Requirements for the location of industrial enterprises. Types of permitted use of storage For the placement of industrial buildings
Buildings and structures at the production site should be located in such a way as to provide the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and ventilation of the premises.
As a rule, industrial buildings and structures are located on the territory of the enterprise in the course of the production process and are grouped taking into account the commonality of sanitary and fire safety requirements, electricity consumption, and human traffic.
Particularly noisy industries (forging, riveting) with a noise level of more than 90 dBA should be located in isolated buildings and premises.
Production with significant heat and gas emissions should be located in one-story buildings.
If the concentration of harmful emissions does not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations, then it is possible to remove them from the building in a natural way (aeration). In this case, it is desirable that the longitudinal axis of the building be perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. If the concentration of harmful emissions exceeds the maximum allowable, then the room must be equipped with effective supply and exhaust ventilation with purification of the exhaust air.
All buildings, structures and warehouses are located in zones in accordance with production characteristics, the nature of the hazard and the mode of operation.
The zone of procurement shops (foundry, forging, thermal) is located closer to the railway on the territory of the plant.
The zone of processing and machine-assembly shops, as well as warehouses for finished products, the expedition, etc., are concentrated near the procurement shops and near the main entrance as shops with a large number of workers.
The zone of auxiliary workshops (tool, mechanical repair, etc.) is usually located near the processing and procurement workshops.
Due to the high flammability, woodworking shops are located as far as possible from hot shops.
The zone of energy devices (CHP, boiler houses, fuel depots) is located on the leeward side in relation to other shops due to their increased gas, smoke and dust emissions. At the main entrance of the plant, a pre-factory site is being created, where administrative, educational, and utility buildings are located. The factory management, clinic, canteen are located outside the factory fence and must have entrances from the street.
The main warehouses for poisonous, explosive and flammable liquids must be located outside the factory area at distances determined by special standards. In accordance with sanitary standards, distances (gaps) between industrial buildings and structures are established. The size of the gap between buildings illuminated through window openings must be at least the maximum height to the eaves of opposing buildings.
Between separate buildings of buildings with a semi-enclosed courtyard (P and W - figurative buildings), the gap must be at least 15 m. In closed courtyards, through passages are made at least 4 m wide and at least 3.5 m high. where particularly noisy industries are located, and adjacent ones must be at least 100 m. When determining gaps between buildings, the requirements of sanitary and fire hazards are compared. If the sanitary breaks are less than the fire breaks, the required fire break is taken.
No. 261-FZ dated November 23, 2009 "On Energy Saving and Improving Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation", increasing the level of harmonization of regulatory requirements with European and international regulatory documents, applying uniform methods for determining operational characteristics and methods estimates. The requirements of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements" and sets of rules for the fire protection system were also taken into account.
Note - When using this set of rules, it is advisable to check the effect of reference standards and classifiers in the public information system - on the official website of the National Body of the Russian Federation for Standardization on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding monthly published information indexes published in the current year. If the referenced document is replaced (modified), then when using this set of rules, one should be guided by the replaced (modified) document. If the referenced document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the link to it is given applies to the extent that this link is not affected.
combine, as a rule, in one building premises for various industries, warehouses, including premises for expeditions, acceptance, sorting and picking of goods, administrative and amenity premises, as well as premises for engineering equipment;
develop space-planning and design solutions in accordance with the requirements of the national standard "Project documentation system for construction. Modular coordination of dimensions in construction. Basic provisions";
take the number of floors and the height of the building within the limits established by 5.29, based on the results of comparing the technical and economic indicators of options for locating production or a warehouse in buildings of different number of storeys (heights), taking into account the provision of a high level of architectural solutions and energy efficiency;
take space-planning and design decisions in accordance with the technological part of the project, developed in accordance with the norms of technological design. Space-planning solutions for warehouse buildings should provide the possibility of their reconstruction, changes in the technology of warehousing of goods without a significant restructuring of buildings;
4.4 Placement in production buildings of expendable (intermediate) warehouses of raw materials and semi-finished products in the amount established by the technological design standards to ensure a continuous technological process is allowed directly in the production premises openly or behind mesh fences. In the absence of such data in the norms of technological design, the quantity of the indicated cargoes should, as a rule, not exceed one and a half shift requirements.
4.5 The safety of people in buildings should be ensured by sanitary-epidemiological and microclimatic conditions: the absence of harmful substances in the air of working areas above the maximum permissible concentrations, the minimum release of heat and moisture into the premises; the absence of noise, vibration, ultrasonic levels, electromagnetic waves, radio frequencies, static electricity and ionizing radiation above the permissible values, as well as the limitation of physical exertion, attention stress and the prevention of fatigue working in accordance with the requirements and current hygienic standards.
Engineering systems must have automatic or manual regulation of the air supply system. Building heating systems must be equipped with heat flow control devices.
4.7 In storage buildings, it is allowed to use polymeric and polymer-containing materials in building structures that are approved for use in construction by a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion.
4.8 To eliminate the negative impact of production facilities on the environment, measures should be taken to treat and neutralize industrial effluents, capture and treat process and ventilation emissions, and introduce waste-free and low-waste technologies; timely removal, neutralization and disposal of production waste.
The system of regulatory documents in construction
BUILDING NORMS AND RULES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
SNiP 31-03-2001
STATE COMMITTEE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FOR CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING AND UTILITY COMPLEX
(GOSSTROY OF RUSSIA)
SNiP 31-04-2001
BUILDING NORMS AND RULES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS PRODUCTIONBUILDINGS |
Introduction date 2002-01-01
1 AREA OF USE
1.1 These rules and regulations must be observed at all stages of the creation and operation of buildings and premises of the functional fire hazard class F5.1 (according to SNiP 21-01): industrial buildings, laboratory buildings, industrial and laboratory premises and workshops, including those built into buildings of another functional fire hazard.
1.2 These standards do not apply to buildings and premises for the production and storage of explosives and explosives, military purposes, underground structures of subways, mine workings.
