World population. population size and reproduction
This lesson "Population size and reproduction" is the first in the "Geography of the world population" section. The lesson provides information about the main indicators and characteristics of the population. From the lesson, you will understand how the population can be regulated, which countries are pursuing a demographic policy, how the population of our planet has changed.
Topic: World population geography
Lesson: Population size and reproduction
There is a separate direction in geographical science -population geography- this is one of the main branches of economic and social geography.
The main way to determine the population for a certain period of time is to conduct a population census.
Population census- a single process of collecting, summarizing, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data of the population, relating as of a certain time to all persons in the country or a clearly limited part of it. Upon completion of the population census, the collected data are processed and published. Population accounting arose in ancient times in connection with the tax and military activities of states and the tasks of their administrative structure. Even in the ancient Indian laws of Manu, rulers were instructed to take into account the inhabitants in order to find out their strength and determine taxes. In Egypt, population records have been carried out since the era of the Old Kingdom (2800 - 2250 BC). There is evidence that population records were kept in ancient China and ancient Japan. The population census is usually carried out every 5-10 years.
The population of the Earth has been constantly growing. The greatest population growth was observed in the 20th century. Currently, the world population exceeds 7 billion people.
Countries of the world with the largest population
The country |
Population |
the date |
% of the world's population |
Source |
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November 2012 |
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2. Federal portal Russian Education (). 4. The official information portal of the exam (). |
The purpose of the lesson : To form an idea about the types of population reproduction, about the demographic policy of states with different types of population reproduction.
Educational tasks : to identify patterns in the dynamics of the world population, to consolidate the concept of "natural population movement" and an idea of the features of its dynamics, the concept of "demographic policy", to improve skills in working with statistical materials.
Improving the ability to work with additional materials on the topic of the lesson, the ability to analyze problems, establish cause-and-effect relationships:
Development of detailed oral response skills, the ability to clearly express one's thoughts;
didactic - the formation of knowledge about the features of population change in the modern period and the processes that affect the natural movement of the population;
psychological - development of methods of independent oral activity;
educational - the formation of a natural-scientific worldview, a culture of family relations among students.
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Number and reproduction of the world population
(geography lesson in grade 10)
The purpose of the lesson : To form an idea about the types of population reproduction, about the demographic policy of states with different types of population reproduction.
Educational tasks: to identify patterns in the dynamics of the world population, to consolidate the concept of "natural population movement" and an idea of the features of its dynamics, the concept of "demographic policy", to improve skills in working with statistical materials.
Improving the ability to work with additional materials on the topic of the lesson, the ability to analyze problems, establish cause-and-effect relationships:
Development of detailed oral response skills, the ability to clearly express one's thoughts;
didactic - the formation of knowledge about the features of population change in the modern period and the processes that affect the natural movement of the population;
psychological - development of methods of independent oral activity;
educational - the formation of a natural-scientific worldview, a culture of family relations among students.
Means of education: political map of the world, atlases, multimedia installation
During the classes
Lesson theme motivation
We are studying the course "Social and economic geography of the world." What does the word “social” mean in this title?
Why is it impossible to do without getting to know the population when studying the economy?
Why is the population studied even before the economy?
Place the boards on the board in the correct order."nature", "economy", "population".Explain the sequence you suggested.
From all of the above, we can conclude that getting to know the population in the lessons of economic geography is simply necessary! Just do not forget that geography does not study the population, but only the patterns of its distribution. Therefore, in the lessons on this topic, we will use the knowledge of other sciences. Remember these sciences.
Remember what demography studies?
What does ethnography study?
So, where to start? How does acquaintance with the population of a country, region, world usually begin? Of course, with the number and processes that affect it. This is the topic of our lesson, let's study it Information.
The question of how many people live in the world and now someone may seem idle, insignificant. Is it any wonder that the first attempts to answer it refer only to XVII I century and belong to the English economist William Petit . He suggested that320 million people live on Earth. Human. According to modern scientists, he made a big mistake, since at that time the population was twice as large. And no wonder, because his assumption was based on conjecture. What is being done now to clarify the population? (Population census.)
