The first enterprises of the accommodation industry in the ancient Eastern civilization. History of the development of the hospitality industry
Cells for the provision of hospitality services to travelers arose during the formation of modern civilization. Traveling with different purposes and intentions (pilgrimage, trade, etc.), people needed shelter, food and rest.
The oldest references in the writings of ancient Egypt about places to accommodate travelers indicate that the history of the development of the hotel business is inextricably linked with travel.
In the evolution of the world hotel industry, periods are distinguished that correspond to the historical stages of the development of society:
Ancient world;
Middle Ages;
New time;
Modern.
Ancient world (millennia BCE - 476 CE)
The active development of trade and related travels necessitated the organization of not only food services for travelers, but also accommodation, security, and provision of rest for pack animals. In order to meet the needs and provide a guarantee for the repeated arrivals of travelers, the citizens of the cities built accommodation for the night, warehouses for goods, stalls for horses and camels.
The first monuments of organized construction found in the Middle East date back to the 2nd millennium BC. In particular, houses for merchants and travelers were built on transit routes near water sources.
In this period community development According to historians, the first living rooms and inns appeared - the prototypes of modern hotels and restaurants. For example, taverns are mentioned in ancient manuscripts, one of which is the Codex of the king of Babylon, Hammurabi, written around 1700 BC.
In ancient Greece in the 1st millennium BC. taverns played a big role in social and religious life. At the same time, their number was insignificant, since travelers moved slowly around the country and many of them had to rely on hospitality services in private homes.
The development of trade, especially in cities such as Rome, Athens, and the long journeys associated with it led to the emergence of inns - one, two-storey houses with separate rooms for travelers. Some of them had a washing room. In addition to lodging for the night, for a fee, travelers could eat, replace horses or repair harnesses and carts.
The largest number of inns was in the territory of the Roman Empire. Ancient Roman inns were located along the main roads in cities and towns at a distance of about 25 miles (40.225 km) from each other.
During the reign of Emperor Octavian (63 BC - 14 AD), the so-called mansiones and stationes appeared. they can be considered the first centers for the provision of hotel services. They were
State property, one of the sources government revenue and provided the opportunity to exchange goods within the accommodation cells. During the stay, travelers were guaranteed personal safety and security for their goods, which was written in the Code of Hammurabi. In this document, the "Rights of hospitality" were formulated for the first time.
The class hierarchy of the Roman state influenced the activity of accommodation cells. Tourists were settled according to class. Plebeians did not have the right to settle with representatives of the upper class. The accommodation facilities in which the aristocracy and government officials stayed were built according to all the rules of architectural art. They offered at that time a wide range of services, which can be used if you have a document confirming the special status of the bearer.
Some wealthy landowners built inns on the borders of their possessions. Inns and taverns located near cities were often visited by wealthy citizens.
Taverns and inns, designed to serve citizens of lower social status, offered only minimal conditions for lodging and recreation.
Baths were of great importance, in which representatives of the upper stratum of society spent their free time. In particular, this type of leisure is typical for the reign of Caligula (37 AD).
At the baths, luxurious dining rooms were equipped, where banquets were organized, and rooms for overnight stays.
Of great importance for the development of hospitality facilities was the expansion of trade routes in the Middle East, Asia and Transcaucasia. The largest trade routes passed through these regions. In Persia, they traveled on camels, in large caravans. They usually spent the night in tents that were pitched next to the caravan route, therefore, to meet the needs of tourists, caravanserais were built - buildings consisting of accommodation for people and a detachment for camels, Surrounded by a fortress wall that protected from the elements and attackers. In ancient times, facilities for travelers in Asia were more comfortable than those that could be expected in Europe.
Middle Ages (V-XVI centuries AD)
Religious traditions had a great influence on the prerequisites for the development of hotel business in the Middle Ages. During this period, the number of pilgrims increased significantly. The monasteries hospitably received pilgrims, organized lodging and meals for them.
During this period, other foci appeared that performed similar functions. For example, Emperor Charlemagne (742-814 pp. BC), as the patron of the church, established special houses for pilgrims to rest, where they provided free accommodation, food, barber and shoemaker services, and even consecrated the burial place. These pilgrimage shelters were run by the monastic Catholic community.
The provision of free services by monasteries to travelers hindered the development of private hotel-type enterprises. In England, the development of private inns and taverns began in the late Middle Ages, when the English king Henry VIII secularized the monasteries. Accordingly, travelers were not able to receive free services in monasteries and stayed in private inns.
In particular, in the XVI century. in England, carriage hotels were created, in which services were provided to the messengers of the royal mail. Hotel owners equipped stables for horses, organized high-quality living conditions for travelers. English law declared hotels to be public buildings. "Carriage era" ended in 1838 p., when the English Parliament decided to transport mail by rail.
In the Middle Ages, people actively traveled and the number of roadside inns increased accordingly, but the level of quality of overnight services in them was low.
In XII-XII Art. inns - the predecessors of the first hotels appeared in Kievan Rus (Fig. 1.1).
they were called pits and were located at a distance of 25 km from each other. The traveler could stop for the night and get food for a fee. Separate rooms were not provided, travelers rested on the floor in one common room, ate with the hosts.
In the XV century. inns were located at post stations, which were subordinate to the Yamskaya order2. In large cities, they built guest yards, which differed from inns in that, in addition to accommodation and food, they provided opportunities for trade. As a rule, gostiny yards were protected by walls and towers with entrance gates.
New time (XVI century - the beginning of the XX century)
A characteristic feature of the XVI century. was the emergence of coffee houses, which became the centers of cultural and literary life of that period. This was facilitated by the spread in Western Europe of such drinks as coffee and tea. The first coffee houses appeared in 1652 in London and 1683 in Vienna.
Prior to this period belongs to the opening in 1553 in Paris of the first restaurant "Tour d" Arzhan, which for two centuries remained a unique elite institution.
During the French Revolution 1789-1799 pp. in connection with the emigration of French chefs to other countries catering business began to develop all over the world. So, in 1898, the Savoy Hotel was opened in London, which was managed by Caesar Ritz (now these are the Ritz-Carlton hotels).
SELA has a special role in the development of the hotel industry. According to historians, the first inn in this country appeared much later than in Europe (1607). One of the first taverns was opened in Boston in 1634. In New York, the Dutch opened such a tavern in 1642. Since that time, taverns have become centers of social life. they were located not only in cities, but also along major roads.
The first hotel was opened in 1794 in the USA. It was a "City Hotel" of rooms (New York City). In 1829, the Tremonti Hotel 1 of Ivry class (Boston) began to function. Then there were "palace hotels" in other cities: "Palmer House" in Chicago, "Saint Charlie" 7 "0wiggy Louis" in New Orleans, "Planetars Hotel" fashionable hotels in the cities of Baltimore and Washington.
Characteristic of this historical period is the opening of hotels at railway stations. In particular, in the United States from 1880 to 1890, every 100 km of the road, the services of the chain functioned - Zhg.yashpgy Harvey.