1.3 In cases where enterprises provide for the possibility of using the labor of disabled people, additional requirements specified in the relevant paragraphs of these standards should be observed, depending on the type of disability.
When creating at an enterprise specialized workshops (sites) intended for the use of the labor of disabled people, one should also be guided by the "Unified Sanitary Rules for Enterprises (Production Associations), Workshops and Sites Designed for the Use of the Labor of Disabled Persons and Old Age Pensioners" of the USSR Ministry of Health. It is not allowed to create such workshops (sites) located in the premises of categories A and B.
2. REGULATORY REFERENCES
Playground - a single-tiered structure (without walls), located inside or outside the building, based on independent supports, building structures or equipment and intended for installation, maintenance or repair of equipment.
Floors of the building - the number of floors of the building, including all above-ground floors, technical and basement, if the top of its floor is at least 2 m above the average planning elevation of the ground.
Above ground floor - floor at the level of the floor of the premises is not lower than the planning level of the ground.
Basement floor - floor when the floor of the premises is lower than the planning mark of the earth by more than half the height of the premises.
ground floor - floor at the level of the floor of the premises below the planning level of the ground by no more than half the height of the premises.
Floor technical - floor for placement of engineering equipment and laying of communications; can be located in the lower (technical underground), upper (technical attic) or in the middle part of the building.
Whatnot - a multi-tiered frame structure (without walls), free-standing in the building or outside it and intended for placement and maintenance of technological and other equipment.
These standards also use terms whose definitions are given in ST SEV 383 and GOST 12.1.033.
4. GENERAL PROVISIONS
4.1 The fire safety requirements of these rules and regulations are based on the provisions and classifications adopted in SNiP 21-01.
4.2 When designing buildings, you should:
to combine, as a rule, in one building premises for various industries, warehouse, administrative and amenity premises, as well as premises for engineering equipment;
take the height of the building within the limits established, based on the results of comparing the technical and economic indicators of options for locating production in buildings of different number of storeys (heights) and taking into account the provision of a high level of architectural solutions;
make space-planning decisions for buildings, taking into account the reduction in the area of external enclosing structures;
take the area of light openings in accordance with the design standards for natural and artificial lighting, taking into account the requirements;
accept buildings without light openings, if this is allowed by the conditions of technology, sanitary and hygienic requirements and economically feasible;
to use mainly buildings, structures and enlarged blocks of engineering and technological equipment in a prefabricated prefabricated block design;
develop space-planning solutions taking into account the need to reduce dynamic effects on building structures, technological processes and workers caused by vibroactive equipment or external sources of vibration.
4.3 Architectural decisions of buildings should be made taking into account the urban planning, climatic conditions of the construction area and the nature of the surrounding buildings. Color finishing of interiors should be provided in accordance with GOST 14202 and GOST 12.4.026.
4.4 According to the explosion and fire hazard, premises and buildings are divided into categories (A, B, C1 - C4, D, E) depending on the technological processes located in them and the properties of the (circulating) substances and materials.
Categories of buildings and premises are established in the technological part of the project in accordance with NPB 105, departmental (industry) technological design standards or special lists approved in the prescribed manner.
5. SPACE-PLANNING AND STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS
5.3 It is allowed to provide for the entry of railway tracks into buildings in accordance with the technological part of the project, taking into account the requirements.
5.4 The top of the railheads of the railroad tracks must be at the level of the finished floor.
5.5 Warehouses for raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products located in industrial buildings, as well as loading platforms (ramps) should be designed taking into account the requirements of SNiP 31-04.
5.6 In multi-storey buildings with a height of more than 15 m from the planning level of the ground to the level of the finished floor of the upper floor (not counting the technical floor) and the presence of permanent jobs or equipment at the level of more than 15 m that needs to be serviced more than three times per shift, passenger elevators should be provided. Freight elevators should be provided in accordance with the technological part of the project.
The number and capacity of elevators should be taken depending on the passenger and freight traffic. If the number of employees (in the most numerous shift) is not more than 30 on all floors located above 15 m, one elevator should be provided in the building.
If there are rooms on the second floor and above intended for the work of disabled people using wheelchairs, a passenger elevator should be provided in the building if it is impossible to organize jobs for disabled people on the first floor. The elevator cabin must have dimensions of at least: width - 1.1 m, depth - 2.1 m, width of the doorway - 0.85 m.
5.7 Exits from cellars should be provided outside the area of operation of handling equipment.
5.8 The width of tambours and tambour locks should be taken at least 0.5 m more than the width of the openings (0.25 m on each side of the opening), and the depth - more than the width of the door or gate leaf by at least 0.2 m, but not less than 1.2 m. If there are disabled people who use wheelchairs among the working people, the depth of vestibules and vestibules-locks should be taken at least 1.8 m.
When placing rooms of different categories on the same floor, the distance along the corridor from the door of the most remote room to the exit to the outside or to the nearest stairwell is determined by the more dangerous category.
The density of the human flow in the corridor is defined as the ratio of the number of people evacuating from the premises to the corridor to the area of this corridor, while with doors opening from the premises to the common corridors, the width of the common corridor should be taken as reduced:
half the width of the door leaf - with a one-sided arrangement of doors;
to the width of the door leaf - with a double-sided arrangement of doors.
6.10 The width of the evacuation exit (door) from the premises should be taken depending on the total number of people evacuating through this exit, and the number of people per 1 m of the width of the exit (door) set at , but not less than 0.9 m if there are disabled people among the working people with disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
The number of people per 1 m of the exit width at intermediate values of the volume of the premises is determined by interpolation.
The number of people per 1 m of the width of the emergency exit (door) from rooms with a height of more than 6 m increases: with a room height of 12 m - by 20%, 18 m - by 30%, 24 m - by 40%; at intermediate values of the height of the premises, the increase in the number of people per 1 m of the width of the exit is determined by interpolation.
