The concept of the residual value of fixed assets. The concept of the residual value of objects
The concept of book (book, residual) value is used in accounting to account for the impact of depreciation on the value of assets. Non-depreciable assets in financial reporting are displayed at their initial cost, while the value of depreciable assets, such as buildings and equipment, decreases over time due to their depreciation (wear and tear). The asset in the financial statements is still shown at cost, and the depreciation amount is indicated on a separate line. To calculate the carrying amount of an asset, simply subtract the amount of depreciation from the initial cost of the asset.
Steps
Part 1
Understanding Book Value-
Decide on the depreciation method. Depreciation of fixed assets is the gradual write-off of the cost of an asset into annual expenses. Depreciation can be calculated in several ways. The most common method is the straight-line depreciation method, but there are other methods in use such as the declining balance method and the sum of numbers (years) method. The choice of method depends on the asset.
Use the straight-line depreciation method. In this case, the amount of depreciation will be constant throughout the life of the asset. For example, if the equipment was purchased for 1,000,000 rubles, and its service life is 10 years, then the annual depreciation amount will be 10% of 1,000,000 rubles, that is, 100,000 rubles.
Use the declining balance method. This is the method accelerated depreciation, at which its amount is greater at the beginning of the life of the asset (compared to the amount at the end of this life). In this case, you must use the straight-line depreciation percentage. For example, the percentage of depreciation that doubles the balance of an asset that has a life of 10 years is 2 x 10% = 20%. This means that the new book value of the asset at the end of the reporting period will be 20% less than the previous value. In our example, for the first year of operation of the asset, depreciation will be 200,000 rubles (20% of 1,000,000 rubles).
- To further explain this method, we calculate the depreciation of the asset for the second year of its operation. To begin with, let's determine the book value of the asset at the end of the first year of its operation: 1,000,000 - 200,000 = 800,000 rubles. For the second year of operation of the asset, depreciation will be 160,000 rubles (20% of 800,000 rubles), and book value the asset at the end of the second year of its operation will be 800,000 - 160,000 = 640,000 rubles.
-
Use the sum of numbers (years) method. This method is based on a calculation algorithm (formula) very similar to the algorithm used in the declining balance method, but different quantities are used here. The formula looks like this: A = (NS − LS) ∗ (nn + (n − 1) + (n − 2) . . .) (\displaystyle A=(NS-LS)*((\frac (n)(n+(n-1 )+(n-2)...))))
Determine the accumulated depreciation of the asset. This is the balance displayed in the Accumulated Depreciation section. Let's use the above example and the straight-line depreciation method. Suppose you want to know the amount of depreciation after 6 years. Since the annual depreciation amount is 100,000 rubles, the accumulated depreciation will be equal to 600,000 rubles. For other depreciation methods, repeat the process for each year until you reach the year you want.
-
Subtract the accumulated depreciation from the cost of the asset. To calculate the carrying amount of an asset, simply subtract the amount of depreciation (as of today) from the cost of the asset. In our example, the book value of the asset after 6 years will be: (1,000,000 - 600,000) = 400,000 rubles.
- Note that the book value of an asset cannot be less than its salvage value, even if the asset has been in operation for such a long time that the calculation results in the asset's book value being less than its salvage value. In this case, the asset's carrying amount is equated to its salvage value until the asset is sold (at which point its value becomes zero).
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The difference between the book value and the market value of an asset. The book value is not an accurate estimate of the price of an asset, that is, this value does not reflect the real market value asset. The book value determines the percentage of the initial cost of the asset that can be expensed (due to depreciation of the asset).
- The market value of an asset is the price a potential buyer of an asset is willing to pay. For example, factory equipment was purchased for 1,000,000 rubles, and the depreciation amount for 4 years was 400,000 rubles. At the moment, the carrying value of the asset is 600,000 rubles. But this equipment is obsolete (thanks to new technologies), so buyers are willing to pay only 200,000 rubles for it.
