Let's take a closer look at money protection against counterfeiting. The program of extracurricular activities "Financial literacy
Counterfeit protection. These plates are printed on special machines, each side is printed separately. The ink from the grooves engraved on the plate transfers to the paper under very high pressure, forming an embossed (palpable to the touch) pattern or text. Serial numbers are also printed using letterpress printing on a special device in which ink is applied to convex tall letters and numbers. The number of each banknote, as a rule, consists of a group of letters and a group of numbers. In this case, each of the banknotes of this sheet has a different letter part and a constant digital part. With each subsequent sheet, the digital part of the number increases by one. After all sheets with all possible numbers are printed, the board is replaced with the next one with a new range and letter group. The sheets are then cut into individual banknotes, which are stacked in containers in alphabetical order of the letter portions of their serial numbers and fed into computer-connected controllers for final inspection, removal of defective banknotes, counting and packaging into bundles. From there - to the warehouse, from the warehouse - to banks and wallets. Modern banknotes have a whole range of different security features that make it difficult to counterfeit them. With each new issue of money, this set is increasing in all countries, while using the latest achievements of science and technology.
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There are many scammers in this world. And some of the most inconspicuous and at the same time malicious are counterfeiters. Their activities lead to numerous losses and inconveniences. To avoid unpleasant moments, you need to know how to check the money for authenticity, which we will do in this article.
general information
Usually, only high-quality counterfeit banknotes are produced in large quantities. But to calculate a good fake, having the right information, is still not a problem. Since the advent of money, there has been a confrontation between those who issue them officially and the so-called counterfeiters. Modern banknotes have such complex security features that most of them can be checked using special equipment.
Constantly there is a need to make sure that the banknotes are not fake in the absence of a person (for example, in payment terminal), so automated methods are constantly being improved. The article will also focus on manual methods. First you need to know the definition of the authenticity of money. This is the name of the means that are manufactured outside authorized state structures, in violation of accepted procedures and means of ensuring protection. So, how to check the money for authenticity?
Without technology
Money has a lot of defense mechanisms. But not all security elements can be considered in digital form, and for a number of others there are no exact criteria. The most accurate is the examination by an expert, that is, ordinary person with the knowledge and experience that anyone can become. The number of human-readable signs of a real banknote is constantly growing. Here are the most popular:
- This is a special pattern that is created by changing the density of individual parts of the paper. Looks good in the light. Watermarks on banknotes are perhaps the most well-known form of authentication.
- Security thread. This is a special tape made of metal or polymer material, which is implanted into paper. Can use simple and diving threads. The peculiarity of the second is that it comes out of the paper and plunges into it.
- Microprinting. A very small special symbol that can only be seen with a magnifying glass.
- protective fibres. They are patches of threads of different colors and are embedded in paper. May be plain or woven.
Other human signs
Here are other ways to check money for authenticity:
- Microperforation. It implies the presence of special holes of a very small size, which are made by a laser in the process of making money. They make up an inscription or a drawing. Holes can be viewed by light. An indicator of quality is the inability to feel the relief around them, as well as the absence of traces of charring.
- Relief print. These are special inscriptions and drawings, they can be distinguishable by touch. The seal is used not only for protection, but also to help the blind in choosing the denomination of the banknote.
- Kipp effect. This is a separate corrugated area on paper, on the god faces of which a special pattern is applied. It is easy to distinguish only during inspection at a certain angle.
- Hologram. A 3D holographic image that rotates when the bill is tilted.
Lesser Known Signs
And here's how you can check the money for authenticity, if you train this skill:
- Matching images. In fact, this is a special pattern, in which the constituent elements are located on opposite sides of the bill. But if you look at it in the light, then they will coincide, forming one whole.
- Oryol seal. This name is understood as a set of thin lines that change their color without visible interruptions in printing and overlaying paints. It should be noted that this effect cannot be achieved by conventional multi-color printing methods.
