What is the foundation for a one-story small house. How to make a foundation for a one-story house
You have decided to build a brick house, but you just can’t decide what kind of foundation for this fit better Total? In this case, it is impossible to rush, since reliability and durability will depend on the foundation. Let's find out what the basis for the brick one-story house fits the most.
Advantages of strip foundation
The strip foundation is most often used for small house, while the material for its construction can be very different. Concrete is most often used, but such a foundation can also be brick.
The peculiarities of a construction of such a design is that while saving material (pouring with concrete, for example, is carried out only along the tape), good bearing strength is achieved.
The construction steps are as follows:
- digging a trench to a depth of a meter;
- laying sand- gravel pad;
- installation of formwork from wooden panels and pouring concrete mix. Before starting further construction works it is necessary to perform waterproofing of the upper surface of the roofing material tape.
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Pile foundation: terms of use
For a one-story brick, which is small, you can choose a pile foundation. This is a variety that is used only for frame, small garden and country houses. To do this, along the perimeter of the site and at the intersections of walls and partitions, wells are dug, on the bottom of which a sand cushion is laid. Further, metal pipes are lowered into these wells, in this case it is better not to use asbestos. After installation, the cavity of the pipes is completely filled with concrete, after which a bandaging of a metal beam is performed from above, which will act as the foundation for the house.
The depth of the wells should be such that the pipes cut through all soft rocks, resting on strong ones. Installation is quick and inexpensive, even brick house there is almost no shrinkage. But there are also disadvantages. The fact is that the bearing capabilities are small, it is absolutely impossible to put a large cottage on such supports! If you use brick for construction, then preference should be given to either a strip base or a slab base.
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Slab base under the house
It is best to put brick cottage on a concrete slab base. This design is considered one of the most expensive, but the characteristics fully justify the costs. Putting a slab foundation is not so difficult, for this you must follow the following steps:
- first you need to prepare a building site, dig a pit, the size of which corresponds to the building site;
- a layer of special non-woven material is laid on the bottom - geotextile, which is made in the form of a strong film that prevents earth and sand from mixing with each other. This material should not have breaks and damage;
- the next step is backfilling the sand cushion, after which the sand must be compacted;
- a PVC film is laid over the pillow, which minimizes possible moisture loss during concrete pouring. This is done so that the sand cannot absorb moisture from the concrete, since in this case, when it dries, it will simply crack, and the foundation itself will lose strength;
- then a frame is mounted, consisting of metal reinforcing bars, the slab is poured.
To prevent the formation of voids in the mass of concrete during pouring and drying, it is necessary to tamp with a vibrator.
This will remove any air bubbles from the mixture.
Such a foundation for a one-story house can withstand almost any load, the sand in this case performs a shock absorber layer that compensates for them. You can even complete the second floor, arrange a basement. With strong soil movements, the slab will not crack or collapse. But in order for the base to fully fulfill its functions, it is necessary to take only high-quality materials.
The slab foundation also has a minus - this is the high cost of construction and the duration of the work. The amount of concrete will have to be spent a lot, but the quality and reliability all perfectly compensate for this.
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How to calculate the foundation for a one-story brick building?
In order for a brick one-story house to have a solid foundation, it is necessary to carry out work on the calculation of the foundation before starting construction. General principles calculations are as follows:
- First you need to decide on the design of the foundation. The choice depends on the type of soil, the depth of soil water, climate, loads from brick house. Even a one-story brick structure has a significant weight, which the base must withstand perfectly, correctly distributing all the loads on the ground;
- to determine the weight of a brick structure, it is necessary to find the specific gravity of load-bearing walls, partitions and ceilings, and roofs. It is recommended to take the obtained value with a margin, since finishing and facade materials, roofing material, insulation, home furnishings will exert their load;
- then it is necessary to determine the weight of the entire building, which includes not only the weight of the house, but also the foundation;
- the resulting value must be divided by the reference area, that is, to obtain the load value;
- only after that you can begin to calculate the volume of concrete for pouring, other materials that may be needed to build the foundation of a brick house.
For the construction of the foundation for the building, not only concrete is used, but also brick, which must be full-bodied ceramic. If slab base is constructed from a reinforced concrete slab, then it is better to make a tape one from brick, which will not form cracks. A columnar foundation for a brick house is rarely used, but it must be made of metal pipes that are poured with concrete. Support pillars made of brick or stone in this case can not be used.
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Repair and strengthening
Even over time, it begins to collapse under the influence of a variety of external influences. The foundation for a brick one-story house was no exception. Therefore, over time, work is required to strengthen or repair the foundation. In order to properly eliminate all the destruction of the base, it is necessary to clearly define the possible causes of this process:
- flaws at . This reason is one of the most frequently encountered, it lies in the fact that the norms for the construction of the base are not observed, materials of inadequate quality are used or all the required calculations have not been made (or made incorrectly);
- human factor. Such a reason includes many different actions, but the most dangerous ones are the flooding of the base with tap water, the construction of additional floors. This is especially dangerous for pile foundation, for which the calculation of future loads at home on the base is so important;
- natural factor. There can be various reasons, ranging from heaving of the soil during frosts, sharp subsidence of the soil and ending with flooding of the territory.
Signs of damage to the foundation and the need to strengthen or repair it are:
- when there are obvious signs of destruction, for example, large cracks, potholes at ground level. Often, it is recommended to use beacons or a regular paper line for checking, which is glued across the cracks;
- if after 20-30 days the lighthouse is in the same condition, then only cosmetic repairs are required, for example, concreting, backfilling with broken bricks. But if the tape or the beacon is damaged and displaced, then you will have to carry out work to strengthen the foundation. At the same time, only a strip or columnar base can be strengthened on its own; for reinforced concrete slabs, the participation of specialists is necessary, otherwise the load-bearing walls of the house may be destroyed.
Often repair work is limited to less complex actions, for example, the usual grouting of a gravel pad. You will first have to dig a hole, insert a pipe into it, through which a rather liquid cement mortar is already fed. After that, it is necessary to monitor the condition for several hours. If the solution is completely absorbed, then the supply can be resumed after a couple of days. This procedure is repeated two or three times. After that, a beacon is placed on the site of destruction for further observation.