- The market value of some assets, such as complex large machines, is significantly higher than their book value. This means that even if an asset has been in use for a long time and therefore its depreciation is quite high, it still functions properly and is in demand. If you intend to invest in a particular company, subtract from the value of the assets the amount of accounts payable that is secured by the company's assets. If the book value is overstated, the difference will have to be made up by earnings in order to increase the value of the shares in the future.
- For example, if a company owns assets in total amount 5 million rubles, and accounts payable, secured by assets, is equal to 2 million rubles, then the real value of the company's assets is equal to 3 million rubles.
Determination of book value. The carrying amount of an asset is the difference between its initial cost and the amount of depreciation. According to the rules of financial reporting, assets are always displayed at initial cost, which allows you to unify accounting. But the value of large assets, such as factory equipment, decreases over time, so depreciation (wear and tear) must be taken into account. By subtracting the depreciation from the initial cost of an asset, you get its book value.
Determine the initial cost of the asset. It is necessary to know it in order to correctly calculate the book value. The initial cost of an asset is the amount paid to acquire it. The initial value of the asset is displayed in the total ledger.
Determine the depreciation of the asset. Having found out the initial cost of the asset, find the amount of its depreciation (as of the current date). This amount is displayed in the general ledger in the line (or section) "Cumulative depreciation". However, as a rule, the depreciation of each asset is not displayed, so find the depreciation schedule for the asset you are interested in.
Part 2
Depreciation calculationPart 3
Use of book valueCapital means part of the property, which is used by the organization for a long period (over 1 year) in the process of manufacturing any product, performing work or providing various services.
Definition
The definition of "residual cost of fixed assets" means OS cost, which can be calculated by determining the difference between the initial cost of an object and its immediate cost at the time of operation.
Carry out revaluation of fixed assets a must, since the cost of assets must fully correspond to market values.
The balance sheet provides for a special line, “Revaluation of non-current assets”, in which indicators of the revaluation carried out should be entered.
Is it necessary to reassess
This rule is clearly stated in paragraph 3 of Art. 268 tax code RF. Based on this, in the period when there was a fact of the sale of an incompletely depreciated fixed asset, organizations will be forced to recognize a smaller amount for tax purposes than directly in accounting itself.
If this is ignored, then this fact will be considered as a gross violation: tax bills will be inflated which would result in lower taxable income.
Example
Consider specific situation. In September 2014, the organization sold the equipment they were not using.
Values the following:
- initial price - 540,000 rubles:
- term beneficial use- 6 years;
- depreciation period - 2 years;
- residual cost at the time of sale - 360,000 rubles;
- equipment was sold for a total amount of 295,000 rubles, including VAT - 45,000 rubles.
Based on this, the loss from the sale is:
295000 - 45000 - 360000 = 110000 rubles.
It is worth noting that not only in accounting, but also in tax accounting, by mistake, the loss was recognized in full for the period of implementation. In other words, in September 2014.
Because of this, the authorized person did not display the transaction for the sale of equipment with the fact of loss in the relevant Appendix No. 3 to sheet 02 of the income tax declaration directly for 9 calendar months of 2014.
But in fact, in tax accounting, this loss is allowed to be included in the list financial costs from the beginning of October 2014 for 2 years ( (6 years - 2 years) * 12 calendar months).
talking in simple words, monthly you need to produce in the direction of reducing taxable income over a specified period of 2,291 rubles (110,000: 48 months).
Based on this, due to an error, the amount of tax costs for the month of October turned out to be significantly overstated - by 110,000 rubles.
Suppose that the error was detected at the end of November 2014, at the moment when the income tax return for 9 calendar months had already been generated. Due to the fact that in the declaration the amount of financial costs was significantly overstated (by 110,000 rubles), the income tax for 9 calendar months turned out to be understated by 22,000 rubles (110,000 * 20%).
In addition, if an organization uses RAS 18/02, in without fail You need to make clarifications in accounting, namely:
Debit 09 Credit 68 subaccount "Implementation of income tax settlements" - 22,000 rubles - the deferred existing tax asset is displayed.
Debit 68 subaccount "Implementation of income tax settlements" Credit 09 - 916 rubles - the fact of payment of a part of the deferred tax asset for October-November 2014 (for several months).
