Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets briefly. Accounting methods for calculating depreciation of fixed assets
The cost of fixed assets is repaid by accruing depreciation. Depreciation is charged over the period beneficial use.
Useful life - this is the period during which the use of an item of property, plant and equipment is intended to generate income or serve to fulfill the objectives of the enterprise.
The useful life of an object is determined when it is accepted for accounting. For this, either centralized data is used, or from the technical specifications of the facility.
In the absence of such data, to determine the useful life, the following are taken into account:
The expected life of the facility in accordance with the expected performance;
Expected physical wear depending on the mode of operation, natural conditions, natural conditions, the influence of an aggressive environment, the system of repairs;
Legal and other restrictions on the use of this facility (for example, the lease term).
You can use classification
If the useful lives of the parts of the fixed asset differ insignificantly, then they must be taken into account all together as one object (since 2006). In this case, the materiality criterion is set in the accounting policy, for example, 5%.
Depreciation for purposes accounting calculated in one of the following ways:
1. Linear.
2. reducing balance method.
3. The method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.
4. By writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).
The application of one of the methods for a group of homogeneous objects is carried out during the entire useful life of the objects included in this group.
Linear way - write-off of the value of the object equal amounts during its service life:
Example. The initial cost of the object is 100,000 rubles. with a service life of 5 years, the annual depreciation amount is 100,000 / 5 \u003d 20,000 rubles.
Decreasing balance method. Annual amount depreciation charges is calculated based on the residual value of the object, the depreciation rate calculated according to the useful life, and the acceleration factor (K y):
From 01.01.2006 the acceleration factor cannot be higher than 3, while it can be applied by any organization to any OS objects.
Example(same). The norm is set at 20% by order of the head, the acceleration factor is 2. The depreciation amount will be:
1st year - 100,000 * 40 / 100 = 40,000 rubles.
2nd year - 60,000 * 40 / 100 = 24,000 rubles.
3rd year - 36000 * 40 / 100 = 14400 rubles.
4th year - 21600 * 40 / 100 = 8640 rubles.
5th year - 12960 * 40 / 100 = 5184 rubles.
Total 92224 rubles.
The diminishing balance method does not reduce the residual value to zero over the useful life, because the depreciation rate is applied to the residual value.
The method of writing off the cost by the sum of numbers of years of the useful life (the method of the sum of annual numbers) - this is also the way accelerated depreciation, according to which the cost of fixed assets is written off in an amount equal to the shares of the remaining years in the total amount of years:
Example(same). The sum of the annual numbers is 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15.
1st year - 100000 * 5 / 15 = 33333.3 rubles.
2nd year - 100,000 * 4 / 15 \u003d 26666.7 rubles.
3rd year - 100,000 * 3 / 15 = 20,000 rubles.
4th year - 100000 * 2 / 15 = 13333 rubles.
5th year - 100,000 * 1/15 = 6667 rubles.
Total 100,000 rubles.
The method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works), the so-called. production - this is a depreciation charge depending on the volume of output and can only be applied to objects directly involved in production:
Example. The facility costs 100,000 rubles, it can produce 50,000 units of products. Depreciation is 2 rubles. per unit produced. In the first year, 16,000 units were produced. products, depreciation will be 32,000 rubles. (16000 * 2). In the second year - 14,000 units. products, depreciation will be 2800 rubles.
Depreciation of fixed assets is accrued from the first day of the month following the month of acceptance of the object for accounting and is accrued until the cost of this object is fully paid off or the object is written off for any reason. Depreciation is terminated from the first day of the month following the month of full repayment of the value of the object or write-off of the object from accounting.
Since 2006 depreciation is charged for housing stock, external improvement, productive livestock, buffaloes, oxen and deer, perennial plantations that have not reached operational age.
Depreciation of fixed assets is recorded on a passive account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" in correspondence with accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 44, 91.
1. The concept of depreciation, depreciation deductions
During operation, OS wear out. There are moral and physical depreciation of the OS.
Obsolescence- this is a partial loss of their OS consumer value under the influence of technological progress and improvement of the production process.
Physical deterioration- loss of OS of their original technical and operational qualities.
Physical depreciation is subject to accounting.
The cost of fixed assets is repaid through depreciation. Depreciation- this is the inclusion in the production costs of the worn out part of the OS.
Depreciation is not charged on:
Objects housing stock, except for those leased and accounted for as income-generating investments in material assets;
Land plots and objects of nature management;
Library funds;
OS objects of non-profit organizations;
Objects assigned to museum collections.
Depreciation deductions for an object of fixed assets begin on the first day of the month following the month of commissioning and acceptance of this object for accounting, and are accrued until the cost of this object is fully paid off or it is written off from accounting.
Depreciation on the object is terminated from the first day of the month following the month of full repayment of the cost of the object or its write-off from accounting.
Depreciation of fixed assets is calculated taking into account the following factors:
- original cost;
- useful life of each type of fixed assets;
- depreciation method.
The useful life of fixed assets is determined when they are registered on the basis of:
The expected life of the facility in accordance with the expected performance or capacity;
Expected physical wear, depending on the operating mode (number of shifts), natural conditions and the influence of an aggressive environment, the repair system;
Regulatory and other restrictions on the use of this object (for example, the lease term).
All depreciable property is divided into depreciation groups in accordance with its useful life.
Depreciable property is combined into the following depreciation groups:
Group 1 - all non-durable property with a useful life of 1 to 2 years inclusive;
Group 2 - property with a useful life of more than 2 years up to 3 years inclusive;
Group 3 - property with a useful life of more than 3 years up to 5 years inclusive;
Group 4 - property with a useful life of more than 5 years up to 7 years inclusive;
Group 5 - property with a useful life of more than 7 years up to 10 years inclusive;
Group 6 - property with a useful life of more than 10 years to 15 years inclusive.