If the solution is not absorbed, then proceed to the next step. Along the damaged part of the base of the house, it is necessary to dig a trench with a depth of 35 cm. After that, thick metal pins are driven into the foundation, and the mesh is stretched. The ditch is completely filled with concrete, which is mixed with fine crushed stone. This reinforcement method allows you to strengthen only one, specific wall, in which damage is observed. If necessary, it is recommended to invite a specialist for a preliminary examination and assessment, otherwise the result may be unpredictable.
The depth of the foundation for a one-story house is one of the important criteria that determine the strength and performance characteristics of the object. Its value is determined on the basis of engineering surveys, the technical parameters of the building being erected and the climate in a particular region. The designer faces a difficult task - to create such a design drawing, which reflects the optimal ratio of the cost of the object to the cost of building materials, combined with its reliability and durability. Therefore, the calculation should be carried out by experienced specialists.
Why is it important to consider the depth of laying the foundation
The construction of one-story objects by many non-specialists is carried out without calculating the depth of laying the foundation and height using generalized tabular values taken from SP 22.13330.2011.
Many use them to erect a frame building, believing that since it has a minimum weight, many influencing factors can be neglected.
For most cases, this is quite reasonable, and the selected parameters are quite enough to provide the necessary level of strength and reliability. However, quite often they do not take into account many factors that specific situation can play a negative role. An example is the laying of a buried strip or slab foundation into soil with minimal bearing capacity (sandy loam or alumina), where the total mass of the structure is critical.
As a result, about 25-40% of the financial resources of the total cost of the object will be spent on the construction, which will not be justified.
Exceeding or reducing the safety margin relative to its optimal value can have significant drawbacks that will reduce the life of a one-story house, especially a brick one. Therefore, it is important to correctly calculate the depth of the bookmark on the basis of SP 22.13330.2011.
Factors affecting the choice of foundation height
The height of the foundation of any type for a one-story house is determined taking into account the following criteria:
- Features of the relief of the built-up area. In the presence of a slope, it will be necessary to deepen the base due to the effects of shear forces and increased upward or downward wind loads. There are also possible areas with seismic activity that require measures to be taken to calculate the safe depth of the backfill to increase the stability of the object. To understand what design and what parameters the base will have, a full calculation should be carried out based on geodetic data.
- Appointment, level of importance, as well as design features of the building.
- The level of occurrence of groundwater according to hydrogeological exploration.
- The presence of nearby buildings and the types of foundations used. Houses based on blocks or bricks create significant loads on the ground. This makes it impossible to build objects on deep foundations due to their possible destruction due to a decrease in the bearing characteristics of the soil. That is, you should select a suitable base device.
- Soil composition and depth of dense layers.
- Depths of soil freezing.
- Geotechnical exploration data: mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the soil, the presence of strata, various voids and other features of the site.
Many foundation projects involve not only the underground part, but also the aboveground one. Therefore, the total height of the base structure is the sum of these two values. Moreover, their sizes are determined on the basis of different calculations. To determine what should be the height of the foundation above ground level, you need to evaluate possible conditions flooding of the site, take into account wind loads, ensure high-quality thermal insulation of the base, as well as the total weight of the object.
The height of the above-ground part of the pile foundation frame house from a bar or blocks can in some cases be up to several meters. This is due to the relatively low weight of the structure, compared to brick or block buildings.
Thanks to this, it is possible to build one-story buildings on the water, in seismically active zones and on soft soils with minimal financial outlay. In order to understand what specific length it should be, it is necessary to carry out appropriate calculations.
Calculation of the depth of the foundation of a one-story house
The foundation for a one-story house must be laid at a depth that is below the freezing level of the soil. The drawing must take into account this criterion and is made with it in mind.
The normalized freezing depth is determined on the basis of data obtained over the past 10 years for a particular region. The results of observations are compared with GOST 25100, and then the line of transition from plastic frozen soil to solid is determined.
If there is no access to such data or they are lost, then for regions with a freezing depth of up to 2.5 m, it is allowed to calculate according to the formula:
where Mt is a dimensionless coefficient, which is determined by the sum of all absolute temperature values below zero, according to SNiP 23-01. If information about temperatures in normative documents missing, you must contact the hydrometeorological center to obtain them;
d0 is a value depending on the type of soil in the area. You can take it from SP 22.13330.2011.
If the freezing depth exceeds 2.5 m, then it is necessary to carry out heat engineering calculations in accordance with SP 25.13330. The calculation of seasonal soil freezing is carried out according to the formula:
where kh is a dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the thermal regime for the external and internal structures of the base based on information about the heating of the building. Determined according to Table 1 or taken equal to 1.1 for unheated premises (with the exception of the northern regions, where negative temperatures prevail throughout the year).
The data of Table 1 are valid for cases where the distance between the wall and the edge of the foundation is less than half a meter, and if it is exceeded, the coefficients should be increased by 0.1. If the temperature falls within the interval between the tabular values, then the value with the lower value is taken.
The depth of laying the external or internal foundation for heated rooms with cold cellars or technical rooms should be determined based on Table 2.
The calculation of the depth of the foundation for a block or brick house with a basement is carried out according to the following formula:
where hs is the thickness of the soil above the sole of the base, as viewed from the basement;
hcf is the basement floor thickness;
γcf is the value of the specific gravity of the basement floor structure.
Watch the video on how to make your own base scale.
What should be the height of the foundation above the ground
The device of most types of foundations for a frame or brick house assumes the presence of an above-ground part. Its main purpose is to provide protection from atmospheric precipitation and temperature fluctuations of the bearing part of the structure, which is located underground. What height should it be? On the one hand, it is logical to increase the above-ground part in order to protect the house itself as well, and on the other hand, it will be expensive to do this from a financial point of view.
The device of a strip base made of blocks or bricks or a slab base for a frame or stone house is recommended to be done with an elevation of more than 30 cm from the ground surface. Such a device will visually clearly separate the building from the foundation and improve the integrity of the object during operation under the negative influence of the external environment.
For regions with flooded areas or with increased precipitation, the upper part of the foundation should be 10 cm higher than the maximum level of flooding.
This fact must be taken into account and the appropriate dimensions applied to the drawing of the house using reliable data for a particular building region. To simplify the task, you can see finished projects houses built nearby. But it is still recommended to double-check the correctness of the calculations.
