Features of economic security in the Russian Federation. Problems of economic security in the modern economy
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
RUSSIAN STATE
TRADE AND ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY
TULA BRANCH
(Tula branch of RGTEU)
Department of Commerce and Management
COURSE WORK
by discipline economic theory
on the topic Problems of economic security of the Russian Federation
Completed:
1st year student
full-time education
specialties 080100
"Economics and management of the organization" Head:
Associate Professor, Candidate of Economic Sciences
Mark of admission (not admission) to protection
"_____" __________ 2014
Tula 2014
Introduction
2.1 Threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation
2.2 Internal threats.
2.3 External threats.
3. Ways to overcome the problems of Russia's economic security
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction.
At present, the study of the problems of the economic security of the Russian Federation is rightfully one of the most important activities of economists. A huge number of articles, monographs and studies are devoted to this topic.
The current situation in Russia is such that the studies of economists in one way or another intersect with the problems of economic security, and as world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country's independence, a guarantee of the stability of society.
Ensuring the state security and defense of the country always requires a developed, strong, stable economy.
In the modern world, the development of military technologies has made it almost impossible to conduct large-scale military operations (deterrence effect), so economic methods are becoming the main weapon in the current realities.
The purpose of the work: to determine the main problems of the economic security of the Russian Federation, to analyze their essence, as well as to highlight possible ways to solve them.
Task: to analyze the identified problems, to process the statistical information collected during the work.
1. Economic security. Concept, essence.
Economic security is the protection of the country's economy from internal and external adverse factors that disrupt the normal functioning of the economy, undermine the achieved standard of living of the population.
The Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" defines the economic security of Russia as the protection of the vital interests of all the inhabitants of the country, Russian society as a whole and the state in the economic sphere from internal and external threats. Economic security is the main component of the national security system, its guarantees are a necessary condition for ensuring the stable development of the national economy.
In macroeconomics, economic security is such a state or level of development of the means of production in the country, in which the process of sustainable development of the economy and the socio-economic stability of society is ensured, practically, regardless of the presence and action of external factors.
Economic security - a set of economic, political, military, scientific, technological and social aspects and factors that determine the state or level of national security of the state.
Economic security is traditionally regarded as the most important qualitative characteristic of the economic system, which determines its ability to maintain normal living conditions for the population, sustainable provision of resources for the development of the national economy, as well as the consistent implementation of national-state interests.
The levels of economic security are determined by the following factors:
1. The geopolitical and economic-geographical position of the country and the related distribution of productive forces on the territory of the country. As well as access to domestic and foreign resources.
2. Economic and military-political power of the country and its competitive position in the world economic system in strategically important areas of development.
3. Orientation of the country's institutional system to support the branches of the industrial economy, on which the level of national security depends.
4. The priorities of the economic policy of the state in relation to industries providing a competitive advantage, enterprises of the national economy.
5. The parameters of the sectoral and regional structure of GDP, the strategic importance of the sectors of the national economy and regions of the country for ensuring national security.
6. The presence of reserves of strategically important material goods of the first and higher order in volumes sufficient to ensure economic security in conditions of force majeure.
1.1 National economic security.
The need for security - the elimination of undesirable effects leading to cardinal deformations - is one of the basic needs of both the individual and the whole society. In modern conditions, the need for security has become aggravated, since if it is not observed, a number of negative phenomena arise not only for the individual, but also for the whole society - the state.
National security means such a state of the external environment that allows maintaining the normal functioning of the entire state, preserving its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
National security for a long period of time had an exclusively external orientation - the protection of the independence of the state from external interference. The current stage of human development has brought the understanding of national security to a fundamentally different level. Scientific and technological progress has significantly changed the methods and the very essence of military aggression. For example, with the advent of atomic weapons, the conduct of hostilities does not make sense, since as a result of them both the aggressor and the object of aggression will be destroyed. The level of national security increasingly depends not on the specific military power of the country, but on such factors as the level of development of the national economy, the quality of life of the population, the degree of development of social infrastructure, and the size of national wealth. Modern threats to national security have shifted towards terrorism, intercultural conflicts, environmental violations, and the decline of the national economy.
The main component of national security is national economic security, the importance of which in modern conditions is increasingly growing under the influence of globalization and integration of the world economy.
National economic security is a mode of functioning of the national economy, which allows maintaining acceptable living conditions for the population - the quality, standard of living and the provision of economic resources to the extent necessary to ensure sustainable economic growth.
National economic security is based on such basic principles as:
Independence of the national economy. Due to the increasing involvement of national economies in the world economy, this principle can only be fulfilled relatively - it is necessary to achieve a state of relative independence of the national economy. The task of the state is to form such a level of development of the national economy that allows it to take a competitive and equal position in the world economy;
Stability of the national economy. The state must create a sustainable growth of the national economy, excluding social upheavals, strengthening the role of criminal structures and creating a security regime for every citizen;
Sustainable growth rates of the national economy. In modern conditions, only constant and sustainable growth can provide an acceptable level of economic security, including the improvement of production, the professionalism of each person.
Economic security is based on the independence, stability and growth of the national economy, which is a prerequisite for its normal functioning.
1.2 Economic security of the state.
For the state (as well as for society and for the individual) there is no absolute economic security, that is, a state when there are no external and internal threats to the national economy.
Obviously, the economic security of the state is determined, first of all, by the state of the productive forces and socio-economic relations, the scale of the use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the country's economy, and the structure of foreign economic relations. In this regard, it can be argued that the material basis of the economic security of the state is the developed productive forces capable of ensuring expanded reproduction and civilized life of citizens.
The economic security of the state is closely connected with the concepts of "development" and "sustainability" of the economy.
The development of the national economy is one of the components of economic security. If the economy does not develop, then the state's ability to resist negative external and internal influences is sharply reduced.
The stability of the country's national economy as a single system means the strength and reliability of its elements, economic and organizational ties between them, the ability to withstand internal and external loads.
1.3 State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation.
The purpose of the State Strategy is to ensure such development of the economy, which would create acceptable conditions for the life and development of the individual, the socio-economic and military-political stability of society and the preservation of the integrity of the state, successfully countering the influence of internal and external threats.
Without ensuring economic security, it is practically impossible to solve any of the tasks facing the country, both domestically and internationally.
The implementation of the State Strategy should create the necessary conditions for achieving the overall goals of national security. In particular, ensure:
Protection of the civil rights of the population, raising the level and quality of its life, guaranteeing social peace in the country and tranquility in society;
- Effective solution of internal political, economic and social problems, based on national interests;
- Active influence on the processes in the world affecting the national interests of Russia.
The foreign economic orientation of the State Strategy lies in the effective implementation of the advantages of the international division of labor, the sustainability of the country's development in the context of its equal integration into world economic relations, and the prevention of Russia's critical dependence on foreign countries or their communities in vital issues of economic cooperation.
