The essence of seasonal unemployment. Cyclical unemployment is ...
Any market economy has a tendency to fluctuations and instability. One of the key criteria affecting its development and functioning is the economically active population, which in turn is divided into:
- employed;
- unemployed.
Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment in Russian Federation»Reads: Employed means citizens who work under a contract that implies performing work for financial remuneration on the principles of full or part-time employment, as well as having any other work, including those of a periodic nature.
A part of the economically active population is recognized as unemployed if it simultaneously corresponds to the following factors:
- lack of permanent income in the form wages (excluding unemployment benefits or social benefits of the enterprise upon its liquidation);
- registration in the social fund as an unemployed person;
- constant search for a job;
- willingness to start work immediately.
The International Labor Organization (ILO) has a slightly different point of view and believes that the unemployed are the part of the population that is unemployed, capable of working at the present time, and also looking for work during the study period. The ILO in its calculations uses data on the population aged 10 to 72 years, Rosstat, in its methodology, takes into account the age from 15 to 72.
The ILO and Rosstat do not include full-time university students, persons with disabilities, retirees, and part-time workers in the concept of “unemployed population”.
Summing up a small summary, we can conclude that unemployment is a situation when the able-bodied part of the population is making efforts to find work, but is unable to find a job or does not want to work, so to speak, the working conditions offered by the job market are considered inappropriate to their requirements.
Unemployment is not abstract economic concept, but a problem that affects every citizen and the economy of the country as a whole. In most cases, the loss of a permanent place leads to emotional trauma, a deterioration in a person's standard of living and stability. For the population, the ability to have a stable income is one of the main indicators of success. economic activity government. And during the pre-election race, political parties use this problem to attract the attention of the electorate, as the most acute one.
Article menu
Unemployment rates
The unemployment rate is the share of the unemployed population in the indicator of the size of the labor force
Labor power is a citizen's ability to work, a general indicator of physiological and moral forces that he operates and uses in the process of creating material wealth.
Labor is a key factor of production in any modern society.
The unemployment rate is usually calculated using the formula:
Figure 0
where: U ’- unemployment rate;U is the number of unemployed;E is the number of employees;U + E is the amount of labor.
Each country calculates and publishes official data on the level of unemployment permissible for the level of its economic development, which are natural or maximum permissible. During the year, this coefficient may change under the influence of the cyclical nature of economic development and changes in the exchange rate of the national currency.
The natural or maximum permissible level is the level of unemployment at full employment of the population, as a result of which there is no excess demand and excess supply in the market. This state is described as equilibrium in the labor market. It forms a stock of labor, capable of making economic and geographical movements in the shortest possible time, depending on changes in demand and the needs of production caused by it. Such a supply of labor allows for stable functioning economic system state.
The maximum permissible level in developed countries represents the following dynamics: from 1.5-2% in Japan and the Scandinavian countries to 6-8% in North America. Based on these statistics, economists have come to the conclusion that the maximum permissible unemployment rate varies between 4-6%.
According to the data presented at the beginning of 2017 by Rosstat, the unemployment rate in Russia at the end of 2016 was 5.3%, which even exceeds the expectations of the Government of the Russian Federation, which declared the level within 6%.
Picture 1
But considering the data of Rosstat, it should be borne in mind that its methodology, unlike the ILO, takes into account only the population officially looking for work at the time of the sample. And it is based on a study of the analysis of certain categories of citizens of our country. Also, the statistical sample excludes data for the Republic of Crimea. Therefore, the true figure may be strikingly different from the official version of Rosstat. All data on samples can be found on the website www.gks.ru.
Forms, types of unemployment and their characteristics
For clarity, the forms, types of unemployment and their characteristics are shown in the table.
Figure 2
Types of unemployment
1. Frictional unemployment
A type of unemployment caused by natural migration, the main reason for which is the transfer of a citizen from one job to another. As a result of this movement (during the period of selection or waiting for another job), these workers seem to drop out of the employed population.
The main reasons for frictional unemployment are considered to be:
- geographical displacement: a citizen changes his place of residence and may find himself out of work for some time;
- change in life and professional interests: retraining, higher education, retraining;
- a new stage in his personal life: the birth of children.
Most economists believe that in a stable market situation, the existence of a moderate level of frictional unemployment is, if not desirable, then at least a natural fact, since such a transition in most cases is due to a person's desire to get a higher-paid or interesting job. And this, in the future, will bring about a better and economically justified placement of its human resources.