Analysts of the hotel business define the XIX century. as a period of in-fonyugo development of the hospitality industry. In particular, hotel enterprises became widespread, differing in size and solutions:
2 The first type - large in capacity and luxurious. Some of them have even become architectural masterpieces, the second type is small in capacity with a limited range of services and low prices.
At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. The hospitality industry has become the IMYASISHVA branch of the economy. The construction of hotel enterprises, personnel, pricing issues were dealt with by the services of syndicates, joint-stock companies, corporations. In the beginning, the most famous among them were the London Hotel Syndicate and the French Hoteliers' Union. In 1906, the International Union of Hotel Owners united 1,700 hotels from around the world.
The most significant historical stages in the development of the hotel business table. 1.1.
№ | historical periods | Significant events in the development and formation of the global hotel industry |
2 | I-III Art. H.e. | The first legal documents regulated the quality of accommodation services, responsibility for the personal belongings of the guests |
3 | 60p. AD | The introduction of state control measures ("cursus publicus") in the organization of inns in the Roman Empire |
4 | XIII-XV centuries AD | Providing the first comprehensive hotel services for merchants, the emergence of caravanserais |
5 | 325p. | The church encouraged the development of inns. In particular, the expediency of creating shelters at monasteries was noted. |
6 | XI-XII centuries | Establishment of knightly households and hospices |
1254 p. | King Ludwig IX (France) issues a legal act on the regulation of the organization of hotel facilities | |
7 | 1266 p. | The Magdeburg Law (Germany) regulates the obligations of owners of hotel facilities |
8 | 1407 p. | King Charles VI (France) introduces mandatory registration of guests in hotel facilities |
\ 9 " | 19th century | Creation of transit hotels |
10 | 1829 p. | The Tremonti Hotel (USA) with 170 rooms was created, in which the services of porters and messengers were introduced for the first time; organized reception service; allocated single, double rooms with bathrooms |
11 | 1841 p. | First travel agency established (England) |
12 | 1907 p. | The first hotel chain "Buffalo Statler" (USA) was created |
13 | 1940-1952 pp. | organized the first services of the chain "Sheraton", "Hilton", "Holiday" |
Ancient period - the period of antiquity (YIII millennium BC - 476 AD)
The first mention of guest enterprises goes back centuries, to the time of antiquity. Antiquity appeared before us as a historical epoch, whimsically changing its forms and appearances - Greek, Etruscan, Carthaginian, Hellenistic and Roman. This is the world of culture and the world of man with a true environment of historical life, created and experienced by people with their unique destinies and personalities. People lived in different eras of antiquity and were unequal in origin, social status, education, character. The ancient heritage with a "golden chain" linked times and peoples together; a heritage that no subsequent century could do without.
European civilization is built on ancient foundations. The vast expanses around the Mediterranean Sea, in the Middle East, European lands from the Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea, from Britain to Italy were civilized for many centuries in the ancient manner. Antiquity revealed to the world various forms of organization of human society - political and social. Democracy was born in ancient Greece. Rome gave examples of a republican system, and then an empire with the existence of many peoples, languages, religions and lands. Rome opened to the world the most important role of law in regulating all kinds of human relations. In the ancient world, a grandiose attempt was made to unite the West and the East in a single civilization, overcoming the disunity of peoples and traditions, and the interpenetration of cultures. The ancient heritage has nourished and continues to nourish world culture and science for centuries. In antiquity, the foundations of many sciences were laid.
The most important contribution to the ancient heritage was left by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Greece and Rome were different in their origins, however, Greece and Rome have so much in common that they are classified as one civilization. By the thirteenth century BC e. alphabetical writing was invented, and a century later, minted coins. Culture became the property of the masses, and the coin facilitated the exchange between countries and within the country.
The first mention of guest enterprises was found in ancient manuscripts - in the famous code of laws of the king of Babylonia - Hammurabi (1700 BC). Thanks to these references, it becomes clear that the taverns that existed at that time enjoyed a dubious reputation. Hammurabi's code required tavern owners to report on patrons talking about the authorities. The composition of the visitors was quite diverse and specific.
Some believe that the word "hospitality" comes from the old French - "ospis" - a hospitable house. Others are from the Latin "hospitalis" which means hospitality. Hospitables - this is how people were called in antiquity, together with their family, who receive guests in their home. With the hospitables, a foreign state entered into an alliance of mutual assistance, friendship and protection.
But hotels where you can find shelter for money were not known at that time. Foreigners could always find a hospitable welcome in private homes.
The bulk of the Roman population lived in rural tribes. In the early era, these were atrium-type houses. Mostly single storey. The name comes from the word atrium, derived from the adjective ater (black). The main room - the room - was not named by chance. There was a hearth in the room (which painted the walls with its soot and soot during cooking). The stove was located in the back of the room, and in the foreground was the master's marriage bed. In the center of the atrium was a pool where rainwater flowed through a hole in the roof. There were few windows, and everything was located at the top. On both sides of the doors along the walls, rooms were fenced off from each other with boards, the entrance to which was separated from the atrium by curtains. So they served as bedrooms for other family members or for guests. The house was not cluttered with furniture: a table, benches, a chest for clothes, hanging cabinets and shelves - that's all the simple furniture.
The daily routine was dictated by the length of daylight hours, and the need to cherish the sunlight. Therefore, people got up early, with the sunrise.
People who began their working day, first of all, washed their faces and hands, ate a simple first breakfast, which was called ientaculum. Breakfast consisted of a piece of bread, cheese, olives, onions, sometimes with the addition of boiled fish.
At noon, the Romans interrupted work for lunch or a second breakfast, which received a special name - prandium. It was not much different from the first one and was essentially the same dry food, which diversified with nuts and fruits. In the afternoon there was a substantial dinner, which later turned into a lunch called sena. The whole family, guests, servants, slaves gathered for it. They satisfied their hunger with hot food, but first they ate lard or boiled vegetables. The main dish was a bean soup (conchis), seasoned with olive oil or lard and, of course, with onions, garlic, dill, rue, celery, etc. If the situation allowed, they served baked meat, drank wine heavily diluted with water (only men). Simple, healthy, devoid of sophistication of dishes, food was part of the diet of the ancestors of the Romans.
In places where public festivities took place and guests from other states were invited, shelters were built for numerous visitors.
The most brilliant period of the festivities coincides with the time of the greatest power and prosperity of Hellas. The states sent sacred embassies to the most important holidays of other states connected with them by ties of tribal kinship or political interests. Architheors (representatives of embassies) did not spare public funds and participated in the celebration with pomp and brilliance. The number of public holidays in the era of prosperity of Hellas was more than weekdays. The ways of celebrating were different, but it should be noted that the holidays were recognized by the state, were made at the expense of the state treasury and were regulated by laws. The administration belonged to the magistrates (individuals or entire commissions). All segments of the population were involved in the celebrations: women (recluses on weekdays), children (freed from school), slaves, prisoners, debtors, etc. The demand for housing was used by homeowners, who began to make their houses profitable by renting them out. The need for hotels has become palpable.