Slide 3. The first censuses took place only inthe end of the 18th century in Scandinavia, Austria-Hungary, the USA, in the 19th century - in England, Russia, Latin America; in Asia - after World War II; in Africa - in the late 50s of the XX century. In many developing countries, these censuses were the first and last, so absolutely accurate data on their population is not available.
For example: in Nigeria in 1973, 79 million people lived. According to forecasts, by 1985 the population was to increase to 95 million people. In reality, in 1991, only 86 million people lived in the country. It is known about the population of Bangladesh that its number is from 120 to 140 million people. The error of 20 million is very large, which does not allow us to accurately determine the place of this country in the top ten giant countries in terms of population.
From all this it follows that the population of the Earth is known only approximately, and according to calculationsUN in 2004, it amounted to 6.4 billion. Human. We take this number for granted. And to understand it, it is necessary to compare with something. But with what? In the solar system, only our planet is inhabited, which means that the population of the Earth can only be compared with the population of the Earth, who only lived here in another historical time. Scientists believe that in the entire history of human habitation on Earth, 89 billion people , so in England they say about a dead person:"He joined the majority."But never before has so many people lived on Earth at the same time! And never before has it increased so rapidly!
"An ominous meaning is fraught with the curve of the population of the globe tending to the vertical." What is the "ominous" population growth? (We listen to the answers, summarize). No doubt you are right. People need to breathe. Is there enough clean air for everyone?
Gotta drink. Is there enough fresh water for everyone?
Gotta eat. Is there enough arable land to grow food?
You have to live in houses, dress, travel by transport. Are there enough resources?
And finally, is there enough living space for everyone?
To these questions, as well as to the global question: “How many people will the Earth withstand?” - the answers began to appear already in the 60s, when the population explosion began. True, different schools and scientific currents put forward a variety of hypotheses. Some believe that the Earth will withstand more than 10 billion people, others - 12 billion. Still others, which is generally an unlimited number. Fourth, that population growth will stabilize at around 7 billion people. There is also such a point of view: a person is a biological product of nature; if she created him, then she will do everything possible to feed him, or she will “take measures” to adjust his numbers in the direction she needs. Maybe this is already happening today: devastating catastrophes, natural disasters that claim hundreds of thousands of lives (during the tsunami in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004, more than 160 thousand people died), never-before-seen diseases for which humanity cannot find a cure, etc. d.?
And one more answer to the question: “Will it be enough…?” - not enough today! Therefore, in recent years, the term “golden billion” has appeared - this is the population of the planet, which today has enough of everything (raw materials, energy, money). Where does this billion live? This is the total population of the USA (280 million), Western Europe (600 million) and Japan (126 million). Energy they consume 50% of world production and create 75% of the total mass of waste. The rest of the world's population is already out of this well-being today. They already lack something today (jobs, food, housing, resources, etc.).
Today, 650 million people in the world are starving, and 35 thousand people die of hunger every day, 12 million people annually. At the same time, the population of the Earth is increasing annually by 96 million people. Schiller's famous saying"Love and hunger rule the world"has now become a biological law. Famine holds back population growth. What does love lead to?
The birth rate leads to the continuous reproduction of the population.
Working with atlases
So, list and show on the map: countries - leaders in population, leaders - in reproduction
Information.
In the economy of any state, a person acts as the main producer of goods and their main consumer. Therefore, the population is one of the main factors in the development of the country. The population of a country depends on the nature of its reproduction.
Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.
Epr \u003d P - C
Epr - natural population growth (calculated per 1000 people);
P - birth rate;
C - mortality.
If P>C, Epr is positive;
If R
If P=C, Epr is zero.
On the Population Reproduction map, countries with minimum and maximum population replacement rates are highlighted in color.
What region of the world has the lowest rates of natural population growth?
Which region of the world has the highest rates of natural population growth?
Natural population growth
Very tall (over 30/1000) | Tall (20/1000) | Average (10/1000) | Short (2-10/1000) | Very low (less than 2/1000) |
Kenya Zimbabwe Nigeria Libya Tajikistan Egypt | Mongolia Philippines Bangladesh Pakistan Ethiopia Mexico | China India Turkey Cuba Brazil Argentina | Poland Sweden France United Kingdom USA Canada | Russia Hungary Germany Bulgaria Austria Italy |
Answer the questions according to the table:
Countries with what level of economic development have very high natural population growth?