Group 7 - property with a useful life of more than 15 years to 20 years inclusive.
Group 8 - property with a useful life of over 20 years up to 25 years inclusive.
Group 9 - property with a useful life of more than 25 years to 30 years inclusive.
Group 10 - property with a useful life of over 30 years.
2. Methods of depreciation in accounting. Depreciation procedure
Depreciation of fixed assets in accounting records is carried out in one of the following ways:
- linear - consists in uniform depreciation during the useful life of the object.
Example: OS - 30000 rubles, useful life - 5 years:
The annual depreciation rate will be 100% / 5 years = 20%
The annual depreciation amount will be 30,000 * 20/100 = 6,000 rubles
declining balance- is determined based on the residual value of the OS object, taken at the beginning of each reporting year, and the depreciation rate calculated when the OS object is registered, based on its useful life and the acceleration factor established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Example: OS - 30000 rubles, useful life - 5 years, liquidation value - 1000 rubles. The annual depreciation rate is 20%, and with accelerated depreciation it is 20% * 2 \u003d 40%
Period |
Annual depreciation amount |
Accumulated depreciation |
residual value |
End of year 1 |
30000*40%=12000 |
12000 |
18000 |
End of year 2 |
18000*40%=7200 |
19200 |
10800 |
End of year 3 |
10800*40%=4320 |
23520 |
6480 |
End of year 4 |
6480*40%= 2592 |
26112 |
3888 |
End of Year 5 |
2888 |
29000 |
1000 |
Write-off based on the sum of numbers of years of useful life- is determined based on the initial cost of the fixed asset and the estimated coefficient.
Example: The initial cost of the object is 30000 rubles, the useful life is 5 liters:
The sum of the number of years of service life is 1+2+3+4+5=15
Amount of depreciation
In 1 year 30000*5/15=10000 rub
in the 2nd year 30000*4/15
in the 3rd year 30000*3/15=6000
in year 4 30000*2/15=4000
in year 5 30000*1/15= 2000
- method of calculating depreciation depending on the volume of output. With this method, the annual depreciation amount is determined by multiplying the percentage calculated as the ratio of its initial cost to the estimated volume of output or work for its useful life by the indicator of the actual volume of production or work performed for this period.
Example: initial cost- 24000. Useful life 5 years. Estimated production output - 120000:
24000/120000*100=20% - annual depreciation percentage
Period |
Actual output |
Annual depreciation amount |
Accumulated depreciation |
residual value |
1 year |
20000 |
20000*20%=4000 |
4000 |
20000 |
2 year |
25000 |
25000*20%=5000 |
9000 |
15000 |
3 year |
30000 |
30000*20%=6000 |
15000 |
9000 |
4 year |
35000 |
35000*20%=7000 |
22000 |
2000 |
5 year |
10000 |
10000*20%=2000 |
24000 |
3. Synthetic accounting and analytical accounting for depreciation of fixed assets
Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets is carried out on a passive, balance, regulating account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"
Credit balance - reflects the amount of accrued depreciation of all fixed assets of the enterprise and at the same time the amount of their reimbursed value through depreciation.
Debit turnover - the amount of accrued depreciation for the reporting period
Debit turnover - depreciation amounts for retired fixed assets.
Account 02 has two sub-accounts:
02.1 - "Depreciation of own fixed assets";
02.2 - "Depreciation of property leased."
The amounts of accrued depreciation of fixed assets are monthly included in production and distribution costs - D T 20.25.26.44 K T 02.
The write-off of the amount of accrued depreciation upon disposal of fixed assets is reflected in the posting D T 02 K T 01.
The amount of accrued depreciation on account 02 is a source of long-term investments in fixed assets, their reconstruction, technical re-equipment.
4. The procedure for calculating depreciation for tax purposes
The Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides for the use of two methods for calculating depreciation of fixed assets for tax purposes:
1. linear method - applies to buildings, structures, transmission devices included in depreciation groups 8-9, regardless of the period of commissioning of these facilities.
When applying the straight-line method, the amount of accrued depreciation for one month is determined as the product of its initial cost (replacement) cost and the depreciation rate determined for this object.
The depreciation rate for each item of depreciable property is determined by the formula:
K = 1 / n * 100%,
Where K is the depreciation rate as a percentage of the original cost,
n is the useful life, expressed in months.
2. non-linear method - the amount of monthly depreciation in relation to depreciable property is determined as the product of the total balance depreciation group and the depreciation rate determined for this group.
Since 2009, with the non-linear method, depreciation must be charged not for each object, but separately for each depreciation group according to the formula:
A \u003d B * K: 100,
Where A is the amount of depreciation per month for the corresponding depreciation group;
B - the total balance of the corresponding depreciation group;
K - depreciation rate for the corresponding depreciation group.
Depreciation rates by groups:
Group 1 - 14.3%
Group 2 - 8.8%
Group 3 - 5.6%
4 group - 3.8%
Group 5 - 2.7%
6 group - 1.8%
Group 7 - 1.3%
8 group - 1.0%
9 group - 0.8%
10th group - 0.7%.
Since depreciation must be calculated monthly, the total balance (value of property) must be determined on the 1st day of each month. The cost of purchased fixed assets will increase the total balance of the corresponding depreciation group from the 1st day of the month following the commissioning of the facility.
