Investment building complex appointment composition. Problems of the investment and construction complex
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Kazan State Architectural and Civil Engineering University
Department of Economics and Management
in construction
abstract
on the topic:
"Investment - building complex Tatarstan. "
Completed: st-t gr No. 0ES304
Karimova Diana
Checked by: Mustafina L.R.
Kazan 2013
1. Investment and construction complex.
2. Investment and construction complex as an economic category (VAK).
3. Investment projects of Kazan.
Conclusion.
List of used literature.
Introduction.
One of the main tasks of economic policy at all levels of management is the identification of industries or other groups of enterprises - potential growth points and the formation of a set of measures to stimulate their development. The development of construction enterprises is often considered as one of the factors of growth in the regional economy. For the national economic system of the region, the investment and construction complex is one of the key elements. It brings together many participants to solve the main tasks of regional planning: to meet the needs for improving the living standards of the population, to develop production and non-production infrastructure, to search for sources of financing for the implementation of the development goals of the territory.
Socio-economic transformations in the economy of the Russian Federation in the 1990s affected all sectors and complexes of its national economy, including the investment and construction complex, which experienced a significant decline in production and its subsequent rapid growth. One of the consequences of decentralization of management, unbundling of the construction complex and privatization construction companies that occurred during this period is the lack of an effective middle level of coordination construction activities.
V modern conditions under the influence of such factors as the restructuring of production, the latest technologies in the construction industry, the processes of improving the technological and reproductive structure of investments, there is a significant increase in the diversity of the construction contract market and the relations of its participants. Meanwhile, it is at the regional level that the potential for the development of the construction complex is mainly realized.
Investment is the primary source of wealth and necessary condition regional reproduction, and, as a consequence, the basis for strengthening financial stability and increasing the capitalization of the region. The investment program for the development of the companies in the complex is a key element of this program.
Investment and construction complex.
Investment construction complex (ISC) - includes a set of all fund-forming industries: design and contracting organizations, investment engineering industry, building materials and structures industry, equipment and building materials suppliers, social infrastructure enterprises. The central link of the complex is capital construction as a sector of the national economy, completing the efforts of all investment sectors and converting material resources into fixed assets. From the standpoint of construction systems engineering, ISK is a functional system that creates fixed assets. Investments in the reproduction of fixed assets are carried out in the form of capital investments. The investment procedure can be divided into three stages:
1) transformation of resources into capital investments, i.e. transformation of investments into specific objects of investment activity (in fact, the investment stage);
2) the transformation of the invested funds into an increase in capital value, i.e. transformation of investments into new consumer value;
3) capital gains in the form of income or social efficiency.
In order to adequately respond to the ever-increasing demands of customers, the ISK must have appropriate internal flexibility, i.e. quickly and efficiently change production technology, organizational structure, methods of preparation and decision-making, etc. It is important to emphasize that internal flexibility should be achieved on the basis of such intra-organizational coordination, in which the technological resources of the complex can be quickly transferred from one area to another.
Another equally important condition is the orientation of the economic management system to the search and implementation of new technological possibilities to meet the constantly growing demands of consumers. It is no coincidence that, in addition to capital construction, the investment sphere includes an innovative sphere in which scientific and technical products and intellectual potential are realized.
Regional investment and construction complex: formation and functioning.
The peculiarities of reforming the country's investment and construction complex are associated primarily with the strong uneven development of the regions of the Russian Federation, and, consequently, with the regional specifics of management and the establishment of relations between the federal center and the regions.
It is customary to distinguish two groups of methods by which the state regulates investment activities: methods of direct and indirect impact. All forms of government influence on investment processes in accordance with the Law "On investment activities in Russian Federation carried out in the form capital investments»Are subdivided into three blocks: legal, administrative and economic (Table 1).
The governments of developed countries rely mainly on the levers of indirect regulation (tax, depreciation, credit and financial policies). The state, influencing the investment climate through income taxes, financial and credit mechanisms and depreciation policy, thereby determines the rules of the game in the investment market for various types of entrepreneurship.
V Russian economy there is a lack of investment, therefore one of the most important goals of the investment policy is the search for additional sources and reserves of investment resources, as well as the creation of new sources of investment.
Investment and construction complex as an economic category (VAK).
Reforming the economy has led to the emergence of the most pressing issues for the development of the investment and construction complex at the meso levels. As a result of the rapid development of the investment and construction complex, there was an active influence on the process of attracting foreign investment to the territory of the country.
It should be noted that the importance of the investment and construction complex is quite large for the socio-economic development of the region and the formation of a favorable environment for human life, which makes it necessary to study the composition and structure of the regional investment and construction complex and the economic aspects of regulation of investment and construction activities. In modern economic research, the concept of the aggregate investment and construction complex of the region has not been developed, which is due to the versatility of this concept.
Lack of uniformity in the use of terminology leads to the identification of concepts (for example, "construction complex", "investments", "investment complex" and "investment potential", "investment climate", which are included in the set of elements of the investment and construction complex; which makes it difficult to study them and assessment). Consider the above concepts presented by domestic scientists and economists.
In the Soviet encyclopedic dictionary, the definition of the term "complex" is given as: "a combination, a set of objects, objects, interconnected, forming a single system, scheme."
The concept of "construction complex" has several formulations. In the architectural and construction encyclopedia, the building complex is defined as "a set of industries, industries and organizations characterized by close stable economic, organizational, technical and technological ties in obtaining the final result - ensuring the production of fixed assets of the national economy."
According to the scientist economist S.M. Semenov, the concept of "construction complex" is more consistent with the modern understanding of the object of public administration and "is a set of industries, industries and organizations, characterized by close sustainable economic, organizational, technical and technological ties in obtaining the final result - ensuring production fixed assets of the national economy ”.
There are quite a few features of construction as a type of activity. These features are associated with specific features inherent in construction products. Construction differs from most types of industrial products, first of all, in its long-term durability, large, as a rule, size, immobility and territorial consolidation. They are the most durable items and serve for many tens and even hundreds of years. Large buildings require considerable time, labor and materials to be erected. Construction enterprises have a steady demand, since the leading role in the expansion of any production (through the construction and commissioning of new capacities, reconstruction, modernization and technical re-equipment of existing production facilities) is played by construction organizations. The implementation of the planned volume of construction and installation work, the timely commissioning of production facilities and facilities during reconstruction, technical re-equipment, new construction or expansion of existing enterprises in order to increase the technical level of production and its efficiency are the immediate tasks of construction. Construction in cooperation with mechanical engineering carries out an expanded reproduction of the fixed assets of industries, thereby ensuring economic development. In addition, existing production facilities require constant current, average and major overhauls, which are also carried out by construction organizations.
The investment potential of the construction complex assumes a rapid increase in capital, due to the high turnover of the enterprise's funds, despite the risk of investments by creditors and equity holders. Therefore, in order to reveal the significance of the attracted funds, one should consider such components of the investment and construction complex as investments and investment activities.
By the nature of the formation of investments, in modern macroeconomics, in connection with the construction of models of the national economy, in particular multiplier models, it is customary to distinguish between autonomous and induced investments.
Autonomous investment refers to the formation of new capital regardless of the rate of interest or the level of national income. The reasons for the emergence of autonomous investments are external factors - innovations (innovations), mainly associated with technological progress, the expansion of foreign markets, population growth, coups, wars. The most typical example of autonomous investments is investments by state or public organizations associated with the construction of military and civil structures, roads, etc. Induced investment is understood as the formation of new capital as a result of an increase in the level of consumer spending. Autonomous investments give the initial impetus to economic growth, causing a multiplier effect, and induced ones, as a result of increased income, lead to its further growth.
What factors determine the size of autonomous investments? There are two answers to this question: Keynesian and neoclassical.
The Keynesian version is based on the concept of marginal efficiency of capital, introduced by J. Keynes (in modern theory, it is also called the internal profitability of an investment project). The “paradox of savings” is one of the clear manifestations of the essence of the Keynesian concept: aggregate demand is the dominant of the economic conjuncture. An increase in government spending by a certain amount will cause a greater increase in national income than a decrease in the amount of taxation by the same amount. The reason is that the effect of investment and government spending consists of a direct and induced increase in demand, while a change in the size of taxes is accompanied only by an induced change in demand. The process of formation and use of investment resources covers a certain period, which is commonly called the investment cycle. If we consider real investments, then it includes the following stages: scientific development; design; construction; development.