However, in practice, job seekers have their own requirements and inclinations, and existing vacancies require specific skills and professional knowledge. This leads to an imbalance between them. In addition, information about the availability of jobs does not always appear in a timely manner. And vacant places may end up in another region, requiring the allocation of labor. This leads to delayed employment and an increase in unemployment.
Frictional unemployment as a short-term phenomenon will be a useful element in such a labor market format, which assumes an exact correspondence of the free employee to the vacancy market offers. In the real world, such a balance is impossible, and temporarily unemployed citizens lead to an increase in unemployment.
2. Structural unemployment
This type occurs due to a mismatch in the qualifications or specialty of citizens looking for work with the proposed vacancies. That is, the demand in the labor market is at odds with the supply.
Structural unemployment often occurs as a result of improvements in production or the transition from manual to automated labor. Also in case of transferring production to another region. As a result of such optimization, the released employees are forced to look for work in other sectors of the economy.
This type of unemployment is characterized by a long period of job search. A person is forced not only to look for a place for himself, but also a new direction of activity.
3. Seasonal unemployment
Seasonal unemployment is predetermined by the fact that some sectors of the economy are in direct relationship with natural conditions. The most striking example of such an industry is agriculture. In the construction and tourism sectors, seasonality also affects the number of employees. For example, the owners of cafes in resort areas hire only for the period May-October, keeping extra employees “off-season” is very costly for them.
The level of its load depends on how much other spheres of the economy are ready to accept the freed citizens. And also from the desire and opportunity of the latter to undergo professional training or move to another region.
However, this species has one important distinguishing feature - it can be predicted.
4. Cyclical unemployment.
It occurs during a depression, crisis or stagnation in the state economy. The need for goods and services decreases, which subsequently decreases the total volume of production. There is a reduction in the costs of enterprises due to the reduction in the number of jobs. It is most noticeably manifested in a large number of job searches and a small offer in all structures and regions of the country. This is the most severe type of unemployment.
Its size is calculated as follows: the number of citizens employed for a given period of time in the economy minus the number of workers who could have jobs at a normal level of production, that is, under conditions of a standard load of all available capacities in production.
5. Institutional unemployment.
This type of unemployment is created by the state structures in charge of the labor market and factors affecting the distribution of the labor force.
These include:
- imperfection in tax system (eg, reduced rate income tax for non-working individuals);
- social guarantees for the non-working population (for example, the establishment of a high level of unemployment benefits by the government);
- lack of awareness of employment centers about possible vacancies.
The culprit in this situation is the ineffective work of the labor market. The lack of up-to-date information on the availability of a vacancy does not allow the employee to quickly fill it. Or try to move to another region. In turn, firms do not see the resume of candidates for the positions they offer.
High social benefits and benefits for non-working citizens, allowing them to lead a completely normal life, lead to an unconscious part able-bodied population to the decision about parasitism. And a reduced tax rate on social benefits may be more attractive than a rather tangible income tax from wages.
Forms of unemployment
1. Open unemployment.
It is divided into two types:
- registered type (part of the population that applied for support in finding a job from social funds, that is, registered at the employment center and receives monthly social benefits from it);
- unregistered type (part of the active population who prefers to work for themselves, that is, unofficially, hiding their income from the state, or the so-called parasites, people who do not like to work for their life convictions).
Rosstat, when drawing up the sample, takes into account only the registered unemployed, so its data can be strikingly different from real ones. The ILO assessment technology assumes consideration of all categories and is the most effective.
2. Hidden unemployment.
This is a difficult to define type, implying a situation when an employee is officially listed on the list of employees, but does not actually participate in production or participates in a very truncated form.
Hidden unemployment results from the following factors:
- Maintenance by the enterprise for various factors of an excessive number of employees receiving full wages. And as a result, the cost of their maintenance is included in the cost of manufactured products.
- The inability of the enterprise to provide employees with full-time work with an appropriate salary, but keeping them as “part-time” employees. In this case, only employees who are willing but not able to work full-time are taken into account; employees who deliberately come for half a day are not taken into account.
- Registration of some employees on vacation without payment.
- Regular downtime of enterprise equipment for a number of technical reasons.