The objects of economic security of the Russian Federation are the individual, society, the state and the main elements of the economic system, including the system of institutional relations in the state regulation of economic activity.
The state strategy includes:
1. Characteristics of external and internal threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation as a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital economic interests of the individual, society and the state;
2. Identification and monitoring of factors that undermine the stability of the socio-economic system of the state, in the short and medium term (three to five years) perspective.
3. Determination of criteria and parameters that characterize national interests in the field of economy and meet the requirements of the economic security of the Russian Federation.
4. Formation of economic policy, institutional reforms and the necessary mechanisms to eliminate or mitigate the impact of factors that undermine the stability of the national economy.
2. The position of Russia in the modern economy.
Let's turn to the results of the World Economic Forum 2013-2014.
The 2013-2014 Global Competitiveness Index is topped by Switzerland, which has been ranked number one for the fifth year in a row. The second and third places, as in the previous year, are occupied by Singapore and Finland, respectively. Germany has moved up two positions and is now in 4th place.
The United States has improved its ranking from 7th to 5th and continues to be the world leader in innovative products and services, despite some challenges to macroeconomic stability. The improvement of the country's positions is connected, first of all, with the increase in the efficiency of the financial market, as well as the strengthening of public confidence in state institutions.
It is noted that, compared with the previous year, Russia's position has improved largely due to macroeconomic factors. Thanks to the low level of public debt and the continuing budget surplus, the country has risen in this section of the ranking from 22nd to 19th place over the past year. Despite the fact that the Russian economy is currently teetering on the brink of a recession, its macroeconomic indicators still compare favorably with those of a number of other countries. The strengths of the Russian economy were also attributed to the high prevalence of higher education, the state of infrastructure and the significant volume of the domestic market.
However, the low efficiency of state institutions (118th place), insufficient innovation potential (78th), inefficient antimonopoly policy (116th), underdevelopment of the financial market (121st), low level of competition in the markets of goods and services (135th) and lack of investor confidence in the financial system (132nd place). As in the past year, the key problems for economic development in Russia are cited by business representatives as corruption, the inefficiency of the state apparatus, and high tax rates. All these factors contribute to the inefficient allocation of the country's resources and hinder the growth of competitiveness.
Among the countries of the former USSR, Russia is ahead of Estonia (32nd place), Lithuania (48th), Azerbaijan (46th), Kazakhstan (50th) and Latvia (52nd). Other states of the post-Soviet space are located below: Georgia (72nd place), Armenia (79th), Ukraine (84th, down 11 positions), Moldova (89th) and Kyrgyzstan (121st).
2.1 Threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation.
Threats to economic security - such phenomena and processes that adversely affect the economic condition of the country, limit the economic interests of the individual, society, state, create a danger to national values and the national way of life.
So what are the real causes of Russia's economic problems? Let's try to understand this issue, approaching it from different angles.
Today, the threats to economic security associated with disproportions in the structure of the economy, low competitiveness of products, the export of capital abroad, the growth of corporate external debt, unstable investment activity, the stratification of society along property lines, as well as the gap in the levels of economic and social development between the subjects of the Federation, remain valid.
2.2 Internal threats.
One of the most important problems, no doubt, is corruption.
Corruption today is one of the rooted problems for Russian society, the state, and the economy. Its impact on the country's economy is growing, its scale is increasing, and areas of corruption are expanding.
More than $33.5 billion is spent annually by Russian entrepreneurs on bribes to corrupt officials. Ordinary corruption costs 3 billion for ordinary citizens. An average of 20,000 dollars of bribes per year falls on each of the 1.7 million Russian officials.
Thanks to the stabilization of the socio-economic situation in the Russian Federation, the need and opportunities to counteract it have moved to a qualitatively new level.
The impact of corruption affects all stages of production processes and redistribution of resources, violates the integrity of economic systems, and reduces budget revenues at all levels.
Corruption is accompanied not only by a large-scale withdrawal of resources from official circulation, but also by the distortion of statistical, financial, tax reporting, and a decrease in the transparency (transparency) of the economy.
Huge resources are concentrated in the corruption turnover, which, if legalized, can become a reserve for economic growth.
Another important problem is the demographic crisis.
Let's turn to the statistics. 78% of the population of Russia lives in its European part, which is less than 25% of the entire territory of the country.
The share of the urban population in 2010 was 73%. As of January 1, 2013, 166 cities have a population of more than 100,000 people. Of these, 15 cities have a population of more than one million people.
This is where the problem of uninhabited remote regions of the country arises. A huge part of the territories is empty, there is simply no one to live on it.
Although Russia is in 9th place in terms of population, but relative to its territory, it is very small. And in terms of population growth, the Russian Federation is in 183rd place out of 195, so we can not expect an improvement in the situation with this problem in the foreseeable future.
The problem of insufficient financing of science in Russia has long occupied one of the most important positions. Let's analyze this problem on the basis of world statistics.
Consider the table of R&D (Research and Development) funding in different countries of the world in the recent year 2009.
Share of countries in total R&D spending in 2009 (Table 1)
Country Total expenditure on R&D
billion dollars % of global R&D spending
US 389.2 35
Japan 139.6 12.6
China 123.7 11.1
Germany 67.9 6.1
South Korea 41.3 3.7
France 41.1 3.7
UK 37.2 3.3
India 28.1 2.5
Canada 23.2 2.1
Russia 21.7 2
Brazil 18 1.6
Sweden 11.4 1
Israel 8.8 0.8
TOTAL 1112.5 100
Thus, Russia lagged behind the United States in terms of R&D spending by 17 times, the European Union by 12 times, China by 6.4 times, and India by 1.5 times.
Therefore, we can conclude that R&D costs in our country are too low in comparison with world leaders, which slows down the innovative development of the economy, one of the elements of which is the development of the country's scientific and technical potential.
The structure of expenses for technological innovations of organizations by type in Russia is characterized by serious disproportions. Slightly less than half of the funds - about 48% - allocated for technological innovations are spent on the purchase of machinery and equipment. They are noticeably behind the costs of research and development, which steadily occupy the second place in the composition of innovative costs. International comparisons show that in a number of Western European countries - in Belgium, Iceland, Luxembourg, R&D expenditures are 1.5–2 times, and sometimes even more, than investments in the purchase of machinery and equipment.
It can be concluded that in Russia enterprises pay more attention to the purchase of finished equipment and machines, rather than independent research and development.
In the structure of funding sources for Russian science over the past decade, the main one, as before, remains the federal budget. Its share for 2007, as follows from Table 2, is 66.5% of R&D expenditures. While the volume of funds of the business sector was equal to 26.6% of R&D spending, which is not enough to ensure the competitiveness of the economy. Comparing with other countries, we see that the contribution of business in such leading countries as Japan, China, Sweden, and the USA reached 70-77% of R&D spending.