In accordance with Art. Federal Law of February 25, 1999 No. 39-F3 "On investment activities in the Russian Federation carried out in the form of capital investments" (hereinafter - Law No. 39-F3) assessment) in fixed capital (fixed assets), including the costs of new construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, the acquisition of machinery, equipment, tools, inventory, design and survey work and other costs.
The subjects of investment activities in accordance with Art. 4 of Law No. 39-F3 are investors, customers, contractors, users of capital investment facilities.
1) investors, which can be state organizations, municipal structures, joint-stock organizations, private firms and entrepreneurs, banks of various kinds. When concluding construction contracts, investors act as customers, and contracts can be concluded on the basis of contract bidding.
2) contractors who directly implement investment intentions, among which a gene is distinguished. contractors who directly enter into contracts with customers, and subcontractors working under contracts with general contractors;
3) organizations that meet the needs of builders in material and technical resources and, in aggregate, are the material and technical base of construction. As part of the material and technical base of construction, there are enterprises that are on the balance sheet of construction organizations, enterprises of the building materials industry, construction enterprises, mechanical engineering and enterprises of other sectors of the national economy, whose products are used by builders;
4) enterprises and intermediary organizations providing transport and other services related to the construction process;
5) design and research organizations that develop design models for future facilities and implement the ideas of scientific and technological progress in the field of construction.
O.A. Maslennikov, formulated the definition of investment as follows: "Investment is a long-term investment of capital in various sectors of the economy in order to preserve and increase it."
According to L.V. Dontsov, investment and construction activities are implemented by a certain system of production, functional and institutional structures that form the investment and construction sector of the Russian economy.
Effective management of the potential of the region's construction complex is possible only with an integrated approach to the process of its formation and development. And this is facilitated by a detailed study of the investment potential construction organizations taking into account the current trends of globalization.
Particularly noteworthy are the approaches to the analysis of the formation and implementation of the investment potential of the region, proposed by the economist F.S. Tumusov. The author gave his understanding of the category of "investment potential" as a set of potential investment resources that make up that part of the accumulated capital, which is presented on the investment market in the form of potential investment demand, capable and able to turn into real investment demand, ensuring the satisfaction of material, financial and intellectual needs reproduction of capital.
The Soviet encyclopedic dictionary provides the definition of the "term" "investment complex - a complex of organizations and firms that provide investment activities."
We must agree with this definition, regarding the fact that the investment complex is a certain set of organizations and firms.
With the transition from an administrative-planned to a market economy, with the development of forms of ownership, the construction complex was transformed into an investment-construction one as a result of the integration of construction and investment activities.
Long-term studies of the content of the investment and construction complex at the meso-levels predetermines the need to use the term "regional investment and construction complex (ISC)". A.N. Asaul and A.V. Batrak, defining the regional ISK as "a set of production and non-production sectors, including management, ensuring the implementation of investment activities in the form of capital investments within regional boundaries." The definition of the economic essence of real estate, proposed by A.V. Marchenko: “The essence of real estate is manifested in the following:
1) Acting in the form of fixed assets, it ensures the output of products and the satisfaction of human needs in this product. The more efficiently real estate is used, the more products and profits are produced, and the possibility of reproduction of real estate appears.
2) In the form of objects of public infrastructure (schools, hospitals, theaters, etc.), real estate meets the social needs of society for services and contributes to the achievement of economic goals;
3) Living spaces provide the need for living space, is real estate owned by a huge number of owners. Defined as capital in constant circulation;
4) Land, water resources, arable land, forests, deposits of raw materials, artificial structures created by human labor acquire a new price, which depends on the efficiency of their joint use by improving the land. Summarizing and analyzing the above economic essence of real estate, the author confirms that indeed the development of the investment and construction complex contributes to solving a set of problems related to providing the population with housing, improving its quality and comfort, reconstruction and repair of the operated housing stock and cultural and household facilities, the creation of additional jobs necessary to maintain a sufficient level of construction economy and social level, thereby positively affecting the economy of the region, and subsequently the country.
The investment potential of the investment and construction complex assumes a rapid increase in capital, due to the high turnover of funds, of the enterprise, despite the risk of investments of creditors and equity holders.
The comparative analysis of the concepts of the elements that make up the investment and construction complex revealed that the investment and construction complex, first of all, includes a sufficient level of capital that ensures the normal functioning of the organization.
On the basis of the theoretical generalizations carried out in the work, the concept of the investment and construction complex is clarified and concretized. At the same time, due to the broad understanding by the author of the economic category under consideration, the definition proposed below characterizes the investment and construction complex in all that are significant for the purposes of the article and does not contain visible restrictions from the point of view of the subject area.
The investment and construction complex, as a mesoeconomic category, is the attracted external and internal resources at the level of local, regional complexes, invested in the aggregate of fund-forming industries throughout the life cycles of organizations (in design and contracting, the construction materials industry, social infrastructure, capital construction of residential real estate) in order to expand the investment and construction complex at the macro level. The investment and construction complex at the macro level in the course of its activity feels the influence of the meso-environment. Therefore, it is important to form an investment and construction complex at the regional level, depending on the degree of concentration of capital in the regions, natural and economic-geographical resources, the level of economic development of the region, the level of development of engineering and social infrastructure. The peculiarities of the influence of the investment and construction complex on the economy of the region is to have a serious impact on the performance of all spheres of the economy and the life of the population, the level of socio-economic development of the region and subsequently attracting investment flows into the economy of the region. It should be noted that the presence of a sufficient level of the investment and construction complex of the region's potential is of particular importance for the national economy.
Thus, the expansion of the construction complex at the meso-level to the investment and construction complex is due to the circulation of investment capital.
In relation to the regional ISK, this means:
1. Creation of favorable conditions for the formation of a regional ISC, its composition and structure, both technological and in terms of ownership of the means of production.
2. Active influence on the process of attracting investments to the territory of the region;
3. Active influence on the process of formation of the industrial and social infrastructure of the region.
4. Regulatory influence on the economic policy of natural monopolies operating on the territory of the region in order to limit by all available means their ability to unjustifiably raise prices for basic production resources (energy, water, railway transport services, etc.)
There are quite a few advantages of the level of development of the investment and construction complex, which should be considered in the context of the level of development of light industry in order to emphasize the positive aspects or identify the existing shortcomings. Construction enterprises have a steady demand, since the leading role in the expansion of any production (through the construction and commissioning of new capacities, reconstruction, modernization and technical re-equipment of existing production facilities) is played by construction organizations. The implementation of the planned volume of construction and installation work, the timely commissioning of production facilities and facilities during reconstruction, technical re-equipment, new construction or expansion of existing enterprises in order to increase the technical level of production and its efficiency are the immediate tasks of construction. Construction in cooperation with mechanical engineering carries out an expanded reproduction of the fixed assets of industries, thereby ensuring economic development.
Investment projects of Kazan.
Investment projects of the Executive Committee of Kazan.
1) Kazan Zoo Botanical Garden
To create a draft design, develop conceptual solutions and develop the architectural part of the project, Atkins was involved. As an expert, Atkins brought in the Zoological Society of London.
The new zoo is facing a daunting task of 1 million visitors a year. Therefore, the developers have made every effort to design the zoo, open to the public 365 days a year, and the location opens it up for both city residents and guests of the capital. Such a project will provide an opportunity to implement educational and entertainment functions in comfortable warm rooms and in winter.
The shopping and entertainment complex will be connected to the Zoobotzad by a covered bridge over the lake, which will be navigated by accompanying people for more comfortable movement of visitors. The infrastructure of the Zoo will include 60 thousand square meters of shopping and entertainment areas, a 9-screen cinema, food courts, play areas for children and much more.
Estimated cost of the project: 120 million dollars, of which 30 million dollars for the reconstruction of the zoo. Total building area: 15 hectares
2) Toll road
The project involves the construction of a toll road between Dementyev and Amirkhan streets with an estimated speed of 80 km / h. The road will connect two districts of Kazan - Novo-Savinovsky and Aviastroitelny. Currently, there is only one road between these areas. Due to the increase in vehicles in Kazan (by 2.2 times in 10 years), the traffic intensity has increased sharply, and traffic on this road is difficult.