The total balance for each depreciation group must be reduced monthly by the amount of depreciation accrued last month:
January 1st - 100000*8.8:100= 8800, 100000 - 8800 = 91200
February 1 - 91200* 8.8: 100 = 8025.60, 91200 - 8025.60 = 83174.40 etc.
Depreciation of fixed assets is a method of recovering costs associated with the acquisition or construction of fixed assets by transferring the cost of fixed assets to the cost of products (works, services), and for non-production facilities - to own sources.
If materials and raw materials are written off to cost as they are written off to production in the full amount, then fixed assets are written off in parts.
Firstly, this is due to the fact that fixed assets are not transferred directly to products (works, services).
Secondly, the life of fixed assets exceeds one year.
Thirdly, the cost of fixed assets, as a rule, is high and including it immediately in the cost price will cause undesirable financial consequences.
The concept of depreciation means the process of transferring the value of fixed assets to the cost of production. This process is carried out by accruing depreciation, which is taken into account on account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”. Account 01 does not correspond with account 02. Depreciation is charged with the following entries: D_t 20.23.25.26 K_t 02 - depreciation of fixed assets has been accrued.
When calculating depreciation, the company transfers part of the cost of fixed assets to the cost of fixed assets, which is equal to the difference between the original (replacement) cost and depreciation.
This process is reflected in the balance sheet by a decrease in non-current assets, which are accounted for by residual value.
The objects of depreciation are fixed assets belonging to the enterprise on the basis of ownership, economic management, operational management.
Depreciation is not charged for:
Machinery, equipment and other similar means of labor, which are listed at the enterprise as goods or finished products;
Fixed assets received free of charge and under donation agreements, as well as objects fully acquired at the expense of budgetary appropriations (if the object was acquired partially at the expense of budgetary appropriations, then depreciation is calculated from the part of the cost equal to the enterprise’s own costs. This provision applies only to fixed assets, received and received after January 1, 1998. For fixed assets received in this way in previous periods (before January 1, 1998, depreciation is charged);
Housing stock;
Objects of external improvement and other similar objects of forestry, road facilities, specialized structures for navigation, etc.;
Productive livestock, buffalo, deer;
Perennial plantings that have not reached the operational age;
Purchased publications (books, brochures, etc.);
Mobilization capacities, unless otherwise provided by law Russian Federation.
Depreciation is suspended in cases of transfer of fixed assets for conservation for a period of at least three months. The procedure for the conservation of fixed assets on the balance sheet is established and approved by the head of the organization, while, as a rule, fixed assets located in a certain complex, facility that have a completed production cycle can be transferred to conservation. The decision on conservation is made by the head of the enterprise, about which an appropriate order is issued. No agreement with tax authorities And local authorities it is not required. Depreciation is also suspended during the period of restoration of fixed assets, the duration of which exceeds 12 months.
In seasonal production, the annual amount of depreciation is charged evenly during the period of operation of the enterprise in the reporting year. For example, the initial cost of a fixed asset is 600,000 rubles. The annual depreciation rate is 10% or 60,000 rubles. The company operates 8 months a year (from May to December inclusive). Until May, depreciation will not be charged. From May until the end of the year, depreciation in the amount of 7,500 rubles should be charged monthly. (60000: 8 months).
PBU 6/97 and the Guidelines provide for four methods of depreciation:
Linear;
Decreasing balance method;
The method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life;
The method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).
The linear method speaks for itself - the amounts of deductions are the same for the entire period of operation. The second and third methods from the above are non-linear. With their application, the amount of depreciation deductions in previous years is greater than in subsequent ones. The chosen method must be reflected in the order for accounting policy. In this case, it is not necessary to use the same method for all fixed assets - the same method can be applied within a group of homogeneous objects.
The method of depreciation over the useful life should not change. In this regard, for fixed assets that were on the balance sheet before January 1, 1998, depreciation deductions after January 1, 1998 should be made only in a linear way according to the norms established by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 22, 1990 No. 1072 “On uniform depreciation rates deductions for the full restoration of fixed assets of the national economy of the USSR. The remaining three methods can be applied to fixed assets accepted for balance after January 1, 1998.
What depreciation rates should companies use? The procedure for applying the norms is contained in the Regulation of December 29, 1990 No. VG_21_D / 144 / 17-24 / 4-73 “On the procedure for calculating depreciation deductions”. The depreciation methods set out in PBU 6/97 and the Guidelines have been in effect since January 1, 1998. However, they can be used in accounting. For the purposes of taxation, the linear method should be used according to the norms established by Decree No. 1072. These rates are set as a percentage per year. For example, the depreciation rate for an object with an initial cost of 100,000 rubles. is 10% per year. For the year it is necessary to accrue depreciation in the amount of 10 No. from 100,000, that is, 10,000. Depreciation is charged monthly. Thus, depreciation will leave 830 rubles per month. (10,000 rubles: 12) and will be charged monthly until the depreciation amount is equal to the original (replacement) cost. After that, the depreciation process stops, although the object itself can continue to be used. On account 01, the amount of 100,000 rubles will be listed for this object, on account 02 - also - 100,000 rubles.
For non-production facilities, depreciation is attributed to own sources by the following posting: D_t 88 K_t 02 - depreciation is written off for non-production fixed assets.
When putting an object of fixed assets into operation, an acceptance certificate must be drawn up according to the form No. OS - 1. The date of drawing up the act will be the date of entry. Depreciation starts on the 1st day of the month following the month of entry and ends on the 1st day of the month following the month of retirement.