Table number 2
R&D spending in 2007
% of GDP Financing share (%)
State Business
Sweden 3.6 24.43 63.86
Finland 3.47 24.05 68.2
South Korea 3.47 24.8 73.65
Japan 3.44 15.63 77.71
US 2.68 27.73 67.40
Germany 2.54 27.76 68.07
Big Seven 2.53 26.64 65.8
OECD 2.29 28.56 63.79
France 2.08 38.42 52.44
Canada 1.88 31.42 49.4
UK 1.79 29.33 47.19
EU 27 1.77 34.11 54.7
China 1.49 24.62 72.37
Russia 1.12 66.5 26.6
Brazil 1.02 57.88 39.38
India 0.71 80.81 16.11
In December 2013, at a meeting of the Council for Science and Education, President of the Russian Federation V. Putin promised to allocate about 48 billion rubles to the development of fundamental science, stating that the approaches laid down in federal targeted programs and focused on conducting applied work are completely incompatible with fundamental science. match.
“Here we need our own, non-budgetary logic - the transition from estimates to the formation of strategic development programs and grant allocation of funds.”
In January of this year, the president instructed to transfer funding for science in Russia to grants:
“In order to increase the efficiency of the use of federal budget allocations for scientific research, take measures aimed at changing the existing mechanism for financing such research, providing for: financing of fundamental and exploratory scientific research mainly through grants; termination of funding for fundamental and exploratory scientific research at the expense of federal budget allocations for the implementation of federal targeted programs.
As a basis for switching to grants, the Russian Science Foundation was created in November last year, designed to support research and development of Russian scientists on a grant basis. Alexander Khlunov was appointed its general director of the fund. The need to create a fund was associated with the need to improve the existing funding mechanisms in the scientific and scientific and technical fields and the need for a more flexible tool for supporting scientific research, taking into account the specifics of this area as much as possible.
The problem of property stratification of the population, in my opinion, is also important.
The salaries of officials are increasing from year to year, leaving the salaries of ordinary citizens far behind; power structures not only practically do not fight this phenomenon, but also make a feasible contribution to its development.
In China, for example, the stratification of the population by income is recognized as one of the most acute socio-economic problems. Experts have determined that it will take at least 20 years to close the gap between different strata of Chinese society. In Russia, for the same purposes, much more time may be needed.
To reflect the degree of stratification of the population by income, the Gini coefficient is used.
The Gini coefficient is an index of income concentration. Suppose all citizens have the same income - then it is equal to zero. And if the entire income of the country has settled with one person, then the coefficient is equal to one.
International standards prescribe that it should not exceed 0.4, otherwise it is fraught with social upheavals. In most developed countries, it is much lower, so the social system in them is very stable.
Naturally, this indicator does not cover all aspects of income distribution, and to describe them there is also a fund ratio - the ratio of incomes of the richest 10% and the poorest 10% of citizens.
Over the past 10-14 years, the Gini coefficient of Russia has grown from 0.395 in 2000 to 0.420 in 2012. The fund ratio is increasing even faster, indicating a growing gap between the richest and the poorest. In 2000, the gap was 13.9 times, and in 2012 it was already 16.4 times. Thus, the stratification of the population by income is not only Chinese, but also our most acute problem.
At the end of August 2013, Rosstat reported that in the first half of 2013, the average monthly salary of federal civil servants increased in nominal terms (that is, excluding inflation) by almost 20% compared to the first half of 2012, averaging 70,000 rubles.
13% of the country's population earns less than 9 thousand rubles a month, while in Kalmykia and the Caucasian republics the share of citizens with such earnings exceeds 30%.
“The issue of income stratification is directly related to social justice. Income stratification is beyond our limits,” Russian President Vladimir Putin said at the ONF conference in 2013.
My opinion is that in Russia the concentration of resources does not provide investment and does not translate into the creation of new high-quality jobs. These resources are either withdrawn from the country or are involved in many gray corruption schemes. Even such superprojects as the Olympics have created only an abundance of low-quality jobs, which were filled mostly by migrants.
In my opinion, this problem is extremely difficult to solve, but still possible. By limiting the salaries of civil servants and using the released funds to increase the salaries of ordinary citizens (educators, medical workers), it is possible to achieve a significant improvement in the situation, in addition, it is necessary to tighten control over civil servants, in particular, over how reliable information they provide in declarations and incomes and expenses.
Tax policy issues are also significant.
In May 2012, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Main Directions of the Tax Policy of the Russian Federation for 2013 and for the planned period of 2014 and 2015. According to this document in 2013 - 2015. It is proposed to continue improving the tax system of the Russian Federation by conducting a tax maneuver. At the same time, there are a number of comments and suggestions on the document.
The Guidelines for Tax Policy noted that an important task of changes in tax administration is to reduce the overall level of administrative burden by attracting more taxpayers to taxation. It is difficult to agree with this approach, it is more expedient to improve the quality of the work of the tax authorities, reduce the paperwork, develop conciliation procedures and other tools.
Much attention is also paid to the issues of receipt by the tax authorities of documents and information from banks, including in relation to deposits and accounts of taxpayers.
However, the current issue of relations with banks regarding the arrest and removal of arrest from the accounts of non-payers was not reflected in the Main Directions of Tax Policy.
Often, the suspension of transactions on taxpayers' accounts is used not as a guarantee of the collection of accrued payments, but as a means of forcing them to pay, which often leads to abuses, including those of a corrupt nature. Account blocking is also possible in case of non-submission of the declaration within the prescribed period for reasons beyond the control of the taxpayer (problems with mail, delivery through the operator of telecommunication channels).
There are cases when the request to freeze the account comes to the bank after the actual execution of the tax payment by the payer. Moreover, the bank cannot, after the payer satisfies the collection requirement, automatically and independently, without the written permission of the tax authority, unblock the client's account. Of course, this negatively affects the financial position of taxpayers.
The so-called anti-offshore measures should be considered as mechanisms to counteract tax evasion. The Russian Ministry of Finance believes that if a foreign subsidiary does not pay dividends to a Russian parent company, then offshore profits should be included in the tax base of the Russian company.
For these purposes, the term “foreign controlled company” should be enshrined in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
However, in order for these norms to work in real life, it is necessary to create clear control mechanisms, since unscrupulous taxpayers will quickly learn to hide their affiliation with certain firms.
2.3 External threats.
An important external threat is the growth of public debt.
Russia's total external debt has risen again. According to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2014. it reached 732.046 billion dollars, which exceeded by 15% last year's figure of 636.435 billion dollars.
Let's take a quick look at the structure of Russia's external debt:
Debts of government agencies (the state debt itself) to foreign creditors increased over the year by almost 16.5% and reached $63.44 billion. Mostly, debts are denominated in securities.
External debts of the banking system in 2013 increased by 6.6% to $214.94 billion.
The debt of the Central Bank of Russia remained virtually unchanged and amounts to 15.844 billion dollars (a year earlier - 15.639 billion dollars).