Technical specifications. The total length is 2.2 km. In total, 4 lanes are being designed (2 lanes in each direction) with a total width of the carriageway of 15 m.The project involves the construction of an 800 m overpass, sidewalk paths with a total length of 2.6 km, storm sewers, lighting, as well as the relocation of some buildings.
Key advantages of the project: the road will provide the shortest road connection between the two busy districts of Kazan, increase the capacity of road transport and significantly reduce travel time. The construction of the projected section of the road will make it possible to organize the unimpeded movement of traffic flows to bypass city highways. Project cost: 56.5 million dollars.
Investment projects "Millennium Zilant City"
1) Construction of the right bank of the Kazanka:
The construction of Kazan City on the right bank of the Kazanka River will forever change the appearance of the city. The new business center will "pull" many commercial and government institutions to itself with more modern and spacious premises, well-thought-out infrastructure, high-speed roads and numerous parking lots.
Kazan was one of the first in Russia to respond to the idea of building cities of the future on land reclaimed in river or sea areas, which is popular in the world urban planning. The economic stability of the city and the region, rapid growth rates, and a highly qualified workforce give confidence that these ambitious plans will be implemented on time.
Humanity knows from experience that neglect of nature can have serious consequences in the future. Therefore, the designers of the project carried out a thorough study of the river ecosystem, made appropriate changes to the project and allocated a large area for the research center of the Kazanka floodplain.
Construction phases:
1. Development and approval of the project: mid 2007 - late 2008
2. Alluvium of land for construction: mid-2008 - mid-2009
3. Allocation of sites, land surveying, laying of networks: mid-2009 - mid-2011
4. Erection of load-bearing structures and possible finishing: mid 2011 - end of 2015
Total area: 388 hectares, approximate investment: 5.11 million dollars.
2) Quarter B
This large-scale project involves the complex development of one of the central districts of the city and includes the construction of more than 50 objects of various heights and functions: 4-24 storey residential buildings, office buildings, a hotel, exhibition halls, commercial premises, ground and underground parking, theater, school, kindergarten, art workshops.
The project was designed by the famous Spanish architect Jose Asebillo from the AUS Architecture & Urban Systems (Switzerland). A feature of the project is a single integrated system of underground communications with easy access in a well-ventilated and well-lit tunnel, which avoids unnecessary repair costs.
A predominantly residential area, Quarter B will be marked by four 95-meter high-rises under the code name of the Side of the World, which will house residential apartments, a hotel, office and commercial space. Convenient location in the very center of the city, well-thought-out infrastructure and access roads, underground parking and numerous green areas will certainly make this area attractive for life and work. Total area: 10 hectares, project cost: 230 million dollars.
Investment projects of the joint-stock bank "AK BARS"
1) National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan
The project of the famous Dutch architect Erik Van Egeraat, involves the construction of a modern complex of the national library on a hill in the form of an open book. The architecture of the two towers located opposite each other will give the city a new special flavor. The modern building will be located in the very center of the city, a ten-minute walk away and overlooking: the pedestrian Bauman Street, Kazan State University, Tatar Drama Theater Kamala, Basket Hall and the Unix sports complex. The National Library will be not only a significant architectural object, but also a methodological and information center of the Republic. The complex of buildings includes: the NBRT building, office buildings, as well as commercial real estate.
- book depository for 5 million books
- 20 reading rooms for 1000 seats
- conference hall for 400 seats
- Exhibition Center.
In terms of its scale and equipment, the new NBRT building is compared with the National Library of France (1995), the Library of Alexandria in Egypt (2002), the Library in Seattle, USA (2004) - all these buildings have become one of the symbols of the cities in which they were built. Total area: 13, 73 hectares, building area under NBRT: 2, 98
2) "KATERINA ALABUGA" HOTEL (Elabuga, Kazanskaya str. 4a)
The project involves the construction of a 4-star hotel designed to provide business and tourist visits to Elabuga. The hotel overlooking the banks of the Kama River and the Nizhnekamsk Reserve will be the best place to ensure business contacts of the Alabuga Economic Zone. The complex includes: 4-star hotel, restaurant, business center, conference room, sauna, gym and beauty salon.
The complex is divided into 2 zones: a hotel (77 rooms), an entertainment and business center (28 multifunctional rooms and a penthouse). Total area: 1.63 hectares, building area: 1.38 hectares, investment amount: 12.5 million dollars.
3) Residential area "Solnechny gorod" (SUN CITY) Kazan.
Residential microdistrict "Solnechny gorod" is located in the southeast of Kazan in the Volga region
etc.................
The transition to market relations in Russian conditions led to the formation of an economically complex external environment, which has a negative impact on the processes of investment and construction activities.
The activities of entrepreneurial organizations are independent and state influence on their functional and economic behavior can be carried out only indirectly with mandatory legislative support. Currently, there are many approaches to defining the concept of "building complex". According to A.N. Asaula, investment and construction complex - a set of production and non-production sectors, including management, ensuring the implementation of investment activities in the form of capital investments.
A.I. Vakhmistrov, the construction complex is defined as "a sphere of economic activity associated with the expanded reproduction of basic production and non-production assets."
Under construction complex it is necessary to understand a controlled system, which is a set of industries, sub-sectors, industries and organizations, characterized by close stable economic, organizational, technical and technological ties in obtaining the final result - ensuring the reproduction of fixed assets of the national economy.
The management of the economy by the state is currently the regulation of the activities of companies within the exclusive competence of the state. An important element of this regulation is the delineation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the federal authorities and the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
When solving the problems of increasing the efficiency of all types of activities involved in the investment and construction sector, the construction complex should be understood as a set of production and non-production sectors, including management, ensuring the implementation of investment activities in the form of capital investments, as well as the implementation public policy in the housing sector.
The main components of the construction complex, as a rule, are:
Investors. They can be lenders, customers, buyers of finished products, etc .;
Designers developing architectural, construction, technological and budget documentation;
Producers and suppliers of basic production resources (material, technical, technological, etc.);
Construction and installation organizations. Their task is to transform the means of investment activity into fixed assets. Construction and installation organizations unite the activities of investors, customers, designers, suppliers of material and technical resources;
Innovative organizations in which scientific and technical innovations and innovations are developed for the purpose of their subsequent use in the process of creating fixed capital;
Institutional market structures that ensure the circulation of investments in the sphere of their industrial use in the form of fixed capital;
Transport organizations;
Logistic firms. They provide filling of the commodity distribution network and bringing goods and services to the economic entities of investment and construction activities.
This approach can be applied to the building complex only if it is considered in isolation. But the construction complex is not a closed unit of the economy, it is a system that exists in interaction with other objects of the economy. And therefore, its study in isolation from other components of the economic field of the region is not only irrational, but simply does not make sense. The main construction actors, such as contractors and customers through contractors, constantly interact with other industries, obtaining from them the products of production necessary for carrying out construction activities. Therefore, it makes sense to single out a number of industries that are not fully included in the construction complex, but without which the construction industry would cease to exist. Such industries are called related. Related include mechanical engineering, energy, oil refining (in the volume of production of fuels and lubricants used in the implementation of construction works) and other industries. Thus, it is possible to designate graphically the structure of the building complex (Fig. 1.1).
All related industries can be divided into two components: a part of related industries included in the internal environment of the middle class, and another part of related industries included in the external environment of the middle class.
The organizational forms of construction organizations and their functions are presented in table. 1.1.
Figure 1.1. Scheme of the regional construction complex, taking into account related industries
Table 1.1
Description of the main functions and organizational forms of organizations in the construction industry
Participants |
Main functions |
Organizational forms |
1.Investors, customers |
Financing and lending of investments in fixed assets |
Enterprises Individuals (population) Banks, credit organizations Federal and local executive authorities |
2. Designers |
Development of architectural, construction, technological and budget documentation |
Architectural workshops Design organizations Prospecting organizations |
3.Manufacturers and suppliers of basic production resources |
Production of building materials, products and structures, construction machines and mechanisms, technological, energy and other equipment |
Factories, enterprises |
4. Contractors (construction and installation organizations) |
Construction and installation works. Commissioning of construction products |
Limited liability companies Joint Stock Companies State-owned enterprises |
5.Innovative organizations |
Development and implementation of scientific and technical innovations and innovations |
Consulting Firms |
6 institutional market structures |
Ensuring the circulation of investments in the production sector |
Banks, credit organizations Institutional investors ( pension funds, insurance companies, etc.) |
7.Logistics firms |
Formation of material flows, assembly, packaging, delivery, storage of building materials, products, structures, etc. |
Wholesale bases Component organizations Consulting Firms |
Any regional construction complex in Russia is a complex multi-level system consisting of a number of interconnected economic subsystems that have a certain independence and independence in choosing the optimal mode of their functioning. This is reflected in the behavior of the system as a whole. Therefore, it is required to implement an external regulatory impact on individual elements of the system in order to achieve the final result with the least loss of time and resources.