The use of accelerated depreciation in certain cases is regulated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 19, 1994 No. 967 “On the use of the accelerated depreciation mechanism and the revaluation of fixed assets”. The rate of deductions may increase, but not more than twice. The need to apply a larger coefficient is consistent with financial authorities subjects of the Russian Federation. The purpose of accelerated depreciation (only for the active part of fixed assets) is to create conditions for the development of high-tech sectors of the economy and the introduction of efficient types of machinery and equipment.
The corresponding list of high-tech industries and efficient types of machinery and equipment was established federal authorities executive power.
The decision to apply accelerated depreciation must be formalized as an element of accounting policy, otherwise this fact will be regarded as an overstatement of profit.
. depreciable property recognized as property, results of intellectual activity and other objects of intellectual property that are owned by the taxpayer, are used by him to generate income and the cost of which is repaid by accruing depreciation. Depreciable property is property with a useful life of more than 12 months and an initial cost of more than 40,000 rubles.
Not subject to depreciation land and other objects of nature management (water, subsoil, other Natural resources), material and production inventory, goods, work in progress capital construction, securities and other property.
depreciable property is recorded at historical cost, determined in accordance with Article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and is distributed among depreciation groups in accordance with its useful life. The useful life is determined by the taxpayer independently on the date of commissioning of the depreciable property. Taxpayers have the right to include in the expenses of the reporting (tax) period the expenses for capital investments in the amount of not more than 10% (not more than 30% - in relation to fixed assets belonging to the third - seventh depreciation groups) of the initial cost of fixed assets. This exemption does not apply to fixed assets received free of charge. If taxpayers use this right, then the relevant items of fixed assets after they are put into operation are included in depreciation groups at their original cost minus the depreciation premium. In the event of the sale of these fixed assets within five years from the date of commissioning, the amounts of expenses previously taken into account when forming tax base are subject to recovery and inclusion in the tax base.
Depreciation methods
The Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides for two methods for calculating depreciation:
- linear method;
- non-linear method.
The depreciation method is set independently for all depreciable property and is reflected in the accounting policy for tax purposes. A change in the depreciation method is allowed from the beginning of the next tax period. At the same time, the taxpayer has the right to switch from the non-linear method to the straight-line method of depreciation calculation no more than once every five years.
Depreciation is calculated separately for each depreciation group (subgroup) when using the non-linear depreciation method or separately for each depreciable property when using the straight-line depreciation method.
Regardless of the method of accruing depreciation established by the taxpayer in the accounting policy for tax purposes, the straight-line method of depreciation is applied to buildings, structures, transmission devices, intangible assets included in the eighth - tenth depreciation groups.
With regard to other objects of depreciable property, regardless of the period of putting the objects into operation, the depreciation method established by the taxpayer in the accounting policy for tax purposes is applied.
When using the straight-line method of calculating depreciation, the amount of depreciation accrued for one month is determined as the product of the initial (replacement) cost of the depreciable property object and the depreciation rate determined for this object. The depreciation rate is determined by the formula:
K \u003d 1 / p - 100%,
- TO— depreciation rate as a percentage of the original (replacement) cost of the depreciable property;
- P- the useful life of this object, expressed in months.
When calculating depreciation using the non-linear method, the total balance of each depreciation group is reduced monthly by the amount of depreciation accrued for this group. The amount of depreciation accrued for one month for each depreciation group is determined based on the product of the total balance of the corresponding depreciation group at the beginning of the month and the depreciation rates:
A=Vk/100,
- BUT- the amount of depreciation accrued for one month for the corresponding depreciation group;
- IN- the total balance of the corresponding depreciation group;
- to— depreciation rate for the corresponding depreciation group.
For the purpose of applying the non-linear depreciation method, the following depreciation rates apply.
Depreciation group - Depreciation rate (monthly):- First - 14.3
- The second - 8.8
- Third - 5.6
- Fourth - 3.8
- Fifth - 2.7
- Sixth - 1.8
- Seventh - 1.3
- Eighth - 1.0
- Ninth - 0.8
- Tenth - 0.7
Methods for calculating depreciation of fixed assets
In accordance with Regulation on accounting of fixed assets and Guidelines depreciation amount any method of depreciation determined taking into account the useful life of fixed assets.
See below: Depreciation of fixed assets is carried out using one of the following depreciation methods:- in a linear way;
- reducing balance method;
- the method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life;
- method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production.
The application of one of the methods for a group of homogeneous fixed assets is carried out during the entire useful life.
Linear depreciation method
At linear way The annual depreciation charge is based on original cost property, plant and equipment and depreciation rates, calculated taking into account .
Example. An object worth 120,000 rubles was purchased. with a useful life of 5 years. The annual depreciation rate is 20%. The annual amount of depreciation deductions will be 24,000 rubles. (120000 * 20/100).
Declining balance depreciation
At reducing balance method The annual depreciation amount is based on residual value property, plant and equipment beginning of the reporting year And depreciation rates calculated taking into account the useful life of this object and the acceleration factor established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The acceleration factor is applied according to the list of high-tech industries and efficient types of machinery and equipment approved by the federal executive authorities.
By movable property, constituting the object of financial leasing and attributable to the active part of fixed assets, can be applied in accordance with the terms of the leasing agreement, the acceleration factor is not higher than 3.
Example. An object of fixed assets worth 100 thousand rubles was purchased. with a useful life of 5 years. The annual depreciation rate is 40. The depreciation rate based on the useful life of 20% is increased by acceleration factor 2(100 thousand rubles / 5 \u003d 20 thousand rubles) (100 * 20 thousand rubles / 100 thousand rubles * 2) \u003d 40.
