How many developing countries in the world. The developed countries
The most advanced economy in the world in the United States. Following China, Japan and Germany.
Rating | Economy | GDP ($ million) |
The whole world | 85,804,390.60 | |
1 | United States | 20,494,100.00 |
2 | China | 13,608,151.86 |
3 | Japan | 4,970,915.56 |
4 | Germany | 3,996,759.29 |
5 | United Kingdom | 2,825,207.95 |
6 | France | 2,777,535.24 |
7 | India | 2,726,322.62 |
8 | Italy | 2,073,901.99 |
9 | Brazil | 1,868,626.09 |
10 | Canada | 1,712,510.03 |
11 | Russia | 1,657,553.77 |
12 | South Korea | 1,619,423.70 |
13 | Australia | 1,432,195.18 |
14 | Spain | 1,426,189.14 |
15 | Mexico | 1,223,808.89 |
16 | Indonesia | 1,042,173.30 |
17 | Netherlands | 913,658.47 |
18 | Saudi Arabia. | 782,483.47 |
19 | Turkey | 766,509.09 |
20 | Switzerland | 705,501.30 |
21 | Poland | 585,782.87 |
22 | Sweden | 551,031.68 |
23 | Belgium | 531,766.94 |
24 | Argentina | 518,475.13 |
25 | Thailand | 504,992.76 |
26 | Venezuela | 482,359.32 |
27 | Austria | 455,736.58 |
28 | Iran | 454,012.77 |
29 | Norway | 434,750.94 |
30 | United Arab Emirates | 414,178.90 |
31 | Nigeria | 397,269.62 |
32 | Ireland | 382,487.49 |
33 | Israel | 369,690.44 |
34 | South Africa | 368,288.20 |
35 | Singapore | 364,156.66 |
36 | Hong Kong | 362,992.54 |
37 | Malaysia | 354,348.42 |
38 | Denmark | 352,058.41 |
39 | Philippines | 330,910.34 |
40 | Colombia | 330,227.87 |
41 | Pakistan | 312,570.06 |
42 | Chile | 298,231.14 |
43 | Bangladesh | 274,024.96 |
44 | Finland | 273,960.97 |
45 | Egypt | 250,895.47 |
46 | Czech Republic | 245,225.88 |
47 | Vietnam | 244,948.45 |
48 | Romania | 239,552.52 |
49 | Portugal | 237,978.94 |
50 | Iraq | 225,914.18 |
51 | Peru | 222,237.57 |
52 | Greece | 218,031.84 |
53 | New Zealand | 205,024.94 |
54 | Qatar | 192,009.34 |
55 | Algeria | 180,689.12 |
56 | Kazakhstan | 170,538.87 |
57 | Hungary | 155,703.07 |
58 | Kuwait | 141,677.81 |
59 | Ukraine | 130,832.37 |
60 | Morocco | 118,495.33 |
61 | Ecuador | 108,398.06 |
62 | Slovakia | 106,472.19 |
63 | Angola. | 105,750.99 |
64 | Puerto Rico | 101,130.90 |
65 | Cuba | 96,851.00 |
66 | Sri Lanka | 88,900.77 |
67 | Kenya | 87,908.26 |
68 | Ethiopia | 84,355.46 |
69 | Dominican Republic | 81,298.59 |
70 | Oman | 79,294.93 |
71 | Guatemala | 78,460.45 |
72 | Myanmar | 71,214.80 |
73 | Luxembourg | 69,487.92 |
74 | Ghana | 65,556.46 |
75 | Bulgaria | 65,132.95 |
76 | Panama | 65,055.10 |
77 | Croatia | 60,805.66 |
78 | Costa Rica | 60,126.01 |
79 | Belarus | 59,662.50 |
80 | Uruguay | 59,596.89 |
81 | Tanzania | 57,437.07 |
82 | Lebanon | 56,639.16 |
83 | Macau | 54,545.18 |
84 | Slovenia | 54,235.48 |
85 | Lithuania | 53,251.37 |
86 | Serbia | 50,508.37 |
87 | Uzbekistan | 50,499.92 |
88 | Libya | 48,319.62 |
89 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 47,227.54 |
90 | Azerbaijan | 46,939.53 |
91 | Côte d'Ivoire | 43,007.05 |
92 | Jordan | 42,290.83 |
93 | Sudan | 40,851.54 |
94 | Paraguay | 40,842.34 |
95 | Turkmenistan | 40,761.14 |
96 | Bolivia | 40,287.65 |
97 | Tunisia | 39,860.72 |
98 | Cameroon | 38,502.06 |
99 | Bahrain | 37,746.20 |
100 | Latvia | 34,849.08 |
101 | Zimbabwe | 31,000.52 |
102 | Estonia | 30,284.89 |
103 | Nepal | 28,812.49 |
104 | Uganda | 27,476.95 |
105 | Yemen | 26,914.40 |
106 | Zambia | 26,720.07 |