When building a frame house, they usually try to save on the foundation and make it from a bar. However, to provide additional protection against freezing and heaving of the soil, the height is made much higher than when laying the foundation from blocks. The maximum allowable length is 30-40% of the total length of the piles, depending on the presence of compressive and tensile stresses in the soil, so that the foundation is not flooded with water.
If it is planned to build a house from a bar or brick on a foundation of blocks or a monolith, then the calculation should be carried out taking into account the factor of soil subsidence under heavy load. In such cases, it is required to provide a reserve of approximately 20-30% of the value taken, taking into account the amount of precipitation. This will effectively deal with heaving and loose soils, as well as seasonal soil shifts.
Conclusion
The calculation of the foundation of a frame, brick or block one-story house should be carried out taking into account many different factors that were described above. At the same time, it is important not to miss a single detail that can affect not only the strength characteristics of the object, but also increase financial expenses for construction. This article describes the main criteria that affect the choice of the height of the underground and aboveground parts of the base, as well as formulas and tables for calculations.
The underground foundation of the building is the most significant and important structural element. The service life of the building, its thermal insulation characteristics, the level of indoor humidity and a healthy atmosphere depend on how correctly the calculations were made and how carefully the technologies were followed when laying the foundation.
Despite the apparent simplicity of the issue, the foundation for a one-story house must be carried out in strict accordance with design calculations and the use of calculated materials.
The depth of laying depends on the type of soil, the mass of the structure
To determine how deep the foundation should be, it is necessary to study the operating conditions of the future structure. The calculation of the technical characteristics of the base is carried out after:
- carried out work on the study of soil on the building site;
- the landscape has been studied or a construction spot has been cleared;
- a plan of the building was drawn up with the definition of the area, weight of walls and ceilings.
At the stage of studying and collecting data on the location of the future building and the quality of the soil, the following parameters should be determined:
- soil type;
- average annual rainfall;
- groundwater level;
- soil freezing depth;
- height differences in the relief of the site.
Considering the design features of the house, its mass, the presence or absence of an underground or ground floor, choose the type of foundation and calculate how deep to dig the foundation for the house.
Depending on climatic conditions, the size of the trench will vary.
The colder it is, the more seriously you need to approach the issue of installing the foundation.
The depth of the foundation is always greater than the freezing level of the soil: in the southern latitudes, a depth of 60 cm is enough, in the northern regions it will be necessary to go deep by at least 1.5 m.
Soil definition
There are several ways to determine the type of soil.
The type of soil has a significant impact on the depth of the foundation.
The table describes 5 types of soil:
This classification is included in the standards for testing the stability of underground foundations.
The degree of frost heaving is determined based on the level of natural soil moisture and the position of groundwater at the start of freezing.
The depth of the foundation for a garage, gazebo or other light building on heaving soils should be calculated very carefully. With an insufficient level of penetration or an error in the thickness of the base, the soil with a high degree of frosty heaving during the freezing period will squeeze the base out of the ground.
Terrain and types of foundations
In addition to the type of soil, it is important to understand both the evenness and uniformity of the terrain on the building site. Sloping sites must be leveled.
If it is not possible to level, then the minimum depth of the foundation is calculated from the lowest point, and if large elevation differences are observed on the site, then the type of foundation is selected either mixed or piled.
In practice, there are 4 main types of building foundation device:
- columnar,
- pile,
- tape,
- slab.
columnar base
This type of base is good to use with a small budget.
Pillars as a base for a house are the most budgetary solution, therefore they are often used for garage construction or for a one-story country house.
They are made of blocks, bricks or by pouring into the formwork. Thanks to the use of technological materials, this type of base is low-cost in terms of time.
At the base of each pillar, waterproofing and a sand cushion are laid. Support elements are placed in places of the greatest vertical load: the corners of the house and the intersection of the load-bearing walls of the structure. It is very important that the pillars are strictly vertical. With such a foundation arrangement, the depth of the foundation for a one-story brick house is not more than 0.8 m, of which 30 cm is a pillow and waterproofing, and 0.5 m is the height of the column.
piles
What is a pile foundation? When arranging this base, metal pipes with a blade at the end are screwed into the ground like self-tapping screws. Piles simultaneously support the building and distribute the load on the ground from the weight of the structure. The blade at the end of the pile prevents the structure from being squeezed out of the soil during freezing and heaving.
Such a foundation arrangement is especially relevant in the northern regions, where, due to climatic conditions, during winter freezing, the issue of squeezing out the foundations of light buildings and structures by heaving forces is acute. In such conditions, piles are suitable both as a foundation for a garage and as a foundation for a one-story brick house.
For light buildings, metal bladed piles are used.
How to determine the depth of the foundation on piles? The freezing depth is determined by the pitting method. The drill is screwed in to such a depth that the blades are below the freezing level in dense soil layers.
The piles withstand a load of up to 330 Pa at break. In this case, the maximum pressure force during heaving is 0.2 Pa.
Metal paddle piles are suitable for building light structures. For heavy buildings, the technology of bored piles has been developed.
The great advantage of such a foundation is that it is possible to carry out work on its construction at any time of the year in any climatic conditions.
Strip foundation
The design of the strip foundation is a monolithic, solid, inseparable concrete pour, as a rule, with internal reinforcement.
The foundation is laid under all the walls of the building, including partitions that carry a vertical load. Along the perimeter, the base has the same cross-sectional dimensions.
Foundation tape forms a continuous contour
Depending on the type of soil and the mass of the building, various shapes are poured:
- rectangular;
- trapezoid;
- t-shaped.
The integrity and continuity of the base contour ensures uniform distribution of vertical and horizontal loads. This explains the strength, reliability and demand for this type of foundation. In addition to the shape of the base, it is important to determine how deep the tape should be made. monolithic foundation. For a detailed presentation on strip foundation construction technologies, see this video:
Shallow design is not suitable for heavy structures
Depending on the weight of the building, the level of soil freezing, the location of groundwater and the type of soil, the depth and types of strip foundations can be different:
- shallow-depth with a depth of not more than 0.6 m. A movable base is assumed to be attached to the device, subject to heaving phenomena of the soil. Not suitable as a basis for the construction of heavy buildings;
- buried - a reinforced concrete monolithic skeleton, laid below the level of soil freezing. It is used for buildings with basements that have a large mass.