The RAS calculation training course is presented below.
This is due to the fact that it is used to determine the tax base when paying property tax. An error in the calculations can lead not only to an erroneous assessment of fixed assets by management, but also to fines from the Federal Tax Service.
What is the residual value of the property
It is customary to call the residual value of the property, which is calculated as the difference between its original price and the amount of accrued depreciation. It gives an understanding of the real price of an asset at the date of the report.
This indicator is calculated not only to determine the tax base, it is also used to make management decisions, as it characterizes the degree of depreciation of fixed assets. Based on the results of the study, the management of the organization decides whether to continue to operate the facility, to repair, replace or upgrade it.
Correct analysis plays an important role in accounting. In practice, inexperienced accountants often make mistakes by confusing market and residual prices. As a result, an incorrect result is obtained.
Features of the calculation
The calculation of the indicator is carried out not only in order to correctly determine tax base. It is also used in the implementation of:
- transactions with property;
- registration of loans in which fixed assets act as collateral;
- calculating the amount of compensation for insurance;
- restructuring or bankruptcy.
The indicator is calculated according to the algorithm:
- PS - initial price;
- SA - the amount of deductions to the depreciation fund on the date of the calculation.
This formula is considered the simplest, no special knowledge is needed to apply it, no additional calculations are needed.
In practice, another calculation algorithm can be used, but not often. It is usually used when it is necessary to determine the remaining price of fixed assets, the life of which depends on production volumes:
OS \u003d (PS-AP) -AOxn
- OS - residual cost;
- PS - initial price;
- AP - the amount of payments to the sinking fund (total);
- JSC - the amount of transfers to the sinking fund (monthly);
- n is the number of months during which the property was used for production purposes.
To calculate the indicator, it is necessary to determine in advance the amount of deductions to the depreciation fund. For this, various methods are used (non-linear, linear, declining balance, calculation by the sum of the number of years; production).
When making calculations, some accountants in parallel carry out the calculation of the salvage value. If all actions are performed correctly, the value of the first indicator will be higher.
Sale and write-off of property
In some cases, the company has to sell property that has not served its full term. Selling it at residual cost is not always possible. If the decision is made to set the selling price lower than the residual cost, the company will incur losses.
In accounting in such situations, the loss is displayed instantly. The legislation of the Russian Federation does not provide any restrictions for this. In parallel with this, a loss from the sale of property is also formed in tax accounting. It is attributed to other expenses in parts (not completely) over a certain period of time. Typically, this interval is equal to the difference between the planned life of the sold fixed asset and the actual one. Inexperienced accountants can attribute the loss to expenses immediately and in full. As a result, the amount of tax costs will be significantly overestimated, which is a mistake.
Residual cost is an indicator that gives an understanding of how much the value of the property has changed over the period of its operation. It is used in accounting - to display information, in tax - to determine legislative framework. And in management - to assess the condition of fixed assets and make a decision on their further operation or the feasibility of repair (replacement).
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Task #1
Define residual value, the degree of wear and serviceability of the equipment, if initial cost equipment 40 thousand rubles, depreciation rate 15%, actual service life 3 years.
Let's make a calculation depreciation charges, based on the knowledge of the depreciation rate according to the formula:
Am.year - the annual amount of depreciation deductions
SB - the initial cost of the object = 40 thousand rubles.
Us - depreciation rate = 15%
Am. Year \u003d 40 x 15% / 100% \u003d 6 thousand rubles.
Let's take the method where, the amount of depreciation is the same every year, so the depreciation for three years will be equal to:
I \u003d American year x 3 years
And - the degree of wear;
And \u003d 6 3 \u003d 18 thousand rubles.
Composition \u003d First (east) - And
Comp - residual value;
First (east) - initial cost;
Composition \u003d 40 - 18 \u003d 22 thousand rubles.
Let us determine the normative service life of the equipment from the formula:
Us=100% / Tn
We - the rate of depreciation. = 15%
Tn is the standard service life of the equipment (years);
15% = 100% / Tn
Tn \u003d 100% / 15% \u003d 6.66.
Answer: The standard service life of the equipment is 6.6 years.