What is the rate of natural population growth in countries with a high level of economic development?
As can be seen from the formula, the natural increase in population depends on the processes: What are they called? (birth and death rates).
Let us consider in more detail the first process - fertility.
Every year about 140 million people are born in the world (almost the population of Russia). every second 3 people are born, every minute - 175 people, every hour - 10400, every day - 250 thousand new earthlings.
SLIDE Scientists identify three historical types of population reproduction The transition from one type of reproduction to another is called the demographic revolution or demographic transition.
Factors affecting the low birth rate: LIST THEM
High level of urbanization (> 75%);
High quality of life;
High level of education and a long period of study;
Increase in child support costs;
Changing the status of a woman;
Increasing the proportion of older people;
Consequences of wars and conflicts;
Increasing the age of marriage.
Factors affecting the high birth rate: LIST THEM
Low standard of living;
The predominance of a rural lifestyle;
Religious customs that encourage large families;
Traditions of having many children;
Servitude of women, early marriages;
The growth of the level of medicine.
IDENTIFY THE STATES WITH THE LOWEST AND HIGHEST FERTILITY RATES
Mortality: factors affecting the mortality rate:
Nutrition;
Working and living conditions of the population;
The level of development and accessibility of health care;
Political upheavals.
IDENTIFY THE STATES WITH THE LOWEST AND HIGHEST MORTALITY RATES
b) Information.
Where, according to the scheme of reproduction, of the population is the present humanity? The American scientist Frank Notestein tried to answer this question, who developed the theory of demographic transition back in 1945. Based on it, most of the world's population is at the stage of the second demographic transition, i.e. transition from traditional to modern reproduction. The transition takes place in three phases
Depending on various indicators of fertility and mortality, and hence the rate of natural population growth, countries are conditionally divided into two large groups, i.e. countries with type I and type II reproduction
Characteristics of types of reproduction)
Birth rate:
Mortality rate:
Natural growth rate:
Typical type of countries (developed/developing):
The share of children in the population of the country:
Proportion of the elderly in the population of the country:
Based on these indicators, a characteristic of I and II types of population reproduction is given.
To regulate the population, the state pursues a demographic policy.
Definition of Population Policy).
Demographic policy is a system of various measures taken by the state in order to influence the natural movement of the population, to solve the problems of the population specific to a given country.
GOING ACQUAINTANCE WITH DEM. POLICY OF DIFFERENT STATES.
Testing is carried out to consolidate the material covered.
ADDITIONALLY
When studying the population of the world, we must not forget that we live in Russia. What demographic processes are typical for our country? (We listen to students' answers, summarize, add).
Russia's leadership in population:
I place in the world in the number of abortions;
II - by the number of divorces;
II - by the number of murders (per 1000 people);
II - by the number of prisoners (per 1000 people);
100th place - in terms of life expectancy.
We have the lowest natural increase, the largest population decline, the highest infant mortality among developed countries. A new demographic concept “Russian cross” has appeared
Fig.5. "Russian Cross"
Do we have a future? Certainly. You are our future! future parents. And how many children would you like to have in your future families?
Tell the attendants the number of “little men”, how many children you want to have. We will place them on the “Future 10-B class” stand and count them.
And when you make that decision as an adult, I hope you remember today's lesson and make the right choice. So, it’s not in vain that we study this topic!
Demography, population reproduction, natural increase, population explosion
The population of the world is the subject of study of demography - the science of the patterns of population reproduction, its size, natural growth, age and sex composition, etc. and population geography, which comprehensively studies territorial population groups and systems of populated areas, features of their formation and development in various socio-economic and natural conditions. Ethnogeography is the science of the origin of peoples and the relationships between them.
Interest in population numbers has been around for a long time. The history of such censuses usually begins with the censuses of the United States (1790), Sweden and Finland (1800), England, France, Denmark and Norway (1801). In our country, the beginning of population accounting was laid in the 19th century.
