swelling of intermediary structures, ill-conceived tax and credit policies make agricultural production inefficient. The share of imported food is 30%. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the share of imports for meat and meat products is 34%, milk and dairy products - 18%, sugar (including raw sugar) - 73%, vegetable oil - 42%, fish and fish products - 50%. In large cities, especially in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the share of many types of imported goods reaches 80%7. These and other data show that the critical food threshold has been significantly exceeded. This can lead to price dictatorship, as well as to the destruction of domestic production, the capture of the Russian domestic market.
The current unfavorable conditions create a real threat of loss of the country's food independence, which can become a fait accompli if the executive authorities and business entities do not take effective measures to overcome it.
The energy component plays an important role in the system of economic security, which involves ensuring the stability of energy supplies for the needs of the national economy and the defense complex. The Russian economy is becoming increasingly fuel and raw materials. At the same time, the energy component can become a constraint on economic growth. The increase in production will cause an increase in domestic fuel consumption. Meanwhile, the fuel industry is currently not ready to significantly increase the volume of its products. Almost all large and medium-sized oil fields are involved in exploitation, they are mainly in the late stage of development. The increase in explored reserves for almost all types of fuel resources did not compensate for production over a long period. For example, in the last 20 years, Gazprom has not invested in the development of large fields, since it was forced to act as a national creditor for the entire Russian economy. The former head of Gazprom, Rem Vyakhirev, recently cited the facts of the terrible financial condition of Gazprom - he is owed $7.5 billion, and his own debt is $4.5 billion, so there is no money to invest in gas production.
We need a clear and transparent structural policy in the fuel and energy complex, which would determine the priorities in the industry, ensuring the economic independence of the country.
The deep energy crisis that hit Primorye last winter convinced us of the need to reform the energy system of the Russian Federation. The energy system of the country, which was formed during the period of the planned-administrative economy, in the conditions of the formation of market, competitive relations in all spheres of society, needs significant modernization and reconstruction. Moreover, this must be done very deliberately, taking into account the accumulated domestic and foreign experience in the interests of the entire national economy.
The information component of economic security implies such a procedure for the mutual exchange of economic, social, scientific, technical and military information within the national economic complex and foreign partners, which will guarantee the proper secrecy of doing business in the interests of the state, society and economic entity.
The information function of the economic security system consists in obtaining by the system as a whole and its elements the information necessary for the implementation of a coordinated and purposeful activity to achieve the set goals.
The requirements for the implementation of this function will be determined by the necessity and sufficiency of the information provided to the consumer in accordance with his requests and needs.
Information danger occurs when the magnitude and probability of possible information damage is greater than the threshold value requiring measures to prevent it, to protect the security object.
The concept of information security is opposite to the concept of information danger and means protection from significant information damage.
In recent years, the importance of ensuring information security in all spheres of public life, including economic ones, has increased. This is due to a number of reasons: the rapid development of the capabilities of information technology and technology, the intensification of economic confrontation between states, transnational corporations and firms, the increasing impact on the public consciousness of various groups of the population, the interests and needs of customers and suppliers.
Informatization of the financial and economic sphere has both a positive and a negative impact on its development. The following facts testify to the negative impact on the economic consciousness and actions of Russian citizens: hundreds of fraudulent financial pyramids, promoted by various television channels, allowed fraudsters to rob millions of gullible Russian citizens, and unscrupulous advertising contributed to the sale of low-quality goods worth hundreds of millions of dollars.
According to experts, the computer is becoming the most active tool of economic struggle and crime. After all, money now is official information about the possession of a certain object of value, fixed on paper or magnetic, electronic media. In Western countries and some regions of Russia, credit cards have become widespread, replacing paper money. Forgery of credit cards, theft of money with the help of computers have taken on the character of a real disaster in the USA, Italy, and some other countries.
Industrial espionage (and counter-espionage) is also developing rapidly. In the US, the losses of private firms due to the theft of trade secrets are estimated at tens of billions of dollars a year. According to experts, hundreds of billions of dollars worth of valuable information about inventions, discoveries, "know-how" has been exported from Russia during the years of reforms.
An analysis of the main elements that make up the economic security of the Russian Federation shows that its threshold values in many cases exceeded the minimum allowable standards. Threats and dangers have gripped the leading sectors of the economy, touched upon the fundamental foundations for ensuring the life of a person and the state. All is not yet lost. But it is necessary to quickly develop an effective strategy for ensuring Russia's economic security.
Many threshold parameters of economic security were developed on the basis of domestic statistics and were agreed in 2000 with the relevant ministries and departments. They take into account the relevant parameters of the EU countries and can be used to assess the international global security of Russia. For a more detailed assessment of this, it is proposed to use a system of indicators that characterize Russia's place in the world economy: in territorial space, in population, in reserves and extraction of minerals, in forest resources, in financial and banking assets, in exports and imports, in global GDP. and GDP per capita. These indicators, in comparison with the United States, the Eurozone, Japan and the global economy as a whole, are presented in Table 2. It is enough to look at the table to understand that they indicate deep disproportions between indicators characterizing, on the one hand, territorial space, natural resource potential and its use, and on the other - the financial potential, GDP, international trade (export-import), the level and quality of life. Our natural resource potential is many times greater than the financial potential, GDP, exports and GDP per capita. Many disproportions did not develop overnight; in the last 15 years they have worsened, especially in terms of social indicators.
The threshold values of the levels of economic security of the Russian Federation given (in Table 1) in relation to the beginning of the 21st century, unfortunately, have not changed much today. If we evaluate the level of public debt, the weakening of scientific and technical potential, the destruction of the industrial foundations of the national economy, regional economic disintegration, a sharp differentiation in income and an increase in unemployment, the occurrence of emergencies, the outflow of financial resources abroad, then according to these indicators, the economic security of the Russian Federation continues to decline.
According to the results of 2008, we have to state that Russia failed to "wait out the storm in a safe harbor." The crisis has fully affected all spheres of our economy, serious problems have arisen in the real sector, and in the financial and social spheres. By the beginning of 2009, the Russian economy entered an industrial recession, accompanied by a depreciation of the ruble, rising unemployment and the suspension of investment programs. The national financial system turned out to be unprepared for the global shock of 2007-2008, and Russia followed the path of more developed countries - through the financial crisis to industrial decline. The domestic economy is apparently experiencing its first full-fledged market crisis, aggravated by the weakness of the financial system, which easily "imported" the shock from abroad.
Since the end of 2008, the Russian economy has been moving into a qualitatively different mode of functioning. The key parameters of this period will be associated with relatively low oil prices (“loss of rent”), falling industrial output and rising unemployment. Although the impetus for the start of the current processes was the events in the world financial markets and the recession in developed countries, the degree of this influence was associated with internal causes and the structure of the economy, meaning the strong dependence of the primary industries on exports, an undeveloped private financial system, and unresolved problems in economic policy. .
World GDP is projected to fall in 2009 by almost half a percentage point, the decline in GDP in the US could reach 2.6-2.7 percent, in Japan - up to 5-5.8. The EU economy may shrink by 2.1-2.5 percent. Practically in all countries the incomes of the population will decrease significantly. Positive growth rates will continue in India and China, but even there they will fall by almost half compared to previous years. In Russia, GDP could also fall by more than 2%.