The residual value is 22 thousand rubles.
Task #2
It is known that the initial cost of the equipment is 30 thousand dollars. Calculate depreciation and residual value for each year of the operating period in accordance with three methods. At the same time, for the straight-line method and the method by the sum of the number of years, the life of the equipment is 5 years, and for the declining balance method, the depreciation rate is 40%.
Let's calculate the depreciation deductions using the straight-line method:
Equipment cost (F) = 30 thousand dollars
Service life (T) = 5 years;
Am. year = 30 hours 5 = 6 thousand dollars
The amount of depreciation is the same every year, so depreciation over 5 years will be equal to:
I = Am.year N5 years
I \u003d 6 × 5 \u003d 30 thousand dollars.
We determine the residual value of the equipment using the formula:
Composition \u003d First (east) - And
Comp = 30 - 30 = 0 thousand dollars
4) Let's calculate depreciation charges using the write-off method by the sum of the number of years:
a) Determine the depreciation rate by the formula:
where n is the service life of the equipment.
b) determine the depreciation deductions according to the formula:
SB - the initial cost of the object
Adding the depreciation amounts for 5 years, we get the depreciation amount:
And \u003d 9.99 + 7.99 + 6 + 3.99 + 1.9 \u003d 29.87 thousand dollars.
c) Determine the residual value of the equipment using the formula:
Composition \u003d First (east) - And
Comp = 30 - 29.87 = 0.13 thousand dollars
5) Let's carry out the calculation according to the decreasing balance method:
Us - depreciation rate = 40%
SB - the initial cost of the object = 30 thousand dollars.
Decreasing balance - the cost of funds minus the amount of accrued depreciation at the moment. Depreciation is calculated as a percentage of the declining balance:
Wear is equal to the sum depreciation for 5 years:
And \u003d 12 + 7.2 + 4.32 + 2.59 + 1.55 \u003d 27.66 thousand dollars.
Comp = 30 - 27.66 = 2.34 thousand dollars
Task #3
Determine the monthly salary of a worker - a time worker of the fifth category, if he worked 150 hours in a month, and was on his next vacation for two days in a given month. The average daily wage of a worker for the previous period is 500 rubles. For work experience, a worker is given a bonus to tariff rate in the amount of 15%. For the qualitative performance of the task, the worker receives 30% of the tariff rate. The NTS of a worker of the first category is 50 rubles, the tariff coefficient of the fifth category is 1.8.
Let's determine the NTS of the worker of the 5th category:
a) The NTS of the worker of the 1st category is multiplied by the tariff coefficient of the fifth category:
CHTS5 digit \u003d 50 H 1.8 \u003d 90 rubles.
b) For the length of service, a worker is given a surcharge to the tariff rate of 15%.
15% H 90/100% = 13.5 rubles.
13.5 + 90 \u003d 103.5 rubles.
c) For the qualitative performance of the task, the worker receives 30% of the tariff rate:
30% x 90 / 100% = 27 rubles
27 + 90 = 117 rubles.
NTS of the 5th category + 15% + 30% \u003d 90 + 13.5 + 27 \u003d 130.5 rubles.
Calculate the number of hours of work for 1 shift:
The average daily wage of a worker / NTS of the 5th category
500 / 90 = 5.5 hours
Let's define the monthly fund of working time:
150 + 5.5 H 2 days (the next vacation in this month) = 161 hours.
We calculate the tariff salary of an employee of the 5th category from the formula:
CHTS5 \u003d Tariff salary of an employee of the 5th category / monthly working time fund
The tariff salary of an employee of the 5th category \u003d 90 H 161 \u003d 14490 rubles.
Determine the number of working days in a month:
Monthly fund of working hours / number of hours of work for 1 shift
161 / 5.5 = 29 days
Calculate additional wages using the formula:
ZPdop \u003d 14490H (29 × 2) \u003d 999.3 rubles.
ZPosn \u003d 14490 rubles.
Drab =29 days
Dotp = 2 days
Let's determine the monthly salary of a time worker of the 5th category:
Let's add 15% to the NTS of the 5th category, add 30%, multiply by the number of hours worked and add an additional salary. fee
NTS of the 5th category + 15% + 30% \u003d 130.5 rubles.