IN first year of operation the annual rate of depreciation is determined taking into account the initial cost formed during the posting of the object, and will amount to 40 thousand rubles. In second year operation, depreciation is charged in the amount of 40% (100 * 40 / 100) of the residual value, i.e. the difference between the initial cost of the object and the amount of depreciation accrued for the first year ((100 - 40) * 40 / 100) and will amount to 24 thousand . rub. IN third year operation - in the amount of 40% of the difference between the residual value of the object, formed at the end of the second year of operation, and the amount of depreciation accrued for the second year of operation, and will amount to 12.4 thousand rubles. ((60 - 24) * 40 / 100) etc.
When residual value fixed assets will reach 20% of the original cost, this balance is fixed, the monthly depreciation amount is determined by dividing the fixed residual value of fixed assets by the number of months remaining until the end of their useful life (Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Depreciation by write-off method based on the sum of numbers of years of useful life
At write-off method based on the sum of numbers of years of useful life the annual amount of depreciation deductions is determined taking into account original cost property, plant and equipment and annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the life of the object, and the denominator is the sum of the number of years of the life of the object.
Example. An object of fixed assets worth 150 thousand rubles was purchased. The useful life is set at 5 years. The sum of the numbers of years of service is 15 years (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5). In the first year of operation of the specified facility, depreciation can be charged in the amount of 5/15, or 33.3%, which will amount to 49.95 thousand rubles, in the second year - 4/15, which will amount to 39.9 thousand rubles, in the third year - 3/15, which will amount to 30 thousand rubles. etc.
Depreciation by write-off method in proportion to the volume of production
With the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works), depreciation is charged based on the natural indicator of the volume of products (works) in reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the fixed asset item and the estimated volume of production (work) for the entire useful life of the fixed asset item.
Example. A car with a carrying capacity of more than 2 tons was purchased, with an estimated mileage of up to 400 thousand km, costing 80 thousand rubles. In the reporting period, the mileage is 5 thousand km, therefore, the amount of depreciation deductions, taking into account the ratio of the initial cost and the estimated volume of production, will be 1 thousand rubles. (5 * 80 / 400).
Reflection in accountingDepreciation charges accrued on fixed assets are reflected in the accounting records in the reporting period to which they relate, and are charged regardless of the results of the organization's activities in the reporting period.
The amount of accrued depreciation is reflected in the accounting records in the debit of accounts for accounting for production or distribution costs (with the exception of leased fixed assets) in correspondence with the credit of the depreciation account (account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets").
Rice. 4.3. General scheme of correspondence of accounts when calculating depreciation of fixed assetsAccrual of depreciation charges on fixed assets during the reporting year is made on a monthly basis, regardless of the method of accrual used, in the amount of 1/12 of the calculated annual amount. The beginning and end of depreciation is from the first day of the month following the month of commissioning or, respectively, the retirement of the fixed asset. After the end of the useful life of property, plant and equipment, depreciation is not charged.
land and other objects of nature management (water, subsoil and other natural resources);
financially productive reserves, goods, capital construction in progress, securities, financial instruments term transactions (including forward, futures contracts, option contracts);
· property budget organizations, with the exception of property acquired in connection with the implementation entrepreneurial activity and used to carry out such activities;
· the property of non-profit organizations received as earmarked receipts or acquired at the expense of earmarked receipts and used to carry out non-commercial activities;
· property acquired (created) with the use of budget funds for targeted financing, except for property received by the taxpayer during privatization;
· objects of external improvement (forest facilities, road facilities, the construction of which was carried out with the involvement of sources of budgetary or other similar targeted financing, specialized structures for navigation conditions) and other similar objects;
· productive livestock, buffaloes, oxen, yaks, deer, other domesticated wild animals (with the exception of draft animals);
acquired publications (books, brochures and other similar objects), works of art. At the same time, the cost of acquired publications and other similar objects, with the exception of works of art, is included in other expenses related to production and sale in full at the time of the acquisition of these objects;
property received by the taxpayer in the framework of targeted financing;
· land reclamation and other agricultural facilities (including on-farm water pipelines, gas and electric networks) received by agricultural producers, built at the expense of budgets of all levels;
property received free of charge by state and municipal educational institutions, as well as non-state educational institutions that have licenses for the right to conduct educational activities, to conduct statutory activities;
fixed assets received by organizations that are part of the structure of the Russian Defense Sports and Technical Organization (ROSTO) (when they are transferred between two or more organizations that are part of the structure of ROSTO), used to train citizens in military specialties, military-patriotic education of youth , development of aviation, technical and military-applied sports in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
property received in the form donations(assistance) in the manner prescribed federal law dated May 4, 1999 No. 95-FZ "On gratuitous assistance (assistance) to the Russian Federation and the introduction of amendments and additions to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation on taxes and on the establishment of benefits for payments to government off-budget funds in connection with the implementation of gratuitous assistance (assistance) of the Russian Federation”;
· property in the form of fixed assets and intangible assets received free of charge in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation by nuclear power plants to improve their safety, used for production purposes.
In accordance with Article 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the useful life is the period during which an object of fixed assets serves to fulfill the goals of the taxpayer's activities.
The useful life is determined by the taxpayer as of the date of commissioning of the fixed asset within the time limits established by the Classification of fixed assets approved by Resolution No. 1. At the same time, additional justification for the choice of one or another specific period of operation adopted for the facility is not required.