Plate
The slab foundation can be mounted on any type of soil
Like tape, a monolithic slab can be recessed or not. In the first case, the slab is poured into the pit and has high ribs. The main disadvantage of such a device is its high cost. But this is the only type of foundation that has no restrictions on the type of soil.
How to calculate the laying depth, and what should be the slab? The heaving of the soil does not affect the condition of the building on such a basis, therefore this distance is determined based on the operational requirements for the building. For more information about the construction of the foundation, see this video:
A monolithic slab is a floating solid foundation and its installation is possible even on swampy or peaty soils, where the level of groundwater is quite high.
The summary table reflects the types of foundations, soil types and the mass of the structure
Columnar | suitable for heaving soils | small, lightweight | ||
pile | except for rocks | suitable for non-rocky soils | the device is allowed at a large freezing depth | any, without an underground floor device |
Tape | sand of coarse and medium fraction, coarse-grained, cartilaginous | suitable for heaving soils | lungs | |
Monolithic slab | no limits | suitable for heaving soils | any heavy |
With mass development, the calculation of the depth of laying is carried out by specialists in design institutes. More often, with individual self-building, the question arises: how to calculate the foundation for a garage, a bathhouse or a one-story cottage?
After receiving all the necessary data on the soil and the weight of the building, the final calculation and determination of the depth of the foundation is performed.
Depth, being within the same limits, however, will always be different. On the same site, the foundation for a one-story or two-story brick house will differ significantly.
Each calculation is purely individual. If it is not possible to contact specialists, you can enter data into an online calculator and find out the recommended sizes adjusted for the freezing depth. For more information on calculations, see this helpful video:
- Any foundation is laid below the freezing level of the soil by 10%. If the freezing value is set to 70 cm, then the depth of the pit under the base should be 77 cm.
- For loose soils in temperate climates, it is better to use a strip base with a laying depth of 0.5 to 1 m.
- In the northern regions with slightly heaving soils, a foundation is made deepened up to 2 m.
- In swampy areas or on clay, a slab would be an ideal option, and the depth of penetration can reach 2.5 m, which allows you to make a basement.
The basic rule when calculating the foundation: a competent and reliable foundation is the key to a long service life of the building. It is worth noting that busting in construction is also fraught with consequences, as well as savings. A pit dug below the required level will not give the house greater reliability, but will increase the consumption of materials and the area that will be negatively affected by soil and groundwater.
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The foundation of a house is one of the most important elements of its construction. The future reliability and convenience of the entire building depends on it. As a solution to most construction issues, the depth of the foundation for a one-story house should be based on strict compliance with project documentation, characteristics of the materials used, economic feasibility and the developer's budget. Soil quality, climatic conditions and other important factors are also of great importance.
What affects the depth of the foundation?
Determining the depth of the foundation approximately or “by eye” is unacceptable even for the simplest structure. Competent and accurate calculations are needed, based on the characteristics of the building itself and the environment. For this, the following must be taken into account:
1- level of soil freezing;
2- the quality of the soil and the depth of its layers;
3- the course of groundwater;
4- the presence of a pillow of sand and gravel 10-30 cm thick under the foundation (this value must be taken into account when digging a trench);
5- design features of the house (presence of a basement, basement);
7- weather and other external conditions;
8- selected type of foundation;
9- budget allocated for the construction of underground structures.
The level of freezing varies in different regions. So, in warm climatic conditions, a depth of 0.6 m will be sufficient, and in areas with more severe winters, the foundation will have to be deepened by at least 1.5 m.
Determination of the main soil parameters
The main parameters of the soil, on which the depth of the foundation depends, include the type of soil, the level of freezing and groundwater flow, and the terrain.
Establishing the type of soil
To calculate the depth, you need to find out what type of soil is under the future house. Soils are:
- heaving (clay, loamy)
- slightly heaving (mixed)
- non-porous (rocks, sand).
To find out the type of soil, you must provide a sample to specialists. Based on the result obtained, it is possible to carry out initial calculations. The most reliable are non-rocky soils, since they are able to withstand any load. The optimal depth of the foundation for a one-story house on such soils is 0.5-1 m. On mixed soils, it is recommended to deepen the foundation by 0.8-1.3 m, on heaving soils - by 1.3-1.8 m.
Determination of groundwater and freezing level
To find out the level of groundwater flow, you can also contact the relevant specialists or determine it yourself by digging special wells - pits at the site of the future home.
They need to be deepened by 2-2.5 meters, which allows you to establish both the presence of groundwater and the depth of soil freezing.
Accounting for the terrain
In addition to the specified soil parameters, it is necessary to take into account the terrain. It is easiest to lay the foundation on a flat surface. And the area with a slope should be leveled as much as possible or left as it is, but the depth calculation should be performed from the lowest point.
Based on the results of the soil study, a suitable type future foundation.
Foundation options for a one-story house
One-story houses are erected on a tape, slab or column-piled foundation. For the lightest buildings, columnar and shallow strip foundations are suitable. On heaving soils, slab and pile foundations are preferable.
1. Strip foundations
There are two types of such a foundation:
- shallow-depth - the maximum depth of the foundation for a one-story house is 60 cm. It implies a floating base, subject to heaving phenomena in the soil, which is under the base of the foundation. This solution is not suitable for massive buildings with a lot of weight;
- buried - is made in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete tape with a laying below the level of soil freezing. This option is used for houses with a heavy structure.
2. Pile foundations
The simplest columnar foundations are usually used only for very light buildings. More massive buildings require the arrangement of bored or screw pile foundations.
3. Monolithic slabs
This option is suitable for most cases and involves the laying of a monolithic slab with pouring into the pit or even without deepening into the ground. The main disadvantage of such a foundation is its very high cost.
After the final determination of the soil parameters and the type of foundation, a final calculation is performed, according to the results of which the optimal depth of the foundation for a one-story house is established.
Such a calculation is strictly individual, but its implementation requires compliance with the following recommendations:
- Any foundation must be laid 10% below the level of soil freezing. So, when the soil freezes by 100 cm, the trench should have a depth of 110 cm.
- On loose soils in the temperate climate zone, it would be most expedient to lay a shallow strip foundation (monolithic with a poured mortar or prefabricated with ready blocks). On average, such a base has a depth of 45 - 100 cm.