A general idea of the changes in population during the last stage of human history is given by the following graph:
Graph 1.
Growth of world population and urban population from 1800 to 2020
The upper horizontal scale shows the urban population as a percentage.
Graph 2. Population growth in our era.
The graph shows that the world population grew very slowly until the Middle Ages. Over the entire history of mankind, more than 80 billion people were born on Earth and about 20 thousand generations have changed.
Never before has there been such rapid growth as in the middle and second half of the 20th century. Currently, growth rates continue to outpace scientists' forecasts.
population reproduction
is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which provide a change of generations.
Reproduction of the population is determined by fertility and mortality, as well as migration.
Natural population growth
- the excess of birth rate over mortality, that is, the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths for a certain period of time. Natural population growth can be positive or negative.
Negative natural population growth means that more people die in the country than are born.
Formula: EP=((P-C)/H)*1000, where EP is the natural increase, P is the birth rate, C is the death rate, N is the population. Natural growth is measured in ppm.
Demographic Transition Theory:
The transition to settled life, the spread of cities, the emergence of industrial production, the improvement of living conditions led to an increase in population growth.
As socio-economic development progresses, demographic indicators are also consistently changing.
High birth rates and high death rates in the most developed countries have been replaced by low birth rates and low death rates, and the population is stabilizing or even changing from growth to decline.
Demographic forecast.
According to the most recent and relatively realistic forecasts of demographers, the world's population will reach 8 billion by 2025, and 9 billion by 2050.
Population growth will complicate the solution of global problems, primarily food.
Types of population reproduction.
There are three main historical types of population reproduction.
The first and earliest of these is the so-called archetype of population reproduction. He dominated primitive society and is now very rare, for example, among some tribes of the Indians of the Amazon. At this stage of development, a person is highly dependent on natural conditions, the birth rate and mortality are low. The archetype is characterized by extremely low population growth rates.
The traditional type of population reproduction dominates in agrarian or in the early stages of an industrial society, when industry is just beginning to develop. The main distinguishing features are very high birth and death rates, low average life expectancy. Having many children is a tradition that contributes to the better functioning of the family in an agrarian society. High mortality is a consequence of the low standard of living of people, their hard work and poor nutrition, and the insufficient development of medicine. This type of reproduction is typical for many underdeveloped countries - Nigeria, Bangladesh and especially for Ethiopia, the average life expectancy is only 43 years.
In a significant part of the developing countries (Mexico, Brazil, the Philippines, etc.), the "traditional" type of population reproduction has changed over the past decades. The death rate has dropped to 6-10% due to advances in medicine.
The so-called modern or rational type of population reproduction is generated by the transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy. This type of reproduction is characterized by low birth rates, near-average mortality rates, low natural increase, and high average life expectancy. The modern type of reproduction is characteristic of economically developed countries with a higher standard of living and culture of the inhabitants. The low birth rate here is closely related to the conscious regulation of the size of families, and the high percentage of elderly people primarily affects the death rate.
Geographic differences in population reproduction.
The difference in the type of reproduction leads to uneven population growth across regions.
In African countries, the birth rate is very high, and the death rate is gradually decreasing. Very high rates of natural population growth in Asia and Latin America. This means that developing countries will continue to have a decisive influence on the size and reproduction of the population, primarily determining the demographic situation throughout the world.
The first and second type of population reproduction.
Scientists distinguish two types of population reproduction.
The first type is characterized by low rates of fertility, mortality and natural increase; it is typical for the economically developed countries of Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia. These countries are characterized by the processes of demographic crisis (narrowed reproduction).
The second type of reproduction is determined by a high birth rate and a relatively high death rate and is typical for the countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa. These countries are characterized by the processes of a population explosion.
(extended reproduction).
demographic policy.
Demographic policy is a set of economic, administrative propaganda measures, with the help of which the state influences the natural movement of the population, the solution of population problems specific to a given country.
In countries of the first type of reproduction, they pursue a policy aimed at increasing the birth rate (Russia, France, Japan).
In countries of the second type, they pursue a policy of reducing the birth rate (China, India).
Findings.