The impact of the global economic crisis on Russia has its own characteristics associated with the accumulated deformations of the economic structure, the underdevelopment of a number of market institutions, including the financial system.
The main problem of the Russian economy is still a very high dependence on the export of natural resources. In recent years, the state has done a lot in terms of developing the processing industry, services, transport, but oil and gas exports, exports of other raw materials and metals still play a key role in the economy. As a result of the crisis, not only prices, but also demand decreased for almost all Russian raw material exports.
The second problem is the lack of competitiveness of non-resource sectors of the economy. When problems began in the commodity sectors, there were no industries that could "support" the economy. Moreover, problems from primary industries began to spread to related ones.
The result is a significant drop in industrial production, an increase in the number of unemployed, a decrease in wages and a number of other negative consequences. This is especially noticeable in those cities and regions in which large raw material enterprises are located, and which, in the conditions of constant growth in prices for raw materials, were very well off.
The third problem is the underdevelopment of the financial sector and banks. Many Russian enterprises, especially rapidly developing in recent years, entering foreign markets, could not count on financing from within the country. Credits from the Russian banking system were more expensive, and credit terms were shorter. Companies were forced to borrow abroad. During the crisis, foreign capital markets became inaccessible to enterprises.
In recent years, the national economy has developed largely due to external sources - high prices for raw materials, "cheap" loans from foreign banks, now Russia needs to find internal sources of growth to overcome the crisis and ensure long-term sustainable development.
In October-December 2008, when the global economic crisis began to have a serious impact on the Russian economy, the Government began implementing anti-crisis measures. The anti-crisis measures of the first stage made it possible to prevent the growth of the crisis, its transition into forms that threaten the economic security of Russia. Ensuring economic security, of course, implies not only the classification of interests, threats, criteria and thresholds, but also mechanisms for protecting the national interests of the country in the field of economy.
In 2009 and in subsequent years, the Government of the Russian Federation intends to significantly intensify the use of all available tools of economic and social policy in order to prevent irreversible destructive processes in the economy that undermine the country's long-term development prospects, while also ensuring the solution of strategic tasks.
To overcome the economic crisis on the part of the state, the responsibilities of the federal executive authorities and authorities of the subjects of the Federation to ensure the economic security of Russia must be clearly defined, which must be carried out at all stages of the economic activity of the state: when determining the concept and main directions of economic policy, transforming the financial and banking system of the country, analysis of the course and forecast of socio-economic development, development and approval of the state budget, adoption of the most important regulations and government decisions on economic issues, in the preparation and examination of laws.
It is necessary to move from developing a national security concept to a long-term national security strategy. As a separate document, it is expedient to prepare and approve a long-term economic security strategy, given that the corresponding concept, adopted in 1996, no longer reflects modern realities. These documents should form the basis of a long-term strategy for the socio-economic development of Russia until 2025, as well as the corresponding programs of the constituent entities of the Federation.
It is not possible to do without the creation of a special body responsible for the development and implementation of long-term strategies. For all subjects there are a number of common security problems, this is, first of all, the development of infrastructure in the energy sector, transport system, information, communications, financial and banking system. There are many disproportions in these segments of the economy that threaten Russia's long-term sustainable development. Solving these problems requires coordination, cooperation and cooperation.
2.3. Globalization as a Threat to Economic Security
In a narrow sense, globalization is the process of an avalanche-like formation of a single global financial and information space based on new, mainly new computer technologies. In a broader sense, this term refers to the process of formation and development of transnational monopolies that have an overwhelming impact on the independent development of countries outside the G 7. Ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation and its priorities is the cornerstone of Russia's integration into the world economy. Only with a clear development and strict adherence to an economic security strategy can Russia take its rightful place in the system of the global economic space.
For Russia, as a federal multinational state with a large territory and difficult socio-economic and climatic conditions, the problem of economic security is largely regional in nature and specific.
The state of the Russian economy is characterized by the continued danger of its regionalization. This is manifested in the rupture of traditional economic ties, the crisis of the federal transport and energy infrastructures, the crisis of mutual settlements, which paralyzes interregional economic ties.
As a result, the economic systems of remote Russian regions are attracted to regional foreign centers of economic influence (Kaliningrad region - to Germany and Poland; Primorye and Sakhalin - to Japan; Transbaikalia, Eastern Siberia - to China). In the future, a situation is possible when the degree of integration of these regions into the economic systems of foreign countries will exceed their integration ties with the Russian economy.
In connection with the course of disintegration processes in the economies of the former Soviet republics, attempts by foreign political forces to subordinate the economies of these republics to their own political, economic and military interests (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine) are noticeable. These actions cause direct damage to the interests of the Russian Federation.
Repulsing the aggression of international terrorists and our own separatists in the North Caucasus is associated with large financial and material costs. The actions of the separatists affect not only the military, but also the economic security of the state.
Along with the above-mentioned features of ensuring economic security, attention should also be paid to the information and technical component of the globalization process. There is a gradual process of establishing information control of the leading Western countries over other states, all spheres of their activity. He received the name "indirect wars" or "indirect impact."
Obtaining a variety of information, its generalization and analysis make it possible to predict the development of the situation in the country, as well as to develop specific measures of external political and economic impact on a particular state.
In addition, the use of modern electronic information systems that provide individual access to each person participating in the economic process can, through daily impact, change the consciousness and ideas of entire social groups. There is a real possibility of programming people's behavior through the formation of a false idea of the state of affairs, mental pressure, changes in value orientations.
The introduction of modern electronic information systems makes it possible to establish control over the financial and economic activities of every citizen, enterprise and organization.
The use of global information networks creates the necessary conditions for the implementation of a whole range of measures of covert impact on the economy, while providing significant difficulties in identifying the source of the threat and the moment of the start of aggressive actions.
On the other hand, the use of electronic automation tools in the daily practice of financial structures that allow remote operations has made it possible to carry out such actions in order to carry out various kinds of theft. The spread of automated information networks in our country will cause an intensive increase in crime in this area, which, if not properly countered, will be capable of causing significant economic damage.
The negative trends accompanying the development of informatization are largely restrained by a certain lag in equipping domestic enterprises and organizations with electronic computers and modern means of communication. Therefore, against the backdrop of the growing globalization process, there is a certain reserve of time for solving the above problems in the Russian economy. In conclusion, here is a quote from the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation:
The Russian Federation intends to resolutely and firmly ensure its national security. The created legal democratic institutions, the established structure of the state authorities of the Russian Federation, the broad participation of political parties and public associations in the implementation of the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation are the key to the dynamic development of Russia in the 21st century.
2.4. The main directions of increasing the economic security of the country
Main tasks and measures in the field of ensuring national security
1. In the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 1997 N 1300 (as amended by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2000 N 24), section IV Ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation defines the following main tasks :
2. Timely forecasting and identification of external and internal threats to the national security of the Russian Federation.