107 | Salvador | 26,056.95 |
108 | Iceland | 25,882.22 |
109 | Cambodia | 24,571.75 |
110 | Cyprus | 24,469.84 |
111 | Senegal | 24,129.60 |
112 | Honduras | 23,803.23 |
113 | Papua New Guinea | 23,431.60 |
114 | Trinidad and Tobago | 23,410.35 |
115 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 19,781.78 |
116 | Afghanistan | 19,362.97 |
117 | Botswana | 18,616.02 |
118 | Laos | 18,130.72 |
119 | Mali. | 17,196.69 |
120 | Gabon | 17,017.40 |
121 | Georgia | 16,209.82 |
122 | Jamaica | 15,717.86 |
123 | Albania | 15,058.88 |
124 | Palestine | 14,615.90 |
125 | Malta | 14,542.04 |
126 | Namibia | 14,521.71 |
127 | Mozambique | 14,457.96 |
128 | Burkina Faso | 14,441.76 |
129 | Mauritius | 14,220.35 |
130 | Brunei | 13,567.10 |
131 | Equatorial Guinea | 13,317.45 |
132 | Nicaragua | 13,117.86 |
133 | Mongolia | 13,009.57 |
134 | Macedonia | 12,672.13 |
135 | Armenia | 12,433.09 |
136 | Bahamas | 12,162.10 |
137 | Madagascar | 12,100.46 |
138 | Moldova | 11,309.08 |
139 | Chad | 11,302.54 |
140 | Congo | 11,263.68 |
141 | Guinea | 10,989.79 |
142 | Benin | 10,358.99 |
143 | Haiti | 9,658.08 |
144 | Rwanda | 9,509.00 |
145 | Niger | 9,239.51 |
146 | Kyrgyzstan. | 8,092.84 |
147 | Kosovo | 7,900.27 |
148 | Tajikistan | 7,522.95 |
149 | Malawi | 7,064.97 |
150 | Isle Of Man | 6,592.63 |
151 | Monaco | 6,400.95 |
152 | Liechtenstein | 6,214.63 |
153 | GUAM. | 5,859.00 |
154 | Fiji | 5,479.50 |
155 | Montenegro | 5,452.17 |
156 | Mauritania | 5,365.87 |
157 | Togo | 5,300.21 |
158 | Maldives | 5,272.29 |
159 | Somalia | 4,721.00 |
160 | Swaziland. | 4,703.79 |
161 | Barbados | 4,673.50 |
162 | Sierra Leone | 3,999.95 |
163 | American Virgin Islands | 3,855.00 |
164 | Guyana | 3,610.44 |
165 | Cayman Islands | 3,570.58 |
166 | Suriname | 3,427.27 |
167 | Liberia | 3,249.00 |
168 | Andorra | 3,236.54 |
169 | Curaçao | 3,116.61 |
170 | Burundi | 3,078.03 |
171 | South Sudan | 3,070.89 |
172 | Lesotho | 2,791.76 |
173 | Greenland | 2,713.53 |
174 | Aruba | 2,700.56 |
175 | Faroe islands | 2,689.16 |
176 | Eritrea | 2,607.74 |
177 | Timor-Leste | 2,581.00 |
178 | Butane | 2,534.97 |
179 | Central African Republic | 2,379.72 |
180 | Cape Verde | 1,986.93 |
181 | Djibouti | 1,965.98 |
182 | Belize | 1,925.00 |
183 | Saint Lucia | 1,876.19 |
184 | San Marino. | 1,632.86 |
185 | Gambia | 1,624.46 |
186 | Antigua and Barbuda | 1,623.80 |
187 | Northern Mariana Islands | 1,593.00 |
188 | Seychelles | 1,590.18 |
189 | Guinea-Bisau. | 1,458.16 |
190 | Solomon Islands | 1,411.90 |
191 | Grenada | 1,207.45 |
192 | Comoros | 1,203.08 |
193 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1,039.88 |
194 | Turks and Kaikos. | 1,022.31 |
195 | Vanuatu | 887.82 |
196 | Samoa | 861.49 |
197 | Saint Vincent and Grenadines | 813.09 |
198 | Eastern Samoa | 634.00 |
199 | Dominica | 503.65 |
200 | Tonga | 450.35 |
201 | Sao Tome and Principe | 422.30 |
202 | Micronesia | 344.50 |
203 | Palau | 310.11 |
204 | Marshall Islands | 211.52 |
205 | Kiribati | 188.28 |
206 | Nauru | 114.72 |
207 | Tuvalu | 42.59 |
Each separately taken country has its economic policy, in which it is essential to eat both strengths and weaknesses. If the state is rich in minerals, then the economy is most often being built on the export of resources, which weakens the production component.