The main volumes of Russia's foreign debt still fall on the so-called. "other sectors" (enterprises and organizations). Foreign debts of domestic companies in 2013 increased by 20 percent (73.019 billion dollars) and reached an impressive figure of 437.822 billion dollars. Including external liabilities in the form of loans increased from 230.512 to 266.297 billion dollars.
Despite the fact that the growth of the total external debt of Russia in 2013. slowed down to 15.0% against 18.1% in 2012, its scale ($95.6 billion) remains very significant. In addition, the level of external debt by the beginning of 2014 reached 31.1% of GDP.
The structure of Russian exports is predominantly raw material in nature: mainly energy raw materials, raw metals and concentrates are supplied to the foreign market. The share of products of deep processing does not exceed 10%, which significantly reduces the efficiency of exports.
At the same time, import expansion to the Russian market and dependence on the world market in meeting domestic needs, including strategic ones, with food products and high-tech equipment is increasing.
The problem of personnel leakage abroad.
Unfortunately, at present Russia is the main supplier of highly qualified specialists abroad. And in this case, we are talking about the loss of that part of the population that could provide Russia with a worthy place in the world of the 21st century.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, by decision of the Governing Council, suspended the process of accepting Russia into its membership and announced the strengthening of cooperation with Ukraine.
At the moment, public attention is riveted to the sanctions of Western countries against Russia in connection with the disapproval of the entry of Crimea into Russia.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization:
Suspended military and civilian meetings with Russia and stopped planning joint military missions.
- Suspended practical cooperation with Russia and excluded it from the process of eliminating Syrian chemical weapons.
- Suspended all forms of cooperation with Russia, except for negotiations at the level of ambassadors and above.
- The Parliamentary Assembly of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ceased cooperation with the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
- Closed free access to the headquarters to all employees of the Russian mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with the exception of the ambassador, his deputy and two assistants.
European Union:
Suspended negotiations with Russia on visa facilitation and a new basic agreement.
- Imposed sanctions against 21 Russian and Crimean officials, including a ban on entry into the EU and freezing of bank accounts.
- Canceled the EU-Russia summit, expanded the list of persons against whom sanctions are imposed by 12 people, EU member states canceled bilateral summits with Russia.
- He stopped the construction of the South Stream and announced the possibility of refusing Russian gas.
Council of Europe:
Canceled all planned events in Russia.
- Deprived the Russian delegation of the right to vote and banned its representatives from holding leadership positions in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and also banned Russian representatives from participating in observer missions of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe until the end of 2014.
The European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation has banned air travel to Crimea.
G8 "Big Eight":
Suspended the preparations of the leading Western countries for the G8 summit in June in Sochi.
- Suspended Russia's participation.
USA:
On March 4, investment and military cooperation with Russia was frozen, and bilateral negotiations and conference planning were also cancelled.
On March 27, they suspended cooperation with Russia in the field of combating drugs, and also suspended the issuance of licenses to American companies to export "potentially dangerous products" to Russia
On March 28, they stopped licensing exports of defense goods and services to Russia.
On March 30, the work of the Russian-American presidential commission was stopped.
On April 2, a number of projects with Russia were suspended within the framework of a bilateral presidential commission, as well as some areas of cooperation through law enforcement agencies, and funding for their implementation was redirected to Ukraine.
On April 3, they suspended consultations with Russia in the field of missile defense, and also suspended cooperation in the space sector, with the exception of the International Space Station project and a number of projects in the field of peaceful atom.
3. Ways to overcome the problems of Russia's economic security.
The created unfavorable climate for increasing the competitiveness of Russian enterprises requires the adoption of urgent measures to ensure the survival of the Russian economy in the face of ever-increasing competition in the global market in the process of its globalization:
1) development of the state scientific policy, linked to innovation and industrial policy, the policy of the new stage of privatization and the policy on small business;
2) accelerating scientific and technological progress and increasing competitiveness, the key to which lies in free enterprise, market mechanisms;
3) consistently pursuing a policy to strengthen Russian science on the basis of strengthening the foundation of the real sector of the Russian economy, primarily in terms of agriculture and industrial sectors that produce consumer goods;
4) transfer of Russian production to an innovative development path:
– creation of a powerful complex of innovative industries operating in a mature market infrastructure;
- Consistently pursuing a policy of continuous support and expansion of new competitive advantages for those enterprises that focus on the production of new technological products and the creation of their own brands, while getting rid of uncompetitive bankrupt enterprises;
– conducting an antimonopoly policy with the prohibition of any artificial support and lobbying for the interests of individual, especially inefficient producers;
– completion of the reform of natural monopolies aimed at the formation of competitive blocs of domestic producers;
- development of a national program to increase labor productivity and competitiveness of production in order to stimulate domestic innovative business, strengthen ties between academic institutions and universities, industry research institutes and laboratories and industrial enterprises;
– changing the tax regime for innovative firms and divisions;
– development of reliable legislation for the protection of intellectual property.
Raising the level of investment from 20 to 30% of GDP, so the main priority of economic policy is the investment climate, attracting private investment.
Factors and conditions for ensuring the above measures aimed at creating an intelligent economy based on knowledge can be the following:
1. Reforming Russian science, including the following stages:
– commercialization of the R&D sphere: integration of scientists into the market mechanism, applied use of their achievements;
- orientation of research (including fundamental research) towards specific targeted programs, towards specific financing of scientific and technical projects related to the development of innovative business;
- building networks "science - experiment - production" and, as a result, an increase in the share of private funding for R&D while reducing the share of public funding.
2. Ensuring sufficient funding for the scientific and technical sphere. Unfortunately, the cost of R&D in the country is about 12 billion dollars, while in the USA - 264, in the European Union - 150 and in Japan - 130 billion dollars. In addition, it must be taken into account that a significant part of our R&D expenditures still goes to the military-industrial complex and almost does not concern the production of mass domestic civilian products.
3. Formation of a close relationship between R&D and industry:
– creation of a state system of encouraging entrepreneurs for using the latest achievements of domestic science and technology in production;
– targeted financing of especially important and promising projects;
- tax cuts, provision of special loans, leasing of the latest types of machinery and equipment under state guarantees.
4. Open recognition by the state of the priority of scientific and technological progress and innovative development over production growth. The state should have special programs to accelerate scientific and technological progress and innovative development of Russian industry. Such programs are available in almost all developed countries of the world.
5. Expansion of international scientific and technical cooperation, study of useful foreign experience.
As part of the fight against corruption, Vladimir Putin signed the Decree "On the National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2014-2015".
The approved National Plan is aimed at solving the following main tasks, including:
- Improving the organizational foundations for combating corruption in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
- Activation of anti-corruption education of citizens;
- Ensuring the implementation of legislative acts and management decisions in the field of combating corruption in accordance with the National Anti-Corruption Strategy.