3. Implementation of operational and long-term measures to prevent threats.
4. Ensuring the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, the security of its border area.
5. The rise of the country's economy, the implementation of an independent socially oriented economic course.
6. Overcoming the scientific, technical and technological dependence of the Russian Federation on external sources.
7. Ensuring on the territory of the Russian Federation the personal security of a person and a citizen, his constitutional rights and freedoms.
8. Improving the system of state power of the Russian Federation, federal relations, local self-government and the legislation of the Russian Federation, the formation of harmonious interethnic relations, strengthening order and maintaining the socio-political stability of society.
9. Ensuring strict observance of the legislation of the Russian Federation by all citizens, officials, state bodies, political parties, public and religious organizations.
10. Ensuring equal and mutually beneficial cooperation, primarily with the leading countries of the world.
11. Raising and maintaining the military potential of the state at a sufficiently high level.
12. Strengthening the non-proliferation regime for weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.
13. Taking effective measures to identify, prevent and suppress intelligence and subversive activities of foreign states directed against the Russian Federation.
The main tasks and measures in the internal economic activity of the state.
1. Legal support for reforms and the creation of an effective mechanism for monitoring compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
2.Strengthening state regulation in the economy.
3. Taking the necessary measures to overcome the consequences of the economic crisis, the preservation and development of scientific, technical, technological and industrial potential.
4. Transition to economic growth while reducing the likelihood of man-made disasters.
5. Increasing the competitiveness of domestic industrial products, improving the well-being of the people.
6. Elimination of deformations in the structure of the economy with the provision of advanced growth in the production of science-intensive products.
7.Support for industries that form the basis of expanded reproduction, with the provision of employment.
8.Strengthening the state. support of investment and innovation activity.
9. Strengthening the banking system.
10. Providing enterprises with access to long-term loans, creating real targeted programs for industrial restructuring.
11.Advanced development of competitive industries, expansion of the market of high technologies. To this end, measures should be taken to stimulate the transfer of new military technologies to civilian production, a mechanism should be introduced to identify and develop progressive technologies, the development of which will ensure the competitiveness of Russian enterprises in the world market.
12. Concentration of financial and material resources in the priority areas of science and technology.
The main measures to achieve the goals set are formulated as follows.
1. The most important measure is to support leading scientific schools, accelerate the formation of a scientific and technical reserve and a national technological base,
2. Attracting private capital, including through the creation of funds and the use of grants, the implementation of development programs for territories with high scientific and technical potential,
3. Creation and support of the state infrastructure that ensures the commercialization of research and development with simultaneous protection of intellectual property at home and abroad,
4. Development of a public network of scientific and technical information.
5. Maintenance of life and economic development of the crisis areas of the North.
Even a brief analysis of modern threats allows us to conclude that there is a need for a radical change in approaches to ensuring the country's economic security. The growth of these threats is largely due to miscalculations in the choice of strategy and tactics of Russian reforms. I believe that all economic transformations should proceed from such a concept in order to prevent Russia from losing its national and economic independence.
In the course of reforms, any transformations in society and the economy, during the economic crisis, the economy is especially vulnerable to threats to economic security. As world experience shows, during such periods, the instability of the economy increases, and its normal functioning is disrupted. We also had this problem. To resolve it, the following measures are proposed:
· The state should take control of the development of the economy, because the United States, while preaching liberalization in other countries at home, is pursuing a very tough policy on import tariffs, protecting its own market, and supporting agricultural producers. And it was the state that, with its state order and a number of other measures, pulled the US economy out of the depression of the 1930s and is trying to do the same at the moment.
· Under no circumstances should we join the WTO now, stronger foreign competitors will simply crush Russian producers. Another reform of customs tariffs is needed, with the aim of protecting domestic producers, and not opening the market for foreign companies to enter.
· An important task is to restore ties with the Warsaw Pact countries and the CIS countries, it is necessary to return sales markets for the Russian economy, it is desirable to create trade unions such as NAFTA.
· Strict measures are needed to prevent the illegal export of capital abroad.
· The stock market, in its current form, is highly dependent on the speculative game of non-residents. This is a kind of casino. It is necessary to make the Russian market more competitive, its architecture less distorted, to finally introduce tax incentives for investment in securities and start creating a "financial platform" Russia "". Emphasis should be placed on the development of the corporate bond market with a long maturity.
· A downturn in the world economy is expected in the near future, so it is necessary to develop the domestic Russian market and increase the solvency of the population.
· Property management should be improved, both in the private and public sectors. Do not privatize profitable state-owned enterprises for a penny, as is happening now. And fire those managers who advise it.
· It is necessary to conduct a full investigation into the privatization of the largest Russian enterprises in order to nationalize the enterprises privatized with major violations and inefficiently managed by the real owners, and for efficient enterprises with a transparent financial structure to resolve all minor violations of the law and close cases. Thus, the owners will be firmly convinced that this is their property and the state will no longer make claims for old offenses.
· Reduce the current bias of the national economy in favor of the export-oriented sector of the economy by placing large-scale state orders in the military-industrial complex, nuclear, machine-building, aviation and aerospace, chemical and pharmaceutical, electronic industries, and a number of other areas that ensure the creation of goods with high added value. It is necessary to ensure maximum transparency of the entire investment process, for constant monitoring and control.
· Create tax incentives for enterprises cooperating in their activities with enterprises from other regions. Moreover, doing this is smarter than the created benefit for small businesses in the form of the abolition of VAT for enterprises with a quarterly turnover of less than one million rubles. After that, other enterprises simply refused to work with beneficiaries, due to the non-reimbursement of VAT by the state.
· Reconsider the restructuring plan for RAO UES, which in its present form only leads to a multiple increase in electricity prices, a break in the common energy space and the removal of the most economically profitable power plants into the ownership of management and large foreign energy companies.
· By all means to increase the well-being of the population, through an increase in wages for state employees, recognition by the state of debt to citizens and enterprises, amnesty for the debts of the latter.
· Building a state policy in the field of interaction with national TNCs, by acquiring a blocking stake in them for the provision by the state of equipment, land plots and certain infrastructure.
Conclusion
The main component of economic security is the economic development of the state. World experience shows that GDP growth and low inflation are by no means always a characteristic of improving the welfare of the population and increasing the competitiveness of the national economy.
In the course of this course work, the directions of the economic policy of the state and the strategy of the economic policy of Russia were studied. The state economic policy sets as its main goal to observe the interests of the state, society as a whole, socially unprotected segments of the population, while not forgetting the rights and freedom of the individual. The state ensures that, in conditions of economic freedom, public interests are not infringed upon by the aspirations and interests of individual regions, social groups, industries, monopolies, entrepreneurs, and individuals. State regulation is also aimed at protecting the interests of future generations, protecting the environment, preventing its pollution, and the death of nature.
The paper also attempts to describe some of the most serious problems of the country's economic security. To solve the latter, the Russian government needs to create a concept of national security and national development, an integral part of which should be economic security and economic development.
It is not possible to do without the creation of a special body responsible for the development and implementation of long-term strategies. For all subjects there are a number of common security problems. This is, first of all, the development of infrastructure in the energy sector, transport system, information, communications, financial and banking system. There are many disproportions in these segments of the economy that threaten Russia's long-term sustainable development. Solving these problems requires coordination, cooperation and cooperation. When choosing an economic development path, one should not blindly follow the lead of representatives of a potential adversary - TNCs, the IMF, the EBRD, economists of various levels like Andrei Illarionov.