The reasons for its occurrence:
- the administration of the enterprise pursues a policy of maintaining the number with the expectation of a quick change in the economic situation, introducing a half working day;
- retention of employees allows the management to count on receiving a number of benefits from the state;
- often, the enterprise does not have the material opportunity to pay unemployment benefits to employees, therefore employees are forced to leave the employee, creating poor working conditions;
- the reluctance of workers from small settlements to leave work while maintaining partial earnings, due to the lack of other work;
- for employees of pre-retirement age, continuous experience is important;
- small but stable income in part-time employment plays a more significant role for an employee than the possibility of increasing income when looking for a new job.
The development of economic relations and competition in the sales market for goods and services are forcing enterprises to optimize their numbers. This carries with it a reduction in the level of hidden unemployment. The main task at the moment is seen in the fact that in the process of development of the market economy, hidden unemployment does not turn into open.
3. Current unemployment.
This form is found when the release of intellectual and physical workers who have key skills that meet all standards. This situation occurs for various reasons, the main ones are:
- disproportionate development of industries in the regions;
- recurring recessions, depressions and stagnation in the economy;
- spasmodic demand for workers (insufficient during recession and depression, excessive during production downtime).
4. Long-term unemployment.
Long-term or long-term unemployment is a form of unemployment of a citizen for a long period. It leads to serious consequences in terms of both material opportunities and the emotional state of the unemployed.
It has been statistically proven that the opportunity to get a job is reduced if a period of non-permanent employment is prolonged. This is partly because, after a fairly long unsuccessful job search, the applicant prefers to remain on welfare as on the usual support. Long-term unemployment implies the need for assistance with retraining personnel or moving to another region where this area of \u200b\u200bactivity is more in demand.
5. Voluntary unemployment.
This form includes citizens who, due to various subjective factors, do not find it necessary to carry out any labor activity.
The reasons can be different:
- political and social views on work;
- religion and traditions (especially expressed in the republics of the Caucasus, where there is an opinion that it is impossible for a woman to realize herself in the profession);
- the desire of women to devote themselves to family and housekeeping;
- unwillingness to work on the conditions offered by the labor market (wages, hours of work);
- the loss of a citizen from society caused by his lifestyle, for example, homeless people, vagabonds, etc.
Such people exist in any society. Even in the USA and Europe, scientists estimate their number at 14-16%. Attempts to influence, pressure, reeducate or call for a sense of duty and responsibility have not yielded any meaningful results. In Soviet times, there was an attempt to fight the parasites, but it was not fully implemented.
Economic and social consequences of unemployment
An increase in the share of a physically healthy, but not engaged in any economic activity, part of the society leads to negative results in various government spheres. Despite this, on closer examination of this phenomenon, you can see its pros and cons.
Among the negative economic factors are:
- costs incurred by public funds for social payments registered unemployed;
- losses on the lost wages fund of the unemployed;
- losses tax authorities from the shortfall in tax collections to the budget on taxes levied on individuals;
- a decrease in the level of income of citizens leads to a decrease in the consumption of goods and their production;
- devaluation of acquired knowledge during training;
- general decline in the standard of living of the population.
Positive economic factors include:
- creation of a reserve of working groups of various qualifications for large-scale changes in the structure of the economy;
- the reduction of jobs provokes the employee to more actively manifest himself as a specialist necessary for the enterprise, pushing him to increase the level of knowledge and strive for professional growth;
- during the period of forced termination of labor activity, time is freed up for retraining, advanced training or education in a more demanded profile;
- stimulating the growth of efficiency and labor productivity.
In negative social factors, it is worth noting:
- deterioration of the crime climate in the region;
- increasing financial gaps and tensions between different social groups;
- increased physical and mental illness caused by job loss stress;
- increased social apathy;
- a decrease in the level of labor activity and desire for it as a result of a long search for a new job.
Positive social factors:
- changing the attitude in the mind of the employee about the social value of his workplace;
- increase in personal free time for communication with family and creative growth;
- freedom to choose a job, limited only by the required initial skills;
- changing the attitude of society to the social significance and value of labor.
The main economic damage from unemployment is unproduced product. This leads to a decrease in the total volume of material goods and services rendered in the country. The growth of the unemployed population leads to a decrease in consumer demand. After all, wages are the only source of income for the majority of citizens. The elimination of this source forces the population to cut their spending to the minimum necessary needs, such as: utilities, food and medicines. All this hinders the growth of production of less needed goods and a decrease in the production of essential goods. As a result, this leads to a general deterioration in the standard of living of the population of the country as a whole.
For society, social funds and institutions, as well as individual citizens, the social component of unemployment is important. A citizen loses not only the main source of income, but also in the process of a long search for a new place, qualifications. And with her confidence in further successful employment.