10 largest global economies in 2018
USA
The most stable economy in the world belongs to the United States, it holds its leading position for over 100 years. Comprehensively developed economic policy is based on the banking system, the largest stock exchange, advanced technologies in the field of IT and agriculture, which is not devoid of innovative solutions and progress.
America due to the significant coverage of the fields of activity and advanced technologies in them has great influence in the world and uses it.
The dollar has been world currency for many years and is quoted in all countries. For 2019 amounted to 20,494 trillion dollars, which makes it possible to understand: why the US economy is the first, heading the rating.
China
The fastest growing economy, capable of securing America and shifted it from the leading place in the top of the world's largest economies. China is actively growing industry, agriculture and technology. The automotive market is larger than American and Japanese combined.
Chinese clothing and technique enters the markets of most countries, exports in all directions are very developed. China provides food products 1/5 of the world's population, while using only 9% of land intended for agriculture.
Every year, GDP growth is 10%, which gives a reason to concern America. Presented in the top economy of the world in China, as the strongest and developed powers, the rest of Asia has weaker indicators.
Despite the crisis, which is experiencing Europe in recent years, still stable on the legs and provides an annual GDP growth, which at the moment amounted to 3,996 trillion dollars.
Great Britain
The western European economy in the person of the participating countries presents a blurring picture, but the indisputable leader is, which entered the overall rating for all countries of the planet. The country is poor for natural resources, so its economic policy is based on the sphere of services, industry and tourism.
Regarding industry, leaders are the following spheres: aviation and pharmaceuticals, as well as automotive industry and textile industry. The United Kingdom attracts investment influencing business representatives of other countries with their liberal banking policies, which allows you to implement "laundering" of money.
But in 2018, the country comes out of the composition, and experts find it difficult to assume: what damage to the state economy will bring and how its position in the world will change.
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France
The economic situation of the country is achieved thanks to industrial-agrarian policies. At the expense of agriculture, France provides the products of the EU country, ¼ part of all deliveries accounts for this state.
The best indicators of the country attendance were achieved in much thanks to the Eiffel Tower, its recognition and the atmosphere of romance associated with it.
But having a high country attendance, it does not swim on tourism. The fact is that the funds left by tourists in Power have a smaller volume compared to America, this is due to the fact that tourists in France are not delayed, and seeing the main attraction, leaving for neighboring countries. France's GDP at the moment is 2.777 trillion US dollars.
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Developed states are those countries that occupy the world leading positions in economics, level of living and scientific and technical progress. They are often referred to as "industrial". At the moment, the population of these countries is 15 percent of the population of the whole world. Below are the most developed countries of the world.
The United States of America is one of the largest and most influential powers in the world in economics, politics and population. By area, this state is in fourth place. The country borders with three states: Canada from the North, Mexico from the South and has a small border with the Russian Federation in the sea near Alaska. There are four time zones in the country and a great diversity of landscapes - from hot tropics to the Arctic cold and from plains and canyons to mountain ranges and lakes.
More than 300 million people live in the United States, and most of them originate from immigrants from all over the world. This became possible due to the Great Colonization, which occurred from the XVI century after the great geographical discoveries of Columbus and Vespucci. Thus, there is a huge variety of races, nationalities, languages \u200b\u200band religions. Although the official language is English, and the prevailing religion - Catholicism.
48 of 50 of its states are located in the North American continent, excluding Hawaii and Alaska
Japan is an economically developed country located on four major islands. It is perfectly organized by the banking system, retail, communications, cargo transportation - in short, everything that makes the country successful. The Japanese are very harboring technologically and are the authors of a set of inventions, especially with regard to electronics. This is organized due to the close interaction of authorities with enterprises. There is a low level of taxes in the country and everything is done for the comfortable existence of individual entrepreneurship.