It is necessary to choose the general mode of operation when the system reaches a certain optimum while maintaining the choice of the mode of their independent activity for the subsystems.
The efficient operation of the regional construction complex is based on the balance of investment demand and investment supply. Investment demand arises if the subjects of the investment process (potential investors) have free capital, or sources of capital attraction, subject to the arisen interest, or the need for objects of investment and construction activities, i.e. products of the building complex.
An investment proposal arises when there is a need for attracted funds from investors. The efficiency of the construction complex is determined by the situation in the investment capital market when investment demand corresponds to investment supply. If this condition is not met, then either the investment process does not take place, or the demand is satisfied by attracting capital from investors from other regions.
The peculiarities of the functioning of the regional construction complex follow from the specifics of construction as a type of production activity. He constantly feels the influence of constant and variable factors, such as the geographical location of the region, which affects the technology of construction work, the availability of raw materials in the region, the degree of infrastructure development, the presence of a developed regulatory and legislative framework, the investment climate in the region, etc. economically, construction as a branch of material production differs significantly from other branches of the national economy (Fig. 1.2).
One of the features of the construction complex is that most of the investment projects are long-term and medium-term already during the period of the preparation process for construction and the construction itself, and the presence of a payback period can increase the project implementation period several times.
The effective functioning and development of the construction complex depends on the interest of regional authorities, manifested in the competent development and implementation of the development strategy, which consists in the formation of a management structure for the regional investment and construction complex, the creation of various investment programs, participation regional government in investment projects as an investor or guarantor.
Rice. 1.2. Technical and economic features of construction
Previous |
INTRODUCTION -
1. Theoretical part
2. Practical part
3. Problems and solutions
Conclusion -
Bibliography
- INTRODUCTION -
One of the main tasks of economic policy at all levels of management is the identification of industries or other groups of enterprises - potential growth points and the formation of a set of measures to stimulate their development. As one of the growth factors regional economy the development of enterprises in the construction complex is often considered. For the national economic system of the region, the investment and construction complex is one of the key elements. It brings together many participants to solve the main tasks of regional planning: to meet the needs for improving the living standards of the population, to develop production and non-production infrastructure, to search for sources of financing for the implementation of the development goals of the territory.
Socio-economic transformations in the economy of the Russian Federation in the 1990s affected all sectors and complexes of its national economy, including the investment and construction complex, which experienced a significant decline in production and its subsequent rapid growth. One of the consequences of the decentralization of management, the downsizing of the construction complex and the privatization of construction enterprises that took place in this period is the absence of an effective middle link in the coordination of construction activities.
In modern conditions, under the influence of such factors as the restructuring of production, the latest technologies in the construction industry, the processes of improving the technological and reproductive structure of investments, there is a significant increase in the diversity of the construction contract market and the relations of its participants. Meanwhile, it is at the regional level that the potential for the development of the construction complex is mainly realized.
In this regard, it becomes urgent to develop the features and problems of the investment and construction complex at the regional level.
1. Theoretical part
INVESTMENT AND CONSTRUCTION COMPLEX (ISC) - includes the totality of all fund-forming industries: design and contracting organizations, investment engineering, building materials and structures industry, suppliers of equipment and building materials, social infrastructure enterprises. The central link of the complex is capital construction as a sector of the national economy, completing the efforts of all investment sectors and converting material resources into fixed assets. From the standpoint of construction systems engineering, ISK is a functional system that creates fixed assets. Investments in the reproduction of fixed assets are carried out in the form of capital investments. The investment procedure can be divided into three stages:
1) transformation of resources into capital investments, i.e. transformation of investments into specific objects of investment activity (in fact, the investment stage);
2) the transformation of the invested funds into an increase in capital value, i.e. transformation of investments into new consumer value;
3) capital gains in the form of income or social efficiency.
In order to adequately respond to the constantly growing demands of customers, the ISK must have appropriate internal flexibility, i.e. quickly and efficiently change production technology, organizational structure, methods of preparation and decision-making, etc. It is important to emphasize that internal flexibility should be achieved on the basis of such intra-organizational coordination, in which the technological resources of the complex can be quickly transferred from one zone to another.
Others no less important conditions is the orientation of the economic management system to the search and implementation of new technological opportunities to meet the ever-growing demands of consumers. It is no coincidence that, in addition to capital construction, the investment sphere includes an innovative sphere in which scientific and technical products and intellectual potential are realized.
Regional investment and construction complex: formation and functioning.
The peculiarities of reforming the country's investment and construction complex are primarily associated with the strongest uneven development of the regions of the Russian Federation, and, consequently, with the regional system of governance and the establishment of relations between the federal center and the regions.
It is customary to distinguish two groups of methods with the help of which the state regulates investment activities: methods of direct and indirect impact. All forms of government influence on investment processes in accordance with the Law "On investment activities in the Russian Federation carried out in the form of capital investments" are divided into three blocks: legal, administrative and economic (Table 1).
The governments of developed countries rely mainly on the levers of indirect regulation (tax, depreciation, credit and financial policies). The state, influencing the investment climate through income taxes, financial and credit mechanisms and depreciation policy, thereby determines the rules of the game in the investment market for various types of entrepreneurship.
There is a lack of investment in the Russian economy, in this regard, one of the most important goals of investment policy is the search for additional sources and reserves of investment resources, as well as the creation of new sources of investment.
Table 1. Instruments of state regulation of investment activity
The priorities and directions of development of the regional investment and construction complex are reflected in the regional investment policy. Specialists identify a number of reasons that hinder the effective implementation of the investment policy of the regions:
Lack of stable tax legislation;
Complicated procedure for obtaining tax incentives, which are provided for the development of entrepreneurial activity;
The need to adopt new laws on depreciation policy;
The issue of access to land plots remains unresolved.
Determining the place and role of investment and construction activities in the country's economy requires disclosing the socio-economic essence of the investment and construction complex, researching its features and trends in its development in the modern economy.
From the point of view of managing the country's economy, the concept of "construction complex" as an object of state administration (at the federal level) today does not reflect the essence of real economic relations. This is due to the elimination of the "trust - association - main management - ministry" vertical, which led to a vacuum at the middle management level. The activities of construction organizations are independent and the state influence on their functional and economic behavior can be carried out only indirectly with mandatory legislative support.
It is believed that investment and construction activities are implemented by a certain system of production, functional and institutional structures that form the investment and construction sector of the Russian economy.
The investment and construction sector (according to the methodology of the Goskomstat of Russia) means a certain part of the sector of "non-financial enterprises" and the sector " financial institutions". In addition to those listed, it also includes the “government sector” (partially) and the “household sector”. So, the investment and construction sector includes investors, a construction complex and institutional structures.
At the federal level, the investment and construction complex can be viewed as a set of production, functional and institutional structures. The investment and construction complex acquires specific content and economic content only at the regional level. The nationwide (federal) investment and construction complex can be represented as a set of local, regional complexes. Moreover, each regional investment and construction complex is characterized by a certain uniqueness of the processes of its formation, functioning and development.
V existing conditions economic management in Russia, the state of the investment and construction complex has a serious impact on the efficiency of all spheres of the economy and the livelihoods of the population, the socio-economic development of the region.
Currently, construction management in Russia is viewed not as a hierarchical structure of mutually subordinate organizations in the construction industry, but as a management system for investment and construction activities with a regulatory role of this activity on the part of government agencies management. State regulation of investment and construction activities is a social function of management designed to combine state (public) and private interests to form rational large proportions (ratios) in national economy between consumption, accumulation and investment on the basis of forecasting, strategic planning, budget financing, taxation and other measures of state influence on the markets of investments, contract works, real estate.
When going to market system methods of direct control are replaced by regulatory ones. The regulating functions of the state in the development of the economy of the investment and construction complex are among the main ones in solving the problem of increasing efficiency.