The festive time was called the "holy month", even if it lasted only a few days or even one. All public and private affairs were stopped, with the exception of those that were necessary and related to the holiday itself. For holidays visited by foreigners (for example, the Olympic Games), a sacred truce was announced through special messengers, sometimes for a long time (up to 55 days). Of course, not all holidays were celebrated equally solemnly. But one of the holidays - the Olympic Games - was a holiday of national importance.
The Olympic Games got their name from the area - Olympia, one of the regions of Elis. The place of the holiday was a sacred area on the banks of the Alfea River, at the confluence of the Kladea stream. A sacred road of 300 stadia (about 50 versts) long connected this area with the city of Elis. The area was surrounded by a wall and built up with numerous sanctuaries. The Olympic holiday was divided into two parts - sacred rites and competitions. Sacrifices to Zeus were made on the first day of the holiday, and from the second, competitions began, first for boys, and then adults. Only citizens of Hellenic states, of impeccable morality and not older than a certain age, were allowed to participate in the competitions, barbarians and slaves were allowed as spectators, married women were not allowed at all, girls were not forbidden to attend competitions. The organization of the competitions was in charge and the awards were given to the winners by the so-called "Hellenic judges". For 10 months, the chosen ones studied the manuals for the holiday and on the first day they took an oath to correctly fulfill their duties. To maintain order during the festival, they had at their disposal a certain number of stick insects.
The Olympic Games were discontinued in 394 by order of Emperor Theodosius. Only for the Olympic Games, such a number of buildings were erected - prototypes of modern hotels - in which it was possible to safely locate the population of a small city of that time.
The development of trade, changes in the social life of society predetermined the emergence of a new type of enterprise - inns.
The most extensive network of inns was created on the territory of the Roman Empire. Inns began to be located along the main roads at a distance of 25 miles from each other (40.2 km). The length of roads in the heyday was about 85 thousand square kilometers. The state participated in the construction of these inns and in the control of their activities. The settlement took place strictly on a class basis, and a certain gradation was observed. Merchants, merchants, travelers could not be settled with government officials and civil servants. The modest village inns were called kumpons, and the richer ones, with stables, etc., were called stabulas. However, as economic relations developed, the demands of travelers increased, and many well-maintained courtyards arose. Appropriate conditions were created for the aristocracy, buildings were built according to all the rules of architectural art, a wide range of services was offered (“plumbing”, servants, etc.) It was not shameful to stay in Roman inns even for representatives of the highest nobility - kings and members of their families. The houses had separate kitchens, guest rooms, several bedrooms, rooms for latrines, servants, things, baths, cosmetic (massage, haircut) rooms, laundries, rooms for repairing clothes and cleaning shoes, stables, blacksmith services, etc.
Already in the III century. BC. the builders of Rome erected tall apartment buildings - insulas - to accommodate the growing population of the city and guests. These were three-, four-, and sometimes five-story buildings with wooden frame. In Rome, the insulae were inhabited by both the poor and the middle class of the townspeople; rich people lived in mansions. In such a multi-storey building, separate rooms or entire floors were rented out. In the Roman port of Ostia, where the lack of space was especially acute, everyone lived in multi-storey insulas (the remains of a number of insulas not only well-appointed, but also decorated with frescoes and reliefs have been preserved). In other cities where there was enough space for building (such as Pompeii), the insul was not built at all, they built houses with a garden or mansions. Hundreds of cities in Rome had aqueducts - water pipes that supply water to the city. As a rule, aqueducts were monumental structures on arched supports. The longest aqueduct - 132 km was erected under the emperor Hadrian in Carthage. At the same time, houses appear - lupanaria (brothels).
And in ancient Greece, the first hospitality enterprises were taverns. They were an important element of religious and social life, but, to a greater extent, offered food to travelers. There were accommodations for the night, but there was no question of any comfort. Often a place to sleep was offered in the same room as the animals, something like sheds, and the sleeping place was, as a rule, just straw on the floor.
In ancient Greece, two types of structures intended for overnight stays were widespread: catalogs (private visiting yards) and pandokeys (state visiting yards) and were available to everyone.
The Middle East, Asia, Transcaucasia played a huge role in the emergence of hospitality enterprises. The largest trade routes passed through the territory of these regions, along which caravans moved in long streams. There was a need to organize lodging for the night, rest for people and animals.
The ancient Persians were among the first to organize guest complexes: caravanserais (for people and camels). The whole complex was surrounded by a fortress wall, which was a protection from the elements and robbers. In Persia, all the inns belonged to the Shah. They were used by people traveling on official business. In the ancient Persian state, inns for state officials were organized at a good level.
The level of development of the hotel industry in Chaldea is evidenced by the ruins of an inn in the town of Ur (modern territory of Iran). It was a complex of several modest premises, probably one-story, with various purposes - for kitchens, bedrooms, stables for animals. All the rooms were located around the courtyard, which led to three entrances made in the wall from the side of the street.
The building of the caravanserai at the royal palace in Knossos with a complex layout reflected the high level of civilization of the Mycenaean period (1400 BC). The caravanserai was located on a slope, by the road leading to the palace. The first floor, intended for service premises, had a hall with columns and beautiful frescoes on the walls. Adjacent to the hall was the entrance for travelers arriving on foot, with a special basin for washing feet. Boilers for heating water were located in the basement of the building.
Guest rooms were located on the second floor. The building had utility rooms, warehouses for goods, etc.
After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 BC. has begun new stage in the development of hospitality enterprises.
The ancient heritage has nourished and continues to nourish world culture and science for centuries. Antiquity continues to live in us, it is the foundation of the world in which we live now. The connection between epochs, generations, people is a manifestation of the life of mankind as a single living whole, in which the past, present and future are inextricably linked.
The first hotels (caravanserais), as well as the profession of serving traveling people, arose in the distant past, more than 2 thousand years BC. e., in ancient Eastern civilization. For centuries, the appearance of the ancient hotel has not changed. It mainly consisted of a fence for horses and a two-story building in which a tavern was located on the first floor, and bedrooms on the second.
Hotels first appeared in France. These were castles in the picturesque places of the city. They were built of stone and were comfortable. Much has changed since the first hotels, but they have made a significant contribution to the development of all subsequent hotels.
Stages historical development hotel industry
Time | Place | Characteristic |
II-I millennium BC. e. | Assyria | The emergence of caravanserais - the first buildings for temporary stay and recreation of travelers |
6th century BC. - 1 in. AD | Ancient Rome | The historical beginning is the birth of a mass hotel industry, the development of an extensive network of inns and taverns in the vast territory of the Roman Empire in cities and along roads. |
V-XIII century (Middle Ages) | Europe | The emergence of hotels at monasteries (organized according to the edict of Charlemagne for wanderers) |
XVII-XVIII centuries | America | The emergence of inns in America in connection with the appearance of European settlers. Buildings of the same type: a dwelling for the owners, a tavern, bedrooms on the upper floors. The first 70-room hotel "CITY HOTEL" (New York, 1794) |
Early 20th century 1906 | America | A new concept in the construction of hotels based on providing maximum services to customers (Hotel BUFFALO STATLER) |
20s 20th century | America | Powerful hotel construction. Hotel business of Conrod Hilton, construction of the largest hotel in the world "CONROD HILTON" |
50-60s of the XX century. flourishing auto and aircraft. | The whole world | Revival and restoration of the hotel industry (Europe). Construction of motels for traveling motorists. Construction of hotels in famous and new resort centers of the world |
70-80s of the XX century. | Segmentation of the hotel market as a result of its saturation with hotel services. Development of hotel chains "MARI-OTT", "RAMADA", "SHERATON", "RE-DISSON", etc. |
CLASSIFICATION OF TOURIST ACCOMMODATION
For hotels, classification is a way to provide the consumer with information about the quality of service, infrastructure and other capabilities of the enterprise, thus helping potential customers and demonstrating their loyalty to them.