In Japan, an extremely free attitude towards religion. The initial faith in this country is a synthism, and the Buddhism and many other world religions are also common. But not everyone adheres to some kind of confession. Often the Japanese can look to pray in the first church, be it Buddhist or Shinto. This is due to those who are rooted faith - syntoism - is a worship of nature forces, and not some definite deity.
The government focuses on scientific technologies and employment ethics
The history of Germany is very rich, the country happened to survive many victories and defeats, falls and ups. At the moment, the state is included in the list of the most developed countries of the world and is an example for imitating the political device, so few people consider it through the prism of the terrible events of the Second World War.
Despite almost complete destruction of infrastructure after wars, the Germans were able to restore everything with their hard work, and now Germany is one of the "elephants" of the economy, which keeps the whole world.
The main power of the country lies in the automotive industry, as well as in a large number of mineral resources on its territory
This island state has one of the richest and amazing stories, ranging from Celtic tribes. Several centuries, the British Empire had a powerful impact on world order. And, although now the size of the country has declined to one island again, its power has not decreased. English is international and is considered official in many other countries. The fact is that the state preserves and supports close ties with all its former colonies.
The economy of the country for two thirds is provided by the sphere of services, a little less - industry (mainly engineering, electrical equipment and electronics). Birmingham city is one of the first automotive centers. The tourism and agriculture industry is also well developed.
For the production of agricultural products, the country occupies a sixth place in the European Union
France is a transcontinental world power with a richest history, which led its mark in the form of traditions, attractions and even dishes of national cuisine. In addition, the chemical and cosmetic industries are very developed here, as well as the food industry, for example, these are French wines and cheeses known to the whole world.
According to statistical studies, France is one of the least religious states of the world. Almost a third of people are atheists, another third simply do not belong to any confession, and only the remaining third ranks themselves to any religion. And official statistics on ethnic composition in the country does not exist, as there is no and in general the concepts of "nationalities" or "national minorities".
France is strong in astronautics and nuclear technologies
This Mediterranean state is part of the European Union, like most other developed countries. He has a powerful state budget, which is in its magnitude seventh place in the world.
The northern part of Italy is mainly engaged in industry, South-agriculture, especially crop production (corn, sugar beets, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, etc.) in industry predominate mechanical engineering and metallurgy. The most favorable economic situation is in northern Italy, and the very high population density in those parts is connected with this.
Another actively developing aspect of Italy - civilian airlines
This state of East Asia is technologically developed. Especially attention is paid to information security, astronautics, robotics. In this regard, in the country one of the most advanced education systems. All educational institutions have access to high-speed Internet and free digital textbooks. The Korea economy is based on most of the shipbuilding (their products occupies 45 percent of the global market). Also enjoys active demand auto industry.
The country has a rich culture. Cinema is actively developing here. Enjoy the success and direction of cybersport, in particular on the discipline of StarCraft.
All over the world Korean martial arts and kitchens are well known.
Canada
The world's second in the world is the state of origins to the French colony, which in the XVI century was located on the site of the current city of Quebec.
At the moment, this is a developed country with a variety of ethnic composition (statistics state that more than 40 ethnic groups live here, most of whom Christians).
Canada - Multicultural Country. This means that in any settlement it is possible to find elements of completely different cultures, from Indian to Celtic. There are also many different national neighborhoods. The economy of Canada is based on the service sector and agriculture.
This European country has access to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and has a variety of relief, especially mountain. The territory of the state is extremely rich in mineral resources, mainly metal ores. Accordingly, the mining industry is well developed. As for the heavy industry, the shipbuilding and automotive industry should be noted (SEAT brand). At a high level there is a tourist sphere. For 2016, 75 million people visited the country.
The main branch of tourism is a beach holiday due to a soft warm climate and beautiful sea landscapes.
Netherlands
This state is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and is under the control of the monarch. The benefits of the Dutch economy include a qualified labor force, which owns many languages, excellent infrastructure, equality between bosses and subordinates, high wages. The most developed production spheres - mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, textiles, beer and clothing production. Much goes to import: cars, oil and petroleum products, food, equipment.
This is the only state that occupies the whole mainland. It is rich in mineral resources and iron ore, and also has a richest nature, which due to its insavidity has become truly unique. Very many types of animals and plants are found only here and more anywhere. The main economic industry in Australia is agriculture, in particular a cattle breeding. A significant part occupies the production of wool.