It's time to become effective owners of your country, your people. There is no more time for throwing, today or never.
List of used literature
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608 On the state strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation (Basic provisions) // Reference legal system "ConsultantPlus";
2. Bogomolov V.A. Economic security: Textbook for universities / V.A. Bogomolov - M.: Unity, 2006. - 303 p.;
3. Glazyev S. The basis for ensuring the economic security of the country / S. Glazyev // Russian Economic Journal. 1998. - No. 8.- S. 27-29;
4. Govorova N. Economic policy: strategy and tactics / N. Govorova // Problems of theory and practice of management. 2006. - No. 4. - S. 25-37;
5. Dmitriadi G.M. Security of Russia and its economic policy [Text] / G.M. Dmitriadi - M.: Lenand, 2005. - 218 p.;
6. Ershov M. The most important mechanisms of economic policy / M. Ershov // World economy and international relations. - 2004. - No. 6. - S. 3-12;
7. Illarionov A.I. Criteria of economic security / A.I. Illarionov // Questions of Economics. 2004. - No. 10. - S. 34-37;
8. Kudrin A.L. Economic policy and the federal budget of 2006 / A.L. Kudrin // Finance. - 2006. - No. 2. - S. 3-8;
9. Plisetsky D. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects / D. Plisetsky // World economy and international relations. 2004. - No. 5. - S. 28-32;
10. Senchagov V.K. Economic security of Russia: General course: Textbook [Text] / ed. VK. Senchagova - M.: Delo, 2005. - 896 p.;
11. V. Senchagov, On the essence and foundations of Russia's economic security strategy. "Economic Issues" No. 1, 1995 www.russia-today.ru/2007/no_06/06_reflections.htm;
12. The Government of the Russian Federation approved the plan for the development of the economy until 2010 [electronic resource] / Access mode // www.top.rbc.ru/economics/19/04/2007/98624.shtml.
13. Materials of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics
14. Materials of the Center for Macroeconomic Analysis and Forecasting, INP RAS
15. http://russia-today.ru/2007/no_06/06_reflections.htm - V. Senchagov How to ensure the economic security of Russia / V. Senchagov // Russian Federation today. 2007. - No. 6.
L. Abalkin, Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection. "Economic Issues" No. 12, 1994
V. Senchagov, On the essence and foundations of Russia's economic security strategy. "Economic Issues" No. 1, 1995
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608 "On the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)" // RG. 1996. May 14; SZ RF. 1996. April 29. No. 18. Art. 2117.
Economic threats are understood as a set of conditions that infringe on the economic interests of society, disrupting the reproductive process
The concept of national security of the Russian Federation. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 24, 10.01.2000
“Russia – Asia-Pacific. The problem of currency regulation and economic security”, ed. Rudko-Selivanova V.V., Vladivostok "Dalnauka", 1998
COURSE WORK
on the course "Economics"
on the topic: "Economic security of the Russian Federation"
Introduction
1. Economic security as a type of state security
2. Problems of economic security of the Russian Federation
2.1 Ways to integrate Russia into the world economy
2.2 Types of threats to Russia's economic security
3 . Ways to improve the economic security of the Russian Federation
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Second half of the 1990s marked by the revival of the attention of state structures and the public to the problems of the country's national security. The formation of a socially oriented market economy necessitated the development and approval of basic concepts in the national security system.
The modern reform of the legal and economic foundations of the Russian state cannot but take into account the interests of national security. This problem is becoming especially acute in the context of increasing globalization and in connection with Russia's active involvement in international political and economic processes. Foreign economic aspects of the national security of the country are the most important component of the system of economic security of the state. The more economically developed the country, the more economic resources it has (or controls), the higher its degree of protection from possible threats.
At the present stage, economic security is a guarantee of the country's independence, determines the possibility of pursuing an independent economic policy and creates a condition for stability and success in the context of the globalization of the world economy.
In the period from 1996 to 2005, scientific research was carried out and a number of scientific papers, collective monographs on this issue were published Senchagova V.K., Oleinikova E.A., Grunina O., Guseva G. and others. educational process and special courses are taught on national security and its various aspects. The urgency of the problems of economic security is reflected in the work of all-Russian and international scientific and practical conferences.
The paper considers the general problems of Russia's economic security associated with its activities in the system of international economic relations.
1. Economic security as a type of state security
The signs of the state are 1:
the presence of a special system of bodies and institutions exercising the functions of state power;
law, fixing a certain system of norms sanctioned by the state;
a certain territory to which the jurisdiction of the state extends and in which its population lives.
The life and activities of the people, the state are deployed in various spheres, and in each of them the action of adverse factors, dangers and threats that disrupt the normal life of a person, society and the state is possible. In terms of content, the following types (spheres) of its activity are distinguished: economic, social, political, military, environmental, legal, technological, cultural, intellectual, informational, demographic, psychological, and many others.
The state protects its interests, its territory, its population from external and internal threats.
A threat to the security of the state can be formulated as the possibility of such a development of events that will create (or creates) a danger to the existence of the state, its political and economic independence 2 .
There are 3 types of state security:
geopolitical security;
Geopolitical security is the protection and security of state interests guaranteed by constitutional, legislative and practical measures.
political security;
Each state is interested in having a stable internal political situation, in creating an internal state climate conducive to the normal development of all spheres of society and the individual. Political security is the state of security of the country's geopolitical life. The goal of political security is determined by the type of state. The essence of political security is determined by the ability to pursue an independent foreign and domestic policy and to resolve issues of state structure.
military security;
Military security is the ability to protect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and population of a country from internal and external threats. Military security includes the following areas: state borders, armed forces, deterrence, military education, military science and military industry.
economic security.
The problems of national economic security are increasingly becoming the subject of study by representatives of various sciences. Scientists offer their own definitions, define the essential features of this complex social phenomenon, reveal emerging social connections between related concepts and phenomena. However, there are still many “dark spots” in this area. Until now, there is no unanimity of opinion among the researchers of this problem on the definition of basic concepts, which in practice gives rise to significant difficulties in applying the legislation on economic security. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the development of a conceptual apparatus.
The legal definition of the concept of "economic security" can be found in the Federal Law of October 13, 1995 No. No. 157-FZ "On state regulation of foreign trade activities". In accordance with Article 2 of the said Law, economic security is a state of the economy that ensures a sufficient level of social, political and defense existence and progressive development of the Russian Federation, the invulnerability and independence of its economic interests in relation to possible external and internal threats and influences. Therefore, the state of the economy is the main sign of economic security.
Therefore, in a compressed (concentrated) form, we can say that national economic security is a state of protection of the main national economic interests from internal and external threats 1 .
It is important to emphasize that such concepts as “conditions”, “factors”, “correlation” characterize economic security from different points of view. Thus, a condition is an environment (environment) in which economic security proceeds (realizes). There are economic, geopolitical, environmental, legal and other conditions. The factor is the reason, the driving force of economic security. The ratio of economic interests is understood as their mutual relationship, location relative to each other.