Hospitality enterprises are classified according to various criteria. The most used among them are: comfort level, room capacity, functional purpose, location, duration of work, catering, length of stay, price level, form of ownership.
1. Classification of hotel enterprises according to the level of comfort plays a huge role in solving the issues of quality management of hotel services. The level of comfort is a complex criterion.
Classification of hotel enterprises by size (capacity).
The capacity of hotels is determined by the number of rooms or beds. Both of these parameters are often given in statistics.
Classification of hotel enterprises according to their functional purpose.
To collective accommodation facilities for tourists include: hotels and similar accommodation facilities, including residential clubs, motels; boarding houses; furnished rooms; hostels, specialized institutions and other accommodation enterprises.
Specialized enterprises in addition to providing accommodation services, they perform some other specialized function:
Sanatoriums;
Dispensaries;
Work and rest camps;
rest houses;
Tourist shelters, parking lots and others;
Tourist, sports bases, recreation centers;
Houses of the hunter (fisherman);
Congress - centers;
Public means of transport (trains, cruise ships, yachts);
Land and water transport, converted into accommodation for the night;
Campsites (camping sites, caravan sites).
Features of the hotel classification system in Russia
Hotel classification according to the Interstate standard GOST 28681.4-95 "Tourist and excursion services: Classification of hotels" dated 01.01.1997
At present, the normative document on the basis of which the classification of Russian hotels is carried out is the order of the Ministry economic development and Trade of the Russian Federation dated June 21, 2003 No. 197 "On Approval of the Regulations on the State System of Classification of Hotels and Other Accommodation Facilities".
This is a new classification system for hotels and other accommodation facilities (three of the four previous hotel certification systems ceased to exist due to the abolition of GOST R50645-94 in the summer of 2003).
The main goals facing the state classification system of hotels and other accommodation facilities are:
♦ ensuring the stability of the quality of service in accommodation facilities;
♦ harmonization of criteria for classification of accommodation facilities in Russian Federation with the Recommendations of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and taking into account existing foreign practice;
♦ differentiation of accommodation facilities depending on the range and quality of services provided;
♦ assistance to the consumer in the competent choice of services of the accommodation facility;
♦ providing the consumer with reliable information that the category of the accommodation facility is confirmed by the results of the classification and corresponds to the category established in normative documents accepted in the system;
♦ increasing the competitiveness of hotels and other accommodation facilities;
♦ promoting the development of inbound and domestic tourism by strengthening the confidence of Russian and foreign consumers in the results of the classification of accommodation facilities and, of course, increasing the revenue side of the country's budget.
Types of rooms in accommodation facilities
Hotel - an enterprise that provides people who are away from home with a range of services, the most important of which are equally the accommodation service and the food service.
Rooms - the aggregate, the total number of rooms (beds) of different categories in hotels, which are managed by the hotel management, hotel chain management, hotel management directorate, global booking and reservation systems.
A room is a room consisting of one or more places of residence, equipped in accordance with the requirements for a hotel of this category. A bed is an area with a sleeping place intended for the use of one person.
Classification of hotel rooms
Hotel rooms are classified on various grounds:
♦ by number of seats.
♦ by the number of rooms.
♦ by appointment.
Business class rooms
Non economic
Rooms-apartments
Lux apartments
LECTURE No. 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCOMMODATION FACILITIES
Plan
2. Requirements for the services of accommodation facilities
3. Security requirements
4. Requirements for environmental protection
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Features of the hotel must meet the requirements of the target segment of the market of consumers of hotel services.
Considering the evolution of hospitality industry enterprises, we can distinguish periods that historically correspond to the periods of development of human society:
· ancient;
· Middle Ages;
· New time;
modern period.
Ancient period (4th millennium BC - 476 AD)
To this period of social development, most historians attribute the appearance of the first guest enterprises - the prototypes of modern hotels and restaurants. The mention of such enterprises - taverns - is contained in ancient manuscripts, one of which is the code of the king of Babylonia Hammurabi, written around 1700 BC.
In ancient Greece in the 1st millennium BC. taverns were an important element of social and religious life. Although the taverns had accommodations for travellers, they were more for the provision of catering services. The development of trade and the long trips associated with it required the organization of not only food, but also accommodation. This circumstance predetermined the emergence of another type of enterprise - inns.
The most extensive network of inns was created on the territory of the Roman Empire. Ancient Roman inns were located along the main roads in cities and villages at a distance of about 25 miles (40.225 km) from each other.
The strict class structure that underlay the Roman state had an impact on the activities of hospitality enterprises of that time. In particular, the resettlement of travelers here was carried out on a class basis. Merchants, merchants and other travelers from the common people could never be settled next to civil servants and government messengers. This circumstance affected the quality of the inns. Those in which representatives of the aristocracy and government officials stayed were built according to all the rules of architectural art and offered a wide range of services at that time. Subsequently, Marco Polo said that in such inns even "it is not shameful for the king to stop" *.
* Walker J. Introduction to hospitality. - M.: UNITI, 1999. P.12.
Taverns and inns designed to serve citizens of the lower classes offered minimal conditions for lodging and recreation. For example, very often travelers slept simply on straw, and in order not to freeze in the cold season, they pressed against the warm side of their horse. There was no question of any additional comfort.
A huge role in the emergence of hospitality enterprises was played by the development of trade relations in the Middle East, Asia and the Caucasus. The largest trade routes passed through the territory of these regions, along which caravans with goods moved in long streams. To organize overnight stays for caravan participants along trade routes, special accommodation points were created - caravanserais, which, as a rule, included rooms for people and pens for camels and horses. All this was surrounded by a fortress wall, protecting from natural elements (wind, rain, storms), as well as from robbers and robbers.
After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD. a new stage in the development of hospitality enterprises began.
Middle Ages (V - XV centuries AD)
The development of hospitality enterprises in the Middle Ages was greatly influenced by religious traditions. During this period, the number of people who made pilgrimages to holy places increased dramatically. The Church obliged the monasteries to provide hospitality to pilgrims, organize accommodation for them, and provide meals. At this time, there are other institutions that perform similar functions. For example, the Frankish king, and later the emperor Charlemagne (742-814), patronizing the church, in the 8th century established special houses for the rest of pilgrims. One of these houses, the abbey in the Ronselval Gorge, provided wanderers with a warm welcome at the gate, free bread, services of a barber, a shoemaker, fruits and nuts from the bins of the abbey, and much more.