Australian wool goes to all corners of the world
Belgium
This country is one of the largest manufacturers of metal products and sewing products. It is also impossible not to mention Antwerp - the world-famous diamond trade center. Chemical production is also well developed. Belgium has a convenient location with access to the sea and rivers, so water transport is actively used. In addition, American transnational companies appreciate Belgium. Among other things, the country throughout its history was famous for scientific and technological advances, some of the Belgians received Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry.
Sweden
The Kingdom of Sweden is one of the richest countries in Europe. There are more than fifty global concerns spreading their products around the world. For example, Oriflame, Volvo, Ericsson, Tetrapak. The state is the world leader in the production of bearings. To other economic advantages that makes the country developed, a very high level of application of innovation, excellent education for workers, excellent infrastructure can be attributed.
The Greek economy was previously one of the most powerful in the world, but in the past few years he experienced difficult times. The main source of foreign exchange earnings is a tourist sphere in a set of services. There is also busy and a significant part of the population - at least 900 thousand people.
According to statistical polls in some countries of the world, Greece was named the most attractive tourist destination.
Highly developed countries differ from the first-all indicators of macroeconomics. Leadership gives them a higher GDP indicator, the availability of capital for investment outdoor market, enjoying consumer demand. Developing countries need to overcome many economic and political nuances to achieve higher status.
Europe has always developed dynamically and was the center of civilization. The most highly developed states on the continent are Germany, France, United Kingdom and Italy, and members of a large seven.
Causes of economic lifting
The countries listed above were previously the rest of the capitalist revolution and managed to form a completely democratic society, optimize resources and form priority areas of production.
Consider the main development factors:
- Natural resources . The European continent has always been rich in various fossils. To date, the sources are practically exhausted, therefore States go to import raw materials.
- Geographical position . All countries of the big four are neighbors, are in the very center of the continent and have access to the seas, which has always been paramount importance.
Fig. 1 EU revenues of the EU countries, in a million euro
Economically developed countries of foreign Europe are characterized by a high level of urbanization, an automated type of production, huge gold and coating reserves, are leaders of world tourism. They became the initiators of the association of countries.
Economy Germany
The largest economy in Europe. Germany ranks third in the world in terms of income per capita. Main Production Destinations: Automotive, Stank Troops, Chemical Industry.
Economy Great Britain
The leading sector of the country's economy is the scope of services, namely the banking system serving the whole world. The per capita income is 41.5 thousand dollars. Britain also specializes in the production of electrical equipment, telecommunications, metallurgical industry, food.
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Fig. 2 level of unemployment of European countries
Economy France
According to the total volume of economic indicators, France ranks second in Europe. Income for each resident of the country is 42.4 thousand dollars. This is a nuclear and cosmic power.
Economy Italy
Italy is an agricultural country, which has managed to establish and the production of agricultural products and sell it around the world, and heavy engineering. Considerable share of revenues accounted for tourism.
Fig. 3 Tourists in Rome
Developed countries of foreign Europe have a share in the global industry more than 30%. They have one of the highest income per capita. These states are engaged in science, study new technologies and successfully implement them, so that they manage to remain leaders of scientific and technological progress.
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Economically developed countries of Western Europe are Germany, United Kingdom, Italy and France. All of them managed to find their strengths and develop them until they reached world domination.
To date, the list of developing countries consists of 150 states and territories. They occupy the greatest part of the sushi. Many of them were independent before the Second World War. However, I would like to consider this topic in all its details.
First group of states
In those days, when a division of capitalist and socialist systems was still occurring, developing countries were called the "third world." Now they are very inhomogeneous. And because of their diversity, it is very difficult to build any typology. But nevertheless, a definite classification exists.
The first group includes so-called key states. This is Mexico, China, as well as Brazil and India. They are included in the list of developing countries because they have enormous economic, human and natural potential. These four states produce such a number of industrial products that are produced all the others, only combined. But in terms of GDP, everything is bad. In India, per capita accounts for $ 350 - it is less than 23 thousand rubles.
Higher level
The second group includes states that have also reached a relatively good level of economic and social development, but only with GDP above thousands of dollars. There are most of all in Latin America. This is Venezuela, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina and many other states. Also, countries with a similar level are in North Africa and in Asia.