- For mixed, slightly heaving soil in more severe winter latitudes, a foundation deepened by 1-2 meters is more suitable.
- For a one-story brick house, the best option would be a recessed strip foundation with reinforcing pillars.
- On clay or swampy terrain, even under a house with a light structure, it is necessary to lay a monolithic slab foundation with piles. The depth of such a foundation can reach 2.5 meters.
Many developers prefer to solve various construction problems, guided by the principle of "in reserve". In other words, if, in accordance with all calculations, the sufficient depth of the foundation for a one-story house is 1 m, in reality, to prevent possible problems a trench of 1.5 m is dug. Such a precaution entails only unnecessary costs.
In most regions, weather and all other natural conditions do not change for thousands of years. Therefore, there will be no unforeseen changes in this regard. Therefore, even small deviations from the established norms will be absolutely unjustified. With a correctly performed calculation, no "reserves" are required.
The main rule for determining the parameters of the foundation is as follows: the more competently the foundation is built, the less the house will be exposed to negative factors.
Foundation depth for a one-story house
Today, do-it-yourself construction of a variety of non-residential buildings, as well as houses, country cottages, has become widespread.
Building a house has some difficulties due to many parameters that must be taken into account even before planning the foundation, how long the house will stand idle depends on them.
The laying of the foundation is the most important part of the construction, and its depth determines the strength of the entire further structure.
What determines the choice of depth
For any building, the depth cannot simply be determined by eye, many calculations are needed here, and first of all, you need to pay attention to:
- groundwater flow rate;
- climatic features of the area in which the house will be located;
- depth of soil freezing;
- total building load and building materials;
- selected foundation type.
The first thing you need to know when calculating the depth of the foundation is that it must be laid below the freezing level of the ground so that the foundation does not deteriorate during repeated freezing and thawing.
And also it should be above the level of groundwater flow, which are a strong destructive force for the foundation.
Example finished construction for a one-story house without a basement is presented below.
Soil types and varieties
When calculating the depth, you need to immediately find out which of the soils will be under the foundation of your house. They are:
- heaving, that is, clay, loam, sandy loam;
- non-porous: sand, rocks;
- slightly heaving soils - a variety of mixtures.
The most optimal for construction is non-porous soil, as it is durable and can withstand any load. You can see an example of such a soil below.
You can find out such data by contacting specialists by taking a soil sample from the site.
Non-rocky soil
In accordance with the data obtained, it is possible to make the first calculations, following which, the optimal depth for not heaving soils will be 0.5-1 meter.
For clay soils - 1.2-1.5 meters, for mixed soils - from 0.5 to 1.25 meters, depending on how mobile the soil is and how many percent of the heaving mixture it contains.
Groundwater level determination
In determining the second parameter, you can also turn to specialists or try to find it out yourself with the help of special wells called shufrs.
They are pulled out at the site of the future construction, their minimum depth is 2-2.5 meters.
With the help of such a well, it is possible to determine the depth of soil freezing and the presence or absence of groundwater. An example of such a well is shown in the photo below.
Shufr for determining the type of soil
The terrain of the site for construction is also important, because it is easier to lay the foundation on a flat surface.
If the site is sloping, then it will either need to be leveled as much as possible, or when laying the foundation, take the lowest point as the basis for measuring the depth.
After determining the soil and the absence of a clear presence of groundwater, you can think about the type of future foundation.
It also depends on the type of soil whether lateral strengthening of the walls is necessary so that the foundation does not tilt over time.
Choosing the type of foundation in accordance with the soil
The foundation itself directly depends on what depth is needed for your building and on the type of soil being determined.
If it is non-porous, then you can plan a regular tape or columnar foundation, if the earth is heaving or slightly heaving, then you will have to make a monolithic slab or pile foundation.
Consider the main types of foundations for a one-story house, taking into account the depth of the foundation:
- A strip foundation, which can be either shallow (for wooden one-story buildings of light weight) or buried. This type is the easiest for an independent device and the cheapest. If you do not need a large depth and the mass of the structure itself is small, then you can choose it.
- Pillars and piles can become a reinforcement of a strip or ordinary foundation, while for a house that is lighter in weight, it is better to use pillars. If brick or stone are used for construction, it is better to drive piles that can withstand heavy loads, distributing all the bearing weight over perimeter and deep into the ground.
- A monolithic slab can be used in case of heaving soils and when detecting groundwater.
This design is the most reliable and will withstand any impact and weight, but it will also be expensive, and it will also be difficult for self-assembly.
An example of such a plate is shown below.
Monolithic slab - base
Foundation depth calculation
When you were finally able to decide on the type of soil and foundation, you can make the final calculation, which will determine the depth of the foundation for a one-story house.
Some try to make the foundation "with a margin", that is, to deepen it more than the required level for reliability.
But this will only be an extra financial cost and time-consuming work, and if all the calculations are made correctly, then no stock is required.
Any foundation is laid based on the level of freezing of the earth and is laid 10% lower, that is, if the freezing depth is 1 meter, then it should be laid to a depth of 1.1 meters, this will be enough.
If the climatic conditions in the construction region are moderate and the soils are loose, then it is most appropriate to lay a shallow strip foundation, which is easy to do with your own hands, and it will be durable.
It can be either monolithic with self-poured mortar, or prefabricated with ready-made blocks.
By average standards, such a foundation is laid to a depth of 45 cm to 1 meter. This foundation looks like the one below.
Finished strip foundation
In more severe winter conditions or with heterogeneity of the soil mass, it is better to make a deeper and more reliable foundation, the depth of which can be from 1 meter to 2 meters.
For a one-story house made of ordinary brick, a recessed strip foundation with pillars that will strengthen the entire supporting structure will be quite acceptable.
If the area is swampy or heavily clayey, then you will have to lay a monolithic slab with piles, even if the house structure itself is light.
This will entail considerable financial costs, but you can not worry about the reliability of the design. This foundation can reach a depth of up to 2.5 meters.
The choice of materials for the house, taking into account the depth
The most economical option these days are wooden one-story country houses, in which you can make an attic.
When choosing such materials, the house will be quite light and the chance of destruction of the foundation is minimal, so you can choose a shallow depth and independently lay the foundation for any difficulties.
Such a building looks like the photo below.