Such a wide provision of free services by monasteries to travelers held back the development of private accommodation enterprises. In England, a great impetus to the development of private inns and taverns was given only in the late Middle Ages and especially during the Reformation, when the English king Henry VIII secularized the monasteries *. None of the wanderers could no longer count on a free stop in the monasteries and was forced to stop at private inns.
* Secularization is the conversion of church property into secular property by the state.
In the XII-XIII centuries, inns - the forerunners of the first hotels - appeared in Russia. Then they were called "pits" and were located one from the other at a distance of a horse crossing. In the 15th century, inns were created at postal stations under the jurisdiction of the Yamsky Prikaz*. The construction of gostiny yards in large Russian cities also dates back to the 15th century, differing from inns in that, in addition to accommodation and meals, there were opportunities for making commercial transactions, that is, furnished rooms, shopping arcades, shops, warehouses were united in the living yards. As a rule, all this was surrounded by walls and towers with entrance gates. The resettlement of foreigners in the gostiny yards was carried out on a national basis. In Novgorod in the 15th-17th centuries there were "German" and "Dutch" guest houses, in Moscow - "English", "Greek", "Armenian", etc.
* Yamskoy prikaz - the central state institution in Russia, in charge of the organization of transportation, the service of coachmen, etc.
In the 13th century, guest houses appeared in Vitebsk, Grodno, Brest, Slonim and other Belarusian cities. Special living quarters for Belarusian merchants in the 15th-16th centuries were built in Bryansk, Vyazma, and Moscow.
A progressive direction in the activity of hospitality enterprises in the medieval period was the creation of the first professional associations. So, in 1282, the innkeepers of the city of Florence in Italy founded their guild.
New time (XVI century - early XX century)
The opening of the first coffee houses, which became the centers of cultural and literary life of that time, dates back to the 16th century. Their appearance was facilitated by the spread in Western Europe of such exotic drinks as coffee and tea. The first European coffee houses were opened in 1652 in London and in 1683 in Vienna. In particular, coffee sweetened with honey and diluted with milk was first offered in Vienna. By the end of the 17th century, coffee houses on the European continent had become quite common. In large cities, their number reached several dozen.
The period under consideration includes the opening in 1553 in Paris of the first restaurant, the Tour d'Argens, which over the next two centuries remained a completely unique institution, because its only function was to provide food.The term "restaurant" itself was used much later, in the second half of the 18th century, the word "restorantes" (in French meaning "strengthening, restoring") was the name of the soup, which is the main dish of the round-the-clock Parisian tavern of Mr. Boulanger, who today is called the "father of the modern restaurant" all over the world. the fact that in 1767, having won in Supreme Court case against the catering guild, which has a monopoly on meat dishes, Boulanger offered customers for the first time a wide range of beautifully prepared dishes. The most popular were lamb soup in wine sauce and Boulanger potatoes (sliced in a pot, cooked in an oven with a strong broth).
During the French Revolution of 1789-1799, due to the emigration of French chefs to other countries, where they all went into the restaurant business, the idea of a restaurant became widespread throughout the world.
By 1800, the British began to adopt the restaurant concept from their neighbors. The English restaurant was a majestic institution - a world of haute cuisine, high decorum, high service.
The beginning of the use of the menu - "a la carte" (a la carte) dates back to the middle of the 19th century. The client gets the right to choose to taste any dish from the list offered to him.
The Savoy Hotel opened in London in 1898. It was managed by the famous Caesar Ritz (currently the Ritz-Carlton hotels bear his name), and the chef was Georges Agust Escoffier. These two people made a real revolution in the organization of restaurants at hotels. Escoffier was one of the greatest cooks of his time. Fame brought him a published guide to cooking, as well as the brigade contract introduced by him in the kitchen.
The United States plays a special role in the development of hospitality enterprises. According to historians, the first inn appeared here much later than in Europe, only in 1607. One of the first taverns was opened in Boston in 1634. In 1642, in New York (then called New Amsterdam), a tavern was opened by the Dutch. Since that time, taverns have become centers of social life, meeting places for soldiers and businessmen. They flourished not only in the cities, but also along the main roads, and especially at the crossroads.
European settlers who entered the land of the Americas brought with them the experience of building and managing inns and taverns that they had accumulated over the centuries. From the point of view of architecture, location, service offered, American inns and taverns resembled European ones in many ways, differing only slightly. For example, when placing people here, there was no discrimination based on class. Unlike European enterprises, which largely performed a social function, American taverns from the very beginning of their existence had a commercial focus, that is, they were created for the purpose of making a profit.
The first hotel opened in the United States was the 70-room City Hotel on Broadway in New York. This momentous event took place in 1794. In 1829, the Tremont Hotel opened in Boston - the first first-class hotel in the United States - with bellboys, a reception desk, locks on the doors of rooms, and even free soap for guests. The opening of this hotel marked the beginning of a hotel boom that swept through the United States, first of all through the cities of the East Coast, and then in the West and South. By the end of the 19th century, two types of hotels were already common here. Some were large and luxurious - some of them were simply architectural masterpieces, with a spacious lobby, ballroom, elevator, plumbing, electric lighting and a number of other amenities. Others are small and outdated, offering services at low prices.
It is believed that the famous Delmonico restaurant opened in New York in 1831 was the first restaurant in the United States. The name soon became synonymous with gourmet food and impeccable service.
The development of restaurant business in the United States in those years was greatly influenced by French traditions. By 1852, every first-class American hotel had its own French chef. Menus were also traditionally printed in French, making it difficult for English-speaking diners to read. Thanks to John Delmonico, one of the owners of the Delmonico restaurants, a bilingual menu was introduced for the first time, in which the names of dishes in French and English were placed opposite each other. This tradition took root and over the years has become widespread in the world.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, the hospitality industry turns into an important industry. Hotel associations, syndicates, joint-stock companies, corporations begin to deal with the construction of hotels, training of personnel, and pricing issues. At the beginning of the 20th century, the most notable among them were the London Syndicate of Hotel Owners, the French Hotel Owners Union. In 1906, the International Union of Hotel Owners was organized, bringing together the owners of 1,700 hotels from around the world.
In Russia in 1910 there were 4,685 privately owned hotels, not counting inns and taverns with rooms. The most popular were the Metropol Hotel, built in 1897-1907 in Moscow by the St. Petersburg Joint-Stock Company, the Lux Hotel (founded by the Moscow baker Filippov), the Grand Hotel (the owner is a merchant, millionaire Korzinkin), the Shevaldyshev Europa Hotel, "Paris" and others.
At the beginning of the 20th century, about 30 private hotels functioned in Minsk. Some of them were simply furnished rooms with 10-15 rooms. In Minsk, there was also the largest hotel in the North-Western Territory - the hotel "Europe", with 30 rooms and offering a wide range of services at that time: a hairdresser's with a male and female hall, a restaurant, a library, an elevator, a car to the station, etc.