Social assistance from the state is not able to provide a satisfactory standard of living in the face of a constant increase in prices for goods. And a large number of those in need of it significantly depletes social funds.
Unemployment is a heavy and emotional burden for the citizen himself. He falls out of his usual environment, losing his conviction in the need for his professional knowledge to others, his qualifications and the demand for himself as a specialist in the future. There are frequent cases of deterioration of the physiological and moral state of the unemployed.
For the younger generation, who do not have sufficient work experience or the required level of professional skills, the lack of a labor market with vacancies without experience, work can be a difficult test. Such difficulties lead to the depreciation of education.
The long-term practice of countries with strong and competitive economies in the field of control over employment has revealed that the labor market is not independent and does not provide a solution to the issues of employment of the population without government intervention.
Measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation to combat unemployment
State employment policy is a scientifically based process that includes measures implemented by the authorities in relation to the labor market.
Its parameters:
- improving labor reserves, increasing the speed of their allocation, protecting the interests of participants in the Russian labor market;
- protection and provision of equal opportunities for free work for all categories of the able-bodied population, regardless of their political, social and religious views;
- provision of conditions that give an opportunity for a dignified life and self-development of a citizen;
- comprehensive assistance to the population in the development of labor, production, creative and financial activities, carried out in accordance with existing legislation;
- carrying out by state funds of measures aimed at helping citizens who have difficulties in finding a job on their own;
- adoption of preventive measures to eliminate mass and reduce lingering unemployment;
- development of a system of benefits for enterprises that retain their existing staff and provide, as a priority, newly created jobs to citizens who are in a long search for them;
- legislative coordination of all labor market participants to harmonize their actions;
- ensuring linkages between government bodies authorities, trade unions of enterprises, any other associations representing the interests of employees and administration of enterprises in the development and execution of acts to improve the situation in the employment of the population;
- interstate interaction in the elimination of questions about the labor activity of Russian citizens outside its territory and citizens of third-party states on our territory, to perform the function of monitoring the implementation of international labor rules.
Structural unemployment
This type of unemployment, as structural, appears due to technological progress, the emergence of many technological innovations. In this regard, there is a reduction in the number of workers in certain professions and the demand for workers in other professions is increasing. Structural unemployment leads to the fact that there is no demand for old workers due to the difference in the structure of demand and in the structure of labor supply in the labor market of various professions.
Structural unemployment is very difficult to avoid and impossible to eradicate. Due to the fact that due to technological progress, new products are born, new industries. Production begins retraining, recruiting new employees who meet the requirements at this level. Due to the fact that the structure changes greatly, there is a demand for another labor force, and people with the same qualifications become unnecessary and a large number of workers are released, which increase the number of unemployed. The Akim changes include the appearance on the market of personal computers, components for them, as well as laser disks or fiber optics. After the appearance of such technological innovations, many people had to change their occupation and master a new profession, receive new qualification... It is not known for workers whether they will receive the same amount as before, whether they will be able to provide for themselves and their families by moving to a new structure. Such changes are then a lot of stress for people.
Structural unemployment as a percentage.
http: // рoiskraboty. su
Cyclical unemployment
Cyclical unemployment,typical for countries that are experiencing a general economic downturn. Usually, in such situations, crises arise almost everywhere, in all departments on commodity markets... A large number of firms and enterprises are in a deplorable state, so large-scale reductions are taking place simultaneously and everywhere. Therefore, it turns out that there is a situation where the number of jobs turns out to be much less than the number of unemployed people.
Seasonal unemployment
Seasonal unemployment - this is the type of unemployment that is caused in certain sectors of the economy. For example, in the summer, often at agricultureas well as the construction industry is overly active and there is a high level of stagnation in winter. Often the problem of solving stagnation is transferred to the shoulders of the employee himself. It is required of him that he himself has competently distributed his budget and the level of energy expended in a certain period of decline or activity.
Also, seasonal workers are often referred to as unemployed. Because they often remain unemployed due to the fact that the structure to which they work can exist only in a certain period of time, a year. Often people are engaged in harvesting, the rest of the time they find the use of their labor in other areas than agriculture.