But this is not all developing countries. The list of states includes only six groups. The third includes industrial areas. These are those countries that have achieved a jump in the 80s and 90s. And the growth was stunning. States even gave the nickname "Asian Tigers". And on the basis of such an original name, you can guess what countries are. These include Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong (administrative district in China) and Taiwan. Also in the list of developing countries of the second group includes Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.
The remaining list
The fourth group, which is included in the list of developing countries, is formed from those states that are engaged in oil exports. Thanks to this, the GDP resource per capita may vary from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. Naturally, the list includes Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, and more Brunei, Libya, etc.
The largest group is the fifth. It is "classic" developing countries of the world. The list contains the names of the states with a multi-layered backward economy and feudal remnants. Shower GDP is less than $ 1,000 per year. Most countries of this group are located in Asia, Latin America and Africa.
And finally, the last category. It forms 40 states relating to the so-called fourth world. That is, those territories on which agriculture prevails, and consumer. In such countries, there is practically no manufacturing industry and about 2/3 of the inhabitants are illiterate. GDP is 100-300 dollars a year (!). And then this is a very good indicator. So, for example, in Mozambique, GDP is 20 cents a day!
Mrot
Of course, developing countries of the world, a list of which is rather impressive, are a certain interest from the political and economic points of view. But most ordinary citizens want to know about the levels of wages.
If you believe Statistics for 2015, published by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, then it is best to live in Luxembourg. There, the minimum wage is 2190 dollars. This is a little more than 143,000 rubles. In second place - Australia with an indicator of $ 2159. It is approximately 141,000 rubles.
The third place is occupied by Germany. In the former Germany, the minimum salaries are equal to $ 1958, which is 128,000 rubles. Next in the ranking goes the Netherlands from the minimum wage at $ 1848, which is 120,700 rubles. In the next place - Belgium with an indicator of $ 1776. It is about 116,000 rubles.
The lowest indicators in Europe by Mrots in Romania and Bulgaria. The minimum on which you can expect here is 230.4 and 195 dollars, respectively (15,000 and 12,700 rubles). But even this is twice as bigger than in Russia. And even more so in Ukraine, where the monthly minimum wage is 53.7 $ (3480 rubles). In general, the states occupying the first lines in the ratings of the minimum salary are key developing countries. The list is actually longer - with it can be found individually.
World economy leaders
Well, finally - a few words about states that can boast a really high standard of living and economy. Developed and developing countries whose list is quite wide, make up our entire world. But only the first of the listed produce ¾ gross global product. But in developed countries, only 15-16% of the population of the entire planet lives. But it is them that can be said to hold the whole economy.
This is the United States, Canada, Japan, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, United Kingdom, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Finland and several more dozen states. But, despite its status, salaries in many "leading" countries are not pleasing to local residents. In the same Greece mentioned in the list, the minimum wage is 580 € (40 200 rubles). However, it is still larger than in the Russian Federation.
The separation of world economy in economic activity and the definition of basic economic relationships between them allows not only to analyze the trends in the development of individual countries, but also compare them among themselves. However, in the world as a whole, about 200 countries that are very different in terms of economic development. And knowledge of classifications is extremely important for mutual study and exchange of economic development experience.
As economically developed countries, the International Monetary Fund allocates states: 1. Countries qualifying by WB and IMF as a country with a developed economy at the end of the XX - early XXI centuries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece , Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland ,.
2. Andorra, Bermuda, Faroe Islands, Vatican, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino are also included in a more complete group of developed countries.
Among the main signs of developed countries it is advisable to allocate the following:
5. The economies of developed countries are characterized by the openness of the world economy and the liberal organization of the foreign trade regime. Leadership in global production determines their leading role in world trade, international capital movement, international monetary and settlement relations. In the field of international labor migration, developed countries act as a receiving party.
Countries with economies in transition
Countries with economies in transition usually include 28 states of Central and Eastern Europe and the former USSR, moving from centrally planned to the market economy, as well as in some cases, Mongolia, China and Vietnam. In the number of countries with transitional economies, due to its political significance, it is usually separate, out of connection with other groups, Russia is considered (2% of world GDP and 1% exports). A separate group allocated once included in the socialist camp of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the countries of the former USSR, which are called the countries of the former "ruble zone".
Countries with economies in transition include:
1. Former Socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, the successors of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro;
2. Former Soviet republics - now CIS countries: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine;
3. Former Baltic republics: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.
The classification is particularly difficult, since the construction of capitalism, and therefore market relations, in the PRC occurs under the guidance of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The Chinese economy represents the symbiosis of the planned socialist economy and free entrepreneurship. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) refers China, as well as India, to developing Asian countries.