The following instances can be considered as the subject of management (state investment and construction management bodies):
Bodies of general management of investment and construction activities: legislative bodies of the state (State Duma, Federation Council, parliaments of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation); federal executive bodies and their territorial structures (the Government of the Russian Federation and the governments of its constituent entities); judicial bodies of the state (arbitration courts);
Bodies of direct management of investment and construction activities (Ministry economic development and Trade, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry and Energy, Ministry of Regional Development, Rosstroy);
Bodies of indirect management of investment and construction activities (Ministry of Property Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Antimonopoly Policy, Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology, other sectoral ministries and their territorial structures, Federal Treasury and its territorial structures, state and regional extrabudgetary funds and etc.);
Functional bodies of the investment and financial infrastructure created with the participation of the state (state investment funds, state investment and insurance companies, state socialized investment and commercial banks, investment agencies, etc.).
The processes taking place in the investment and construction sector in recent years are distinguished by a special dynamism, which indicates the need to search for a new, more acceptable management model. A significant impetus to the solution of this problem was given by the reform federal bodies executive power, conducted in accordance with the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of 09.03.2006 N 314 "On the system and structure of federal executive bodies" and of 20.05.2006 N649 "Questions of the structure of federal executive bodies". A management system has been adopted, which schematically looks like this: federal ministries - federal services - federal agencies(fig. 1). The Gosstroy of Russia was transformed into the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Utilities (Rosstroy) in accordance with the relevant decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 16, 2006 N 286. So, at the federal level, the management of the construction industry has significantly changed and approached economic entities, since federal agencies are the "grassroots" link in the federal echelon of executive authorities.
Fig. 1. The structure of state bodies for managing investment and construction activities.
The Government of the Russian Federation is the highest state body for the management of industry and construction. The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade carries out the formation of investment programs for the construction complex at the expense of centralized sources of financing.
The functions of state administration are implemented, as a rule, in well-known organizational and legal forms, in which the competence of state bodies acquires its substantive content. Forms of public administration are practice-proven sustainable ways of fixing the functional organization and a set of optimal techniques and methods, with the help of which the state achieves its goals. To overcome the crisis in the investment and construction complex, the importance of administrative regulation methods should be increased, the stimulating role of the budgetary and tax system and credit policy should be strengthened, and an effective mechanism for competition in the contract work market should be created while pursuing a unified technical policy and recommendations in the field of pricing.
In modern conditions, when organizing the processes of regulation and development of investment and construction activities, more attention than before should be paid to solving these issues at the regional level. The development and implementation of investment and construction programs should be carried out taking into account national interests, as well as taking into account the characteristics and needs of the regions.
From the point of view of management, the regional investment and construction complex is a system consisting of technical, economic and social, organizationally related elements. With the transition to a regulated market economy, it becomes inevitable to rebuild both the organizational structure of the regional investment and construction complex, and the processes of administrative and economic regulation its functioning and development on the part of power structures.
The main tasks of regulation of the investment and construction sector at the regional level, set out in the work, are:
Creation of a regulatory system for the regional investment and construction complex;
ISK exit strategy from crisis or stagnation;
Preparation of draft legislative acts providing legal support for regulatory mechanisms in the investment and construction complex;
Creation of a sectoral marketing system;
Overcoming technical backwardness.
2. Practical part
In the beginning, one should consider the state of the entire investment and construction complex of the Southern Federal District.
The solution of urgent social problems in the South of Russia is associated with the current state and level of development of the construction complex.
In 2007, almost 30 thousand buildings were commissioned in the Southern Federal District, their total construction volume amounted to 28.5 million cubic meters. m and total area- 7.8 million sq. m for all types of objects. Compared to 2006, when the local maximum was reached, these volumes slightly decreased (by 2.1, 10.9 and 3.3%, respectively). More than 90% of the total number of constructed buildings are residential buildings.
If in general, in terms of the volume of construction work, the territories of the Southern Federal District are significantly inferior to other regions of the country, then the intensity of housing construction is quite high here (Table 2, Appendix 1).
Table 2 Commissioning of residential buildings per 1000 population, square meter of total area,
Another important area of construction in the South of Russia is the construction of social facilities and engineering networks, financed mainly from budgets of various levels.
In the Southern Federal District in 2007, hospitals for 292 hospital beds (34.3% against 2006), outpatient clinics for 2.4 thousand visits per shift (127.1%) were introduced. In the field of education, a general educational institutions for 6.5 thousand places (99.1% against 2006), for 90 places for preschool educational institutions (17% against 2006). These data reflect the all-Russian situation, for which, despite an increase in budget revenues and social accents of budgetary policy, a decrease in the quantitative indicators of the commissioning of medical and educational institutions in the last two years is characteristic, but with an increase in the quality of their equipment and the implementation of new technological solutions.
As for the communal infrastructure, the scarcity of which in many regions of the South significantly lags behind even not very high Russian standards, then, despite the allocation of significant investments, the pace of construction of communal networks (many of which turned into long-term construction) in a number of regions is clearly insufficient and inadequate to progressive world imᴨȇratives.
The situation in the construction complex of the South of Russia is in many respects typical for other macro-regions of the country.
The development of the construction complex in the republics of the South especially needs state orders, as well as the construction of priority social and infrastructure facilities - schools, medical institutions, utilities, roads, bridges.
The solution of these issues would be facilitated by the systemic differentiated inclusion of the corresponding objects in federal, departmental and regional target programs (FTP, VTsP, RTSP) of socio-economic development of the regions of the Southern Federal District.
This is all the more relevant because due to the insufficient level of organizational and scientific support, as well as misunderstanding or neglect of some of the economic, political and environmental conditions and risks, the hopes for the implementation of the FTP "South of Russia" did not come true. It included almost all industrial, social and other projects proposed and lobbied by the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation without defining strategic priorities, comments and ranking objects by scale and significance. The systemic problems that hinder the development of the construction complex in the Southern Federal District include:
· Monopolization of local construction and repair markets; the absence of real competition among applicants for obtaining orders in accordance with the scale and competence of firms; the imperfection of the mechanism for allocating plots for building in a number of regions at open auctions is sold less than 10% of plots) and the lack of the necessary engineering infrastructure on them;
· Insufficient rates of renewal of fixed assets in construction and repair base;
· High moral and physical deterioration of construction equipment and technologies;
· A significant reduction in the fleet of road construction equipment;
· Insufficiency of small-scale mechanization and instrumental base.
To improve the quality and volume of construction of housing, social and infrastructure facilities in the Southern Federal District, it is necessary to modernize the construction complex itself, introduce environmental technologies and scientific developments.
The problems of implementing the priority National Project "Affordable and Comfortable Housing" in the South, as in Russia as a whole, are due to the fact that the concept of affordability does not correspond to the dynamics of housing prices due to objective and subjective reasons. The decreasing rise in apartment prices relative to the income growth of many potential buyers is due to the growth of their cost and profit margins, shadow processes. Prices for building materials and electricity, transport costs, changes in building codes and regulations, the cost of raising funds to replenish working capital are growing too quickly.
The demand for housing is still growing due to the increase purchasing power disadvantaged and middle strata of the population. The effect of this factor is enhanced by the effect of various lending schemes, including mortgages. Insufficient availability of mortgages for families in dire need of housing is a real barrier to the implementation of all National projects.
The reason for the rise in prices is also the introduction to the regional construction markets of the capital's companies that have powerful financial and administrative resources and increase prices. At the same time, as a rule, there are no effective lending and investment programs for local construction companies in the regions.
However, of the almost doubled in relation to the prime cost of the market price of housing, only an insignificant part is directed to the direct formation of the profits of construction organizations, which explains the low official profitability of construction activities.
For the effective implementation of the Affordable Housing national project, it is necessary to reduce housing prices by:
· Increasing the supply on the market;
· Minimization of bureaucratic procedures;
· Ensuring the transparency of the pricing mechanism; transferring the construction of social housing to the outskirts and outside the city (to free territories);
· Construction of low-rise housing in the suburbs on the basis of a change in the category of suburban land, attributed to agricultural land.