Table 2
6.15 Opening skylights, taken into account in the calculation of smoke removal, must be evenly spaced over the coverage area. 7. PREVENTION OF THE SPREAD OF FIRE.If there are platforms, whatnots and mezzanines, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich at any level exceeds 40% of the floor area of \u200b\u200bthe room, the floor area is determined as for a multi-storey building with the number of floors determined by. When equipping the premises with automatic fire extinguishing installations, the area indicated in the area may be increased by 100%, with the exception of buildings of the IV degree of fire resistance of fire hazard classes C0 and C1, as well as buildings of the V degree of fire resistance. If there are open technological openings in the ceilings of adjacent floors, the total area of \u200b\u200bthese floors should not exceed the floor area specified in. 7.7 Sections of ceilings and technological sites on which devices, installations and equipment with the presence of flammable, combustible and toxic liquids are installed must have blind sides made of non-combustible materials or pallets. The height of the sides and the area between the sides or pallets are set in the technological part of the project. 7.8 Antiaircraft lamps with light-transmitting elements made of materials of groups G3 and G4 are allowed to be used only in buildings of I, II and III degrees of fire resistance of fire hazard class C0 in rooms of categories B4, D and D with coatings of materials with fire hazard NG and G1 and a rolled roof having gravel cover. The total area of the light-transmitting elements of such lamps should not exceed 15% of the total coverage area, the opening area of one lamp - no more than 12 m 2 with a specific weight of light-transmitting elements not more than 20 kg / m 2 and no more than 18 m 2 with a specific weight of light-transmitting elements not more than 10 kg/m2. In this case, the rolled roof must have a protective coating of gravel. The distance (clear) between these lanterns should be at least 6 m with an opening area of 6 to 18 m 2 and at least 3 m with an opening area of up to 6 m 2 . When lanterns are combined into groups, they are taken as one lantern, to which all the indicated restrictions apply. Between anti-aircraft lamps with light-transmitting fillings from materials of groups G3 and G4 in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the building covering, gaps of at least 6 m wide must be arranged every 54 m. The horizontal distance from the fire walls to the indicated anti-aircraft lamps must be at least 5 m. 7.9 Stairs of the 3rd type, intended for access by fire departments, must have a width of at least 0.7 m. |
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5. Space-planning and design solutions
5.1. The space-planning and constructive solutions of the building should help eliminate the possibility of injury when people are in it in the process of moving, working, using mobile devices, technological and engineering equipment.
Building structures must have durability and reliability, taking into account possible hazardous effects, as well as resistance to progressive collapse, confirmed by appropriate calculations.
The foundations and load-bearing structures of the building during construction and operation should not have cracks, damage and deformations leading to a decrease in the operational properties of buildings.
Structures must be designed for the action of loads from their own weight and structures that rely on them, snow and wind loads, loads from process equipment, transport and engineering equipment in accordance with SP 20.13330, taking into account the perception of impact from hazardous geological processes in the construction area.
Space-planning solutions should be developed taking into account the need to reduce dynamic effects on building structures, technological processes and workers caused by vibroactive equipment or external sources of vibration.
In buildings of great length, temperature-shrinkage, sedimentary or anti-seismic seams should be provided, depending on their space-planning solutions and the natural and climatic conditions of the construction area.
5.2. In order to reduce operating energy costs, it is advisable to make space-planning solutions for a building with a minimum value of the compactness index equal to the ratio of the surface area of the outer shell of the building to the volume contained in it.
5.3. Energy and sanitary equipment, when permitted by the operating conditions, should be located in open areas, providing, if necessary, local shelters.
5.4. In rooms, the height from the floor to the bottom of the protruding structures of the floor (cover) must be at least 2.2 m, the height from the floor to the bottom of the protruding parts of communications and equipment in places of regular passage of people and on evacuation routes - at least 2 m, and in places irregular passage of people - at least 1.8 m. If it is necessary to enter the building of cars, the height of the passage should be at least 4.2 m to the bottom of structures, protruding parts of communications and equipment, for fire trucks - at least 4.5 m.
The geometric parameters of mobile (inventory) buildings must comply with the requirements of GOST 22853.
5.5. In buildings and premises that, according to the technology, require the maintenance of stable air parameters in them and the placement of engineering equipment and communications, it is allowed to provide: suspended (felted) ceilings and raised floors - when access to communications does not require a passage for maintenance personnel. To serve these communications, it is allowed to design hatches and vertical steel stairs; technical floors - when, according to the conditions of technology, for the maintenance of engineering equipment, communications and auxiliary technological devices located on these floors, a passageway is required, the height of which is taken in accordance with 5.4.
5.6. It is allowed to provide for the entry of railway tracks into buildings in accordance with the technological part of the project and taking into account the requirements of 5.43. The top of the railheads of the railroad tracks must be at the level of the finished floor.
5.7. In multi-storey buildings with a height of more than 15 m from the planning level of the ground to the level of the finished floor of the upper floor (not counting the technical floor) and the presence of permanent jobs or equipment at the level of more than 15 m that needs to be serviced more than three times per shift, passenger elevators should be provided according to GOST R 53770. Freight elevators should be provided in accordance with the technological part of the project in accordance with GOST R 53771. The number and capacity of elevators should be taken depending on passenger and freight traffic. If the number of employees (in the most numerous shift) is not more than 30 on all floors located above 15 m, one elevator should be provided in the building. If there are rooms on the second floor and above intended for the work of disabled people using wheelchairs, a passenger elevator should be provided in the building if it is impossible to organize jobs for disabled people on the first floor. The elevator cabin must have dimensions of at least: width - 1.1 m, depth - 2.1 m, width of the doorway - 0.85 m.
5.8. Exits from cellars should be provided outside the area of operation of handling equipment.
5.9. The width of tambours and tambour locks should be taken at least 0.5 m more than the width of the openings (0.25 m on each side of the opening), and the depth - more than the width of the door or gate leaf by 0.2 m or more, but not less than 1.2 m. In the presence of working disabled people using wheelchairs, the depth of vestibules and vestibules should be taken at least 1.8 m.