Wooden one-story house
One-story houses made of foam blocks are also easy to build and do not require a large laying depth, but must be more expanded, since the wall in such houses should be about 60 cm for heat resistance.
Brick or masonry requires that the laid foundation withstand a large load, so it is advisable to choose both a large laying depth and strengthening with piles.
Such a foundation looks like the image below.
pile foundation
Given all these factors, we can say that the depth of the foundation for a one-story house can be very different, but all of the above factors should be taken into account for the reliability of the structure.
The main reference point remains the depth of soil freezing, which underlies all deepening calculations.
Video calculations of the depth of the foundation of a one-story house
In the next video, experts will tell you what rules must be followed when calculating the depth of the foundation, which will help you correctly determine all the parameters, and you will be able to build your house on your own, which will last a very long time.
The construction of the foundation of the building is an important stage in construction. The strength of the entire structure depends on how correctly the base is laid.
To build a reliable and durable foundation for a one-story house, you must be guided by regulations SNiPa: 2.02.01-83 "Foundations of buildings and structures" and 23-01-99 "Construction climatology".
Features of foam block material
Foam concrete blocks are made of cellular concrete by pouring it into special forms. The resulting layers are cut into elements suitable for building houses.
Varieties of foam blocks
The material is divided into three types depending on the density. For private construction relevant:
- structural elements of grades D1000-1200;
- structural and heat-insulating blocks of grades D900-500;
- heat-insulating segments of grades D500-300.
The high density of foamed concrete allows the construction of a two-story building with a reinforcing belt.
Building material properties
Foam block buildings are becoming relevant for the owners of suburban areas. This is facilitated by the properties of the material:
- unique "breathable" structure, thanks to which sweating of the walls is excluded;
- the ability to keep warm in winter and cool in summer;
- profitability - due to heat saving, the cost of heating the home is excluded;
- good sound insulation;
- ecological cleanliness;
- ease of processing and strength of the walls.
Low cost elements based on sand, water, cement and special foam. Small costs for consumables for construction allow you to invest more in arranging a quality foundation for your home.
Compared to brick buildings, foam block buildings are lighter. If square meter brick wall weighs 1.8 tons, then the foam blocks have a mass of 0.9. Therefore, it will be impractical to build massive foundations. For a foam block dwelling, a monolithic tape, slab or pile base is sufficient. Regardless of the type of foundation, it is worth considering the criteria for its construction and design.
Depth Selection: Influencing Factors
The depth of the foundation for a one-story building is determined through accurate, competent analysis and calculation, taking into account the characteristics of the structure and the environment. The choice of recess is influenced by the following indicators:
- degree of soil freezing;
- climatic features of the region;
- groundwater level;
- the quality of the soil surface, the occurrence of layers;
- availability of design additions (basement, basement, garage);
- foundation type.
The laying of the foundation for a house of expanded clay concrete blocks is carried out above the groundwater level and below the freezing layers. Correct calculations ensure the reliability and durability of the building, the main building material of which is expanded clay block.
What influences the choice of plinth height?
The height of the foundation for a one-story house is set taking into account the following factors:
- relief features land plot under construction. In the presence of small slopes, the depth of the foundation for a one-story house increases; in areas with seismic activity, additional measures are necessary to increase the stability of structures. The complete picture is provided by the calculation based on geodetic data.
- Structural features of the building and its purpose. The construction is carried out with or without a basement.
- The level of passage of groundwater.
- The presence of nearby buildings and the type of carrier system used.
- The composition of the soil, the presence of various voids, layers in layers and other features.
The ground part of the basement for a house made of timber can rise several meters above the ground, unlike heavy brick buildings.
Varieties and types of soils
When calculating how deep the foundation should be installed for a one-story block house, the types of soil should be taken into account. It happens:
- non-porous - rocks, sand;
- heaving - sandy loam, loam, clay;
- slightly puffy - a varied mixture.
The best for the construction of residential buildings from expanded clay concrete is considered to be a non-porous type, characterized by high strength and the ability to withstand various loads. For it, the optimal depth of the base is 0.5 - 1 m, for mixed - 0.5 - 1.25 m, for clay - 1.2-1.5 m, without taking into account other factors.
Types of foundations for one-story buildings
The foundation for a house made of blocks is the supporting part of the structure. It depends on its type how reliable and durable the house will be. For the construction of a block one-story building, 3 technologies for laying a monolithic system are used: a traditional tape base, a columnar structure and a slab system.
Laying depth of the strip foundation
For one-story buildings, with heaving soil, the laying depth of the strip foundation is 60 cm with a shallow type. The design resembles load-bearing floating systems that lie under the sole and are able to tolerate the movement of soils.
The recessed type is performed below the freezing point of the soil. The laying depth reaches 1-1.5 m. A monolithic tape with reinforcement is being constructed. This type is typical for the construction of massive brick, block houses.
Experienced craftsmen note that the width for the foundation should have a size that exceeds the thickness of the walls by 5-10 cm. This will ensure the reliability and stability of the foundation of the building.
Pile foundation level
The strength of the building depends on the depth of the basement. For the construction of one-story buildings, a pile foundation is often used.
The method of building a foundation using piles has gained popularity due to the use of drill-shaped rods. A bored structure is a universal way to equip a basement floor and has several advantages:
- Used on terrain with characteristic slopes.
- Does not require preliminary preparation of the soil and clearing the construction site.
- Is economical. The laying is carried out using a minimum amount of building materials.
- The pile system is not a continuous structure, which ensures unimpeded communications under the building.
- The construction is carried out without the use of special equipment.
- The laying of the foundation of piles can take place in turn, in contrast to the strip foundation, where the pouring of concrete must be carried out immediately around the entire perimeter.
What will be the installation depth of the pile foundation - the support for a one-story house built of blocks must necessarily be 10-15% below the freezing level of the soil. This will allow the bar structure to easily carry the loads of the building. On heaving soils, to ensure the strength of the system and prevent deformation of the structure, the piles are additionally reinforced.
Features of mounting the slab base
The monolithic system is stable and reliable. The slabs are solid concrete base. To lay them, it is necessary to prepare a foundation pit and clear the construction site.
The slab is laid to a depth of 60-100 cm, on a sand and gravel cushion. The base is able to withstand heavy loads of buildings.