- Foil stamping. A drawing made using this material, layered on a bill.
- Special moiré stripes. They possess different colors if you tilt the banknote.
- Optical variable paint. Changes the spectrum of displayed waves, depending on the viewing angle.
Here's how to check the authenticity of banknotes without having any complex technical means.
Machine-readable features
This is a set of characteristics and features of banknotes, on the basis of which the machines decide whether they have banknotes or not.
- Banknote size. The dimensions of banknotes cannot be considered as a security feature. Nevertheless, many detectors check this parameter first. Thanks to this, they reject scraps of banknotes, foreign objects or simply folded money. This characteristic helps to recognize a specific currency and its denomination. To determine the size, an optical method and scanning in the light are used.
- Visible image. The external image of the banknote is scanned in a special light. The disadvantage of machines is that they do not check the entire surface, but only certain areas. Although photodetector rulers can be used to correct this shortcoming.
Working with light and fields
More ways to determine authenticity.
- infrared image. This is one of the main characteristics. When banknotes are printed, metameric inks are used for them. And with infrared illumination, light and dark objects in the image are clearly visible. Also in IR, the machine can recognize security tapes, metallized elements, watermarks, such as the emblem of the Bank of Russia. Infrared illumination allows papers to be identified, which is used as a sign of authenticity.
- UV labels. They are applied with phosphors. They can only be seen under ultraviolet light. Protective fibers are coated with phosphors. During the check, you also need to monitor the paper. If it does not have a background glow, then this also serves as proof that the bill is genuine.
- Magnetic tags. The banknotes are inked. But not ordinary, but special, with magnetic characteristics. Labels are divided into soft and hard. The former lose their magnetic properties after the external field is turned off, while the hard ones retain this characteristic for a long time.
Special items
These are quite interesting, unusual and little-known protection mechanisms.
- Special element "I". It is an anti-Stokes phosphor. Its feature is that it can emit a glow. The wavelength exceeds the exciting radiation.
- Special element "M". Its specificity is the absorption coefficient, which is different from most similar types of paints, in various regions of the infrared spectrum. That is, if you illuminate a bill covered with this substance with different lights, you will get the impression that the element is blinking.
- Secret signs. A set of characteristics that are used to determine authenticity. They are kept secret to make life difficult for counterfeiters. Signs can be verified exclusively by the Central Bank.
Cash verification
Let's say we have 5000 banknotes. And it was decided to check it out. Suddenly it turned out that there was no certain protection. What to do? Is it all that bad? It's too early to draw premature conclusions. If there is no one or even several complex defenses, then this does not mean anything. It may wear off over time, or the tester may not have enough experience to do a quality check. To verify this, just go to the nearest payment terminal and send it to your bank account. If everything went smoothly, the nerves were wasted. Therefore, a 5000 bill or any other can be the real one. If the ticket of the Bank of Russia was not accepted, this is already problematic. You should contact the police with a statement, remember all the details of getting a banknote into your hands. After all, it is still unknown how many such tickets of the Bank of Russia are being prepared for reset.
artisanal method
So this article is coming to its logical conclusion, in which it was considered how to check money for authenticity. The case of counterfeiting, of course, causes condemnation. But in the end, I would like to talk about boasting. There is an opinion that to make a handicraft cash, identical to the official ones, are beyond the power. In spite of this, American currency for quite a long time someone Omega has been forging. How do we know it's fake? The fact is that Omega products are identical to banknotes issued by the US Treasury. With one small exception: the Omega letters are always located in the internal space R in the word dollaR.
To exclude the acceptance of counterfeit banknotes, it is necessary to use currency detectors. IR tags are the main protection of modern currencies. Control of IR protection of the euro and hryvnia is carried out on both sides, dollars on the reverse side, Russian rubles on the front
In the basic configuration, it allows you to control rubles in 2 detection modes - ultraviolet and infrared. It is possible to work with both single banknotes and banknotes in packs and "fan".