5.10. In rooms of categories A and B, external, easily dropped enclosing structures should be provided. Single-glazed windows and skylights should generally be used as easy-to-reset structures. In case of insufficient glazing area, it is allowed to use roofing structures with roofs made of steel, aluminum, asbestos-cement and bituminous corrugated sheets, from flexible tiles, metal tiles, asbestos-cement and slate tiles and effective non-combustible insulation as easy-to-reset structures. The area of easily dropped structures should be determined by calculation. In the absence of design data, the area of easily dropped structures should be at least 0.05 m2 per 1 m3 of the volume of category A premises and at least 0.03 m2 - category B premises.
Notes.
1. Window glass is classified as easy-to-reset structures with a thickness of 3, 4 and 5 mm and an area of at least (respectively) 0.8, 1 and 1.5 m2. Armored glass, double-glazed windows, triplex, stalinite and polycarbonate do not belong to easily dropped structures.
2. Rolled carpet in areas of easy-to-reset cover structures should be cut into cards with an area of not more than 180 m2 each.
3. The design load from the mass of easily dropped pavement structures should be no more than 0.7 kPa.
5.11. Galleries, platforms and stairs for servicing cranes should be designed in accordance with the rules for the construction and safe operation of cranes.
5.12. For the repair and cleaning of the glazing of windows and skylights, in cases where the use of mobile or portable floor inventory devices (leaning ladders, rolling platforms, telescopic lifts) is impossible due to the placement of technological equipment or the overall height of the building, it is necessary to provide stationary devices that ensure the safe implementation of the specified works.
5.13. The need for lanterns and their type (anti-aircraft, U-shaped, light, light-aeration, etc.) are established by the project depending on the characteristics of the technological process, sanitary and hygienic and environmental requirements, taking into account the climatic conditions of the construction area.
5.14. Lanterns must be non-blown. The length of the lanterns should not exceed 120 m. The distance between the ends of the lanterns and between the end of the lantern and the outer wall should be at least 6 m.
5.15. Under the glazing of skylights made of sheet silicate glass and double-glazed windows, as well as along the inner side of the glazing of rectangular light-aeration lanterns, a protective metal mesh should be provided.
5.16. In buildings with internal drains, it is allowed to use a parapet as a fence on the roof. With a parapet height of less than 0.6 m, it should be supplemented with a lattice fence up to a height of 0.6 m from the roof surface.
5.17. With remote and automatic opening of the gate, it must also be possible to open them manually in all cases. The clear dimensions of the gate for land transport should be taken in excess of the dimensions of vehicles (when loaded) by at least 0.2 m in height and 0.6 m in width.
5.18. The slope of the marches in the stairwells should be taken at least 1: 2 with a tread width of 0.3 m; for basements and attics, it is allowed to take a slope of flights of stairs of 1: 1.5 with a tread width of 0.26 m.
5.19. Internal open stairs (in the absence of stairwell walls) must have a slope of no more than 1:1. The slope of open stairs for passage to single workstations may be increased up to 2:1. For inspection of equipment with a lifting height of not more than 10 m, it is allowed to design vertical stairs with a width of 0.6 m.
5.20. In the presence of working disabled people with disorders of the musculoskeletal system, the slope of the stairs on the evacuation routes should be no more than 1:2.
5.21. For buildings with a height from the planning ground level to the cornice or top of the parapet of 10 m or more, one exit to the roof should be designed (for every full and incomplete 40,000 m2 of roof), including buildings: one-story - through an external open steel staircase; multi-storey - from the staircase.
In cases where it is impractical to have a staircase for access to the roof within the height of the upper floor, it is allowed for buildings with a height from the planning mark of the ground to the mark of the finished floor of the upper floor of no more than 30 m to design an external open steel staircase to access the roof from the staircase through the platform this staircase.
5.22. The placement of rooms of various categories in buildings and their separation from each other, the requirements for escape routes and exits, smoke exhaust devices, locks, tambour locks, stairwells and stairs, roof exits should be adopted in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 .N 123-FZ "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements" and SP 1.13130, SP 2.13130, SP 4.13130, SP 6.13130.
It is allowed to build a warehouse or administrative floor into a production building, as well as a production or administrative floor into a warehouse building, provided that the building complies with the requirements of SP 44.13330 and this SP.
In one-story buildings of terminals of I and II degrees of fire resistance of the constructive fire hazard class C0, it is allowed, if necessary, to arrange evacuation corridors fenced off with type 1 fire barriers and provided with air overpressure in case of fire. In this case, the length of the corridor is not taken into account when calculating the length of the evacuation route.
5.23. The distance from the most remote workplace in the room to the nearest emergency exit from the room directly to the outside or to the stairwell should not exceed the values given in Table 29 of SP 1.13130.
5.24. The distance along the corridor from the door of the most remote room with an area of not more than 1000 m2 to the nearest exit to the outside or to the stairwell should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table 30 of SP 1.13130.
5.25. The width of the evacuation exit (door) from the premises should be taken depending on the total number of people evacuating through this exit, and the number of people per 1 m width of the exit (door) established in Table 31 of SP 1.13130, but not less than 0.9 m if working disabled people with disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
The number of people per 1 m of the width of the emergency exit at intermediate values of the volume of the premises is determined by interpolation.
The number of people per 1 m of the width of the evacuation exit (door) from rooms with a height of more than 6 m increases: with a room height of 12 m - by 20%, 18 m - by 30%, 24 m - by 40%; at intermediate values of the height of the premises, the increase in the number of people per 1 m of the width of the exit is determined by interpolation.
5.26. The width of the evacuation exit (door) from the corridor to the outside or to the stairwell should be taken depending on the total number of people evacuating through this exit and the number of people per 1 m of the width of the exit (door) specified in Table 32 of SP 1.13130, but not less than 0 .8 m, in the presence of working disabled people with disorders of the musculoskeletal system - at least 0.9 m.