In addition, amendments were made to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 21, 2009 N 1065 "On checking the accuracy and completeness of information submitted by citizens applying for positions in the federal civil service and federal civil servants, and compliance by federal civil servants with the requirements for official conduct."
In the interests of real socio-economic growth in Russia, it is necessary to reconsider government policy and reforms in structural, industrial, monetary policy and the use of foreign economic relations.
An important task is to restore relations with other countries, especially in the realities of the Ukrainian crisis and the entry of the Crimean Republic into the Russian Federation. The latter fact seriously complicated the dialogue between Russia and Western countries.
Events are currently continuing to develop, however, a number of sanctions have already been introduced against Russia, since from the point of view of Western countries, the annexation of Crimea to Russia is a violation of the economic integrity of Ukraine.
Conclusion.
Summing up, we can say that Russia faces, firstly, the task of reforming science, otherwise, without this, an increase in its funding will not give the desired effect, and secondly, the transfer of Russian industrial production to an innovative path of development based on an economy based on knowledge and , thirdly, the expansion of scientific and technical ties and partnerships with world scientific and technological leaders. At the same time, innovative ability is the most important factor of competitiveness. If a country has this ability, then it has a strategic advantage. Therefore, it is necessary to form modern mechanisms for linking science and business, to ensure a specific choice of priorities and “points of growth” on an innovative basis. Russia can and should integrate into the global scientific and technological space, become a worthy partner of the world's scientific and technical leaders in the field of innovation and trade in high-tech products.
Also, one of the tasks facing the Russian Federation is to establish relations with Western countries. Measures to address this problem have already begun to be taken, at present, as I believe, the tension in relations has subsided.
Most of the economic problems of the Russian Federation are completely solvable, the only thing is that it is impossible to get rid of the problems accumulated over many decades overnight, this process takes time and considerable effort. Although to this day a sufficient number of sore spots remain in the Russian economy, in recent years there has been a slight, but still positive dynamics, which inspires hope that someday the serious problems of Russia's economic security will be resolved.
Literature:
1. Gordienko D. V. "Fundamentals of the economic security of the state."
2. "Economic security of Russia: General course" Textbook / Ed. V. K. Senchagova.
3. Illarionov A.I. "Criteria of economic security".
4. Arkhipov A. "Economic security: assessments, problems, ways to ensure".
5. Shishkarev S.N. “Legal Foundations of the Anti-Corruption Policy of Russia. History and Modernity: Monograph".
6. Kozlova A. "Economic security as a phenomenon and concept."
7. Beketov N.V. "Problems of ensuring the economic security of the state in the field of foreign economic activity."
8. Kuznetsova E.I. "National economic security as a subject of the economic strategy of the state"
9. Ria.ru is a Russian news agency.
10. Ru.Wikipedia.org is a free encyclopedia.
11. Gks.ru - Russian statistics committee.
12. News.kremlin.ru - site of the President of Russia.
Noah life.
Frivolity and attempts to minimize the threatening dangers are unacceptable here. The role of science in developing the concept of economic security is very important and responsible. Moreover, it is not just about verbal exercises and not about the search for beautiful formulas, various kinds of classifications of dangers - external and internal, long-term and current. It is fundamentally important to uncover the very essence of the problem, identify real threats, and offer reliable and effective methods to counter them.
As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the country's independence, the conditions for stability and efficiency of the society's life, and the achievement of success. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.
The central direction of world development in the 21st century is globalization. The three main vectors that influenced the development of the world are geopolitics, geoeconomics and geostrategy. Until the second half of the 20th century, geopolitics was in the first place. Geopolitics influenced the change in the geographical boundaries of states, to achieve their goals, states used military methods of influence, seizing the territories they needed by force. The main players in geopolitics are various states, military blocs of allied states pursuing similar goals. Some are still trying to solve their problems with the help of military force (Iraq's invasion of Kuwait), but geo-economics comes to the fore, providing an opportunity for world restructuring, devoid of open confrontation, by geo-economic (non-military) methods. This is primarily due to the increased role of transnational corporations. Today they, and not individual states, are fighting for the world's resources.
Internationalization fundamentally changes the nature of the international division of labor. Today, exchange processes are taking place not only between states, but, above all, between transnational structures, world reproduction centers (or cores), and large technological megacities. The links of these centers are economic structures and management systems related to various national economies.
"Joints" of interaction between centers are nothing but economic boundaries, which may not coincide with national ones. According to their configuration, world production centers are mobile, the corresponding economic boundaries are of a changing nature, and it is along these boundaries that the world is being continuously redistributed.
Within the framework of world international structures, world income is formed and redistributed. The realization of economic interests takes place not only on the world market, but also on the so-called economic atlas of the world, including the national geo-economic atlas.
Operating on the geo-economic atlas does not require wait-and-see (or opportunistic) trade tactics, but an offensive, active position and appropriate mechanisms for realizing one's interests. Accordingly, the vector strategy sets the strategic model of foreign economic relations, purposefully influencing the formation of the geo-economic situation.
The national economy is capable of reproducing geo-economically efficiently with the transformation of its foreign economic sector from a trade and intermediary to a production and investment model of foreign economic relations. To do this, the state must clearly define its strategic interests, and, depending on them, build relationships with large transnational structures.
If the state adopts the geo-economic vector of development, then new (non-military) types of influence on competitors appear, such as economic, environmental, demographic, etc.
Russian President Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich, in his annual address to the nation, said directly that Russia has two possible ways of development - either Russia will be a strong state, or this state will disappear from the atlas of the world, at least in the form in which it exists today. Many foreigners need Russia as a raw materials appendage to their economy, living off the sale of their resources. This is a disastrous path for Russia. In order to survive, the state needs to build its economic policy taking into account the requirements of the technogenic development of the world community in the 21st century, it is necessary to find our growth points in the form of new technologies, in which we must not catch up, but outstrip foreign competitors.
The concept of the country's economic security includes not only maintaining the socio-political and military stability of the state at a sufficient level, but, above all, the development of the economy with its inclusion in the globalization processes taking place today in the world community. This paper discusses some issues of the country's economic security, as well as the author's opinion on the direction of development of the Russian economy in order to reflect threats to the economic security of Russia.
1. ESSENCE AND CRITERIA OF ECONOMIC SECURITY.
In the 1970s, the term "economic security" first appeared. It quickly became widespread in the developed capitalist countries. It was then, defending a realistic assessment of the current international situation, that the representatives of Western European countries first of all advocated the use of economic methods to ensure national security. One of the main tasks of economic security is the preservation and strengthening of the country's position in the world economic system.
At present, economic security is a nationwide set of measures aimed at sustainable continuous development and improvement of the country's economy, which necessarily implies socio-political stability and independence of the state, as well as a mechanism to counter external and internal threats.