Seasonal unemployment is close to people of various professions. It is very common in resort cities, where many are busy serving tourists. This type of unemployment, to a certain extent, creates some problems, but it is worth noting that there is nothing catastrophic: a new season will come and work will appear along with the new season. The seasonally unemployed is not entirely possible to define as an unemployed person. they are often looking for a new place of work and are not actively looking for a place to apply their work. People like this way of life and they do not seek to change their field of activity or obtain other qualifications.
For example, in Russia before the 1917 revolution, bricklayers were considered "seasonal unemployed" because they believed that brick walls should not be built in winter. Therefore, when the cold came, the construction of houses stopped until the onset of the "new season". The work began again only when the above zero temperature appeared on the thermometers. Maybe that's why the old houses are still standing.
Currently, there is structural and cyclical unemployment in the Russian Federation.
Now in our country a very specific phenomenon has become apparent, which arose during the time of the command system - the so-called "underemployment".
Part-time employment is often present in the Russian Federation, for reasons:
· Half-holiday
Shorter working week
Providing unplanned vacations
Providing vacations at your own expense
Nowadays, employers often prefer not to fire redundant workers, send them on vacation, etc. In most cases, the fact is that after the dismissal of an employee, the law provides for the employment service to pay their wages for several months, which allows an unemployed person to pay benefits for some time until they find a new job for themselves.
Because not all enterprises can afford it, due to the fact that they do not have enough funds for this, it is more profitable for them to keep these employees on the balance sheet of the enterprise. And they are in a state of hidden unemployment. For the Russian mentality, it is psychologically difficult for some citizens to find themselves in the status of "unemployed", so they prefer to be registered in any enterprise rather than turn to the employment service for help.
An important reason for unemployment may be the country's policy regarding wages in a certain field of activity: an increase in the minimum wage level entails the emergence of production costs, as a consequence of this, the demand for labor decreases.
There are many other problems that affect unemployment. However, the overall picture is most vividly manifested in third world countries, post-socialist countries and states that are experiencing economic recession. At the moment, there are several types of unemployment: frictional, seasonal, structural, cyclical and hidden. The first two types are most widespread, so we will consider them in more detail.
Frictional unemployment
What is such unemployment? Frictional type of unemployment is a certain period of time that occurs between dismissal from a previous job and before moving to another job. In other words, it is temporary unemployment arising in connection with the search for new jobs.
This process is a normal and logical phenomenon for all types of states, regardless of the level of development or development of the economy. Frictional unemployment is a kind of social mobility that can manifest itself both horizontally and vertically. The vertical aspect of this unemployment implies a transition to new job, which is more highly paid, while the horizontal aspect can arise for many reasons - for example, moving to another country or to a new place of residence. And in this regard, a person is forced to look for a new job.
Frictional unemployment includes not only citizens who quit their jobs and are looking for a new one, but also those who start looking for it for the first time. These include graduates of higher educational institutions who, after obtaining a specialty, are forced to get a job. This is a rather complicated process that can last for months or even years, since many employers primarily pay attention to seniority and work experience in a specialty, which young specialists do not have. Therefore, it is much easier for people who quit their jobs and are looking for a new one to find a new job.
Frictional unemployment is special kind temporary unemployment of the working population. Many experts believe that it is not a negative factor for the economy and even is a kind of stimulant and promotes the development of any sphere of work.
When a person moves to a higher position or a highly paid place of work, his previous place is vacated, which gives a chance of employment for the unemployed. But in any case, even in spite of this advantage, frictional unemployment remains a negative factor in the economy.
We can say that this form of unemployment is not detrimental to the economy of the state and does not entail negative consequences... On the other hand, the sharply increased number of unemployed is nothing more than a manifestation of negative trends in the labor market. And in some cases even such unemployment can bring negative changes, if not on the scale of macroeconomics, then on the scale of microeconomics for sure.
Seasonal unemployment
One of the most common forms of unemployment of the economically active population is seasonal unemployment. As is already clear from the name itself, it is, to a greater extent, associated with the seasonal nature of the implementation of labor in some types of production - agricultural, construction and some others. If you imagine a graph of such unemployment, then it will have the shape of a sinusoid - wave-like changes about a straight line. The same thing happens in reality - the level of labor rises in certain seasons when there is work, and decreases when there is no such work.
Seasonal unemployment is difficult to predict, since it depends entirely on the geographical area of \u200b\u200bresidence of the population and its cultural and economic characteristics. There are many examples of seasonal unemployment. Many resort towns in the south "come to life" only by the opening of the holiday season - entertainment establishments, attractions begin their activities, various excursions are organized, etc. The rest of the time, a fairly large percentage of the population is unemployed.