5.27. In the presence of working disabled people with disorders of the musculoskeletal system, the width of the flight of stairs should be taken at least 1.2 m.
5.28. In rooms and corridors, smoke removal should be provided in case of fire in accordance with the requirements of SP 7.13130.
5.29. The degree of fire resistance, the class of constructive fire hazard, the height of buildings and the floor area of the building within the fire compartment should be taken for industrial buildings according to table 6.1 of SP 2.13130, for storage buildings - according to table 6.3 of SP 2.13130.
When warehouses are located in industrial buildings, the floor area of warehouses within the fire compartment and their height (number of floors) should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table 6.3 of SP 2.13130.
If there are platforms, whatnots and mezzanines, the area of which at any level exceeds 40% of the floor area of the room, the floor area is determined as for a multi-storey building with the number of floors determined according to 4.11.
5.30. When placing in the same building or room technological processes with different explosion and fire hazards, measures should be taken to prevent explosion and fire spread. The effectiveness of these measures should be justified in the technological part of the project. If these measures are not effective enough, then technological processes with various explosion and fire hazards should be placed in separate rooms and separated in accordance with the requirements of SP 4.13130.
5.31. Basements, when placing rooms of categories B1 - B3 in them, must be separated in accordance with the requirements of SP 4.13130.
5.32. In hot shops with excessive heat release, enclosing structures should be designed, as a rule, not insulated.
5.33. On roofs with a slope of up to 12% inclusive in buildings with a height of more than 10 m to the eaves or top of the parapet, as well as on roofs with a slope of more than 12% in buildings with a height of more than 7 m to the bottom of the eaves, fences should be provided in accordance with GOST 25772. Regardless of fence building heights that meet the requirements of this standard should be provided on roofs in operation.
In hot shops with a significant release of heat and other industrial hazards, steeply sloping roofs should be provided.
5.34. Roofs of heated buildings should be made with an internal drain. It is allowed to install roofs with an external organized drain in heated and unheated buildings, provided that measures are taken to prevent the formation of icicles and ice.
5.35. In one-story warehouse buildings with high-rise rack storage, it is allowed, upon justification, to use rack structures as roof supports and fastening of external walls.
5.36. In warehouses for storing food products, it is necessary to provide: enclosing structures without protruding ribs and from materials that are not destroyed by rodents; solid and void-free canvases of external doors, gates and manhole covers; devices for closing the openings of the channels of ventilation systems; steel mesh fencing (with mesh sizes not exceeding 12 x 12 mm) of ventilation openings in walls and air ducts located within a height of 1.2 m above floor level, and basement windows (window steel mesh fencing structures must be opening or removable).
In the projects of such storage buildings, it is necessary to provide instructions on the careful sealing of holes for the passage of pipelines (in walls, partitions and ceilings) and interfaces of enclosing structures of premises (internal and external walls, partitions between themselves and with floors or ceilings).
Warehouses intended for the storage of food products can be equipped with deratization systems.
5.37. Columns and structures for framing openings in warehouse buildings in areas of heavy truck traffic must be protected from mechanical damage and painted in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 12.4.026.
To limit damage to columns when moving goods, as a rule, tubular sections should be used.
5.38. Loading and unloading ramps and platforms should be designed taking into account the requirements for protecting goods and handling mechanisms from atmospheric precipitation.
A canopy over railway loading and unloading ramps and platforms must overlap the axis of the railway track by at least 0.5 m, and over automobile ramps it must block the roadway by at least 1.5 m from the edge of the ramp.
5.39. The length of the loading and unloading ramp should be determined depending on the turnover and capacity of the warehouse, as well as on the basis of the space-planning solution of the building.
The width of loading and unloading ramps and platforms must be taken in accordance with the requirements of the technology and safety of loading and unloading operations.
5.40. The structures of ramps and canopies adjacent to buildings of I, II, III and IV degrees of fire resistance of fire hazard classes C0 and C1 should be made of non-combustible materials.
5.41. Loading and unloading ramps and platforms must have at least two dispersed stairs or ramps.
5.42. The mark of the edge of the loading and unloading ramp for road transport from the side of the entrance of cars should be equal to 1.2 m from the surface level of the carriageway or loading and unloading area.
5.43. Loading and unloading ramps and platforms for railway rolling stock should be designed taking into account the requirements of GOST 9238.
5.44. The width of the ramps for the passage of floor vehicles must be at least 0.6 m greater than the maximum width of a loaded vehicle. The slope of the ramps should be taken no more than 16% when placed indoors and no more than 10% when placed outside buildings.
5.45. In warehouses, temperature, relative humidity and air velocity must be taken in accordance with the requirements of the technology for storing goods and the requirements of SP 60.13330.
Dock shelters should be mounted in the door openings in the outer walls, isolating the interior of the warehouse from the effects of the external environment.
5.46. The structures and materials of bases and floor coverings of warehouse buildings and premises should be assigned taking into account the perception of loads from stored goods, the type and intensity of mechanical effects of floor transport and dust separation, the accumulation of static electricity and sparking, taking into account the requirements of SP 29.13330.
For floor coverings of warehouses intended for food storage, the use of tar and tar mastics and other environmentally harmful materials is not allowed.
When storing goods whose temperature exceeds 60 °C, heat-resistant floors should be provided.
5.47. Multi-storey warehouse buildings of categories B and C should be designed with a width of no more than 60 m.
5.48. Warehouse premises of industrial buildings should be separated from other premises in accordance with the requirements of SP 4.13130.
5.49. Warehouse buildings with high-rise rack storage should be designed taking into account the requirements of SP 4.13130.
5.50. When separating warehouses with goods that are the same in terms of fire hazard by partitions according to technological or sanitary conditions, the requirements for partitions are determined in the technological part of the project.