The problems of implementing the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation, ensuring the protection of national interests in the most important areas of the economy are becoming increasingly important, attracting the close attention of politicians, scientists, and the widest sections of the population. The urgency of these problems is caused by the scale of the threats, and the real damage inflicted on the economic security of the country as a result of the unprecedented economic crisis, which in its depth and duration far exceeded the Great Depression in the USA of 1929-1933.
Since countries with developed market economies (primarily the United States) have accumulated quite a lot of positive experience in the field of ensuring national economic security, it is undoubtedly of interest at the present time.
After the end of the Cold War, ensuring economic security became a priority in US policy.
Secretary of State W. Christopher has repeatedly stated this officially. Thus, in February 1993, he stressed that US foreign policy should be based on "three pillars": strengthening the country's economic security, maintaining democracy, and observing human rights. The key points in ensuring economic security are, according to the secretary, increasing the competitiveness of American goods in the domestic and foreign markets, reducing the country's dependence on foreign loans and strengthening its ability to fulfill international obligations in trade, economic and other areas.
The concept of national security is broader than the concept of the country's economic security, it includes defense, environmental, energy security, etc.
A number of general conditions and factors put forward the concept of economic security in a number of concepts that form a systematic view of the modern life of society and the state:
Differences in national interests, the desire for a more complete isolation of them from common interests, despite the development of integration processes - the development of an appropriate strategy is required.
The limited nature of natural resources, the varying degree of provision of individual countries with them, contains a potential opportunity for intensifying the economic and political struggle for the use of these resources.
The importance of the competition factor in the production and sale of goods, especially in the field of financial and banking services, is growing. The ability to create conditions for the development of the financial and banking sector and to debug its precise work are put on a par with the ability to create new industrial and agricultural technologies.
That is why the increase in the competitiveness of some countries is seen by others as a real danger, a threat to their national interests.
Economic security itself has a complex internal structure, in which three of its most important elements can be distinguished:
economic independence. Economic independence is not absolute because the international division of labor makes national economies interdependent on each other. Under these conditions, economic independence means the ability to control national resources. It is necessary to reach a level of production, efficiency and quality of products that ensures its competitiveness and allows it to participate on an equal footing in world trade, cooperation ties and the exchange of scientific and technological achievements.
Problems of Ensuring Russia's Economic Security
The need for protection from unwanted external influences and radical internal changes, in other words, the need for security, is a basic, fundamental need for both the life of an individual, a family, and various associations of people, including society and the state. In the conditions of the formation of a market economy, the sphere of safe existence has narrowed so much that the constant and massive dissatisfaction of this need has a negative impact on the development of the functioning of individual citizens, families, organizations, the state and society as a whole, aggravating the crisis state of all spheres of its life.
Today, the most pressing issues are those related to threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. Economic security is one of the most important components of the country's national security.
At present, the object of economic security is the economy at all levels with its tasks of sustainability, invulnerability, a balance of obvious benefits and certain damage brought by the process of "drawing" into international market relations and economic relations. The crisis state of the economy is manifested through a significant reduction in production, a decrease in investment activity, the destruction of scientific and technical potential, the stagnation of the agricultural sector, a decrease in the revenue side of the federal budget, etc.
The object of this study is the economic security of Russia. The subject of the research is the problems of ensuring the economic security of Russia. regulatory safety management
The purpose of the work is to study the concept of "economic security" and identify the main problems of its organization in Russia. As a result of the study, the following tasks were solved:
reveal the essence of the concept of "economic security";
consider the regulatory framework for economic security;
study the main governing bodies of economic security in Russia;
consider mechanisms for ensuring economic security in Russia;
draw conclusions about the importance of ensuring economic security and solving the main problems.
The theme of the course work, its goals and objectives determined the methodology of the study. It was carried out within the framework of macroeconomic and structural-institutional approaches based on the dialectical method, historical and logical analysis, methods of economic and mathematical modeling, as well as statistical and econometric methods for processing and analyzing empirical data.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the work of domestic and foreign scientists-economists in the field of management and protection of economic interests, solving security problems, the results of scientific research by the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and a number of other institutions on economic security issues.
Various aspects of the management of the national economy and its individual sectors in the context of the transformation of the Russian economy have been studied by many domestic and foreign scientists. The works of L.I. Abalkin, A.V. Sidorovich, Yu.S. Ufimtsev, A.A. Odintsov, V.K. Senchagova, S. Rabkina and others. Both periodicals and teaching aids were used.
According to the degree of importance, economic security indicators can be divided into general, basic and private. According to the scale of the characterized object of safety, it is possible to distinguish:
- 1) microeconomic indicators that determine the state of the enterprise, firm, institution, as well as families and individuals;
- 2) mesoeconomic indicators characterizing the region or industry;
- 3) macroeconomic indicators reflecting the state of the country's economy as a whole.
The main mechanism for ensuring economic security in Russia is also highlighted, and the basic principles for ensuring economic security are considered. The second chapter reveals the actual problems of ensuring economic security in Russia today. In the context of the study, the interaction between the federal center and the regions in the process of ensuring economic security, the main problems and the significance of this interaction are considered. It is emphasized that the discrepancy between the vertical of control and the actually existing horizontal of regulation of regional economic development exacerbates the situation and introduces chaos into the development of relations between the federal center and the regions, and that, according to E.M. Primakov, “Russia faces a long struggle not only for building effective state institutions, but also to overcome the ingrained resistance to the very idea of strengthening the rule of law. And as it happened in the history of our country, part of the final solution to the problem of the legitimacy of power may be the transfer of power from the center to the regions and local authorities.”
The influence of the development of nano-technologies within the framework of scientific and technical progress on the economic security of the country is revealed. Since nanometric materials and products (with parameters from 1 to 100 nm) are characterized by radically improved physical, chemical and consumer properties, it is often impossible to get a full-scale idea of the prospects and possible consequences of this systemic process. Pessimists focus public attention on the potential threats and risks of nanotechnology production and the use of products with nanofeatures. We are talking about the possible biological and environmental hazard of nanoobjects. According to experts from the UN World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), the following specific properties of nanotechnologies cause the greatest concern: the invisibility of nanotechnologies when they are used makes it difficult to control and track their consequences (as in relation to nuclear technologies); high rates of development of nanotechnologies make it difficult, especially in the long term, to predict their possible consequences and take appropriate measures. It is generally acknowledged that the nanotechnology industry in Russia is "quite 'politicized' as it uses significant amounts of public funding distributed among competing groups."
The main results of the study are that in order to ensure the economic security of Russia, to solve the tasks set, it is necessary to develop an appropriate mechanism for their implementation. The mechanism for ensuring the country's economic security in the context of globalization is a system of organizational, economic and legal measures to prevent economic threats. It includes the following elements:
- - objective and comprehensive monitoring of the economy and society in order to identify and predict internal and external threats to economic security;
- - development of threshold, maximum permissible values of socio-economic indicators, non-observance of which leads to instability and social conflicts;
- - activities of the state to identify and prevent internal and external threats to the security of the economy.