All depreciable assets are grouped into ten depreciation groups:
the first group - all non-durable property with a useful life of 1 to 2 years inclusive;
· the second group - property with a useful life of more than 2 years to 3 years inclusive;
· the third group - property with a useful life of more than 3 years to 5 years inclusive;
· fourth group - property with a useful life of more than 5 years up to 7 years inclusive;
· fifth group - property with a useful life of more than 7 years up to 10 years inclusive;
· sixth group - property with a useful life of more than 10 years to 15 years inclusive;
· seventh group - property with a useful life of more than 15 years to 20 years inclusive;
· eighth group - property with a useful life of over 20 years up to 25 years inclusive;
· ninth group - property with a useful life of more than 25 years to 30 years inclusive;
· tenth group - property with a useful life of over 30 years.
If the fixed asset is not named in any of the depreciation groups established by the Classification of Fixed Assets, then the taxpayer sets it based on the recommendations of the manufacturer or in accordance with specifications. The use by the taxpayer, for the purpose of calculating depreciation, of the terms established independently, is not provided for by the legislation on taxes and fees.
Depreciation for fixed assets is calculated on the basis of the initial (residual) value of the useful life and the depreciation method chosen by the taxpayer from the two methods provided for in Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
At the same time, for fixed assets belonging to the same depreciation group, both a different service life for each object and a depreciation method (linear or non-linear) can be established.
However, paragraph 3 of Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes that for buildings, structures, transmission devices included in the eighth - tenth, the taxpayer must apply the straight-line method of depreciation, regardless of the timing of commissioning of these facilities. This rule does not apply to other fixed assets included in these depreciation groups.
Changing the useful life of a fixed asset is allowed in the following cases:
ü modernization;
ü reconstruction;
ü technical re-equipment.
If as a result of the above activities there was an increase in the useful life of the fixed asset, then the organization has the right to increase the period of use of the object only within the terms of the depreciation group in which this fixed asset is included.
The Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides for two methods of recognition of expenses - the accrual method and the cash method.
When applying the accrual method in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, depreciation is recognized as an expense on a monthly basis, based on the amount of accrued depreciation calculated in accordance with the procedure established by Articles 259 and 322 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
When applied cash method in accordance with subparagraph 2 of paragraph 3 of Article 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, depreciation is accounted for as expenses in amounts accrued for the reporting (tax) period. In this case, depreciation is allowed only for depreciable property paid by the taxpayer and used in production.
Depreciation on an object of depreciable property begins on the 1st day of the month following the month in which this object was put into operation, and terminates on the 1st day of the month following the month when the value of the object was fully written off or when this object withdrew from the depreciable property of the taxpayer for any reason.
The grounds for the disposal of fixed assets are the cases of their sale, liquidation, transfer to authorized capital other organizations, gratuitous transfer, transfer to conservation, modernization or reconstruction.
In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 322 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, depreciation is not charged for fixed assets transferred by a taxpayer for free use, starting from the 1st day of the month following the month in which the said transfer took place.
The same procedure applies to fixed assets transferred by the decision of the management of the organization for conservation for more than three months, as well as for fixed assets that are under the decision of the management of the organization for reconstruction and modernization for more than 12 months.
At the end of the contract for gratuitous use and the return of fixed assets to the taxpayer, as well as upon reactivation or completion of reconstruction, depreciation is accrued starting from the 1st day of the month following the month in which the return of fixed assets to the taxpayer, completion of reconstruction or reactivation of the fixed asset took place.
If an organization during any calendar month was established, liquidated, reorganized or otherwise transformed in such a way that, in accordance with Article 55 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the tax period for it begins or ends before the end of the calendar month, then depreciation is charged taking into account the following features:
1) depreciation is not charged by the liquidated organization from the 1st day of the month in which the liquidation is completed, and by the reorganized organization - from the 1st day of the month in which the reorganization is completed in accordance with the established procedure;
2) depreciation is accrued by the organization being established, formed as a result of reorganization - from the 1st day of the month following the month in which its state registration was carried out.
The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to organizations that change their organizational and legal form.
Example.
In January 2004, the organization put into operation the fixed asset acquired in the same month. The useful life is set at 5 years (60 months). In March 2004, the fixed asset was transferred to another organization under a 5-month gratuitous use agreement. After the expiration of the contract in August 2004, the fixed asset will be returned to the owner.
Depreciation must begin on the 1st day of the month following the month in which the fixed asset was put into operation, that is, from February 1, 2004
Depreciation is terminated from the 1st day of the month following the month in which the fixed asset object was transferred to another organization under a gratuitous use agreement, that is, from April 1, 2004.
Depreciation is resumed starting from the 1st day of the month following the month in which the fixed asset will be returned to the owner, that is, from September 1, 2004.
When an object is disposed of due to the expiration of its useful life, depreciation is terminated from the 1st day of the month following the month in which the object of fixed assets was disposed of from the depreciable property, that is, from February 1, 2008.
Since the fixed asset object will be in gratuitous use for 5 months, and depreciation will not be charged on it, the full write-off of the cost will not occur, since the useful life of the fixed asset for the period of its being in gratuitous use does not increase.
Example.
In January 2004, the organization put into operation the fixed asset acquired in the same month. The useful life is set at 5 years (60 months). In March 2004, the fixed asset was put into conservation for a period of 5 months. After the end of the conservation period in September 2004, the fixed asset will be put back into operation.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, fixed assets transferred by decision of the management of the organization for conservation for more than 3 months are excluded from the depreciable property.
When an item of fixed assets is reactivated, depreciation is accrued on it in the manner that was in effect until the moment of its conservation, and the useful life is extended for the period the item of fixed assets was on conservation.
Depreciation must be charged on the 1st day of the month following the month in which the fixed asset object was put into operation, that is, on February 1, 2004.