You can also include the implementation of various agricultural work, construction works in the Far North, a decrease or increase in the demand for workers in certain areas of production. In general, seasonal unemployment is a negative factor only for certain geographic areas, but for the most part it also does not cause significant harm - the majority of the economically active population has the necessary labor tools that help to survive periods of declines in demand.
Conclusion
Both of these types of unemployment are not so terrible for domestic countries. Rather, these types can be dangerous only for resort countries, whose economy is entirely based on tourism, and for countries in which there is a glut of many unclaimed specialties.
It is worth remembering that unemployment is a temporary phenomenon for those who are looking for work, so you should not be afraid of it, and in periods when it is impossible to find the necessary job, you can easily take up additional earnings, the options for which are many.
Reading 10 min. Views 684 Published 18.11.2018
A deep analysis of the country's economy in order to identify the efficiency of the state apparatus requires studying the activity of the able-bodied part of the population. Most often, the need for such an analysis arises in the event of a financial crisis. When assessing the domestic economy, it is very important to take into account various factors that have a direct impact on the population's ability to pay. The onset of the crisis is forcing many businessmen to lay off workers in order to reduce production costs. Such a policy of entrepreneurs increases the number of unemployed, which negatively affects state budget... Within the framework of this article, we propose to discuss the question of what is cyclical unemployment.
Employment is a very important indicator in macroeconomics
The main causes of unemployment
Employment of the working-age population is one of the most important economic indicators ... This term refers to the number of people who have reached working age. People belonging to this group must be employed without fail. However, in the modern world, not every person can find a job. Those citizens who are looking for a suitable vacancy are unemployed. In macroeconomics, the term “unemployment” is used to reflect the total number of people who are looking for a job. Representatives of both groups represent the workforce and manpower available in the stock of a particular country.
When conducting economic analysis different indicators of the number of employed and unemployed population are used. It is important to note that the International Labor Organization sets a certain standard for each of the indicators.
According to experts, there are many different factors that can contribute to an increase in the number of unemployed people. One of these factors is the structural modernization of production. Automated production equipment and new technological methods reduce the number of jobs. Modernization of production is a definite plus for business. The acquisition of new production machines allows the company to increase its own capacity while cutting costs by laying off several employees. However, such a policy of businessmen negatively affects the country's economy.
The causes of cyclical unemployment are directly related to the cyclical nature of the economy itself.
The emergence of the financial crisis leads to a decrease in the population's ability to pay. Companies wishing to protect themselves from possible losses are beginning to reduce the volume of manufactured products. These changes lead to a decrease in the need for both labor and financial resources. When conducting an economic analysis, it is necessary to take into account demographic changes. According to scientists, an active increase in the number of able-bodied citizens leads to an increase in demand for various vacancies. It is important to note that this indicator is growing faster than new jobs are being vacated or created.
The occurrence of unemployment is closely related to seasonal changes. In some areas of entrepreneurship, there is a temporary increase in the demand for labor resources. In addition, you should consider the policy government agencies and businessmen with regard to labor remuneration. Any actions of these structures can have both positive and negative consequences. The use of some measures aimed at artificially increasing the minimum wage can lead to an increase in production costs. In such a situation, the only way to protect against growing losses is to reduce the company's staff.
Employment refers to the number of adults (over 16 years old) of the working-age population who have a job
Main types of unemployment
Macroeconomists identify five main types of the indicator under consideration. Each of the types of unemployment has unique characteristics. Below, we propose to consider in detail the specifics of each type of unemployment.
Friction
The frictional type of unemployment is directly related to financial spending on the search for a vacant position that satisfies all the needs of a particular citizen. As a rule, this phenomenon lasts several months. Under ideal economic conditions, the labor market is in a state of equilibrium. In such conditions, the number of jobs is equal to the number of the working-age population. This phenomenon is called full employment of the population. It is important to note that even in “ideal” economic conditions, some people remain unemployed.
In order to better understand the cause of this phenomenon, it is necessary to consider the following example. According to statistics, most citizens are dissatisfied with the conditions of their work. Some people from this category decide to change employers in order to improve their financial condition or get a more prestigious position. Other people have to look for a new job because they quit their old job. The third part of this group is represented by people who are just starting their professional path.