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Signs of authenticity of banknotes
WATERMARKS: located on the coupon fields of money tickets; clearly visible when banknotes are viewed against the light: fragments of the pattern of the front or reverse side are repeated from one edge; on the other - the digital designation of the denomination of the banknote. BANKNOTE SECURITY ELEMENTS 1997 SILVER PAINT: Numerical designations of denominations of all banknotes have a clearly visible silver sheen. MARKS FOR PEOPLE WITH IMPAIRED VISION: on the left coupon field of the front side there are circles and stripes with a relief. Designed to determine the denominations of banknotes. PAINT WITH CHANGING COLOR (only on the banknote of 500 rubles): the emblem of the Bank of Russia, when viewed from different angles, changes its color from yellow-green to red-orange. HIDDEN IMAGE: on the patterned ribbon of banknotes, when they are horizontally located at eye level, at an acute angle of incident light, the letters "PP" are visible
MICRO-PATTERN: the coupon fields of the reverse side of the banknotes are sealed with colored rectangles consisting of small geometric shapes. SECURITY THREAD: a transparent polymeric strip visible to the light contains a text consisting of the letters "CBR" and the numerical denominations of banknotes in a direct and inverted image. MICROTEXT: consists of the letters "CBR" and the numerical denominations of banknotes.
5 silhouettes of tigers, bears, fish, trees.
10 microtext in the form of a background grid of the front side (number 5000)
11 microtext on the border of the decorative ribbon (repeated number 5000)
There are many signs of the authenticity of the five thousandth bill, it is enough to remember the main ones that can be used without special equipment and a magnifying glass. The Bank of Russia recommends authenticating using at least three main features. Here are the main ways to check the authenticity of banknotes: Through the light; To the touch, When tilted (changing the angle of view). Signs of the authenticity of the banknote when viewed through the light: The combined watermark is a portrait of N.N. Muravyov-Amursky and the number 5000 in light color. The security thread is 5 mm wide and looks like a dark stripe. Microperforations are micro-holes arranged in even rows and forming the number 5000, imperceptible to the touch. To the touch For people with poor eyesight, the text “Bank of Russia Ticket”, the text “FIVE THOUSAND RUBLES”, the digital designation of the denomination (5000), as well as thin strokes along the edges of the coupon fields of the banknote have an increased relief, perceived by touch.
Infrared protection Infrared detection was considered one of the most reliable until mid-2014. From this period, so-called "super fakes" of Russian rubles can be found in circulation. These are banknotes with flawlessly applied IR marks and a watermark. Finding alternative authentication methods is an extremely urgent task. Main question today - which verification method is the most reliable?
Antistokes today is a 100% guarantee of catching fakes. Anti-Stokes phosphor - This security feature has not yet been forged by counterfeiters and is present on all denominations and issues of Russian rubles.
On genuine banknotes, the Anti-Stokes phosphor (special substances) under the action of high-intensity IR radiation appears as a green dot. On the Russian rubles- These are the tags glowing green,
About the new 100-dollar bill, which received additional protection against counterfeiting. Today we will consider in more detail and in detail what types of protection of paper banknotes from counterfeiting exist in the world.
Recall that the main security element will appear on the updated American banknote - a blue 3D security stripe. It will not only make it easy to distinguish new banknotes from old ones visually, but will also significantly complicate the life of counterfeiters. And yet they do not sleep.
Counterfeiters, according to history, appeared simultaneously with the emergence of money, not only paper, but also metal.
Release of the first paper money, for example, in the Russian Empire in 1769 he immediately discovered a lot of folk "talents". The reason at first was given by the government itself. Not having sufficient experience, Russian bankers introduced banknotes in denominations of 100, 50, 75 and 25 rubles into the series. What the government did not immediately foresee was quickly noticed by the attackers. After all, if in the number "25" you skillfully remake a deuce into a seven, then the face value of the sign will immediately increase three times. "Specialists" were quickly found who did not put off the matter indefinitely and simply began to redraw twenty-five-ruble notes into seventy-five rubles. This phenomenon has left an imprint to this day, because so far neither we nor our neighbors have a banknote that would contain the number "75".