Depreciation is terminated from the 1st day of the month following the month in which the fixed asset, by decision of the management, was transferred for conservation, that is, from April 1, 2004.
After the reactivation of the fixed asset object, depreciation is resumed, in this example this will happen from September 1st, 2004.
When an object is disposed of due to the expiration of its useful life, depreciation is terminated from the 1st day of the month following the month in which the object of fixed assets was disposed of from the depreciable property. Since this object was mothballed for 5 months, its useful life will be increased by 5 months and depreciation will stop from July 1, 2008.
In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, in order to calculate income tax, taxpayers can choose one of the methods for calculating depreciation:
Linear;
Nonlinear.
The depreciation method chosen by the organization in relation to the depreciable property on the basis of paragraph 3 of Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation cannot be changed during the entire period of depreciation for this object.
The straight-line method is a uniform write-off of the cost of depreciable property during its useful life, established by the organization when accepting the object for accounting.
When applying the straight-line method, the amount of depreciation accrued for one month in relation to an object of depreciable property is determined as the product of its initial (replacement) cost and the depreciation rate determined for this object.
At using the straight-line method, the depreciation rate for each item of depreciable property is determined by the formula:
K = (1/n) x 100%,
where K is the depreciation rate as a percentage of the original (replacement) cost of the depreciable property;
Example.
In January 2004, the organization put into operation an object of fixed assets acquired in the same month for 60,000 rubles (excluding VAT). The acquired item of fixed assets belongs to the fourth depreciation group and the organization has set the useful life equal to 6 years (72 months). The main tool is used in the business activities of the organization.
The monthly depreciation rate will be (1:72 months) x 100% = 1.39%.
The amount of monthly depreciation charges will be 834 rubles (60,000 rubles x 1.39%), thus, for the purpose of calculating income tax, the expenses associated with production and sale will include the depreciation amount for this fixed asset in the amount of 834 rubles.
When applying the non-linear method, the amount of depreciation accrued for one month in relation to an object of depreciable property is determined as the product of the residual value of an object of depreciable property and the depreciation rate determined for this object.
When using the non-linear method, the depreciation rate on depreciable property is determined by the formula:
K = (2/n) x 100%,
where K is the depreciation rate as a percentage of the residual value applied to this depreciable property;
n is the useful life of this depreciable property, expressed in months.
In this case, from the month following the month in which the depreciable property item reaches 20 percent of the original (replacement) value of this item, depreciation on it is calculated in the following order:
1) the residual value of the depreciable property for the purpose of depreciation is fixed as its base value for further calculations;
2) the amount of depreciation accrued for one month in respect of this depreciable property item is determined by dividing the base cost of this item by the number of months remaining until the expiration of the useful life of this item.
Example.
In January 2004, the organization put into operation a fixed asset worth 20,000 rubles (excluding VAT). This item of fixed assets belongs to the second depreciation group, the organization has set a useful life of 2.5 years (30 months).
The monthly depreciation rate for this item of fixed assets, calculated on the basis of the useful life of the item, will be 6.67% (2 / 30 months) x 100%).
Period |
Calculation of the amount of depreciation, rubles |
Residual value at the beginning next month, rubles |
2004 |
||
20,000 x 6.67% = 1334 |
20 000 – 1334 = 18 666 |
|
18,666 x 6.67% = 1245.02 |
18 666 – 1245,02 = 17 414,98 |
|
17,414.98 x 6.67% = 1161.58 |
17 414,98 – 1161,58 = 16 253,40 |
|
16,253.40 x 6.67% = 1084.10 rubles |
16 253,40 – 1084,10 = 15 169,30 |
|
15,169.30 x 6.67% = 1011.79 |
15169,30 – 1011,79 = 14 157,51 |
|
14,157.51 x 6.67% = 944.31 |
14 157,51 – 944,31 = 13 312,20 |
|
13,312.20 x 6.67% = 881.32 |
13 312,20 – 881,32 = 12 331,88 |
|
September |
12,331.88 x 6.67% = 822.54 |
12 331,88 – 822,54 = 11 509,34 |
11,509.34 x 6.67% = 767.67 |
11 509,34 – 767,67 = 10 741,67 |
|
10,741.67 x 6.67% = 716.47 |
10 741,67 – 716,47 = 10 025,20 |
|
10,025.20 x 6.67% = 668.68 |
10 025,20 – 668,68 = 9 356,52 |
|
2005 year |
||
9,356.52 x 6.67% = 624.08 |
9 356,52 – 624,08 =8 732,44 |
|
8,732.44 x 6.67% = 582.45 |
8 732,44 – 582,45 = 8 149,99 |
|
8,149.99 x 6.67% = 544.17 |
8 149,99 – 544,17 = 7 605,82 |
|
7605.82 x 6.67% = 507.32 |
7 605,82 – 507,32 = 7 098,51 |
|
7,098.51 x 6.67% = 473.47 |
7 098,51 – 473,47 = 6 625,04 |
|
6,625.04 x 6.67% = 441.89 |
6 625,04 – 441,89 = 6 183,15 |
|
6,183.15 x 6.67% = 412.42 |
6 183,15 – 412,42 = 5 770,73 |
|
5,770.73 x 6.67% = 384.91 |
5 770,73 – 381,91 = 5 385,82 |
|
September |
5,385.82 x 6.67% = 359.23 |
5 385,82 – 359,23 = 5 023,59 |
5,023.59 x 6.67% = 335.27 |
5 023,59 – 335,27 = 4 691,32 |
|
4,691.32 x 6.67% = 312.91 |
4 691,32 – 312,91 = 4 378,41 |
|
4,378.41 x 6.67% = 292.04 |
4 378,41 – 292,04 = 4 086,37 |
From the above calculation it can be seen that every month the amount of accrued depreciation decreases.