Structural
The structural type of unemployment depends on the influence of technological progress... The modernization of production leads to a drop in demand for representatives of narrow specialties. People who have been “replaced” by modern technologies cannot find new jobs due to lack of professional skills and knowledge. Interestingly enough, the main causes of cyclical unemployment are closely related to this type of unemployment. The increase in the number of unemployed citizens is due to a change in the sectoral structure of demand for labor resources.
The fall in demand for representatives of narrow specialties leads to the appearance of structural unemployment. Workers replaced by new equipment are forced to take professional retraining courses or master a new specialty. In some cases, the only way out of this situation is to change your place of residence. According to many experts in economic matters, this type of phenomenon has a high degree of similarity with structural unemployment. These phenomena are a direct attribute of the development of production and the state apparatus.
Unemployment is characterized as the number of the adult working-age population who do not have a job and are actively looking for it
Seasonal
In certain industries, there is a seasonal demand for an increase or decrease in the volume of production. This factor leads to an increase in the growth of seasonal unemployment. This type of the phenomenon under consideration has a direct connection with the cyclical indicator. Seasonal and cyclical unemployment are the only types of phenomenon under consideration that are associated with changes in the demand for labor resources. A distinctive feature of the seasonal type of unemployment is the ability to forecast the dynamics of this indicator.
In those production areaswhere there is seasonal demand, the administration prefers to enter into short-term employment agreements with employees. After completing the production task, such workers are dismissed. As a rule, workers employed in this segment of labor agree to such conditions due to the possibility of receiving unemployment benefits. Breaks from work are viewed as analogous to paid leave.
Institutional
Institutional unemployment is caused by problems associated with the organization of the labor market. There is no regulation in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation obliging entrepreneurs to register available vacancies. The lack of information on the number of vacant jobs leads to an artificial increase in the indicator under consideration.
Many financial experts note the passivity of labor exchanges in our country. The work of such structures is aimed at paying financial benefits to people who do not have official employment. According to experts, this body must constantly analyze changes in the labor market. This approach will allow making forecasts for the further development of the market. It is these forecasts that should underlie the retraining program.
Main indicators of unemployment
Unemployment is a unique phenomenon in every country, regardless of its economic development. Macroeconomic analysis takes into account two important factors:
- Unemployment rate.
- Duration.
The last indicator is equal to the duration of the period of time during which a person is in search of a new job. In most cases, unemployment is of a short-term nature, since the majority of people find work with ease. However, there is separate category citizens, whose representatives have been looking for work for more than six months. Such people are called long-term unemployed. Representatives of this group fully feel the power of the influence of the phenomenon under consideration.
Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the labor force is not employed in the production of goods and services
What is cyclical unemployment
Cyclical unemployment is a unique phenomenon with a unique specificity. Below, we propose to discuss the causes and possible consequences of this economic phenomenon.
The reasons
A sharp decline in demand for commercial products leads to a decrease in business profitability. Entrepreneurs suffering losses are forced to reduce the size of the company's staff, laying off some of the employees. Such changes in the economy lead to the emergence of cyclical unemployment. Cyclical unemployment is highest when economic activity decreases, which is associated with the onset of the financial crisis. It is important to note that most entrepreneurs do not want to part with valuable specialists. The loss of highly invested workers can be disastrous for production. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that a cyclical phenomenon occurs only after the economic downturn is pronounced.
Most businessmen prefer to make sure that the crisis will continue to grow before deciding to reduce the company's staff. As a rule, this phenomenon occurs against the background of a fall in the stock market. This statement is confirmed by the financial crises of two thousand and two thousand and eight years. The fall of the market leads to the development of panic among the population and business representatives. Lower cost valuable papers large companies results in a loss. In such conditions, companies lose the opportunity to expand their level of influence on the market long before the actual economic downturn.
When conducting macroeconomic analysis, special formulas are used. The formula for cyclical unemployment allows us to identify the total number of people affected by this phenomenon. In order to determine the level of cyclical unemployment, it is necessary total amount people affected by cyclical unemployment, multiply by one hundred percent. The result obtained should be divided by the total number of able-bodied citizens. Such calculations make it possible to reveal not only the ratio between the employed population and the unemployed, but also the general state of the economy.
Major changes
The scale of this phenomenon is constantly changing. Cyclical unemployment covers those people who have reached working age. Changes in labor market conditions can affect both men and women. Experienced specialists and people without professional experience suffer from this phenomenon. Quite interesting is the fact that this phenomenon affects not only the indigenous population of a particular country.