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1 Federal Agency for Education Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics M.Yu. LAYKO, D.A. SHTYKHNO WORLD HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Approved by the Editorial and Publishing Council of the Academy as study guide Moscow 2006
2 BBC: U ya73-1 UDC: (075.8) WORLD HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Proc. allowance / M.Yu. Laiko, D.A. Shtykhno; Federal Agency for Education, Russian Economic Acad. them. G. V. Plekhanov. Moscow, 2006 ISBN The paper examines the history of the emergence of various forms and methods of service used by hotel and restaurant enterprises in the West and East, indicates the prerequisites, factors and ways of forming the hospitality industry as a global sector of the economy, explains the mechanisms of globalization of the industry. For students studying in the specialty "Economics and management at the enterprise. Hotel and tourism business. Russian Economic Academy,
3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Ancient East Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Middle Ages and the Renaissance (V-XVII centuries) Means of accommodation Catering The beginning of the American hospitality industry Modern times - XVIII century Accommodation facilities in Europe Hospitality in America The influence of the French Revolution on the development of culinary arts Modern times - XIX century Accommodation industry in Europe Food industry in Europe Accommodation industry in America Food industry in America Major developments in the hospitality industry in the XX century Control questions DEVELOPMENT OF THE US HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN THE USA IN THE XX CENTURY US hotel industry during the years Statler Hotels First World War Hilton Hotels The advent of motels and the largest hotel The Great Depression: 1930s Sheraton Hotels s: World War II and its aftermath Inter-Continental Hotels Expansion of Hilton International and Sheraton Hotel industry in the 1950s - early 1960s Holiday Inn Hyatt Hotels The emergence of franchising and whether zinga (rentals) Budget hotels and motels. Partnership as a way to finance American resorts
4 Development of the hospitality industry in the 1960s Hotel chains Consolidation of independent hotels Development of the globalization of American hotel chains Hospitality industry in the 1970s Management contracts The condominium concept Timeshare Hospitality in the volatile 1980s 1990s and today US food industry in the 20th century Major events in the food industry Catering in organizations Operating chains in the food industry Contracts for management in food service Control questions DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA Historical data on the hospitality of the ancient Slavs Russian hospitality industry in XII-XIX centuries Russian hospitality industry in the 20th century Foreign hotel companies in Russia Foreign companies in the Moscow hotel services market Research of the hotel services sector McKinsey Global Institute Control questions GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD HOTEL INDUSTRY The essence of the concept of "globalization" modern economy Principles and aspects of globalization Characteristics of tourism and hotel industry in the regions of the world Tourism industry in the modern economy General characteristics of the world hotel industry North America Europe Asia-Pacific region Caribbean and Africa
5 4.3. Expansion of hotel chains beyond national borders Expansion to Europe Expansion to America Expansion to the Middle East Expansion to the Asia-Pacific region Control questions FAMOUS HOSPITALITY ENTERPRISES CONCLUSION
6 INTRODUCTION The nature of hospitality as a form of relationship between people is closely related to human nature. Being born, each of us falls into a closed social space family, close people, friends. In this space we have the most necessary food, shelter, protection. Gradually developing, each person expands the limits of his closed space: teachers and classmates at school, students and teachers at college, work colleagues, new acquaintances, etc. are included in it. This social space also has a geographical component: our home, school, work, homes of relatives and friends, our city, country. , in which he also needs at least food, shelter and protection, and possibly more good communication, business advice, help. And then the person expects to receive it from the people in whose space he found himself as a temporary visitor, or guest. The ability to receive a guest, show him honor and respect, provide protection and patronage is an integral part of the culture of the peoples of the world. To a large extent, this is due to the fact that hospitality is based on the principle of reciprocity: we receive a guest the way we ourselves would like to be accepted if we find ourselves in his closed space. And since the basic needs of people are largely universal, the concept of "hospitality" all over the world includes, first of all, the provision of food, shelter and protection, and only then the fulfillment of more specific needs, which probably prompted a person to commit out of his enclosed space. Therefore, hospitality is inextricably linked with travel, which is undertaken for various purposes. In this manual, we will look at how the hospitality of various countries has developed as an activity from ancient times to the present day, how the economy and culture of various peoples have affected the traditions and forms of catering and accommodation, what role the hospitality industry plays in the world today. 6
7 1. HISTORY OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY 1.1. Ancient East The very first mentions of hospitality are mentions of food as an activity. There is evidence that already years ago in Denmark, the tribes prepared food in large kitchens and ate it in large groups. The history of providing accommodation as an integral component of hospitality is associated with travel and travel. People who found themselves far from their places of permanent residence had to take care of providing themselves with food, shelter and rest. Traveling until modern times was associated with risk, and travelers did not take it for their own pleasure: merchants expected to make a profit, pilgrims were attracted to the road by religious inspiration, scientists-researchers, knowledge of the world, expanding their horizons, etc. Since ancient times, the hotel business and tourism as two areas of public life are inextricably linked. In order to fully understand the problem of the interdependence between travel and hospitality, it is necessary to become familiar with these two areas, their development and organizational forms in detail. The first mentions of points of sale of drinks date back to the 4th millennium BC. The heyday of these enterprises falls on the later period of the existence of the Roman Empire, proclaimed in 27 BC. and split in 395 AD into the Western and Eastern, and the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman), whose capital was Constantinople and which existed in the IV-XV centuries. AD The results of excavations in the southern part of Iraq, carried out for 12 years by the English archaeologist Leonard Woolley, give reason to believe that even in the 5th millennium BC. there were khanns (khān) - inns for temporary shelter of people: "Stables were partially located on the lower floors of the building, part of the premises was occupied by the owner himself with his family, the rest were adapted for guests. The walls of this house are prohibitively thick. There is an assumption that the room was three-story. ..” Mentions of places to accommodate travelers at the end of the 4th millennium BC can be found in the history of Ancient Egypt (a state that existed in the valley of the lower Nile from the 4th millennium BC and conquered by the Romans in 30 -m BC) and the Sumerian states of Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia, the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates, now it is the territory of Iraq, partly Iran, Syria, Kuwait).Early civilizations of that time could already produce surplus grain on irrigated fields, located - 7