In France, for example, during the reign of Napoleon, there were counterfeiters who were in the service of the emperor and counterfeited the money of Russia and England on an industrial scale: firstly, to pay for food and services to the local population, and secondly, to undermine the economy the country with which the war was going on. Such money was made in a special printing house, on special paper, and they were “aged” there. For example, Monsieur Lal, one of the professional counterfeiters, came up with such a method. In a special pantry, on a thick layer of street dust, which had previously been swept away and brought there, new banknotes were thrown, and then they were driven from corner to corner with a special leather broom. After such processing, Lal wrote, the banknotes looked as if they had already passed through many hands.
Having moved the "great army" to Russia, Napoleon took the printing press with him. Now no one "aged" fakes, there was simply no time for this. They were printed, packed in bales and carried with special guards. Thus, Emperor Napoleon covered a certain part of the cost of maintaining the army at the expense of the sleight of hand of the people of the special branch of his secret government.
The Russian government did not immediately assess the scale of the damage, since these forgeries were very skillfully executed at that time. It was possible to distinguish them only by grammatical errors, since the French did not speak Russian perfectly (for example, like Chinese goods on our market about ten years ago, when there were many errors in the description, there were no "correct" letters).
During the Great Patriotic War, the German government also massively counterfeited the money of the USSR and put them into circulation. Until now, as they suggest, equipment on which fake data was printed is flooded at the bottom of the lake in Austria.
Currently, there are a lot of counterfeit banknotes in the world. For example, the Interpol collection contains 30 thousand samples of various kinds of fakes from all continents, two thirds of which are US dollars, and with a face value of "100".
By the way, the same Interpol publishes a special bulletin "Fakes and forgeries", which describes the most noticeable differences between fakes and originals. Moreover, descriptions are not included here of cheap artisanal fakes, but only industrial ones, made at the highest technical level.
All this forces the governments that issue paper money to go to their defense. Everyone knows about watermarks and security stripes, since these types of protection are also present on banknotes of our country, but there are a number of ways to protect banknotes from counterfeiting. Let's take a closer look at how you can protect a bill.
"Increasing" serial number. Security method when each successive digit of the serial number of the banknote becomes higher or thicker, or both higher and thicker. There are options for both horizontal and vertical increase in serial number digits. This method, in particular, is used on banknotes of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Scotland and other countries. This method is also practiced in Zambia.
colored fibres. A method of security in which colored silk or synthetic fibers, usually red, green or blue, are added to the banknote, which are clearly visible if you look closely at the banknote. This method pretty old. So, on paper, which was used for the production of signs in denominations of two chervonets of the USSR of the sample of 1928, microscopic red streaks are clearly visible - this indicates that the banknote is genuine. This method was also used in Cambodia, Tajikistan.
Double sided optical design or superimposed image. A special technique for applying an image, when one half of it is applied on one side of the bill, and the second on the other. When the banknote is viewed against the light, the uncolored element of the front side is filled with the color of the reverse side fragments, forming a complete single pattern. This method is used to protect banknotes of our country, Canada, Egypt, Sri Lanka, Congo and many other countries.
Security thread. This type of protection is now used in almost all modern banknotes in the world, including in Belarus. At the first stage, when viewed through the light, they looked like black lines. Now the ribbons have become more complicated, they have become “diving”, there are several types, for example, a thread that can only be seen through the light. There is a metallized thread with a kinetic effect, that is, at different angles it changes its property or color. For example, on 10 Egyptian pounds, two threads are used at once, one of them is visible through the light, the second - with a kinetic effect: on the one hand, it looks like a broken strip, when viewed through the light, the strip becomes inseparable.