The mechanism for ensuring economic security in the context of globalization is implemented through the state strategy, which should be the ideology of development and take into account strategic priorities and national interests. Therefore, the main goal of economic strategy is to form the structure of the economy and the formation of industrial, financial and banking structures that can create conditions for the introduction of capital into a new direction of economic development.
Another important aspect of the economic security strategy is the stability of the national currency. The state strategy in the field of ensuring economic security is developed and implemented within the framework of the ongoing economic policy, the main priorities of which are to achieve the sustainability of the economic situation of the individual, the socio-economic stability of society, the state, the observance of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, the rule of law and law-abiding of all, including public authorities .
For these purposes, a well-functioning and reliable system of state influence on the economy should be created, which allows for the regulation of the most important economic transformations with the least losses, and is also capable of taking on the functions of managing and maintaining the country's economy at a safe level. The state must implement a set of measures, primarily to ensure economic growth, which will guarantee the country's economic security.
Since the problem of economic security has been quite relevant in Russia since the early 90s. This is quite natural, since the transformation of the state is accompanied by the collapse of old institutions and the creation of new ones. But, as you know, this process is very long and costly. Accordingly, in this period the country is in a state of transition and is quite vulnerable. Until now, the government of the Russian Federation cannot bring the country to the proper level. Prevention of various threats to economic security is entrusted by the President of Russia to the federal executive authorities. There are special government decrees in this area with lists of measures, but, unfortunately, today their application in practice is not felt.
In conclusion, I would like to highlight the main directions for solving problems in the field of ensuring the economic security of Russia.
It is necessary to improve the regulatory framework for all types of economic relations. The national interests of Russia in the field of economy are key. A comprehensive solution to the problems associated with the realization of Russia's interests is possible only on the basis of the stable functioning of a diversified high-tech production capable of providing the leading sectors of the economy with high-quality raw materials and equipment, the army with weapons, the population and the social sphere with consumer goods and services, and foreign trade with - competitive export goods.
The isolation of the economic complexes of the regions created the psychology of temporary workers, which today society has to abandon. The objective, at that time, isolation of the economic complexes of the regions, which took place within the framework of political euphoria, the complexity of the system of relations between the regions and the federal center, including in matters of budget financing and tax relations, formed a new system of federal interaction. It was built not just on the principles of administrative-territorial division, but on the economic lobbying of certain interests. Hence the absence of those "links" between the center, regions, state corporations, private companies and the population, which actually force each of the participants in this process to determine their interests.
From the position of ensuring the economic security of the country, it is strategically important that the planned projects be implemented, since, on the one hand, the federal center actually provides additional funding to the regions, and on the other hand, the regions themselves activate their internal reserves, forming a new system of economic relations. The state deliberately finances from federal sources those powers that in many Western countries are funded by the regions themselves. Thus, creating a basis for the subsequent independent development of the territories, but within the framework of the Federation and the overall development strategy of the country. Perhaps this is one of the options for the transition from disintegration processes to the integration of territories. As for another problem related to nanotechnology, it shows that the equalization in the current situation of the level of financing of nanoindustrialization in Russia and the United States is a unique phenomenon in itself. But in order to increase production and increase the competitiveness of domestic nanoproducts, systemic institutional changes are needed, first of all. They are associated with the development of a mechanism for targeted state lending to long-term innovative projects, the “growing” of public-private venture partnership institutions, the formation of an effective patent system and strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights, the introduction of strategic and indicative planning procedures for development institutions with the establishment of target indicators for their activities, the consolidation of strict requirements and safety standards for nanomaterials, etc.
Tsvetkova A.Yu.
Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor
GOU VPO St. Petersburg State Mining Institute. G.V. Plekhanova (TU)
Problems of ensuring the economic security of Russia during the economic crisis
The problems of ensuring the country's economic security, stable economic development of the state and society are faced by many countries of the world, especially in times of crisis. The current socio-economic situation in Russia determines the extreme relevance of the purposeful activities of the state in the field of ensuring the economic security of the country and Russian society.The realization of Russia's national interests in most cases is possible only if there are sufficient economic opportunities and sustainable economic development. Thus, we can say that economic security has a decisive place in the overall system of national security.
As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of a country's independence, a condition for the stability and efficiency of society's life, and success. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.
Economic security is a combination of internal and external conditions that favor the effective dynamic growth of the national economy, its ability to meet the needs of society, the state, the individual, ensure competitiveness in external and internal markets, insuring against various kinds of threats and losses.
The economic security of the country must be ensured, first of all, by the efficiency of the economy itself, that is, along with the protective measures taken by the state, it must protect itself on the basis of high labor productivity, product quality, etc. Ensuring the country's economic security is not the prerogative of any one state department or service. It must be supported by the entire system of state bodies, by all links and structures of the economy.
In 2000, the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation was adopted - a system of views on ensuring the security of the individual, society and state in the Russian Federation from external and internal threats in all spheres of life. The Concept formulates the most important directions of the state policy of the Russian Federation.
The concept defines the fundamental initial provisions for the national security of the country, which should become the basis for the formation of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. It analyzes Russia's place in the world community, defines its national interests, processes and phenomena that threaten them.
The protection of the country's national interests in the economic sphere plays a paramount role in ensuring Russia's national security. Ultimately, the provision of all elements of national security: defense, environmental, informational, foreign policy and others - depends on the country's economic capabilities. At the same time, the development of a program of priority and long-term measures to ensure Russia's economic security and practical steps in this direction should be based on a clear understanding of contemporary threats.
In accordance with the National Security Concept, “threats in the sphere of the economy are complex in nature and are caused, first of all, by a significant reduction in the gross domestic product, a decrease in investment, innovation activity and scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, an imbalance in the banking system, an increase in external and internal public debt, a trend towards the predominance of fuel and raw materials and energy components in export deliveries, and food and consumer goods, including basic necessities, in import deliveries. The state of the domestic economy, the imperfection of the system of organization of state power and civil society, the socio-political polarization of Russian society and the criminalization of public relations, the growth of organized crime and the increase in the scale of terrorism, the aggravation of interethnic and complication of international relations create a wide range of internal and external threats to the national security of the country. The weakening of the scientific, technical and technological potential of the country, the reduction of research in strategically important areas of scientific and technological development, the outflow of specialists and intellectual property abroad threaten Russia with the loss of leading positions in the world, the degradation of high-tech industries, increased external technological dependence and undermining the defense capability of Russia.
Negative processes in the economy underlie the separatist aspirations of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This leads to increased political instability, weakening the single economic space of Russia and its most important components - production, technology and transport links, financial, banking, credit and tax systems.
Economic disintegration, social differentiation of society, devaluation of spiritual values contribute to increased tension in relations between the regions and the center, posing a threat to the federal structure and the socio-economic structure of the Russian Federation.