8 in river valleys. The nature of such farming required great collective effort and organization of labor, which was the basis for social systems (states) that had goods for exchange and introduced tax systems that provided resources for the growth of cities. Ancient states needed management (transmission of orders from rulers and reports from managers), and the development of trade. An ancient Egyptian painting of the 2nd century BC has survived to this day. BC. depicting a messenger handing a scroll with a message to a government official. State authorities constantly needed information about the state of affairs in the subject territories and during military campaigns. Even during the period of the slave-owning system, the first steps were taken in order to streamline the system of transport and communications, road construction, facilities (places) for accommodating travelers. The main means of movement and transportation of goods at that time were trips on pack and saddle animals - donkeys, mules, horses, camels. Travelers, for safety reasons, moved in groups in caravans, and, accordingly, places for rest and eating were called caravanserais (caravanserai). The first caravanserais had a dubious reputation, often serving as brothels. The ancient Egyptians sailed along the Nile River, carrying huge blocks from which they built the pyramids. The early Phoenicians sailed the Mediterranean to what is now Syria and Lebanon, establishing their colonies and developing trade. In those days, Egypt was already considered not only the center of cultural monuments, as evidenced by the numerous inscriptions found on the pyramids left by sightseers and tourists of antiquity, but also a medical resort. These needs prompted the authorities to engage in the construction of tent camps, pavilions, all kinds of buildings and structures for travelers, as well as organizing their food and consumer services. The accumulated knowledge and experience in the construction of accommodation facilities, recorded in the history of Ancient Egypt, were successfully used later in the construction of such facilities by the Greeks and Romans. The Babylonian king Hammurabi (Babylon, an ancient city southwest of modern Baghdad) subjugated Mesopotamia and Assyria. In the years BC. the laws of King Hammurabi were written, which indicated that the owners of caravanserais were obliged to report to the authorities on visitors, from whose conversations it followed after eating that they were plotting a crime. Failure was punishable by death. The death penalty was also imposed for defrauding visitors, such as diluting beer with water. eight
9 With the development of trade and the growth of the size of states, it became necessary to organize for travelers not only food, but also lodging for the night, as well as protection during the night. Often the caravans were accompanied by army detachments, so guards also had to be posted. With the growth of empires, the importance of roads increased, caravanserais began to perform not only the function of providing a place for safe rest and food for people and animals, but also began to fulfill customs duties and collect taxes from transported goods. In many ancient caravanserais, at first, shelter and food were provided for religious reasons, that is, free of charge. They were located approximately at the same distance from each other miles (24-32 km), which is typical for the Middle East, and for China (on the Great Silk Road), and later for Europe. The buildings were built on a stone base of mud bricks, the complex was in the form of a colonnade, standing around the perimeter of a rectangle with a central entrance, often protected by walls extending beyond the rectangle on the side of the entrance. The plan of one such complex, Qasr al-hayr al-gharbi (727 AD), survives and is probably the earliest example of this type of accommodation. Rice. 1. Plan of the caravanserai Qasr al-hayr al-gharbi The southern wing of the building contains a place for prayer, north wing contains a place for animals to drink. In the middle of complex 9
10 there were water tanks, the rooms were located around the perimeter, usually on the second floor. The shade from the roof made it possible to sit outdoors. There were places for cooking and making a fire for heating in the winter. There was enough space to accommodate both travelers and guards. Since the main building material was clay brick, which is largely subject to erosion even in desert conditions, most of the structures have not survived to this day, however, based on the remains of buildings, one can still judge how the architecture of accommodation enterprises developed in the states of the Ancient East. Rice. 2. Ruins of the caravanserai Ribāt-i Sharaf, 1124 AD. The Babylonians were well acquainted with neighboring peoples and showed great interest in the roads that connected them with certain countries. The Babylonians, being people of a scientific mindset, left us geographical maps of a number of localities. Such maps, scratched on clay tablets, indicate the channels of rivers and the position of the seas, the boundaries of certain possessions, trade routes and places of temporary location (shelter) located on them. Babylonian merchants could be found everywhere; known letter of the Babylonian king to the pharaoh of Egypt, in which he expresses his dissatisfaction with the fact that the roads in Syria and Palestine are unsafe and his sales agents are robbed by local residents. To prevent attacks on merchants and ensure safe passage along the roads, caravanserais are created everywhere in Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Babylon. 10
11 Considering that the Babylonians climbed far to the north, reaching the Black and Caspian Seas, remote areas of the East, it can be understood that the result of this was the construction of sometimes primitive shelters, and sometimes caravanserais along rather long trade routes. These establishments were not similar to each other, and in each locality the design of the premises was dictated by specific conditions: climate, topography, safety requirements, available building materials. The caravan was a large community of travelers, especially merchants, who united for mutual assistance and whose main goal was trade or pilgrimage. In a caravan, there were sometimes more than a thousand camels or other pack animals, based on the conditions of the relief or terrain. The most famous caravan routes from Africa and Syria to Mecca. The first was formed in Cairo or Alexandria, the last in Damascus. Later, in Muslim countries, in caravanserais, travelers and their beasts of burden were provided with shelter and food for three days, no longer for religious reasons, but at the expense of the treasury (this is reported, in particular, by Afanasy Nikitin in his "Journey Beyond the Three Seas") . After this period, the traveler had to either pay for accommodation and the services provided to him, or go further. Caravanserai or caravan houses served as a temporary shelter for caravan participants. They became the forerunners of the mail coach inn, and later the motel, and provided services to caravans and other travelers as early as the 5th century BC. In the territories to the east of Constantinople, by decree of the Sultan from the 5th century. BC. travelers (of any religion) in the caravanserai were provided free of charge for three days, in modern terms, “full board”, and indigent travelers were additionally given a pair of shoes free of charge. Caravanserais were located on the territory of modern Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and northern India at a distance of one day's journey from each other. A typical caravanserai consisted of a patio for animals and simple rooms for travelers. On the road from modern Istanbul to the capital of Agra, Moghula in northern India (Taj Mahal Palace), the traveler could rest and find protection from the bandits. The premises could be rented for a fee. The Seljuk Turks, who built many caravanserais, proceeded from social considerations. Each traveler, regardless of nationality and religion, received a three-day lodging for the night with food, medical care, and the poor received new shoes, and all this at the expense of the state. eleven
12 Taking into account the presence of a large number of pack animals, the transported cargo was built caravanserais in the form of large public buildings not only in cities, but also on roads, in settlements. The caravanserai became both an inn and a trading house at the same time. Gradually, the comfort of such establishments grew, their owners were exempted from military service. Caravanserais in the cities were located near the main city gates, and were used to collect taxes. Settlement of tax issues for large caravans could take several days, making it necessary to accommodate travelers in close proximity. These same lodging establishments were often used by relocating waxes and government officials, the latter often being booked in advance. Caravanserais became especially widespread in the IX XVIII centuries due to the growth of cities and the strengthening of transit caravan trade. Two types of caravanserais were most common at that time: those with halls and those with an inner courtyard. Hall caravanserai (found in Armenia) are rectangular buildings divided into naves. The middle nave was intended for people and goods, while animals were kept in the side naves. In the second type of caravanserais, small rooms open to the courtyard, located in one or several tiers, served to accommodate people and store goods, the animals were in the courtyard. Caravanserais on the roads were fortified with defensive walls or joined to craft and household suburbs and places of worship. On transit routes, caravanserais began to lose their importance with the development of railways and other modern modes of transport. One of the caravanserais that has survived to this day is located in Spain in Grenada. Around the courtyard are located on three floors of the rooms. Such caravanserais are also found in Istanbul. More than a hundred caravanserais have survived in Turkey, but they do not function, although they are available to sightseers as museums. In Mongolia and China, there was also a successful development of trade and travel. Descriptions of caravanserais built specifically for the Emirs and Great Khans of the Mongolian states, which were truly luxurious complexes, have been preserved. Much later, Marco Polo, during his famous journey to the Far East (AD), described these caravanserais as establishments of the highest level, “in which it is not shameful for a king to stop. There are silk sheets on huge beds in exquisite rooms. The nearest town supplies well-groomed horses, of which there are 12 in each caravan.