Typically, the amount of benefits that unemployed persons receive depends on their level of earnings in their last job. It is important to note that this type of financial assistance from the state has a time frame. Many experts recommend that businessmen lay off workers rather than cut wages. It should also be noted that with the development of cyclical unemployment, the volume of gross domestic product is significantly lower than this parameter, taking into account the full employment of able-bodied citizens.
Unemployed - people of working age who currently do not have a job, but are actively looking for it
Existing degrees
The difference between the potential value of the internal gross product under full employment and cyclical development represents gaps in GDP. According to the American economist Arthur Okun, there is a weak relationship between cyclical unemployment and the GDP gap. When the actual level of GDP exceeds the natural indicator by only one percent, the gap itself will increase to two and a half percent.
Based on this rule, the degree of the phenomenon itself is calculated. The cyclical unemployment rate depends on the growth rate of the market economy. According to experts, even specialists of high business value cannot find jobs in times of crisis.
Examples of cyclical unemployment
Over the past hundred years, there has been a repeated decline in the global economy. Based on historical reports, we can conclude that the type of phenomenon under consideration has existed at all times. Downs and downs in the economy lead to a recession. Cyclical unemployment can last for several years. A prime example of this phenomenon is the Great Depression in the United States of America. This circumstance contributes to the development of the following situations:
- Decrease in jobs.
- Dismissal of a large number of able-bodied citizens.
- Rising unemployment and decreasing purchasing power.
In order to better understand the power of the influence of this phenomenon, we propose to consider a practical example of cyclical unemployment. We have already said above that macroeconomic activity develops cyclically. The expansion of this indicator leads to an increase in the demand for labor resources. The emergence of a recession is forcing businessmen to apply various techniques to reduce production costs. One of these methods is staff reduction. People who have lost their jobs become less solvent, which leads to a decrease in the overall demand for marketable products. Growing losses are forcing businessmen to once again take additional measures to protect against losses.
Cyclical unemployment - occurs during a period of cyclical economic downturn and lack of demand
SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT
Seasonal unemployment is the result of fluctuations in labor due to seasonal changes in production and employment. This type of unemployment is often identified with frictional unemployment, but seasonal unemployment has specific features that distinguish it from frictional. Taking into account this specificity can influence the timeliness of reducing its size and stabilizing social tension in the regions associated with seasonal production.
STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT
Structural unemployment is caused by structural shifts in the economy, which are associated with a change in the structure of demand for the products of different industries - the demand for the products of some industries is increasing, production is expanding, the demand for labor in these industries is growing, while the demand for the products of other industries is falling, which leads to a reduction in employment, dismissal of workers and an increase in unemployment; with changes in the sectoral structure of the economy, the cause of which is scientific and technological progress - over time, some industries become obsolete and disappear (for example, the production of steam locomotives, carriages, kerosene lamps and black-and-white televisions), and other industries appear (for example, the production of personal computers, video recorders , pagers and mobile phones). The set of professions required in the economy is changing. The professions of a chimney sweep, a lamplighter, a coachman, a traveling salesman have disappeared, but the professions of a programmer, image maker, disc jockey, and designer have appeared. People with professions and qualifications that do not meet modern requirements and the modern industry structure, being laid off, cannot find a job. The structural unemployed also includes people who first appeared on the labor market, including graduates of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, whose profession is no longer required in the economy.
The reason for the existence of structural unemployment is the discrepancy between the structure of the labor force and the structure of jobs. Structural unemployment is longer and more costly than frictional unemployment. On the one hand, an increase in demand for the products of industries where it is still low may occur after an indefinitely long period of time or even not at all, and on the other hand, find work in new industries generated by scientific and technological progress, without special retraining and retraining almost impossible.
Like frictional, structural unemployment is an inevitable and natural phenomenon even in highly developed economies, as it is associated with natural processes in the development and movement of labor. The structure of demand for products of different industries is constantly changing and the sectoral structure of the economy is also constantly changing in connection with scientific and technological progress, and therefore, structural changes constantly occur and will always occur in the economy, provoking structural unemployment. The structural unemployment rate is calculated as the ratio of the number of structural unemployed to the total labor force expressed as a percentage.
- The Central Bank told about the new tariffs for the civil liability insurance What's new for the civil liability insurance from June 1
- What is sleep and who uses it What does sleep mean income
- Debit cards "Sberbank of Russia": what does this concept mean, how to use, an overview of the offered by the bank
- Simplified taxation system What does it mean in accounting usn