For the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries and some Balkan countries, it is characterized by an initially higher level of socio-economic development; radical and successful reform ("velvet revolutions"); A pronounced desire to enter the EU. Outsiders in this group are Albania, Bulgaria and Romania. Leaders - Czech Republic and Slovenia.
Former Soviet republics, with the exception of the Baltic countries, since 1993, since 1993, were merged into the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The collapse of the USSR led to the discontinuity of the emerging decades of economic relations between enterprises of the former republics. One-time cancellation of state pricing (in the context of the deficit of goods and services), the spontaneous privatization of the largest export-oriented state enterprises, the introduction of parallel currency (US dollar) and the liberalization of foreign trade activities led to a sharp drop in production. GDP in Russia decreased almost 2 times. Hyperinflation reached 2000% or more per year.
There was a sharp drop in the course of the national currency, the deficit of the state budget, a sharp bundle of the population at the absolute impoverishment of its main mass. There was a formation of a oligarchic option of capitalism without creating a middle class. The loans of the IMF and other international organizations were sent to the "Latvia of Hill" in the state budget and unplanned uncontrolled. Financial stabilization due to budget restrictions and policies of restriction or compression of the money supply (increase interest rates) gradually reduced inflation, but had serious social losses (unemployment, the increase in population mortality, street children, etc.). The experience of "shock therapy" showed that in itself the introduction of private property and market relations is not a guarantor of creating an effective economy.
If we talk about the term "transition economy", it is used to characterize the transformations of the economy of socialist countries to the market. The transition to the market required a number of significant transformations to which include:
1) the denationalization of the economy, requiring privatization and stimulating the development of non-state enterprises;
2) the development of non-state forms of ownership, including private ownership of the means of production; 3) the formation of the consumer market and the saturation of its goods.
The first reform programs consisted of sets of stabilization measures and privatization. Monetary and fiscal restrictions had to bring down inflation and restore financial equilibrium, while liberalization of external relations - to bring the necessary competition to the domestic market.
Economic and social transition costs turned out to be higher than expected. The prolonged economic downturn, the high level of unemployment, the decline of social security system, deepening the differentiation of income and the decline in the well-being of the population became the first results of reforms.
The practice of reforming in various countries can be reduced to two main alternative paths:
1) the path of fast radical reforms ("shock therapy") adopted as a basis in many countries, including in Russia. The strategy was historically formed in the 1980s of the IMF for debtor countries. Its features began the oblivion liberalization of prices, incomes and economic activities. Macroeconomic stabilization was achieved by reducing the money supply and enormous inflation as a result.
Urgent system transformations included privatization. In foreign economic activity, the goal was to involve the national economy in the world economy. The results of "shock therapy" are rather negative than positive;
2) ways of gradual evolutionary transformation of the economy taken as a basis in China.
Already since the mid-1990s, and with the beginning of the reconciliation stage, the countries with transition demonstrated a good overall indicators of economic development and a market economy. GDP indicators gradually went up. However, the level of unemployment remains high. Taking into account the different starting conditions of different times of the beginning of the transformation, their results turned out different. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Estonia, Slovakia have achieved the greatest success.
In many countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the proportion of government spending in GDP is large: at least 30-50%. In the process of market reform, the standard of living of the population has decreased and inequality in income distribution increased: approximately 1/5 part of the population was able to raise the standard of living, and about 30% turned into poor. In one group, the former Soviet republics can be distinguished, which are now united in the CIS. Their economies demonstrate different speed of market transformations.
Developing countries
Developing countries - 132 countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, characterized by low and middle income. By virtue of a wide variety of developing countries in international economy, they are customary to classify both by geographical features and in various analytical criteria.
There are certain reasons for the allocation of yesterday's dependent and colonial countries who have segained in their economic and social development and conditionally integrated term "developing" into a special group of states. In these countries, 80% of the world's population live, and the fate of this region will always significantly affect world processes.
The most important criteria for the separation of developing countries are a special place in the system of economic and political ties, the level of economic development and specific features of the reproduction and features of the socio-economic structure.
The first and most significant feature of developing countries is their place in the global economy and politics. Today, they are part of the global capitalist system and are more or less exposed to the action of dominant economic laws and world economic trends. Staying the world of the global economy, the trend in the deepening of economic and political dependence on the economies of developed countries continues to operate in these countries.