Implementation of all national projects in the Southern Federal District it is limited by the standing of the infrastructure for the reproduction of human capital in the spheres of health care, education and housing and communal services. However, the most effective solution to this problem lies in the plane of increasing employment and incomes of the population through strategic foreign and domestic investments in the innovative modernization of the communication infrastructure of global importance on the basis of the MTK restructuring. This decision becomes a necessary condition for the development of the real sector of the economy in the South of Russia, the formation of clusters of global significance and the entry of their products into world markets.
The Volgograd region, along with several other regions of the Southern Federal District (Rostov Region, Krasnodar Territory), shows relatively high indicators for the Southern Federal District, both in production in general and in the level of development of the investment and construction complex.
Historically, a powerful construction complex and an industry for the production of building materials have been formed on the territory of the Volgograd region.
This is due to the significant volume of construction work to restore the city, the construction of the Volzhskaya hydroelectric power station and subsequently the Volga-Don shipping canal.
The construction complex of the region includes construction organizations, enterprises for the production of building materials and resource and raw materials supply. The largest enterprises are located in cities such as Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kamyshin, Mikhailovka, Surovikino, Kotovo, workers' settlements: Bykovo, Elan and other settlements of the region.
The building complex consists of:
1) factories of building and finishing materials (11 Volgograd); 7 plants of reinforced concrete products (11 Volgograd); 4 brick factories (in Volgograd and the region); 2 bulk house building plants (in Volgograd and Volzhsky); 2 plants of heat-insulating materials (in Volgograd); cement plant (11 Mikhailovka); woodworking plants (in Volgograd and in almost all districts of the region); metalwork factories;
2) enterprises associated with construction - a decorative linoleum plant, plastic panel plants, pulp and paper mills, sanitary equipment plants, glass plants, an engineering plant that produces construction cranes.
One of the main features of the construction industry in the Volgograd region is its self-sufficiency in mineral resources for the production of building materials. Indeed, this region is completely self-sufficient in raw materials for the production of cement, bricks, expanded clay, construction crushed stone and rubble stone, shoes for concrete, mortar, silicate products and glass containers. The resources of carbonate raw materials for lime production are practically unlimited.
The existing base of stocks of construction raw materials and the capacity of mining and processing enterprises allow some of the products to be sold in other regions. In particular, cement, asbestos-cement, gypsum products, ceramic materials, building juice, silicate building materials, technological lime, glass containers, etc. are supplied outside the region.
In recent years, there has been a positive trend in the growth of construction volumes. In particular. in 2008, 636.1 thousand square meters were commissioned in the Volgograd region. m of housing (121.3 thousand square meters more than in 2007), in 2009 - 762.3 thousand square meters. m. In 2008, the volume of construction in progress was reduced by more than 40%, fixed assets were introduced but 697.9 million rubles. At the same time, in order to solve the main economic and social problems defined in the Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Volgograd region (2010-2025), the volume of construction, etc. First of all, housing construction should be substantially increased.
The main direction of the development strategy of modern Russia is the creation of a competitive economy, which is based on intersectoral cooperation of manufacturers as subjects of the national economic space. The competitiveness of the country's economy should be determined by a sufficient scientific and technical level of products and the volume of "investments in particularly sensitive areas." For the regions of Russia, this means the need to strengthen diversification and increase the investment and innovation potential of production and its infrastructure.
The main priorities of social and economic policy within the framework of the concept of socio-economic development of Russia until 2020, in particular, include:
Improving the state of the environment, raising environmental standards, creating an effective system for recycling production and consumption waste, increasing the poverty of the population with high-quality drinking water;
Development of state management of the economy
Expanding the integration of manufacturing industries into the world economy based on their integration into global value added production chains;
Development of environmentally friendly industries.
The development strategy of the Volgograd region until 2025, developed in cooperation with leading scientists and economists of the region, determines the direction of the long-term development of the region based on the allocation of priority clusters and points economic growth, partnership between the state and business. Achieving the goals set by the Strategy to increase the investment and innovation potential of the region and create a dynamically developing and competitive economy involves solving the following tasks:
Development of the industry for the extraction of natural resources and their deep processing;
Modernization of industrial production and increasing its efficiency;
Development of the agro-industrial sector;
Increase in the volume of the construction complex;
Expansion of transport and engineering infrastructure;
Reducing the level of environmental pollution, ensuring the ecological safety of the region through the introduction of innovative technologies.
The Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020, developed by the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, determines the development of individual subjects on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of their potential, highlighting in each region historically formed and natural territories that form the main contribution to sustainable development the region is a zone of cutting development, the formation of which allows the most accurate and systematic forecast of the main directions of the socio-economic development of the region and, based on this, plan the rational placement of state and municipal infrastructure, as well as effective regulatory measures designed to ensure the creation of favorable conditions for realizing the development potential of territories, for example, attracting funds from the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation for co-financing of engineering and social infrastructure facilities, the construction of which is supposed to be carried out on the principles of public-private partnership as part of complex investment projects.
The development strategy of the Volgograd region until 2025 provides for the development of four zones of cutting development, defining points of growth in the region for the following socializations:
Volgograd agglomeration - large urban agglomeration, center - Volgograd;
Kotelnikovskaya industrial zone - mining;
Elton economic development zone - mining, health-improving areas and resorts;
Kamyshin textile cluster - textile and clothing production.
The Volgograd agglomeration as a zone of cutting development is represented by the territorial and economic integration of densely located and functionally connected cities of Volgograd, Volzhsky, Sredneakhtubinsky and Gorodishchensky districts with intensive economic, transport, labor, information, management and recreational relations. The core of the Volgograd agglomeration is Volgograd - the largest industrial and business center, transport and logistics hub.
Within the framework of the Volgograd agglomeration, it is planned to distinguish the following main clusters:
1. Industrial - modernization of existing and construction of new industries with an increase in the share of products from
high value-added industry in the southern part of Volgograd and the industrial zone of the city of Volzhsky.
2. Transport and logistics - construction of a road bypassing the city of Volgograd, connecting federal highways to Saratov, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Elista and Astrakhan, and logistics parks.
3. Infrastructure support for business development - the creation of an international business center based on the Volga intermodal terminal (it is planned to integrate the entire technological and organizational infrastructure of the business, the construction of such facilities as a scientific and business center, a complex of specialized and industry-specific business incubators, exhibition and service complexes. A universal service shell is provided, which will include: Innovation Center, Investment and Development Agency, Center for Financial and Credit Support, Venture Fund, United information bank with e-commerce center, Center for monitoring, prototyping and technology transfer).
4. Tourist and recreational - on the left bank of the river. Volga on the basis of a specially protected natural area of regional significance of the natural park "Volgo-Akhtubinskaya floodplain".
3. Problems and solutions
The main problems of the development of ISK in the Volgograd region:
· Decrease in the pace and volume of construction in connection with the crisis;
· Difficulties in the implementation of the national project "Affordable and Comfortable Housing";
· Decrease in the volume of housing construction;
· Insufficient development of construction industry enterprises;
· Fragmentation and inconsistency in the work of enterprises and organizations of the complex;
· Lack of investment;
· Poor development of housing and communal services.
For ISK to work successfully, it is necessary to look for complex solutions to these problems.
In order to achieve successful implementation of the national project “Affordable and Comfortable Housing for Russian Citizens” on the territory of the region, it is necessary to increase the volume of housing construction at least twofold. Volgograd region in improvement housing conditions needs more than 39.6 thousand families. It is not possible to solve housing problems solely by the growth of mortgage loans, despite the fact that in the region their volume is 50% of the volume of mortgage loans in the Southern Federal District. The development of mortgage lending without increasing the supply of housing on the market could lead to an increase in housing prices, which in 2008 amounted to about 60%. However, due to the crisis, an increase in real estate prices is not forecasted, and such a high rate of growth in housing construction and mortgage loans is still unattainable. Apparently, we should try to maintain the previous rates of development of the construction complex. It should be remembered that due to the peculiarities of the construction sector (the remoteness of the initial investment from the final product), he will feel the full depth of the recession somewhat later than the others. It is in this connection that the positive dynamics of housing construction still persists.
An important problem, or limitation of the increase in the pace of construction, is the underdevelopment of communal infrastructure, that is, a lack of capacities for water, sewerage, electricity, etc. In addition, a big problem is the presence of large bureaucratic barriers to land allocation for construction and project approval. For example, the terms of approval for construction take from six months to 2 years. An increase in construction volumes will require additional investment in the development of production of building materials, including cement, etc.