Number of hours worked = 150 hours.
Additional wage= 999.3 rubles.
130.5 H 150 + 999.3 \u003d 19575 + 999.3 \u003d 20,574.3 rubles.
Answer: The monthly salary of a time worker of the 5th category = 20,574.3 rubles.
Task№ 4
The company sold 3,000 units in the third quarter. products. The total fixed costs are 35 thousand rubles, the specific variable costs are 30 rubles, the unit price is 40 rubles.
In the fourth quarter, the company, with the same variables (price, fixed, variable costs), plans to increase profits by 5% compared to the third quarter. Determine how much the volume of sales should be increased in order to increase profit by 5%.
Determine the profit of the enterprise in the 3rd quarter:
a) Revenue from products sold:
Number of units sold products h unit price
3000 H 40 \u003d 120,000 rubles. - Revenue from products sold
b) Total production costs:
Total fixed costs 35 thousand rubles. + specific variable costs 30 thousand rubles.
35000 + 30000 = 65000 rubles
c) Net profit:
Revenue from products sold - total cost of production
120000 - 65000 = 55000 rubles
d) Profit increased by 5%:
5% H (55000/100%) = 2750 rubles. - profit increased by 5%
Determine the cost of 1 unit of production:
Total cost of production/number of products sold
65000? 3000 = 21.66 rubles
Let's determine the net profit from 1 unit of production:
Price of 1 unit of production - Cost of 1 unit of production
40 - 21.66 \u003d 18.34 rubles.
Let's determine the volume of sales of products:
2750? 18.34 = 149.94? 150 units products.
Answer: Sales volume must increase by 150 units to increase profit by 5%.
Task #5
The cost of 1 unit of production in the base period is 240 rubles, in the reporting period 330 rubles. The standard of profitability of products in the base and reporting period is 25%.
Determine the price level of the base and reporting period, as well as the dynamics of their change.
As a rule, for cost pricing, an indicator of product profitability is used, calculated as the ratio of profit to cost. The calculation of the price by this method can be represented by the following formula:
OCizg \u003d C + (C H Rn% / 100%)
OCizg - the estimated wholesale price of the manufacturer;
FROM? the total cost of a unit of production;
Rn - the rate of return on products (to the full cost), as a percentage.
OCizg (basic) \u003d 240 + (240 H 25% / 100%) \u003d 240 + 60 \u003d 300 rubles.
OCizg (reporting) \u003d 330 + (330 H 25% / 100%) \u003d 330 + 82.5 \u003d 412.5 rubles.
Lv. prices \u003d 412.5 - 300 \u003d 112.5 rubles.
Answer: OCizg (basic) = 300 rubles. OCizg (reporting) = 412.5 rubles.
The price level of the reporting period increased by 112.5 rubles.
Task #6
depreciation profit enterprise
The company has invested $4 million in an innovative firm for the production of new materials. At the same time, the investor expects to receive income from the operation of innovations in the amount of $2 million, the life of the facility is 5 years, and the target rate of return is 20%. Determine economic efficiency project.
Let's define interest rate for investments:
Expected income from the operation of innovations 2 million dollars.
Service life 5 years
20000000/5 = 400000 thousand dollars per year
4000000 /400000 = 10% - interest rate
Rate of return 20% = 4,000,000 x 20% / 100% = $800,000
Calculate the PV (present value) using the formula:
R? the amount of rent (the amount paid in equal installments).
R = 800,000 thousand dollars
i - (Target rate of return) = 400,000 thousand dollars. = 10% (0.1)
PS \u003d 800,000 × 3.8 \u003d 3,040,000 million dollars
Let's determine the effectiveness of the project using the net present value method according to the formula:
NPV = PS - I
PS = $3,040,000 million
I (investment) = 4,000,000 million dollars
NPV = 3,040,000 - 4,000,000 = - 960,000 thousand dollars
Answer: NPV = - 960,000 thousand dollars.
NPV<0, проект не эффективен.
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