Economic security is characterized by the level of development of productive forces and economic relations aimed at meeting the needs of the individual, society, state, the presence of minerals, developed infrastructure, skilled labor and its training system, as well as the nature of integration into the system of world economic relations.
The objects of economic security are:
economic system of the country: producers and sellers of products, works and services;
the natural wealth of the country - agricultural land, forests, rivers, lakes, seas, shelf, minerals.
The subjects of economic security are:
functional and sectoral ministries and departments;
tax and customs services;
banks, exchanges, funds and insurance companies;
manufacturers and sellers of products, works and services;
consumer protection societies.
In Russia, the doctrine of economic security was approved and introduced by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996. No. 608 "The State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)". In pursuance of the provisions of this Decree on December 27, 1996. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1569 “On priority measures for the implementation of the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)” was adopted. These documents define the purpose and objects of the state strategy of economic security, characterize the threats to the economic security of Russia, formulate the criteria and parameters of the state of the economy that meet the requirements of economic security, describe the mechanisms and measures of economic policy aimed at ensuring economic security. As noted in the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation, “in international relations, Russia is faced with the desire of industrialized countries, large foreign corporations to use the situation in the Russian Federation and the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in their economic and political interests .... Without ensuring economic security, it is practically impossible to solve any of the tasks facing the country, both at the domestic and international levels. By the above Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, a number of federal executive bodies (Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Security Council of the Russian Federation, etc.) are responsible for developing quantitative and qualitative parameters of economic security criteria, monitoring and forecasting the factors that determine the occurrence of threats to economic security, for conducting research to identify trends and opportunities for the development of threats and the search for optimal ways to overcome them. At the same time, the economic security system should identify situations in which the actual or projected parameters of economic development go beyond the threshold values, develop measures to overcome them (i.e., to exit the country from the danger zone), conduct an examination of the adopted regulatory legal acts, state decisions on financial and economic issues from the standpoint of Russia's economic security.
To understand the essence of threats to Russia's economic security, let's consider the structure of the modern world community.
Some scientists divide the world community into two parts 1: privileged and adjacent rich developed states (Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Singapore and some others) with a population of about 1 billion. people (“golden billion”) and other unprivileged countries, whose population by 2000 exceeded 5 billion people. In 1994, 1 billion people in rich countries accounted for 70% of the world's total social product, and the remaining 4.6 billion people accounted for 30%.
Other scholars divide the countries into three groups: the countries of the "golden billion", the newly industrialized countries that have established themselves on the periphery of the developed world (China, India, most of the "Asian tigers", some of the countries of Latin America, the former socialist countries, most of the oil-producing states), and, finally, the third group of so-called "falling" states (a significant part of the countries of the American continent and Asia, as well as the former USSR) 1 .
The peculiarity of such a division of countries is that competition between these groups of states is practically impossible, “vertical” upward movement is extremely difficult, while competition within each of the groups is becoming increasingly fierce. Economic security Russia (7) Coursework >> Economics
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State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation (basic provisions)
The State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608) includes four main sections.
IV. Economic policy measures and mechanisms aimed at ensuring economic security:
I. Purpose and objects of the State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation.
The State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the State Strategy) is an integral part of the national security of the Russian Federation as a whole and is focused on the implementation of the economic transformations being carried out in the Russian Federation in the next three to five years.
The purpose of the State Strategy is to ensure such development of the economy, which would create acceptable conditions for the life and development of the individual, the socio-economic and military-political stability of society and the preservation of the integrity of the state, successfully countering the influence of internal and external threats.
The implementation of the State Strategy should create the necessary conditions for achieving the overall goals of national security. In particular, ensure:
- - protection of the civil rights of the population, raising the level and quality of its life, guaranteeing social peace in the country and tranquility in society;
- - effective solution of internal political, economic and social problems based on national interests;
- – active influence on the processes in the world affecting the national interests of Russia.
The foreign economic orientation of the State Strategy lies in the effective implementation of the advantages of the international division of labor, the sustainability of the country's development in the context of its equal integration into world economic relations, and the prevention of Russia's critical dependence on foreign countries or their communities in vital issues of economic cooperation.
The country has a qualified staff of scientists, engineers, workers, the vast majority of types of mineral resources, the created production potential is able to meet the needs of its further development.
The objects of economic security of the Russian Federation are the individual, society, the state and the main elements of the economic system, including the system of institutional relations in the state regulation of economic activity.
The state strategy includes:
- 1) characterization of external and internal threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation as a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital economic interests of the individual, society and the state; identification and monitoring of factors that undermine the stability of the socio-economic system of the state, for the short and medium term (three to five years) perspective;
- 2) determination of criteria and parameters that characterize national interests in the field of economy and meet the requirements of the economic security of the Russian Federation;
- 3) formation of economic policy, institutional reforms and the necessary mechanisms to eliminate or mitigate the impact of factors that undermine the stability of the national economy.
The implementation of the State Strategy should be carried out through a system of specific measures implemented on the basis of qualitative indicators and quantitative indicators - macroeconomic, demographic, foreign economic, environmental, technological, etc.
II. Threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.
The identification of possible threats to economic security and the development of measures to prevent them are of paramount importance in the system of ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation.
The most probable threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, the localization of which should be directed by the activities of federal government bodies, are the following.
- 1. An increase in property differentiation of the population and an increase in the level of poverty, which leads to a violation of social peace and social harmony. The achieved relative balance of social interests may be disturbed as a result of such factors as:
- - the stratification of society into a narrow circle of the rich and the predominant mass of the poor, unsure of their future people;
- - an increase in the proportion of the poor in the city compared to the countryside, which creates social and criminal tension and the ground for the widespread spread of negative phenomena that are relatively new for Russia - drug addiction, organized crime, prostitution, etc.;
- - rising unemployment, which can lead to social conflicts;
- – delayed payment of wages, shutdown of enterprises, etc.
- 2. Deformed structure of the Russian economy due to the following factors:
- - strengthening the fuel and raw material orientation of the economy;
- - backlog of exploration of mineral reserves from their extraction;
- - low competitiveness of the products of most domestic enterprises;
- - the curtailment of production in the vital branches of the manufacturing industry, primarily in mechanical engineering;
- - decrease in efficiency, destruction of the technological unity of scientific research and development, disintegration of established scientific teams and, on this basis, undermining the scientific and technical potential of Russia;
- - the conquest by foreign firms of the domestic market of Russia for many types of consumer goods;
- - the acquisition by foreign firms of Russian enterprises in order to oust domestic products from both the external and domestic markets;
- - the growth of Russia's external debt and the associated increase in budget expenditures for its repayment.
- 3. Increasing uneven socio-economic development of the regions.
The most important factors of this threat are:
- - objectively existing differences in the level of socio-economic development of the regions, the presence of depressive, crisis and economically backward regions against the background of structural shifts in industrial production, accompanied by a sharp decrease in the share of manufacturing industries;
- – violation of production and technological ties between enterprises of certain regions of Russia;
- - an increase in the gap in the level of production of national income per capita between individual subjects of the Russian Federation.