Developing countries are still large suppliers of raw materials and fuel to the global market, despite the fact that the share of developing countries in imports of the West of the Western fuel in recent years has decreased somewhat. As suppliers of raw materials, they depend on the import of finished products, so today the proportion of developing countries in world exports is only about 30%, including in the supply of industrial products - 21.4%.
The dependence of the economy of this group of countries from TNK, as well as financial dependence. TNK with the most advanced technology does not go to its transfer when creating joint ventures in developing countries, preferring their branches there. In developing countries, at least 1/4 of foreign investment TNK is concentrated. Private capital today has become the main element of foreign revenues in developing countries. Direct foreign investment today accounts for more than half of all funds coming from private sources.
The level of economic development of developing countries can be characterized as an economic backwardness from the most developed part of the world. The low level of development of the productive forces, the backwardness of the technical equipment of industry, agriculture and social infrastructure is the main features of the economy of these countries as a whole. The most characteristic sign of the backwardness is the agricultural profile of the economy and the share of the population engaged in agriculture. Industrial-agricultural profile of the economy is not typical for developing countries. It developed only in the most developed countries of Latin America and several Asian states. In the overwhelming majority of countries, agricultural employment and today 2.5 times, and sometimes 10 times the industrial. In this regard, many oil-producing countries are closer to developing countries than developed.
The features of the socio-economic structure of developing countries are associated with the multipleness of the economy. Developing countries are inherent in a significant set of production forms: from patriarchal-communal and small-turn to monopolistic and cooperative. Economic ties between protections are limited. Studies are characterized by their system of values \u200b\u200band lifestyle of the population. Patriarchal estate is characteristic of agriculture. Private -ital security includes various forms of ownership and exists in trade, service sector.
The emergence of capitalist defendants has its own characteristics here. First, it is often associated with the export of capital from more developed countries, and in conditions of an unprepared economy, an "enclave" character is.
Secondly, capitalist way, developing as a dependent, cannot eliminate multipleness and even leads to its expansion. Thirdly, there is no consistent development of one form of ownership from another. For example, monopolistic property, which is most often represented by TNC branches, is not a product of development of joint-stock ownership, etc.
Social structure of society reflects the multipliness of the economy. The community type dominates in public relations, civil society is only formed. For developing countries, poverty, overcrowding, high unemployment rate are characteristic.
The economic role of the state in developing countries is very large and along with traditional functions includes: implementation of national sovereignty over natural resources; control over foreign financial assistance to use it for the implementation of projects provided for in the social and economic development programs of the state; Agricultural transformations associated with an increase in the production of agricultural products, the creation of cooperatives, etc.; Preparation of national personnel.
There is a classification of developing countries depending on the level of economic development, measured by the GDP indicator per capita:
1) high income per capita, comparable with income in developed countries (Brunei, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Singapore);
2) Patterns with average GDP indicators per capita (Libya, Uruguay, Tunisia, etc.);
3) poor countries in the world. This group includes most countries of tropical Africa, countries of South Asia and Oceania, a number of Latin America countries.
Another classification of developing countries is associated with the level of development of capitalism as a household text. From this point of view, the following groups of developing countries can be distinguished:
1) These are states where the state, foreign and local capital prevails. The economic activity of the state is a state-capitalistic content. In these countries, the inclusion of foreign capital in the local one is high. These countries include Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, as well as a number of small states of the Asia-Pacific region.
2) The second group of states is the largest. Their feature is that capitalism here is represented by "enclaves", and sometimes very isolated. This group includes countries such as India, Pakistan, the countries of the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, North Africa, nearby countries of Southeast Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia).
3) The third group is the least developed states of the world, about 30 countries with a population of about 15% of the population of the developing world. Capitalistic installation in them exists in the form of fragments. These capitalist "enclaves" are mainly represented by foreign capital. 2/3 of the least developed countries is in Africa. In the prepalistic sector, natural relations are dominated. Almost all areas of employment of the population are traditional injections. The only motor development force in most of them is a state. The share of the manufacturing industry in GDP is not more than 10%, the GDP per capita is no more than $ 300, and the literacy rate is not more than 20% of the adult population. These countries have little chance to improve their position on their own, relying only on domestic strength.
Source - World Economy: Tutorial / E.G.G.Guzhva, M.I.Lesna, A.V. Kontraratiev, A.N.Gorov; SPbgas. - St. Petersburg., 2009. - 116 p.