The development of the construction complex is priority area The strategy of economic development of the Volgograd region (2010-2025), since the implementation of other directions depends on its successful implementation, in particular, social policy in terms of providing the population with affordable housing, construction of industrial facilities, roads and agro-industrial complex. The main directions of development of the construction complex are an increase in the volume of housing construction, the development of the construction industry, the formation of a construction cluster, and the development of housing and communal services.
Increase in the volume of housing construction.
Within the framework of the implementation of the national project "Affordable and Comfortable Housing for the Citizens of Russia", as noted, it is necessary to increase the volume of housing construction by 2025 by more than 2 times compared to the current year. To do this, first of all, you need to find effective methods dealing with the crisis. Firstly, according to the government's assurances, federal programs will not be phased out, which means the continuation of funding for the project “Affordable and Comfortable Housing for Russian Citizens”, although, perhaps, in a more curtailed form. In general, efforts should be directed towards the construction of "budget housing", which will undoubtedly be in great demand during the crisis.
It is also required to take measures to reduce the time required for issuing permits and to provide transparent and non-burdensome conditions for construction by local governments (in this case, the volume of housing construction in the region would increase by 50-60%). In this regard, it is necessary to organize a one-stop-shop system so that the investor can save time on obtaining permits. Special attention should be paid to the construction of low-rise housing, which will reduce the construction time of houses and the cost per square meter (no more than 16 thousand rubles per 1 sq. M). Expansion needs to be promoted land plots with a ready-made communal infrastructure (in the presence of targeted programs for the provision of land plots with engineering networks).
Development of construction industry enterprises.
The increase in the volume of housing construction is associated with the development of construction industry enterprises. It is required to increase the volume of production of building materials, fittings, using local construction raw materials. In particular, it is necessary to build cement plants. According to the project, the construction of a similar plant with a capacity of 1 million tons of cement per year (At the moment in the Volgograd region there is the only cement plant OJSC "Sebryakovcement" with a volume of cement production of about 3.1 million tons per year; the plant's workload is about 100%) is expected in Kamyshin ... The supply of raw materials will be provided by the Ust-Gryaznukhinskoye field. In addition, it is necessary to provide fundamentally new materials for construction, in particular, balsat plastic reinforcement, balsat fabric and pipes of various diameters, unified fiber-reinforced concrete panels.
Formation of a housing and construction cluster.
It involves the unification of construction organizations, construction industry enterprises, investment organizations with the aim of expanding the scale of housing construction. The cluster may include construction companies (construction of multi-apartment and low-rise individual houses); enterprises for the extraction of natural raw materials for the production of building materials; enterprises for the production of building materials; other industrial enterprises (provision of production infrastructure, modular housing construction of low-storey individual houses); credit institutions (financial support for the development and functioning of the cluster); insurance organizations (insurance of risks in the process of development and functioning of the cluster).
Improvement of mechanisms for attracting investment in construction.
In order to increase housing construction, it is planned to actively attract funds from the population and enterprises (including credit consumer cooperatives), credit resources, as well as funds from the regional and federal budgets. The development of mortgage lending will continue. Much attention should be paid to the development of a mechanism for attracting private investment in housing, using the state guarantee system. It is required to provide budgetary financing of unfinished housing construction within the framework of mortgage lending in the amount of at least 30 million rubles. in year.
Development of housing and communal services.
Given the high wear and tear of fixed assets and utility networks, its further development in a long-term economy presupposes significant investment investments, including at the expense of the regional and municipal budgets. Already in 2008, in order to reduce the depreciation of fixed assets and improve the quality of services provided to the population, 242 million rubles were allocated for capital construction, including 108.8 million rubles from the regional budget, and 133.2 million rubles from the federal budget. In order to reduce heat tariffs, it is necessary to modernize boiler houses in order to switch to more economical fuel. 22. It is necessary to help reduce heat losses in networks, which today amount to about 40%, including by expanding the system of mini-boiler houses. An important task is to attract small businesses to the housing and communal services sector (house maintenance, repair of networks, etc.). The implementation of the housing program will require the expansion of engineering networks and an increase in the volume of housing and communal services.
- Conclusion -
Summing up, it should be noted that the Volgograd investment and construction complex plays an important role both in the development of the region and the entire Southern Federal complex. He is imperfect. There are no close ties between its participants, the development of problems in the field of housing and communal services is hampering, the construction industry enterprises are underdeveloped. In addition, the crisis is having an increasing impact on the construction sector. Apparently, it (the crisis) has not yet hit construction with full force due to the great inertia of construction products. Nevertheless, in the near future a sharp shortage of investments is expected, and it is possible that some projects (especially expensive and long-term ones) will be “curtailed” or “frozen”. And yet, construction is an area of the economy that cannot stop development. Themes and production volumes may decrease, but this is a temporary phenomenon. Partly encouraging is the government's firm position on the implementation of national projects, in particular, the “Affordable and Comfortable Housing” project. In part, it will be possible to strengthen and stabilize the construction industry by forming a housing and construction cluster, which will allow uniting disparate construction enterprises and organizations to increase the efficiency of their work, as well as the work of the investment and construction complex as a whole.
Bibliography
1. Asaul A.N., Ivanov S.N. There is a regional building complex // Construction Economics. - 2004. - N2. - S. 3-20.
2. Polyakov V.G., Startsev V.N. Construction and operation of large industrial complexes as centers of growth of the regional economy, Volgograd, 2010, p. 198-201.
3. Inshakova OV, Strategy of social and economic development of the Volgograd region (2010-2025), Volgograd, 2010, p. 132-139.
4. Inshakova OV, Modernization of the South of Russia based on the development of the ITC: problems, priorities, projects., Volgograd, 2009, p. 39-43.
5. Ekimova K.V., Savelyeva I.P., "ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF REGIONS AND INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES" // Problems modern economy, N 3 (19)
6. Solunsky AI, Organizational and economic problems of construction management restructuring. M .: Stroyizdat, 1993.
List of used Internet resources:
http://www.gks.ru/ - Statistics
Introduction
1. Theoretical part
2. Practical part
3. Problems and solutions
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
One of the main tasks of economic policy at all levels of management is the identification of industries or other groups of enterprises - potential growth points and the formation of a set of measures to stimulate their development. The development of construction enterprises is often considered as one of the factors of growth in the regional economy. For the national economic system of the region, the investment and construction complex is one of the key elements. It brings together many participants to solve the main tasks of regional planning: to meet the needs for improving the living standards of the population, to develop production and non-production infrastructure, to search for sources of financing for the implementation of the development goals of the territory.
Socio-economic transformations in the economy of the Russian Federation in the 1990s affected all sectors and complexes of its national economy, including the investment and construction complex, which experienced a significant decline in production and its subsequent rapid growth. One of the consequences of the decentralization of management, the downsizing of the construction complex and the privatization of construction enterprises that took place during this period is the absence of an effective middle level of coordination of construction activities.
In modern conditions, under the influence of such factors as the restructuring of production, the latest technologies in the construction industry, the processes of improving the technological and reproductive structure of investments, there is a significant increase in the diversity of the construction contract market and the relations of its participants. Meanwhile, it is at the regional level that the potential for the development of the construction complex is mainly realized.
In this regard, it becomes urgent to develop the features and problems of the investment and construction complex at the regional level.
1. Theoretical part
INVESTMENT AND CONSTRUCTION COMPLEX (ISC) - includes the totality of all fund-forming industries: design and contracting organizations, investment engineering, building materials and structures industry, suppliers of equipment and building materials, social infrastructure enterprises. The central link of the complex is capital construction as a sector of the national economy, completing the efforts of all investment sectors and converting material resources into fixed assets. From the standpoint of construction systems engineering, ISK is a functional system that creates fixed assets. Investments in the reproduction of fixed assets are carried out in the form of capital investments. The investment procedure can be divided into three stages:
1) transformation of resources into capital investments, i.e. transformation of investments into specific objects of investment activity (in fact, the investment stage);
2) the transformation of the invested funds into an increase in capital value, i.e. transformation of investments into new consumer value;
3) capital gains in the form of income or social efficiency.
In order to adequately respond to the ever-increasing demands of customers, the ISK must have appropriate internal flexibility, i.e. quickly and efficiently change production technology, organizational structure, methods of preparation and decision-making, etc. It is important to emphasize that internal flexibility should be achieved on the basis of such intra-organizational coordination, in which the technological resources of the complex can be quickly transferred from one area to another.