How to calculate the optimal depth for laying the basement: expert advice
After determining the type of foundation and analyzing the parameters specific to a particular area, it is necessary to calculate the optimal depth for mounting a solid foundation for one-story building.
Each calculation is individual, but its implementation obliges to comply with the recommendations of the following nature:
- any type of supporting structure is laid on average 10% below the freezing level of soil layers. For example, the freezing point is 100 cm - the trench is dug at a depth of 110 cm.
- for loose soil in a temperate climate zone, it is advised to equip shallow foundation(monolithic or from blocks). The plate deepens on average by 45-100 cm.
- for a slightly heaving mixed group in harsh cold latitudes, a design is used that digs in 1-2 m.
- The foundation for a one-story block house using two laying technologies is characterized by reliability and durability. For example, a strip base with the addition of reinforcing rods.
- for swampy and clayey terrain, it is planned to lay a monolithic slab system with piles. The installation of the base is carried out at a depth of 2.5 m.
Some builders advise to carry out the construction of the base with a "margin". But this is not always the right decision. Firstly, it will still be necessary to carry out land work, and secondly, financial costs are required. The expediency of its implementation is excluded on permanent dense soils, with low seismic activity, in temperate climatic zones.
For the construction of a supporting structure for a one-story house, builders often use a strip foundation. Other types of bases have gained popularity due to cost-effectiveness and quick do-it-yourself work. To build your reliable home, it is better to resort to the use of several technologies in the construction of a durable and solid foundation.
The foundation of a house is one of the most important elements of its construction. The future reliability and convenience of the entire building depends on it. As a solution to most construction issues, the depth of the foundation for a one-story house should be based on strict compliance with the project documentation, the characteristics of the materials used, economic feasibility and the budget of the developer.
The foundation of a house is one of the most important elements of its construction. The future reliability and convenience of the entire building depends on it. As a solution to most construction issues, the depth of the foundation for a one-story house should be based on strict compliance with the project documentation, the characteristics of the materials used, economic feasibility and the budget of the developer. Soil quality, climatic conditions and other important factors are also of great importance.
What affects the depth of the foundation?
Determining the depth of the foundation approximately or “by eye” is unacceptable even for the simplest structure. Competent and accurate calculations are needed, based on the characteristics of the building itself and the environment. For this, the following must be taken into account:
1- level of soil freezing;
2- the quality of the soil and the depth of its layers;
3- the course of groundwater;
4- the presence of a pillow of sand and gravel 10-30 cm thick under the foundation (this value must be taken into account when digging a trench);
5- design features of the house (presence of a basement, basement);
7- weather and other external conditions;
8- selected type of foundation;
9- budget allocated for the construction of underground structures.
The level of freezing varies in different regions. So, in warm climatic conditions, a depth of 0.6 m will be sufficient, and in areas with more severe winters, the foundation will have to be deepened by at least 1.5 m.
Determination of the main soil parameters
The main parameters of the soil, on which the depth of the foundation depends, include the type of soil, the level of freezing and groundwater flow, and the terrain.
Establishing the type of soil
To calculate the depth, you need to find out what type of soil is under the future house. Soils are:
- heaving (clay, loamy)
- slightly heaving (mixed)
- non-porous (rocks, sand).
To find out the type of soil, you must provide a sample to specialists. Based on the result obtained, it is possible to carry out initial calculations. The most reliable are non-rocky soils, since they are able to withstand any load. The optimal depth of the foundation for a one-story house on such soils is 0.5-1 m. On mixed soils, it is recommended to deepen the foundation by 0.8-1.3 m, on heaving soils - by 1.3-1.8 m.
Determination of groundwater and freezing level
To find out the level of groundwater flow, you can also contact the relevant specialists or determine it yourself by digging special wells - pits at the site of the future home.
They need to be deepened by 2-2.5 meters, which allows you to establish both the presence of groundwater and the depth of soil freezing.
Accounting for the terrain
In addition to the specified soil parameters, it is necessary to take into account the terrain. It is easiest to lay the foundation on a flat surface. And the area with a slope should be leveled as much as possible or left as it is, but the depth calculation should be performed from the lowest point.
Based on the results of the soil study, a suitable type of future foundation is selected.
Foundation options for a one-story house
One-story houses are erected on a tape, slab or column-piled foundation. For the lightest buildings, columnar and shallow strip foundations are suitable. On heaving soils, slab and pile foundations are preferable.
1. Strip foundations
There are two types of such a foundation:
- shallow-depth - the maximum depth of the foundation for a one-story house is 60 cm. It implies a floating base, subject to heaving phenomena in the soil, which is under the base of the foundation. This solution is not suitable for massive buildings with a lot of weight;
- buried - is made in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete tape with a laying below the level of soil freezing. This option is used for houses with a heavy structure.
2. Pile foundations
The simplest columnar foundations are usually used only for very light buildings. More massive buildings require the arrangement of bored or screw pile foundations.
3. Monolithic slabs
This option is suitable for most cases and involves the laying of a monolithic slab with pouring into the pit or even without deepening into the ground. The main disadvantage of such a foundation is its very high cost.
After the final determination of the soil parameters and the type of foundation, a final calculation is performed, according to the results of which the optimal depth of the foundation for a one-story house is established.
Such a calculation is strictly individual, but its implementation requires compliance with the following recommendations:
- Any foundation must be laid 10% below the level of soil freezing. So, when the soil freezes by 100 cm, the trench should have a depth of 110 cm.
- On loose soils in the temperate climate zone, it would be most expedient to lay a shallow strip foundation (monolithic with a poured mortar or prefabricated with ready-made blocks). On average, such a base has a depth of 45 - 100 cm.
- For mixed, slightly heaving soil in more severe winter latitudes, a foundation deepened by 1-2 meters is more suitable.
- For a one-story brick house, the best option would be a recessed strip foundation with reinforcing pillars.
- On clay or swampy terrain, even under a house with a light structure, it is necessary to lay a monolithic slab foundation with piles. The depth of such a foundation can reach 2.5 meters.
Many developers prefer to solve various construction problems, guided by the principle of "in reserve". In other words, if, in accordance with all calculations, the sufficient depth of the foundation for a one-story house is 1 m, in reality, a trench of 1.5 m is dug to prevent possible problems. Such a precaution entails only unnecessary costs.