In December 2005, the residual value of the fixed asset will be 20% of its original cost (20,000 rubles x 20% = 4,000 rubles). 23 months have passed since the depreciation in this example. The remaining useful life of the object is 7 months.
The monthly amount of depreciation deductions until the end of the life of the facility will be 583.76 rubles.
With regard to fixed assets, taxpayers may apply special increasing and decreasing coefficients to the basic rate of depreciation, provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with paragraph 7 of Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, multiplying factors are provided for:
§ depreciable fixed assets used to work in an aggressive environment and (or) increased shifts. In this case, the taxpayer has the right to apply a special coefficient, but not higher than 2. An aggressive environment is understood as a combination of natural and (or) artificial factors, the influence of which causes increased wear (aging) of fixed assets during their operation. Also, the presence of fixed assets in contact with an explosive, flammable, toxic or other aggressive technological environment, which can serve as a cause (source) of initiating an emergency, is equated to work in an aggressive environment.
§ depreciable fixed assets that are the subject of a financial lease agreement (leasing agreement). In this case, the taxpayer for which this fixed asset must be accounted for in accordance with the terms of the financial lease agreement (leasing agreement) has the right to apply a special coefficient to the basic depreciation rate, but not higher than 3. These provisions do not apply to fixed assets related to the first, to the second and third depreciation groups, if depreciation for these fixed assets is calculated using a non-linear method. Taxpayers who transferred (received) fixed assets that are the subject of a leasing agreement concluded before January 1, 2002, are entitled to charge depreciation on this property using the methods and norms that existed at the time of transfer (receipt) of the property, as well as using a special coefficient not above 3.
§ taxpayers - agricultural organizations of an industrial type (poultry farms, livestock complexes, fur farms, greenhouse complexes), which are entitled to apply a special coefficient, but not higher than 2, to the basic depreciation rate, chosen independently, taking into account the provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, in relation to their own fixed assets.
Example.
In February 2004, the organization put into operation a fixed asset purchased in the same month for 236,000 rubles, including VAT of 36,000 rubles. This fixed asset belongs to the fourth depreciation group and the organization, when accepting an object for accounting, sets a useful life of 6 years (72 months). The fixed asset is used in the production process in conditions of increased shifts, in accordance with Decree No. 1072 « Depreciation rates for machinery and equipment are established on the basis of a two-shift operation mode (with the exception of equipment for continuous production, forging and pressing equipment weighing more than 100 tons, for which the rates are set based on a three-shift operation mode, and logging equipment, for which the norms set based on the mode of operation in one shift)”, and applies a special multiplier of 1.4. The organization calculates depreciation using the straight-line method.
The monthly depreciation rate of this fixed asset, calculated on the basis of due date the useful life of the object and the special multiplying factor will be 1.94% ((1 / 72 months) x 100% x 1.4).
The amount of monthly depreciation deductions taken into account when taxing profits will be equal to 3,880 rubles (200,000 rubles x 1.94% / 100%).
The calculation of depreciation at rates lower than those established by Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is allowed by decision of the head of the taxpayer organization. The decision on whether an organization will apply reduction factors when calculating depreciation rates should be fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.
The use of reduced depreciation rates is allowed only from the beginning of the tax period and throughout the entire tax period.
According to paragraph 9 of Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation for cars and passenger minibuses, the initial cost of which, respectively, is more than 300 thousand rubles and 400 thousand rubles, the basic depreciation rate is applied with a special coefficient of 0.5.
Example.
In January 2004, the organization put into operation a passenger minibus, the initial cost of which is 470,000 rubles (excluding VAT). The minibus, in accordance with the Classification of Fixed Assets, belongs to the third depreciation group; when accepting an object for accounting, the organization has set a useful life of 3.5 years (42 months). Depreciation for income tax purposes is calculated using the straight-line method.
The established useful life is 42 months, the monthly depreciation rate, taking into account the reduction factor, will be equal to 1.19% ((1 / 42 months) x 100% x 0.5).
The amount of monthly depreciation deductions taken into account for income tax purposes will be 5,593 rubles (470,000 rubles x 1.19% / 100%).
The amount of depreciation accrued during the useful life of the fixed asset will be equal to 234,906 rubles, while its initial cost is 470,000 rubles.
From the above example, it can be seen that when using reducing factors and applying the straight-line depreciation method, the organization will not be able to fully write off the cost of this fixed asset to production costs or selling expenses.
Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides that taxpayers using reduced depreciation rates do not recalculate the tax base for the amount of undercharged depreciation against the norms provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation for tax purposes.
A slightly different situation develops when taxpayers apply the non-linear depreciation method when calculating depreciation. When using the non-linear method, the organization will be able to charge a larger amount of depreciation to expenses than when using the straight-line method.
Let's use the conditions of the previous example and calculate depreciation using a non-linear method.
On the basis of paragraph 9 of Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the reduction factor is applied by organizations that have received or leased cars and passenger minibuses. The specified property is included in the corresponding depreciation group and the basic depreciation rate is applied to this property, taking into account the special coefficient applied by the taxpayer for this type of property.
If the parties under the leasing agreement provide for the use of a multiplying factor of no more than 3, then the factor applied to the basic depreciation rate will be calculated as the product of the established multiplying factor by 0.5.
For more information on the issues of accounting and taxation of transactions with fixed assets, you can find in the book of CJSC "BKR Intercom-Audit" "Fixed Assets".