There are also two threads on the bill of Madagascar, one is visible through the light, the second appears when you look at the bill at a certain angle.
On the banknote of Iran, when viewed through the light, a black thread appears, and when viewed in UV radiation, this thread becomes multi-colored.
Hologram. An image in the form of a picture or a sticker that changes its property (usually color) when viewing a bill from different angles. An example is the anniversary banknote of 20,000 rubles, about which earlier.
Watermark. invisible seal. A method of protection when text or an image is applied to a banknote, which become visible only in the light. Currently, images and portraits of rulers, animals, plants, national symbols, numbers, denominations and much more are used as watermarks in the world.
Metallographic printing. A security method that uses a special printing method that makes the image appear more raised and can be felt. good example are US banknotes. I think many of the generation of the eighties themselves more than once rubbed the jackets of American presidents with their fingers.
Microtext. Made in very small letters, the inscriptions to the naked eye seem to be simple design lines. As a rule, microtext, which forms a complex pattern, simply does not reproduce when copied using technology, and the place where it is located becomes very blurry, which immediately betrays a fake. Microtext can be seen only if you look very carefully or through a magnifying glass. It can also be in the form of a so-called anti-copy grid, when patterns, geometric shapes that cannot be reproduced by copying equipment, are formed using very thin lines instead of text.
Luminescence in UV rays. A method of printing when text, an image or numbers are applied to a banknote, which become visible if the banknote is “enlightened” in UV radiation.
FX ReviewIf today worries mainly numismatist collectors, then counterfeiting paper banknotes is not an idle question at all and may well affect everyone. Modern Russian money has many degrees of protection against counterfeiting, in accordance with the achievements of technological progress - these are watermarks and holograms, micro-holes and embossed surfaces, special security fibers, microprinting and color-changing paint.
Currently in Russia banknotes made of extra strong paper with the addition of cotton fibers - it is due to them that a characteristic crunch appears when bent. Banknote paper is not tinted or bleached, so it does not glow in ultraviolet light, unlike regular paper. Even at the production stage, red, gray and green fibers are added to the paper pulp, randomly located over the entire surface of the banknote, as well as special security fibers that glow in UV radiation in different colors.
Protective fibers
At the same time, a metallized plastic diving strip is introduced, forming with reverse side a dotted line, as well as watermarks visible when viewing the banknote against the light, with the image of the banknote denomination and some symbolic place or figure for Russia.
For example, a 100-ruble banknote depicts the building of the Bolshoi Theater, a 500-ruble banknote depicts a portrait of Peter I, and a 1,000-ruble banknote depicts Yaroslav the Wise.
Thanks to the unique printing equipment used for the manufacture of banknotes, images can be applied to them in several ways. For example, Oryol printing allows you to apply a pattern of different colors with sharp borders, but without a visible difference in colors, and the so-called kipp effect - to make a latent image visible only at a certain angle.
Also, the achievements of the modern printing industry make it possible to make different parts of a banknote react differently to a magnetic field, be visible in a polarizing filter or show a luminescent effect in ultraviolet. At the same time, the security elements of the banknote are located in relation to each other in strict order, and some of them, such as microtext or micropattern, can only be seen at high magnification.
After the bill is printed, moire stripes are applied to it, changing their color depending on the angle of view. At the same stage, a laser microperforation is applied to the banknote, repeating its denomination and noticeable only in bright light. Then relief surfaces are indicated, easily distinguishable by touch - the text “ticket of the Bank of Russia”, as well as stripes and dots in the lower left corner of the bill. They are designed not only to protect the bill from counterfeiting, but also serve as a guide for visually impaired people.
And, finally, with a special paint, each banknote is applied with its own individual number, while one of the digits of this number is endowed with diamagnetic properties.
In conclusion, we add that the equipment on which modern banknotes are made is kept in the strictest secrecy, and the prevalence of consumables (paints, fibers, etc.) is strictly limited.
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