According to the requirements of the cargo storage technology, it is allowed to place the expedition, acceptance, sorting and picking of cargo directly in storage facilities, without separating them with partitions. At the same time, the workplaces of merchandisers, experts, storekeepers, rejecters, accountants and operators are allowed to be fenced with partitions with non-standardized fire resistance limits and fire hazard class (glazed or with a mesh with a blind part height of not more than 1.2 m, collapsible and sliding).
5.51. In the window openings of warehouse buildings, opening window transoms with a total area determined by the calculation of smoke removal in case of fire should be arranged.
It is allowed not to arrange window openings in storage rooms while ensuring smoke removal in accordance with the requirements of SP 7.13130.
MASTER PLANS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Substantiation of requirements for the planning of industrial facilities
The placement of buildings and structures on the territory of an industrial facility is an essential element in ensuring the efficiency of production, the sustainability of its operation and ensuring the safety of workers, employees and the population living close to hazardous facilities.
To organize the work of production and solve the above problems, requirements have been developed for the master plans of industrial enterprises - one of the main sources of danger in the technosphere. General requirements for the development of industrial enterprises are set out in building codes and regulations (SNiP 11-89-80), as well as in industry standards for technological design. These documents embody the best practices in the organization of production. Depending on the specifics, the all-Russian requirements are supplemented by departmental (industry) ones. The importance of taking into account the requirements at the design stage has been proven by life itself. It is at this stage that “delayed action mines” can be laid in the form of a combination of factors that will lead to serious accidents or negatively affect the possibility of localizing emergencies of both natural and man-made nature within the territory object.
In this regard, the example of the accident in Jonava in 1989 is indicative - the depressurization of a container with 7000 tons of ammonia, followed by the ignition of nitrophoska (finished product of production).
Unsuccessful layout of the facility led in a critical situation to the emergence of secondary factors of damage, complication of emergency and rescue operations (localization of the accident lasted more than 3 days). These consequences could have been avoided with an appropriate attitude to the problem of ensuring safety and taking into account the requirements for the layout of industrial facilities.
The requirements under consideration must be strictly observed, their accounting and implementation controlled by supervisory authorities both in the design of new, expanded and reconstructed industrial enterprises, and in the development of schemes for master plans for groups of enterprises with common facilities (industrial units). The main provisions of these documents meet the requirements of engineering and technical measures of civil defense within the Russian Federation and specify them within one object (group of objects).
In accordance with the Temporary Regulations on the Headquarters of the Civil Defense Emergencies, the governing bodies are obliged to take part in activities to approve development plans for cities, districts and settlements. Knowledge of the requirements for the master plans of industrial enterprises will help specialists assess the facility from the point of view of safety and argue the requirements for their provision.
At a time when organizational measures for declaring the safety of industrial facilities and licensing their activities became mandatory, the territorial and facility services were faced with complex tasks for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations. This means that the specialists of the headquarters of the Civil Defense Emergency Situations should understand the issues under the jurisdiction of Gosgortekhnadzor, Gosatomnadzor, Goskomsanepidnadzor, Gospozhnadzor and a number of other supervisory and control bodies. Against the backdrop of the economic crisis, the problems under consideration have become much more complicated. Even at outwardly prosperous facilities, there are enough violations of safety standards and requirements in order to raise the question of a temporary stop to their activities. Practice gave birth to a compromise between the need for the functioning of the object and the level of security on it. To determine it in relation to a specific facility, it is necessary to know the norms and requirements for organizing a safe and trouble-free production process, which will make it possible to identify deviations during the inspection and assess their impact on the level of risk within the territory under consideration. The question under consideration is only a part of the general task, and the provisions considered in the following paragraphs are a practical retelling of normative documents.
REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
The designed enterprises are located as part of a group of enterprises with common facilities in accordance with the "Instructions for the development of master plans for groups of enterprises with common facilities of industrial units".
Enterprises and industrial units are located on the territory provided for by the scheme or project of the district planning, the general plan of the city or other settlement, the planning project of the industrial area.
Enterprises, industrial units and associated dumps, waste, treatment facilities are located on non-agricultural lands or unsuitable for agriculture. In the absence of such land, plots on agricultural land of poorer quality may be selected.
Placement of enterprises and industrial units on the lands of the state forest fund should be carried out mainly in areas not covered with forest or occupied by shrubs and low-value plantations.
Placement of enterprises and industrial units on the areas of occurrence of minerals is allowed in agreement with the state mining supervision bodies, and on the areas of occurrence of common minerals - in the manner established by law.
Placement of enterprises and industrial units is not allowed:
Ø in the first zone of the zone of sanitary protection of water supply sources;
Ø in the first zone of the district of sanitary protection of resorts, if the facilities being designed are not directly related to the operation of the resort's natural medicinal products;
Ø in green areas of cities;
Ø on the lands of nature reserves and their protected zones;
Ø in the zones of protection of historical and cultural monuments without the permission of the relevant authorities for the protection of monuments;
Ø in hazardous areas of rock dumps of coal and shale mines or processing plants;
Ø in areas of active karst, landslides, subsidence or collapse of surfaces under the influence of mining, mudflows and snow avalanches, which may threaten the development and operation of enterprises;
Ø in areas contaminated with organic and radioactive emissions, before the expiration of the deadlines established by the bodies of the sanitary and epidemiological service;
Ø in areas of possible catastrophic flooding as a result of the destruction of dams or dams.
A zone of catastrophic flooding is a territory where flooding has a depth of 1.5 m or more and can lead to the destruction of buildings and structures, death of people, and failure of equipment of enterprises.
The territories of industrial hubs should not be divided into separate sections by railways or roads of a common network.
Placement of enterprises in seismic areas should be provided in accordance with the "Guidelines for the placement of construction objects and limiting the number of storeys of buildings in seismic areas." In the northern construction-climatic zone, enterprises are located on sites with rocky, permafrost, homogeneous or thawed non-subsidence soils.