- 4. Criminalization of society and economic activity, caused mainly by such factors as:
- - the growth of unemployment, since a significant part of crimes is committed by persons who do not have a permanent source of income;
- – merging of some officials of state bodies with organized crime, the possibility of access by criminal structures to the management of a certain part of production and their penetration into various power structures;
- - weakening of the state control system, which led to the expansion of the activities of criminal structures in the domestic financial market, in the field of privatization, export-import operations and trade.
III. Criteria and parameters of the state of the economy that meet the requirements of the economic security of the Russian Federation.
The list of criteria for the economic security of the Russian Federation and federal executive authorities responsible for developing their quantitative (threshold) and qualitative parameters was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1996 No. 1569.
To determine the criteria and parameters that meet the requirements of the economic security of the Russian Federation, the following should be taken into account.
1. The ability of the economy to function in the mode of expanded reproduction. This means that the country must have sufficiently developed industries and industries that are vital for the functioning of the state both in normal and extreme conditions, capable of ensuring the reproduction process regardless of external influences.
The most important requirement for the economic security of the Russian Federation is the preservation of state control over strategic resources, the prevention of their export in amounts that could harm Russia's national interests.
2. An acceptable standard of living for the population and the possibility of maintaining it. It is impossible to allow the indicators of the level of poverty, property differentiation of the population and unemployment to go beyond the maximum allowable from the standpoint of the socio-political stability of society.
Accessibility for the population of education, culture, medical care, heat, electricity and water supply, transport, communications, utilities is one of the necessary conditions for the economic security of Russia.
- 3. The stability of the financial system, determined by the level of the budget deficit, price stability, the normalization of financial flows and settlement relations, the stability of the banking system and the national currency, the degree of protection of the interests of depositors, gold and foreign exchange reserves, the development of the Russian financial market and the securities market, as well as a decrease in external and internal debt and balance of payments deficit, providing financial conditions for enhancing investment activity.
- 4. A rational structure of foreign trade, providing access for domestic goods of the processing industry to the foreign market, the maximum allowable level of satisfaction of domestic needs through imports (taking into account regional characteristics), ensuring the priority of economic relations with neighboring countries. A balanced foreign economic policy that implies both meeting the needs of the domestic market and protecting domestic producers using protective measures adopted in international practice.
For state regulation of foreign trade activities, see Federal Law No. 164-FZ of December 8, 2003 "On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities".
- 5. Maintaining the scientific potential of the country and preserving the leading domestic scientific schools capable of ensuring Russia's independence in the strategically important areas of scientific and technological progress.
- 6. Preservation of a single economic space and broad interregional economic relations that ensure observance of national interests, excluding the development of separatist tendencies, and the functioning of a single all-Russian market or an integrated system of regional markets, taking into account their production specialization.
- 7. Creation of economic and legal conditions that exclude the criminalization of society and all spheres of economic and financial activity, the capture of industrial and financial institutions by criminal structures, their penetration into various power structures.
- 8. Determining and ensuring the necessary state regulation of economic processes, capable of guaranteeing the normal functioning of a market economy, both in normal and extreme conditions.
IV. Measures and mechanisms of economic policy aimed at ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation.
Economic policy measures and mechanisms developed and implemented at the federal and regional levels should be aimed at preventing internal and external threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.
1. Monitoring of the factors that determine the threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.
Objective and comprehensive monitoring of the economy and society from the point of view of the economic security of the Russian Federation should be carried out on the basis of an analysis of specific quantitative values of indicators of economic security.
To monitor the factors that determine internal and external threats to the economic interests of the individual, society and the state, the first task is to create an organizational and information base.
2. Development of criteria and parameters (threshold values) for the economic security of the Russian Federation.
In order to implement the State Strategy, quantitative and qualitative parameters (threshold values) of the state of the economy should be developed, beyond which the economic security of the country is threatened, characterizing:
- - the dynamics and structure of the gross domestic product, indicators of volumes and rates of industrial production, sectoral and regional structure of the economy and the dynamics of individual industries, capital investments, etc.;
- - the state of the natural resource, industrial and scientific and technical potential of the country;
- – the ability of the economic mechanism to adapt to changing internal and external factors (inflation rates, the state budget deficit, the impact of external economic factors, the stability of the national currency, internal and external debt, etc.);
- – the state of the financial-budgetary and credit systems;
- - the quality of life of the population (gross domestic product per capita), the level of unemployment and income differentiation, the provision of the main groups of the population with material goods and services, the state of the environment, etc.
Quantitative parameters should be developed not only for the country as a whole, but also for each of its regions. At the same time, the composition of criteria and indicators of the economic security of the Russian Federation by region should correspond with the corresponding composition of criteria and parameters in terms of the economy and national interests of Russia as a whole.
On the basis of the national interests in the field of economy formulated in the State Strategy, criteria and parameters of the economic security of the Russian Federation, measures are determined and mechanisms for implementing economic policy aimed at ensuring the economic security of the country are developed.
3. Activities of the state to ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation.
The activities of the state to ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation are carried out in the following main areas.
- 1. Identification of cases when the actual or predicted parameters of economic development deviate from the threshold values of economic security, and the development of comprehensive government measures to exit the country from the danger zone.
- 2. Organization of work in order to implement a set of measures to overcome or prevent the emergence of threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.
- 3. Examination of decisions made on financial and economic issues from the standpoint of the economic security of the Russian Federation. Legislative and other normative legal acts, when they are prepared, must undergo an expert examination for the economic security of the Russian Federation. The procedure for conducting this examination is determined by the President of the Russian Federation.
Keywords
ECONOMIC SECURITY/ THREATS / SECURITY / STRATEGY / THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION/ ECONOMIC SECURITY / THREATS / PROTECTION / STRATEGY / RUSSIAN FEDERATIONannotation scientific article on economics and business, author of scientific work - Kazantsev Sergey Vladimirovich
April 29, 2016 marks the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the State Strategy economic security Russian Federation. It began to operate in a difficult period of the formation of new socio-economic relations in Russia. A number of industrialized countries and the largest international corporations tried to use the difficulties of development Russian Federation and the weakening of its positions in the world economic space in its economic and political interests, which are at odds with the interests of Russia and its economic entities. The goal of the Strategy was to protect the development of the Russian economy and the well-being of citizens from internal and external threats. It was assumed that the Strategy would operate during a period of economic transformation, which would last from three to five years. It's time to develop and adopt a new State strategy economic security Russian Federation. The article presents the results of the analysis of the National Security Strategy, the State Strategy economic security Russian Federation and law Russian Federation"About security". Based on these documents and on the basis of the study of modern threats to Russia's security, the author proposes to introduce into the text of the State Strategy economic security Russia the following subsections: 1) general provisions; 2) protected objects; 3) threats economic security Russian Federation; 4) sources of threats and threatening subjects; 5) protecting subjects and their responsibility; 6) forces, means, techniques, methods of protection; 7) conditions and time of their application; 8) indicators of threats and the level of security; 9) threat monitoring and security.