The population of the Earth is growing very rapidly, by about 80-85 million people a year
In developing countries in the middle of the 20th century, expanded reproduction of the population, which was called the population explosion, prevailed.
To regulate population growth, many countries of the world are pursuing a demographic policy.
v The world's population is extremely unevenly distributed. REASONS: ü ü the influence of natural conditions, the peculiarities of the settlement of the territory, the various natural population growth, the impact of socio-economic conditions. v 70% of the population lives on only 7% of the land area. v The bulk of people live within the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones. v 15% of the land area is not developed by people - these are areas with extreme natural conditions. v On Earth, there are several regions of the highest concentration of population: Ø Ø East Asia - home to about 1 billion people. South and Southeast Asia - about 1.3 billion people live. Foreign Europe - about 500 million people live. Northeast USA - home to about 100 million people.
Placement and population density The population is distributed extremely unevenly: about 70% of all people live on 7% of the earth's land area. Along with this, about half of the inhabited land has an average population density of less than 5 people per 1 km 2. Areas completely undeveloped by people occupy 15% of the land. Naturally, people settled and mastered, first of all, the most favorable territories for life and rich in various resources. Since ancient times, the settlement of people has been greatly influenced by their employment in agriculture. With the beginning of the development of industry, large clumps of population formed in Europe and the USA. Finally, throughout the history of human civilization, the distribution of people has been strongly affected by the attraction to transport and trade routes. The average population density of the Earth is 45 people per km 2. A certain number and density of population are necessary prerequisites for the development of each country.
Population growth in million people 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 5295 5381 5469 5556 5644 5734 5811 5881 5952 6020 6091
Male predominance Equal number of males and females Female predominance Africa Asia (China, India) Latin America North Africa Australia Oceania Europe North America
Economically developed countries Developing countries Features of the pyramid: Ø narrow base (low proportion of children) Ø fairly wide top (high proportion of elderly people) Ø predominance of women in old age. Ø broad base (high proportion of children) Ø narrow top (low proportion of older people) Ø the male to female ratio does not differ significantly.
Dynamics of the population at different stages of the development of human society By the beginning of the Neolithic (7-8 thousand years BC), there were only 10 million inhabitants on our planet, and the population growth rate was 10-20% per millennium 2000 years before n. e. - 50 million, by the beginning of our era - from 200 to 250 million people. The average annual increase is 0.1%. By the year 1000, it reached only 300 million people. In 1200-1300. The population of the Earth did not increase at all From 1300 to 1400, it even decreased somewhat. By 1500, the earthlings became approximately 425-450 million.
A turning point in demographic processes From the second half of the 18th century. in Europe began a population explosion, or demographic revolution. By the second half of the XIX century. The world population has increased by 1.5 times. In the first half of the XX century. Two world wars had a negative impact on the course of demographic processes. In the second half of the twentieth century. there was an unprecedented population explosion associated with the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. During this time, the population of the Earth has increased by 2.5 times.
Reproduction (natural movement) is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations Type I type (demographic crisis) Type II (population explosion)
year World population, thousand people 1900 1 650 000 1950 2 518 629 1955 2 755 823 1960 3 021 475 1965 3 334 874 1970 3 692 492 1975 4 068 109 1980 434 682 1982 1985 4 830 979 1990 5 263 593 1995 5 674 380 2000 581 2005 6 343,628 2010 7,000 World population change in the 20th century - During which period did the world population increase the most? Population explosion - a sharp increase in population
The world average rate of natural increase is 17‰. Differences in natural increase in regions and countries of the world Indicator Very high High eating. growth Average eats. growth Low eating. Growth Very low. growth Value More than 30‰ 20 -30‰ 10 -20‰ 2 -10‰ Less than 2‰ Africa, Asia, Latin. America North. America, Europe, CIS China India Turkey Cuba Brazil Poland France Czech Republic USA Hungary Germany Bulgaria Austria Italy Russia Regions Countries Africa Niger Kenya Zimbabwe Libya Nigeria Mongolia Philippines Bangladesh Ethiopia Egypt
Demographic policy is a purposeful activity of state bodies and other social institutions in the field of regulating the processes of population reproduction TYPES OF DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY: Policy aimed at lowering the birth rate (in developing countries) Policy aimed at increasing the birth rate (in developed countries)
Measures To increase the birth rate To reduce the birth rate Economic Paid holidays and various allowances for the birth of children, allowances for children depending on their number, age and family composition, various loans, credits, tax and housing benefits, etc. Now it is very developed in Russia Benefits for small families. In China, for example, families with one child are given better housing, help to arrange children in kindergarten, school and university working women, etc. Legislative acts regulating the age of marriage, the use of contraceptives, etc. It is especially common in India. More than 5 million men and women are sterilized annually Educational and propaganda Formation of public opinion, norms and standards of demographic behavior, determination of attitudes towards religious and other traditions of the customs of reproduction of the population, to sexual education and education of young people, etc. Propaganda of contraceptives, formation of public opinion, norms and standards of demographic behavior, attitude towards family planning policy, etc. It is carried out both in China and in India and Pakistan
The population of our planet, which is now over 5 billion people, is growing very rapidly - a quarter of a million people a day. In the current decade alone, the population will grow by 1 billion people (and this is, in fact, almost the population of modern China).