With an appropriate feasibility study, it is allowed to locate enterprises in areas with foundation soils with permafrost temperatures close to 0 ° C, as well as with significant ice saturation and other unfavorable frozen ground conditions.
When placing enterprises and industrial units that affect the state of atmospheric air, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" must be observed.
When placing enterprises and industrial units that affect the habitat and breeding conditions of animals, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Animals" is observed.
Enterprises and industrial units with sources of atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes are not located in areas with prevailing winds at a speed of up to 1 m/s, with long or frequently recurring calms, inversions, fogs (no more than 30 -40%, during winter 50-60%).
Enterprises and industrial units with sources of atmospheric air pollution are located in relation to residential buildings, taking into account the prevailing winds.
Enterprises that require special purity of atmospheric air are located on the leeward side of the winds of the prevailing direction in relation to neighboring enterprises with sources of atmospheric air pollution.
A sanitary protection zone is envisaged between the industrial and residential areas.
Industrial hubs, which include enterprises that require the organization of a sanitary protection zone 500 m wide or more, do not include enterprises that, in accordance with the SNiP for the planning and development of cities, towns and rural settlements, can be located near the border or within the residential area. territory.
Production facilities with sources of external noise with sound levels of 50 decibels or more are located in relation to residential and public buildings in accordance with SNiP for noise protection.
When placing enterprises and industrial units that affect the state of water, the relevant regulatory documents of Sanepidnadzor must be observed.
Placement of enterprises in the coastal strips (zones) of water bodies is allowed only if it is necessary to directly adjoin the sites of the enterprise to water bodies (in agreement with the authorities for regulating the use and protection of waters). The number and length of adjoining sites of enterprises to water bodies in these conditions should be minimal.
When placing enterprises and industrial units on the coastal sections of rivers and other water bodies, the planning marks of the sites of enterprises are taken at least 0.5 m above the highest water level, taking into account the backwater and slope of the watercourse, as well as the wave height surge determined in accordance with SNiP for loads and impact on hydraulic structures.
The horizon is taken to be the highest water level with the probability of exceeding it for enterprises of national economic and defense importance once every 100 years, for other enterprises with a service life of up to 10 years - once every 10 years.
Placement of enterprises in areas with a more frequent excess of the water level is allowed with an appropriate feasibility study and subject to the construction of the necessary structures to protect enterprises from flooding.
These requirements do not apply to enterprises, their individual buildings and structures, as well as to objects for which, under the conditions of which, their short-term flooding is allowed.
In the Northern construction-climatic zone, buildings and structures in coastal areas are located taking into account the increase in the soil thawing bowl near the shore of the reservoir and the resulting change in the temperature and hydrogeological regime of the soil.
Enterprises that require the construction of cargo berths, piers, new structures are located downstream of the river below the residential area .
Placement of buildings and structures at a distance of up to 30 km from the borders of airfields, and especially tall structures (200m or more) at a distance of up to 75km from the borders of airfields is allowed subject to the requirements of the Air Code.
In the case of enterprises located in the area of radio stations, special-purpose facilities, warehouses of highly toxic substances, the distance to the enterprises from these facilities is taken in accordance with the requirements of special standards.
Placement of enterprises near the facilities for the manufacture and storage of explosives, materials and products based on them is carried out taking into account the boundaries of prohibited (dangerous) zones and areas, determined by special regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner, and in agreement with state supervision bodies, ministries and departments in charge of these facilities.
The construction of dumps, slag reservoirs, tailings, waste and refuse from enterprises is allowed only if it is justified that it is impossible to dispose of them. At the same time, centralized (group) dumps are provided for industrial units. Sites for them are located outside the enterprises and the 2nd zone of the zones of sanitary protection of underground water sources in compliance with sanitary standards.
The distance between the dumps of coal or shale mines and production and storage buildings is assigned not less than the size of the dangerous shift zone of dumps, determined in accordance with the "Safety Rules in Coal and Shale Mines" approved by the Ministry of Coal Industry and Gosgortekhnadzor.
In the Northern construction-climatic zone between dumps, buildings and structures, in addition to these zones, distances are observed to ensure the preservation of the temperature regime of the foundations of these buildings and structures frozen by the ground.
The rules for the location of industrial enterprises, set out in a somewhat abbreviated form above, partially reflect the issues of engineering and technical measures of the Russian Civil Defense, which make up a single system of interrelated measures to prevent emergencies, protect the population and reduce damage in case of accidents and disasters.
PLANNING AND LOCATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES
The layout of the sites of enterprises and territories of industrial centers should provide the most favorable conditions for the production process and labor at enterprises, the rational and economical use of land and the greatest efficiency of capital investments.
The master plans of the reconstructed industrial enterprises and the schemes of the master plans of the existing areas provide for the streamlining of functional zoning and the placement of engineering networks.
The distance between buildings and structures, including engineering networks, is taken as the minimum allowable.
The general plans of enterprises and industrial units provide for:
Ø functional zoning of the territory, taking into account technological connections, .sanitary and hygienic and fire safety requirements, cargo turnover and modes of transport;
Ø rational production, transport and engineering communications at enterprises, between them and the residential area;
Ø cooperation of main and auxiliary industries and farms, including similar industries and farms serving the residential part of the city or settlement;
Ø intensive use of the territory, including ground and underground spaces with the necessary and reasonable reserves for the expansion of enterprises;
Ø organization of a unified R&S service network;
Ø the possibility of construction and commissioning of start-up complexes or stages;
Ø improvement of the territory (site);
Ø creation of a single architectural ensemble in conjunction with the architecture of adjacent enterprises and residential development;
Ø protection of adjacent territories from erosion, waterlogging, salinization and pollution of groundwater and open water bodies by sewage, waste and waste from enterprises;
Ø Restoration (reclamation) of land allotted for temporary use, disturbed during construction.