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National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation in the System of Economic Security
2017 / Krokhicheva Galina Egorovna, Arkhipov Eduard Leonidovich, Voskanova Asya Surenovna
On April 29, 2016 marks the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the State Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation . It began to work in a difficult period of formation in Russia of new socio-economic relations. A number of industrialized countries and major international corporations tried to use the difficulties of development of the Russian Federation and, the weakening of its position in the world economic space in their economic and political interests, which conflict with the interests of Russia and its economic entities . The aim of the Strategy was to protect the development of the Russian economy and welfare of the citizens from internal and external threats . It was assumed that the Strategy will work during the period of economic transformation, which will last from three to five years. It "s time to elaborate and adopt a new State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation. The article contains results of the author"s analysis of the National Security Strategy, the State Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation and of the Russian Federation law "On security". Rely on these documents and based on the study of contemporary threats to security of Russia, the author offers to include in the text of the State Strategy of Economic Security of the RF the following sections: 1) general statements, 2) securable objects, 3 ) threats to economic security of the Russian Federation and, 4) the sources of threats and threatening actors, 5) responsible for the protection (guardians) and their responsibility, 6) means, tools and methods of protection , 7) conditions and time of their application, 8) indicators of threats and of a level of security, 9) monitoring threats and security.
The text of the scientific work on the topic "On the strategy of economic security"
ECONOMIC POLICY
UDC 332.14 JEL F52
About strategy
economic security
KAZANTSEV SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH,
Doctor of Economics Sci., Professor, Chief Researcher, Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
Annotation. April 29, 2016 marked the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation. It began to operate in a difficult period of the formation of new socio-economic relations in Russia. A number of industrialized countries and major international corporations tried to use the difficulties of the development of the Russian Federation and the weakening of its position in the world economic space in their economic and political interests, which diverged from the interests of Russia and its economic entities. The goal of the Strategy was to protect the development of the Russian economy and the well-being of citizens from internal and external threats. It was assumed that the Strategy would operate during a period of economic transformation, which would last from three to five years.
The time has come to develop and adopt a new State strategy for the economic security of the Russian Federation. The article presents the results of the analysis of the National Security Strategy, the State Economic Security Strategy of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Security". Based on these documents and on the basis of the study of modern threats to Russia's security, the author proposes to introduce the following subsections into the text of the State Strategy for the Economic Security of Russia: 1) general provisions; 2) protected objects; 3) threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation; 4) sources of threats and threatening subjects; 5) protecting subjects and their responsibility; 6) forces, means, techniques, methods of protection; 7) conditions and time of their application; 8) indicators of threats and the level of security; 9) threat monitoring and security.
Key words: economic security, threats, security, strategy, Russian Federation.
On a strategy of economic security
Doctor of Economics, Professor, chief research fellow of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
abstract. On April 29, 2016 marks the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the State Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation. It began to work in a difficult period of formation in Russia of new socio-economic relations. A number of industrialized countries and major international corporations tried to use the difficulties of development of the Russian Federation and, the weakening of its position in the world economic space in their economic and political interests, which conflict with the interests of Russia and its economic entities . The aim of the Strategy was to protect the development of the Russian economy and welfare of the citizens from internal and external threats. It was assumed that the Strategy will work during the period of economic transformation, which will last from three to five years. It "s time to elaborate and adopt a new State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation. The article contains results of the author"s analysis of the National Security Strategy, the State Strategy of Economic
Security of the Russian Federation and of the Russian Federation law "On security". Rely on these documents and based on the study of contemporary threats to security of Russia, the author offers to include in the text of the State Strategy of Economic Security of the RF the following sections: 1) general statements, 2) securable objects, 3 ) threats to economic security of the Russian Federation and, 4) the sources of threats and threatening actors, 5) responsible for the protection (guardians) and their responsibility, 6) means, tools and methods of protection, 7) conditions and time of their application, 8) indicators of threats and of a level of security, 9) monitoring threats and security.
Keywords: economic security, threats, protection, strategy, The Russian Federation.
The economic security of the Russian Federation is an integral part of the national security of Russia (National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, p. 6). The State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions) was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in 1996. It was focused on the implementation of economic transformations carried out in the Russian Federation over a period of three to five years. Significant changes have taken place and continue to take place in Russia and in the world over the past years, significantly affecting the international position of the Russian Federation, its economy, affecting national interests and presenting new requirements for ensuring the economic security of the country. The number and speed of ongoing processes have increased, the diversity of the socio-economic and cultural-political world has increased. Some of the spheres of the world community and its activities live, figuratively speaking, in the future (ultra-modern technologies, yet unattainable level of well-being, cyber troops, etc.), some live in a world where they use the achievements of the present, and some live in the Middle Ages ( religious wars, piracy, kidnappings, slavery, etc.). And Russia in its foreign economic activity to some extent interacts with different parts of the world community.
All this has led to the need to adopt a new State strategy for the economic security of the Russian Federation. Some of the elements that could be included in this strategy are discussed below.
1. The concept of economic security
At present, there is no single interpretation of the concept of "security" and, as a result, the types and
types of security: national, state, economic, demographic, environmental, etc. The term "security" is assigned different meanings: state, phenomenon, ability, measure (system of measures), conditions (set of conditions). And these are mismatched subjects of both study and management. In addition, the concept of "security" is usually used in conjunction with other concepts or defined through them. This is security, danger, threat, situation. All of them form a single system of concepts, and one should work with them as with elements of one system.
A vague definition of terms indicates an incomplete understanding of the essence of the phenomena and processes under study, does not allow to strictly define the boundaries of the studied, controlled or protected object.
To ensure the consistency and interrelation of the concepts of "security", "protection" and "threat", it may be worth introducing the following group of definitions into the text of the new version of the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation.
The economic security of the Russian Federation is the protection of the economy of the country and its regions, economic entities from internal and external threats, which makes it possible to ensure the sustainable socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, a decent quality and standard of living, sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and reliable defense capability of the country.
The security of the economy of the Russian Federation is a state that excludes (in whole or in part) the possibility of causing damage to the Russian economy, its financial and economic system, the quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, its defense capability.
ECONOMIC POLICY
Threat to the economic security of the Russian Federation - the state and change in the international situation and the situation within the country, interstate and intrastate relations that can damage the Russian economy, its financial and economic system, the quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, its defense capability.
2. Clear and timely setting of safety goals
It is known that goals are historical in nature, i.e. change over time depending on the nature and level of development of society, priorities and opportunities, internal and external conditions. These and other factors, processes and phenomena should be constantly monitored and the strategic, medium-term and current goals of ensuring economic and other types of security should be adjusted in time.
Goals should be divided into:
a) levels (their subordination and relationships among themselves), i.e. build a so-called goal tree;
b) nature (strategic, tactical; long-term, medium-term, short-term);
c) subjects and areas of activity for which they are formed;
d) sequence of execution in time.
In the documents analyzed in this article, the goals are usually divided into two levels. The upper one is formulated as the ultimate goal, the lower one is formulated as the tasks that must be completed to achieve the goal. Goals are also set for specific types and areas of activity. Thus, in the new National Security Strategy they are set in the sphere of improving the quality of life of Russian citizens to ensure national security in the field of science, technology and education, in culture, the ecology of living systems and rational environmental management.