However, in different parts of the Earth, the rate of population change is different. The bulk of new residents are born in developing countries, while in the group economically the population is growing either at a moderate pace or very slowly (or even declining).
Another type of population reproduction is characterized by medium and even low, as well as low mortality rates and a slowdown (or stabilization) in population growth rates. It is characteristic of economics.
The vast majority of the world's population now lives in developing countries, and their share of the world's population is constantly growing. In 1990, more than 3 billion people lived in developing countries. Between 1990 and 2025 (projected) to increase their population by another 3 billion people, representing 95% of the world population growth.
The increase in the world's population could only be welcomed if it were not accompanied by an increase in the number of hungry, poor, illiterate, unemployed, as well as land degradation, a deterioration in the quality of life and the environment.
Different types of population reproduction determine the formation of its structure: the age and gender composition, which, in turn, determines the provision of the country with resources.
The proportion of children in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America usually exceeds 40% of the country's population, and sometimes reaches 50% (, etc.).
And in European countries, for example, the proportion of children in the total population of the country is often less than 20%. At the same time, the proportion of older people is large - about 20% (because with the improvement of the living conditions of the population, the success of health care, etc., the expected indicator is growing). In developing countries, the proportion of older people in the population is much lower - about 6%
The average global life expectancy for women is higher than for men. So, in and it reaches the mark of 79-80 years for women and 74-75 years for men (these are the best indicators in the world with the world average - 65-69 years). In developing countries (especially in Muslim countries), the average life expectancy for men is higher than for women, but the indicators themselves are often below the world average.
The sex and age structure of the population (the ratio of the male and female population by age groups) largely determines the size of the labor force (for example, in Muslim countries, women are very poorly involved in social production). In this case, the concept of "economically active population" is often used - a part of the labor force directly employed in material production and the non-material sphere (i.e., in the national economy).
The world (as a whole) is experiencing a steady decline in population growth. But there are countries and regions, for example, where it is particularly complex, population growth rates are high, which in essence leads to a further deterioration in the social situation of people.
The state demographic policy is called upon to change the existing state of affairs - a system of measures taken by the state in order to influence the natural movement of the population and regulate the process of population reproduction.
In some countries, these are measures to stimulate the birth rate, especially in countries that are characterized by the concept of "demographic crisis" (i.e. P = C or P<С).
And in other states, in recent years, a family planning policy has been pursued in order to reduce the birth rate. For example, in (the world's largest country in terms of population), as a result of the implementation, the most tangible results were achieved - the annual population growth decreased from 28 per thousand (1968) to 11 per thousand (in the 1990s), i.e. natural the growth has become even lower than the world average (the generation “without brothers and sisters” is growing).
The policy of state birth control is also carried out by a number of other countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Moreover, in the latter region, the demographic policy is the least effective (especially in the underdeveloped countries of Africa). Adult illiteracy is one of the significant obstacles to the successful implementation of this policy. In the modern world, about 1 billion people among the population over 15 years old are illiterate.