The master plan must take into account the natural features of the construction area:
Ø air temperature and prevailing wind direction;
Ø possible changes in the existing regime of permafrost soils in the process of construction and operation of buildings and structures;
Ø the possibility of large snow deposits due to the presence of hills or elevations of the terrain on the leeward side of the building;
Ø changes in the supra-permafrost water regime as a result of site development and the impact of these changes on the thermal regime of permafrost soils.
Enterprises and industrial units are located on the sites taking into account the exclusion of harmful effects on R&D, technological processes, raw materials, equipment and products of other enterprises, as well as on the health and sanitary and living conditions of the population in the area of enterprises.
Auxiliary buildings are located outside the circulation zone (aerodynamic shadow) formed by buildings and structures, if there are sources of atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes on the site.
Garages of enterprises are provided only for specialized vehicles (emergency technical assistance, technical means and cleaning and maintenance of the territory, rescue and fire services). In the absence of automobile facilities in the construction area, garages are provided for at least 15 trucks.
By functional use enterprise site subdivided into zones:
Ø pre-factory (outside the fence or the conditional border of the enterprise);
Ø production;
Ø auxiliary;
Ø warehouse,
The territory of the industrial hub according to functional use is divided into the following zones:
Ø community center;
Ø sites of enterprises;
Ø common facilities of auxiliary industries and farms.
The division into zones is specified taking into account specific conditions.
The pre-factory zone of the enterprise is located on the side of the main entrances and approaches operating at the enterprise. The dimensions of pre-factory zones (1 hectare per 1000 employees) are taken from the calculation:
0.8 - with the number of employees up to 0.5 thousand;
0.7 - "more than 0.5 to 1 thousand;
0.6 - "1 - "4 thousand;
0.5 - "4" 10 thousand;
0.4 - "w 10 thousand.
When working in three shifts, the number of employees in the first and second shifts is taken into account.
The composition of the public center is determined in each specific case, based on the urban situation, the availability of service enterprises, the production, technological and sanitary-hygienic features of individual enterprises, the architectural and planning solution of the industrial unit.
The public center includes production management institutions, public catering enterprises, vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions, specialized health care institutions, and consumer services enterprises.
In the zone of common facilities of auxiliary industries and farms, objects of energy supply, water supply and sewerage of transport, repair facilities, fire stations, dump facilities of the industrial unit are located.
In pre-factory areas and in public centers of industrial units, open areas for parking cars should be provided.
Open areas for parking cars of disabled people can be located on the territory of the enterprise.
Passing points are located at a distance of no more than 1.5 km from each other, and in the Northern building-climatic zone - not more than 1 km.
The distance from the checkpoints to the entrances to the sanitary facilities of the main workshops does not exceed 800 m.
At large distances from the checkpoints to the most remote sanitary facilities, internal passenger transport is provided.
Distances from workplaces to sanitary facilities are taken in accordance with existing standards.
In front of the checkpoints and entrances to sanitary facilities, canteens, control buildings, sites are provided at the rate of not more than 0.15 m 2 per 1 person. the most numerous change.
At enterprises where the possibility of using the labor of disabled people using wheelchairs is provided, the entrances to industrial, administrative and amenity and other auxiliary buildings are equipped with ramps with a slope of no more than 1:12.
At the sites of industrial enterprises, the minimum required number of buildings is provided. Production, auxiliary and storage facilities are combined into one or more large buildings. The placement of separate buildings is allowed if technologically necessary.
Buildings and structures, based on the specifics of production and natural conditions, are placed subject to the following requirements:
Ø longitudinal axes of the building and skylights are oriented within the range from 45 to 110 o to the meridian;
Ø longitudinal axes of aeration lamps and walls of buildings with openings used for aeration of premises are oriented in plan perpendicularly or at an angle of at least 45 ° to the prevailing direction of the winds of the summer period of the year;
Ø In areas with a snow cover of more than 50 cm or with an amount of transported snow of more than 200 m 3 per 1 m of the transfer front per year, cross-ventilation of the enterprise site is provided.
Buildings that form semi-enclosed courtyards are used in cases where no other solution can be taken.
The use of buildings that form courtyards closed on all sides, if there are technological justifications.
In closed and semi-enclosed courtyards, extensions to buildings, as well as the placement of separate buildings or structures, are not allowed.
Distances between buildings and structures illuminated through window openings are created not less than the maximum height to the top of the eaves of opposing buildings.
Buildings and structures with equipment that cause significant dynamic loads and vibration of the soil are located from buildings and structures with industries that are especially sensitive to vibrations, at distances that take into account the engineering and geological conditions of the territory, the physical and mechanical properties of the foundation soil, as well as measures to eliminate influence of dynamic loads and vibration on soils.
Production facilities and testing stations with particularly hazardous processes, explosive and fire hazardous facilities, as well as base storages for combustible and flammable materials, poisonous and explosive substances are located in accordance with the requirements of special standards approved by the Ministry of Construction of Russia or agreed with it.
Buildings, structures, open installations with industrial processes that emit gas, smoke and dust into the atmosphere, explosive fire hazardous objects, if possible, are located in relation to other industrial buildings on the windward side for the winds of the prevailing direction.
Cooling ponds, ponds, sludge ponds, etc. placed so that in the event of an accident, the liquid during spreading does not threaten the flooding of the enterprise, residential and public buildings and structures.
The spray pools are located with their long side perpendicular to the prevailing direction of the winds of the summer period of the year.
The distances between buildings and structures, depending on the degree of fire resistance and the category of production, are determined by the norms and rules of fire safety.
The distances between open technological installations, units and equipment, as well as from them to buildings and structures, are taken according to the norms of technological design.
Fire stations are located on land adjacent to public roads and serve a group of enterprises.
Service radiuses are accepted: 2 km - for enterprises with industries of categories A, B and C, occupying more than 50% of the entire building area;
4 km - for enterprises with industries of categories A, B and C, occupying up to 50% of the building area, and enterprises with industries of categories D and D.
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