Even a brief analysis of modern threats allows us to conclude that there is a need for a radical change in approaches to ensuring the country's economic security. The growth of these threats is largely due to miscalculations in the choice of strategy and tactics of Russian reforms.
In the course of reforms, any transformations in society and the economy, during a crisis, the economy is especially vulnerable to threats to economic security. As world experience shows, during such periods, the instability of the economy increases, and its normal functioning is disrupted.
The economic logic of development implies the diversification of sales markets, and in this case, a prudent long-term policy of Russia should link the energy strategy and modernization of the country, since energy exports are the main financial source of development, as follows from the structure of Russian foreign trade. In the long term, Russia, like any country with sufficient human and natural resources, will try to modernize its manufacturing industry, especially engineering, while the task of finding export niches will become increasingly important in the context of the economic crisis.
At present, it is necessary to develop the domestic Russian market, increase the solvency of the population, and by all means increase the well-being of the population.
Property management needs to be improved, both in the private and public sectors.
It is necessary to reduce the existing bias of the national economy in favor of the export-oriented sector of the economy by placing large-scale state orders in the military-industrial complex, nuclear, engineering, aviation and aerospace, chemical and pharmaceutical, electronic industries, which ensure the creation of goods with high added value.
Sources
1. Blokhin S.V. The concept of economic security // oad.rags.ru/…/issues/issue0506/090508.htm
2. The concept of national security of the Russian Federation. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 24, 10.01.2000.
3. Kuzyk B. Development strategy: tasks of transition to a geo-economic model // Russian Economic Journal. No. 3. 2008.
4. Mironova T.A. Economic development of Russia in 2008 // Analytical Bulletin of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. 2007. No. 23 (154).
We can agree with the assessments of the well-known American economist Turow that "today Russia is halfway between a market economy and a planned economy, and neither of them works."
The economic result of the reform is the drop in Russia's share in world GDP to 2.4% and the transition from 3rd place, which was occupied by Russia in the USSR (after the USA and Japan and shared it with Germany) to 15th. Up to 1.3%, i.e. Russia's share in world exports has also roughly halved compared to the pre-perestroika period.
As a result, the share of Russian products in the world markets for science-intensive civilian products is 1%. For comparison: the US accounts for 36%, Japan - 30% of these markets. Especially dangerous is the lag in such industries as computer science, electronics, communications, which has developed in the past decades, including because of the existing gap between the civilian and military-industrial sectors of the economy.
Many Western experts explain the general economic weakening of Russia by the ineffectiveness of economic reforms and the excessive opening of the economy to foreign competition. Others emphasize that it is not "liberalism, but the economy of plunder that has been established in the country" that is to blame. The assessments of French economists are distinguished by a particularly critical approach. Professor Brandet (Paris University Dauphine) writes: “Everything that could be sold was sold in Russia, and as a result, in the absence of funds for investment, huge amounts of money ended up in individual accounts of Swiss and Cypriot banks. The industrial potential of the country was practically destroyed, and the volume of industrial production was declining by 10% per year.”
The Russian economy currently remains largely reformed, transitional, and has not completed its transformation into any particular state. It combines elements of the old and new systems. If in terms of the share of non-state economic entities the Russian economy can be considered a fully market economy, then in terms of the efficiency of their activities and the level of competitiveness, it is not. In addition, more than half of Russian firms are generally fictitious and are often associated with illegal activities.
In Russia, an inefficient structure of social production is preserved - the predominance of fuel and energy and raw materials industries and a low share of engineering products and modern high-tech, science-intensive industries. Weak is the financial and credit in general and the banking system, in particular, which limits the investment of production. Internal parameters largely determine external ones: Russia remains a supplier of raw materials and an importer of finished products on world markets, including various types of modern equipment and foodstuffs.
Russia's participation in international economic relations is still insignificant. The share of Russia in the world population is 2.5%, in world natural resources - 30%, in world exports - 1.74% (moreover, in world exports of high-tech goods - 0.7%), in world imports - 0.73%. Consequently, Russia is weakly involved in global processes, which is connected both with the legacy of the past and with the weaknesses of its present position.
At the same time, the importance of the world market for the Russian economy is enormous. So, in 2002, exports amounted to 133.7 billion dollars, and imports - 57.4 billion dollars.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that in the past few years, positive trends have emerged in the development of the Russian economy, outpacing some global processes. For example, the growth rate of the world gross domestic product in 2002 was 2.8%; - 2.5%, and the growth rates of Russian GDP amounted to 4.1% and 7.3%, respectively.
The growth of production and GDP that has emerged in the past two years and is forecasted in Russia can be regarded as a sustainable trend only if it is possible to make maximum use of favorable conditions for the growth of domestic production (devaluation of the ruble, growth in world oil prices) and other market factors that Unfortunately, they may be reversible.
However, with all the shortcomings of the country's economic policy, one cannot fail to see that the free access of Russian producers to foreign markets is limited by far from liberal measures: the practice of double standards is widely used in relation to Russia, as well as special concessions and demands in domestic and foreign economic policy, the pressure of external debt .
As a result, Russia, with a weakened and unbalanced economy, must fit into an international situation characterized by at least three main intractable problems:
- The split of civilization
- · the growing unpredictability of global economic processes, especially in the field of financial movement;
- · opposition of the national management of many countries to the methods and forms of globalization.
Russia has both competitive advantages and weaknesses in the world markets. Competitive advantages include:
- a) high availability of mineral resources - 13% of the world's proven oil reserves, 36% of natural gas, 12% of coal are concentrated in Russia;
- b) a significant amount of accumulated fixed production assets and funds of universal equipment, which makes it possible to reduce the capital intensity of the technological modernization of a number of industries (although a significant part of them has a long service life and wear and tear);
- c) cheap labor combined with a sufficiently high level of its qualifications;
- d) the presence of unique advanced technologies in a number of industries, especially in the military-industrial complex, etc.
It should be noted that these advantages lose their nature over time - natural resources are exhausted, equipment and new technologies become obsolete, skilled labor is aging and emigrating.
At the same time, many Russian competitive advantages are limited by Russia's strategic weaknesses, which include:
- a) weakness of the system for supporting the competitiveness of Russian exports;
- b) a sharp reorientation of foreign economic relations to the West and an increase in deformations in this area (increasing the raw material orientation of Russian exports, the loss of traditional sales markets);
- c) blocking entry to markets where Russia has competitive advantages;
- d) competitive technologies used in the military-industrial complex are focused on the production of small series of products with a weak level of control of material costs;
- e) a rapid decline in domestic demand for science-intensive products, which destroys the already weak competitive environment for the "running in" of goods and technologies prior to their promotion to the foreign market.
Nevertheless, modern Russia is characterized by ever-expanding interaction with the world market. Russia's share in world GDP after the 1998 crisis has a constant upward trend. This also leads to increased threats associated with the foreign economic sphere.
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