In most regions, weather and all other natural conditions do not change for thousands of years. Therefore, there will be no unforeseen changes in this regard. Therefore, even small deviations from the established norms will be absolutely unjustified. With a correctly performed calculation, no "reserves" are required.
The main rule for determining the parameters of the foundation is as follows: the more competently the foundation is built, the less the house will be exposed to negative factors.
Today, do-it-yourself construction of a variety of non-residential buildings, as well as houses, country cottages, has become widespread.
Building a house has some difficulties due to many parameters that must be taken into account even before planning the foundation, how long the house will stand idle depends on them.
The laying of the foundation is the most important part of the construction, and its depth determines the strength of the entire further structure.
What determines the choice of depth
For any building, the depth cannot simply be determined by eye, many calculations are needed here, and first of all, you need to pay attention to:
- groundwater flow rate;
- climatic features of the area in which the house will be located;
- depth of soil freezing;
- total building load and building materials;
- selected foundation type.
The first thing you need to know when calculating the depth of the foundation is that it must be laid below the freezing level of the ground so that the foundation does not deteriorate during repeated freezing and thawing.
And also it should be above the level of groundwater flow, which are a strong destructive force for the foundation.
An example of a finished structure for a one-story house without a basement is presented below.
Soil types and varieties
When calculating the depth, you need to immediately find out which of the soils will be under the foundation of your house. They are:
- heaving, that is, clay, loam, sandy loam;
- non-porous: sand, rocks;
- slightly heaving soils - a variety of mixtures.
The most optimal for construction is non-porous soil, as it is durable and can withstand any load. You can see an example of such a soil below.
You can find out such data by contacting specialists by taking a soil sample from the site.
In accordance with the data obtained, the first calculations can be made, following which, the optimal depth for non-rocky soils will be 0.5-1 meter.
For clay soils - 1.2-1.5 meters, for mixed soils - from 0.5 to 1.25 meters, depending on how mobile the soil is and how many percent of the heaving mixture it contains.
Groundwater level determination
In determining the second parameter, you can also turn to specialists or try to find it out yourself with the help of special wells called shufrs.
They are pulled out at the site of the future construction, their minimum depth is 2-2.5 meters.
With the help of such a well, it is possible to determine the depth of soil freezing and the presence or absence of groundwater. An example of such a well is shown in the photo below.
The terrain of the site for construction is also important, because it is easier to lay the foundation on a flat surface.
If the site is sloping, then it will either need to be leveled as much as possible, or when laying the foundation, take the lowest point as the basis for measuring the depth.
After determining the soil and the absence of a clear presence of groundwater, you can think about the type of future foundation.
It also depends on the type of soil whether lateral strengthening of the walls is necessary so that the foundation does not tilt over time.
Choosing the type of foundation in accordance with the soil
The foundation itself directly depends on what depth is needed for your building and on the type of soil being determined.
If it is not heaving, then you can plan an ordinary strip or column foundation, but if the earth is heaving or slightly heaving, then you will have to make a monolithic slab or pile foundation.
Consider the main types of foundations for a one-story house, taking into account the depth of the foundation:
- A strip foundation, which can be either shallow (for wooden one-story buildings of light weight) or buried. This type is the easiest for an independent device and the cheapest. If you do not need a large depth and the mass of the structure itself is small, then you can choose it.
- Pillars and piles can become a reinforcement of a strip or ordinary foundation, while for a house that is lighter in weight, it is better to use pillars. If brick or stone are used for construction, it is better to drive piles that can withstand heavy loads, distributing all the bearing weight over perimeter and deep into the ground.
- A monolithic slab can be used in case of heaving soils and when detecting groundwater.
This design is the most reliable and will withstand any impact and weight, but it will also be expensive, and it will also be difficult for self-assembly.
An example of such a plate is shown below.
Monolithic slab - base
Foundation depth calculation
When you were finally able to decide on the type of soil and foundation, you can make the final calculation, which will determine the depth of the foundation for a one-story house.
Some try to make the foundation "with a margin", that is, to deepen it more than the required level for reliability.
But this will only be an extra financial cost and time-consuming work, and if all the calculations are made correctly, then no stock is required.
Any foundation is laid based on the level of freezing of the earth and is laid 10% lower, that is, if the freezing depth is 1 meter, then it should be laid to a depth of 1.1 meters, this will be enough.
If the climatic conditions in the construction region are moderate and the soils are loose, then it is most appropriate to lay a shallow strip foundation, which is easy to do with your own hands, and it will be durable.
It can be either monolithic with self-poured mortar, or prefabricated with ready-made blocks.
By average standards, such a foundation is laid to a depth of 45 cm to 1 meter. This foundation looks like the one below.
In more severe winter conditions or with heterogeneity of the soil mass, it is better to make a deeper and more reliable foundation, the depth of which can be from 1 meter to 2 meters.
For a one-story house made of ordinary brick, a recessed strip foundation with pillars that will strengthen the entire supporting structure will be quite acceptable.
If the area is swampy or heavily clayey, then you will have to lay a monolithic slab with piles, even if the house structure itself is light.
This will entail considerable financial costs, but you can not worry about the reliability of the design. This foundation can reach a depth of up to 2.5 meters.
The choice of materials for the house, taking into account the depth
The most economical option these days are wooden one-story country houses, in which you can make an attic.
When choosing such materials, the house will be quite light and the chance of destruction of the foundation is minimal, so you can choose a shallow depth and independently lay the foundation for any difficulties.
Such a building looks like the photo below.
One-story houses made of foam blocks are also easy to build and do not require a large laying depth, but must be more expanded, since the wall in such houses should be about 60 cm for heat resistance.
Brick or masonry requires that the laid foundation withstand a large load, so it is advisable to choose both a large laying depth and strengthening with piles.
Such a foundation looks like the image below.
Given all these factors, we can say that the depth of the foundation for a one-story house can be very different, but all of the above factors should be taken into account for the reliability of the structure.
The main reference point remains the depth of soil freezing, which underlies all deepening calculations.
Video calculations of the depth of the foundation of a one-story house
In the next video, experts will tell you what rules must be followed when calculating the depth of the foundation, which will help you correctly determine all the parameters, and you will be able to build your house on your own, which will last a very long time.
13.08.2014