Another equally important condition is the orientation of the economic management system to the search and implementation of new technological possibilities to meet the constantly growing demands of consumers. It is no coincidence that, in addition to capital construction, the investment sphere includes an innovative sphere in which scientific and technical products and intellectual potential are realized.
Regional investment and construction complex: formation and functioning.
The peculiarities of reforming the country's investment and construction complex are associated primarily with the strong uneven development of the regions of the Russian Federation, and, consequently, with the regional specifics of management and the establishment of relations between the federal center and the regions.
It is customary to distinguish two groups of methods by which the state regulates investment activities: methods of direct and indirect impact. All forms of state influence on investment processes in accordance with the Law "On investment activities in the Russian Federation carried out in the form of capital investments" are divided into three blocks: legal, administrative and economic (Table 1).
The governments of developed countries rely mainly on the levers of indirect regulation (tax, depreciation, credit and financial policies). The state, influencing the investment climate through income taxes, financial and credit mechanisms and depreciation policy, thereby determines the rules of the game in the investment market for various types of entrepreneurship.
There is a lack of investment in the Russian economy, so one of the most important goals of the investment policy is the search for additional sources and reserves of investment resources, as well as the creation of new sources of investment.
Table 1. Instruments of state regulation of investment activity
The priorities and directions of development of the regional investment and construction complex are reflected in the regional investment policy. Experts identify a number of reasons that hinder the effective implementation of the investment policy of the regions:
Lack of stable tax legislation;
Complicated procedure for obtaining tax benefits, which are provided for the development of entrepreneurial activity;
The need to adopt new laws on depreciation policy;
The issue of access to land plots remains unresolved.
Determining the place and role of investment and construction activities in the country's economy requires disclosing the socio-economic essence of the investment and construction complex, researching its features and trends in its development in the modern economy.
From the point of view of managing the country's economy, the concept of "construction complex" as an object of state administration (at the federal level) does not currently reflect the essence of real economic relations. This is due to the elimination of the "trust - association - main department - ministry" vertical, which led to a vacuum at the middle management level. The activities of construction organizations are independent and state influence on their functional and economic behavior can be carried out only indirectly with mandatory legislative support.
It is believed that investment and construction activities are implemented by a certain system of production, functional and institutional structures that form the investment and construction sector of the Russian economy.
The investment and construction sector (according to the methodology of the Goskomstat of Russia) means a certain part of the sector of “non-financial enterprises” and the sector of “financial institutions”. In addition to those listed, it also includes the "government sector" (partially) and the "household sector". Thus, the investment and construction sector includes investors, a construction complex and institutional structures.
At the federal level, the investment and construction complex can be viewed as a set of production, functional and institutional structures. The investment and construction complex acquires specific content and economic content only at the regional level. The nationwide (federal) investment and construction complex can be represented as a set of local, regional complexes. Moreover, each regional investment and construction complex is characterized by a certain uniqueness of the processes of its formation, functioning and development.
In the current economic conditions in Russia, the state of the investment and construction complex has a serious impact on the efficiency of all spheres of the economy and the livelihoods of the population, the socio-economic development of the region.
Currently, construction management in Russia is viewed not as a hierarchical structure of mutually subordinate organizations in the construction industry, but as a management system for investment and construction activities with a regulatory role of this activity on the part of government authorities. State regulation of investment and construction activities is a specific management function designed to combine state (public) and private interests to form rational large proportions (ratios) in the national economy between consumption, accumulation and investment based on forecasting, strategic planning, budget financing, taxation and others. measures of state influence on the markets of investments, contract works, real estate.
In the transition to a market system, direct control methods are replaced by regulatory ones. The regulating functions of the state in the development of the economy of the investment and construction complex are among the main ones in solving the problem of increasing efficiency.
As a subject of management (state body
Scientific publications (articles and monographs) with a keyword investment and construction complex published by Creative Economy Publishing House (found: 20 for the period from 2009 to 2017).
1. Faizullin I.E., Krygina A.M., Krygina N.M.
// Housing strategies. (No. 1/2017).
The article presents the results of a study of the use of strategies innovative development enterprises of territorial investment and construction complexes. The main problematic aspects of the development of the construction industry are analyzed, taking into account the crisis processes of different levels in the economy, with the identification of a group of factors that limit the business activity of construction organizations. The analysis of innovative strategies of enterprises of regional ISK is carried out. The applicability of a synergetic innovation strategy is shown in the implementation of reproduction processes of residential eco-real estate, taking into account the specifics of objects of this class.
Faizullin I.E., Krygina A.M., Krygina N.M. Development of eco-housing construction as an effective tool for the formation of innovative strategies for the development of enterprises of the investment and construction complex // Housing strategies. - 2017. - Volume 4. - No. 1. - p. 9-22. - doi: 10.18334 / zhs.4.1.38052.
2. Zainullina D.R., Grigorieva K.I.
The article analyzes the systemic problems of the investment and construction complex, which led to the crisis. The authors made an attempt to prove the relationship between the activation of the innovation process in the investment and construction complex and the latter's way out of the crisis. The influence of the successful development of the construction industry on the improvement of the regional investment climate and the formation of favorable conditions for the development of innovations in the region is also analyzed.
Zainullina D.R., Grigorieva K.I. Activation of the investment and construction complex as a factor in the innovative development of the region // Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship. - 2016. - Volume 17. - No. 21. - p. 2953-2962. - doi: 10.18334 / rp.17.21.36912.
3. Abdukhanova N.G., Mukhametvaleeva R.R.
// Russian Entrepreneurship. (No. 21/2016).
The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of development in the investment and construction complex. The concept of "development" as a method of organizing and managing construction production has been substantiated. The problems and prospects of development of development in the investment and construction complex, as well as the role of development in the socio-economic aspect are considered.
Abdukhanova N.G., Mukhametvaleeva R.R. Development in the investment and construction complex // Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship. - 2016. - Volume 17. - No. 21. - p. 3023-3028. - doi: 10.18334 / rp.17.21.36914.
7. Gareev I.F., Rozhkov V.L., Kotdusova A.G.
// Russian Entrepreneurship. (No. 19/2015).
The article presents the characteristics of housing construction and the dynamics of its main indicators. Based on the results of the study, the relationship between the results of investment and construction activities with its main components is revealed. The findings can be useful in developing a strategy for the development of the investment and construction complex.
Gareev I.F., Rozhkov V.L., Kotdusova A.G. The main trends in the development of the investment and construction complex // Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship. - 2015. - Volume 16. - No. 19. - p. 3149-3158. - doi: 10.18334 / rp.16.19.1967.
13. Faizullin I.E., Mukharramova E.R., Azhimova L.I.
// Russian Entrepreneurship. (No. 19/2014).
The article discusses issues related to the development of the construction complex, the need to develop a plan and stages of preparation for the development of the construction complex. The factors influencing the investment and construction complex, as well as the analysis of the development of the real estate market in the city of Kazan are presented.
Faizullin I.E., Mukharramova E.R., Azhimova L.I. Development of the investment and construction complex of the Republic of Tatarstan // Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship. - 2014. - Volume 15. - No. 19. - p. 135-145. - url:.
15. Gareev I.F., Orlov V.Ya.
// Russian Entrepreneurship. (No. 24/2013).
At the present time, the financial market has collective investment instruments that make it possible to involve the resources of citizens in the real estate market. The article reveals the issues of the functioning of real estate funds that require further improvement.
Gareev I.F., Orlov V.Ya. Directions of the development of the institute of collective investments in the construction industry // Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship. - 2013. - Volume 14. - No. 24. - p. 100-107. - url:.
19. Faizullin I.E., Fedorenko O.S.
// Russian Entrepreneurship. (No. 5/2009).
The analysis of the clustering potential of the Republic of Tatarstan made it possible to identify priority types of economic activity ready for the creation of clusters, which include the investment and construction complex. However, at this stage, the creation of a full-fledged cluster in this industry is hindered by the insufficient development of related and supporting areas of activity. How should this problem be addressed? What should be the conditions and methodology for building clusters? Read about this in the article.
Faizullin I.E., Fedorenko O.S. Development of the regional investment and construction complex based on the cluster approach // Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship. - 2009. - Volume 10. - No. 5. - p. 159-163. - url:.
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