Unfortunately, in the documents under discussion, the goals are not divided by nature, they are not tied to their executors. The deadlines for the implementation of the goals and the sequence of implementation are not defined. It seems that this should be worked on when preparing a new version of the State
tags of economic security of the Russian Federation.
In its most general form, the goal of the state strategy for the economic security of the Russian Federation can be formulated as briefly as possible: the preparation and implementation of a system of measures that ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation.
Building a reliable system of national security should be accompanied by an increase in the level of well-being of citizens. The absence of growth, and even more so the fall of the latter, is permissible only as a last resort and for the shortest possible time. This goal should be included in the text of the Strategy.
With regard to the subjects of the Russian Federation, the strategic goals in this area can be: strengthening their economic potential, achieving sustainable growth and, on this basis, improving the level and quality of life of the population.
3. Objects of economic security
Safety is not discussed in the abstract, but in relation to a specific object. Under the object here we mean that (or that), the safety of what (or whom) is being discussed. Thus, the understood object embraces both subjects and processes. The text of the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation names a number of protected objects: "the individual, society, the state and the main elements of the economic system, including the system of institutional relations in the state regulation of economic activity." The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, approved on December 31, 2015 by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, defines the following objects, the economic security of which should be ensured: population, territories, infrastructure (transport, housing and communal and information, internal market infrastructure, etc.), food, technological, financial and economic independence of the country, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, sectors of the economy and spheres of economic activity (agribusiness, defense industry, mechanical engineering, aircraft, machine tool and instrumentation, new high-tech industries, financial and banking, etc.).
It seems that some of the listed objects should be specified and their list,
possibly expand. For example, to consider protected objects not just an individual and society, but the economic situation, economic rights and property of households and business entities. It seems appropriate to include the national economy, the financial and banking systems of the country, management systems at all levels, the economy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, and the property of the state, domestic enterprises and citizens of the Russian Federation located in other countries.
4. Internal threats to protected objects
After the object is installed, the security of which must be ensured, it is necessary to determine the threats from which it is protected, and their sources. Internal, i.e. threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation arising within the country are detailed in official documents of the federal authorities and in the published results of scientific research. Thus, the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation names four groups of threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation:
1. Increasing property differentiation of the population and increasing the level of poverty:
The stratification of society into a narrow circle of the rich and the predominant mass of poor people who are uncertain about their future;
An increase in the share of the poor in the city compared to the countryside;
Rising unemployment;
Delay in payment of wages, shutdown of enterprises.
2. Deformed structure of the Russian economy:
Strengthening the fuel and raw material orientation of the economy;
The backlog of exploration of mineral reserves from their extraction;
Low competitiveness of the products of most domestic enterprises;
Curtailment of production in the vital branches of the manufacturing industry, primarily in mechanical engineering;
Decrease in efficiency, destruction of the technological unity of scientific research and development, disintegration of established scientific
collectives and, on this basis, undermine the scientific and technical potential of Russia;
The conquest by foreign firms of the domestic market of Russia for many types of consumer goods;
Acquisition of Russian enterprises by foreign firms in order to oust domestic products both from the external and from the domestic market;
The growth of Russia's external debt and the associated increase in budget expenditures for its repayment.
3. Increasing uneven socio-economic development of regions:
The presence of depressed, crisis and economically backward regions against the background of structural shifts in industrial production, accompanied by a sharp decrease in the share of manufacturing industries;
Violation of production and technological ties between enterprises of certain regions of Russia;
An increase in the gap in the level of production of national income per capita between individual subjects of the Russian Federation.
4. Criminalization of society and economic activity:
Rising unemployment, since a significant part of the crimes are committed by persons who do not have a permanent source of income;
Merging part of government officials with organized crime, the possibility of access by criminal structures to the management of a certain part of production and their penetration into various power structures;
The weakening of the state control system, which led to the expansion of the activities of criminal structures in the domestic financial market, in the field of privatization, export-import operations and trade.
Not all of these threats have been weakened and suppressed, the elimination of the causes of many of them requires a long time. Therefore, it is no coincidence that some of the threats are again spelled out in the new National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation:
“The main strategic threats to national security in the field of the economy are its low competitiveness, the preservation of the export-raw material development model
and high dependence on foreign economic conditions, lagging behind in the development and implementation of promising technologies, the vulnerability of the national financial system from the actions of non-residents and speculative foreign capital, the vulnerability of its information infrastructure, the imbalance of the national budget system, the registration of property rights in relation to a significant part of organizations in foreign jurisdictions , deterioration and depletion of the raw material base, reduction in production and reserves of strategically important minerals, progressive labor insufficiency, preservation of a significant share of the shadow economy, conditions for corruption and criminalization of economic and financial relations, illegal migration, uneven development of regions, decrease in the stability of the national settlement system.
In addition to these threats, the Strategy also names an outdated technology system, deterioration of the technical condition of economic facilities and infrastructure, natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes.
5. External threats to protected objects
The fact that the sources of all these threats are located in Russia does not mean that external threats have become less significant in general. Thus, unreasonably high dependence on foreign markets remains, excessive financial dependence on foreign legal entities and individuals, capital outflow from the country is not reduced, etc. The anti-Russian sanctions imposed by a group of states in March 2014 exposed a number of threats to the financial sector, investment activity and the progressive development of the economy, and weakened the position of the Russian Federation in the global economic and political system.
The activity and danger of terrorist organizations has increased. “The threat of terrorist activity,” says the report “Global Terrorism Index. 2014" - is the main, if not the main danger for many countries" . The authors of the report included Russia among
countries where an increase in terrorism could occur. Terrorist acts not only take away human lives and cause material damage (see table), but also disorganize economic life, injure society, and reduce the overall and tourist attractiveness of the country.
The substitution of international law for the law of one country, which has taken place in recent years, is also dangerous. At a meeting with representatives of the BRICS states, V.V. Putin said that "our countries are largely facing great threats due to violations of international law, in connection with violations of the sovereignty of states in various fields of activity."
Non-state and international institutions (for example, the Bilderber Club, the Global Legal Entity Identification System) are becoming more and more active, capable of regulating legislative, financial, economic and some other changes taking place in the world in their own interests and in favor of their members. and sponsors.
External threats to the Russian economy are practically not reflected in the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation. The past years have shown that many causes that give rise to external threats to national, including economic, security are integral elements of the external conditions of the country's existence and arise objectively. They acted and will continue to act for a long time. Some external threats to the socio-economic development of Russia are named in the new National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. This is:
The growth of economic, financial, political and military instability in the world, the intensification of the struggle for resources, markets for products, for control over transport arteries;
Expansion of the scope of activities of transnational organized crime;
Deterioration of the state of the environment, aggravation of problems of food supply and lack of fresh water;
The growing influence of political factors on economic processes, as well as
Loss of insured property as a result of major terrorist attacks
in 1970-2014, billion dollars
Indicator 1970-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2014
Number of major terrorist attacks 2 3 9 5
Losses, total 312,348 4,609 25,497
Average casualties per terrorist attack 156,116,512 5,099 (194)
per year 28 35 461 1 821 (60)
Note: in parentheses are losses without taking into account the consequences of the September 11, 2011 terrorist attack in the United States.
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