There are about 400 barns in 13. There are more than such palaces in total, and there are more than horses in them. It is difficult to imagine such a grandiose organization. Even in the wild parts of the country there are such post stations that the great khan himself finances and sends people to cultivate the land around them and create villages. Thus, the messengers of the Great Khan can travel in any direction and will always find shelter, food and a change of horses. For urgent messages, there was a high-speed transmission system: couriers had special bells on their belts, three miles before the arrival of the courier, announcing his approach. Such couriers could travel miles (km) at full gallop in a day. Merchants from all over the world traveled to Beijing for silk, gold brocade, spices, pearls, and jewels, and lodged overnight on the outskirts of cities in inns by nationality, with Lombards, Germans, and French being especially noted. Merchant ships and overseas caravans carrying exotic goods plied the various western routes. Those who owned or operated the checkpoints collected taxes at every opportunity, and it is not surprising that at the final point the prices of goods became truly fabulously high. Antique Greece In the modern sense of the word, hotels were known even in Homeric times. In Greece, as early as the 4th c. BC. there were hotel houses, especially in areas with a periodic mass influx of people associated with ongoing gymnastic and equestrian competitions, state celebrations, trade fairs, as well as near religious and resort attractions (in Delphi, Ephesus, Syracuse, Athens, Olympia, Corinth). The mobility of the population in the era of antiquity was surprisingly high. Events such as the Olympic Games brought together athletes, spectators, as well as merchants and artisans (i.e. both consumers and providers of goods and services) from all over Ancient Greece. In the vicinity of Olympus, structures were built, pavilions for athletes to live in them, as well as for organizing all kinds of household services. The Olympic Games were the most famous, but not the only spectacle of Ancient Greece (it should be borne in mind that the term "games" in the ancient world had a broader meaning than in modern Russian, and included both theatrical performances and competitions of poets, singers , musicians, as well as mysteries for the initiates, that is, it denoted a concept similar to modern festivals of culture and art). thirteen
14 In European literature, the term “tavern” (tavernа) is used, this is the old name for an inn or a hospice, a hotel, in Greece it is obligatory with a bar and sometimes meals, although in fact taverns appeared later. Shelter in such institutions was given to every poor and rich, noble and commoner. For example, the news has survived that the embassy of the Athenians to the king of Macedonia, Philip of Macedon (BC) stayed in such a hotel. The tavern owner in ancient Greece, like his modern counterpart, offered food, drink and lodging. The wine was both domestic and imported. Goat cheese, barley bread, cabbage, peas, beans and lentils were served at the table. You could also try figs and olives. Cheese biscuits, honey buns, cumin buns were preferred most of all. If meat was served, then it was usually goat meat, pork, lamb. The stuffed donkey was considered a delicacy. Sausages, pork puddings, various fish dishes were always available. In ancient Greece, by 50 BC. taverns become an important element of social and religious life. Men were frequent visitors to taverns (women were allowed to entertain guests with songs and dances). Most taverns in Greece were built, as a rule, for practical reasons, not far from temples (for example, the temple of Aphrodite). Sacrifices to the gods, which were of a ritual nature, were part of subsequent feasts: after the sacrifice, according to religious rites, the animals were brought to the tavern and eaten (“after the sacrifice, a feast, after the feast of a libation”). Each of the guests reclined on a couch, with a pillow or cushion under his left arm. Musicians (usually young girls) entertained the guests during the meal. Some taverns had small stages for theatrical performances. When the feast ended, according to Athenian custom, they drank three more times: once for the gods, once for the dead heroes, once for Zeus. On special occasions, flower garlands and perfumes were distributed. Then the libations began. In some taverns there were booths where the worshipers of Aphrodite could retire. Although many taverns in Greece are stranded as accommodations for travelers, the historical beginning of the European hotel industry as it is understood today is largely associated with ancient Rome. The ancient Greek influence was subsequently replaced by that of the Hellenistic period, and then, in the era of early Christianity, by a rather strong influence of the standards, rules and requirements of comfort of the Roman Empire, which even today exist in hospitality, especially in architecture and technical solutions of public services.
15 buildings, private houses, palaces, water pipes, bridges and roads. For the development of hospitality in the Middle and Far East Roman influence was extremely minor, but it spread to the Mediterranean coast and further north to Britain and the Danube basin. Ancient Rome About 200 BC. The Romans settled far from Italy. Over the next five centuries, they conquered many lands, including Britain. They traveled by ship, horse, chariot and on foot. From the travel of the Roman poet Horace (65-08 BC), who accompanied Maecenas, one of the associates of the Roman Emperor Augustus, to Brundisium, we learn about the existence of taverns and shelters in ancient Rome. Due to the low level of service and comfort in the shelters for travelers (“hospitium”), they stopped only when there was no opportunity to stay with friends or relatives. So, in one of his epigrams, written clearly under the impression of living conditions in one of these hotels, the famous poet of that time, Mark Valery Martial, turning to the owner, exclaims: “Your wine, O owner, has mixed with the torrents of the downpour.” In the shelters (hotels) of that period of time, roofs leaked, as is clear from the epigram, but living itself was unsafe. In Rome, taverns were recognizable by columns girded with a chain of flasks and red sausages hanging along the walls. The floors were decorated with colorful mosaics, and the walls were animated by hanging paintings. Almost every quarter had a pub. In Pompeii alone, a relatively small city for its time, there were 118 beer and drinking establishments. There were also pubs for the common people. The owner of the beer garden grew his own grapes and made wine from them. Small pieces of dry cheese were hung around the room in reed baskets. Some wealthy landowners built their own inns on the borders of their domains. They were usually run by their slaves. Those inns and taverns that were located closer to the cities were more frequented by wealthy citizens, and therefore they were kept by freedmen or retired gladiators who decided to invest their savings in the "restaurant business". The idea of the first business man's breakfast in history (Business Lunch) belongs to Sequius Locatus, a Roman innkeeper who, back in 40 BC. significantly 15
16 made life easier for galley quay brokers too busy to go home for lunch. The owners of ancient Roman inns and taverns did not enjoy such state support as it was in the Near and Far East. They were deprived of many civil rights, including the right to serve in the army, sue someone in court, take an oath, and act as a guardian. The moral foundations of anyone involved in this business were instantly called into question. The reputation of private innkeepers was even worse than that of tavern owners. They were often accused of fraud and dark deeds, and female owners were sometimes accused of witchcraft. Despite the inconvenience and danger, travel became part of the way of life of the entire society of the Roman Empire, which was reflected in public psychology and consciousness. This is exactly what the sayings that have survived to this day say: “All roads lead to Rome” or “It is necessary to sail the seas, it is not necessary to live.” Ancient Roman inns were located along the main roads in towns and villages and were quite tolerable in terms of recreation, but there was no question of comfort. In the Roman Empire, in connection with the developed network of roads, various inns and races also developed, and then after the introduction of regular mail (during the principate of Octavian, from 63 BC to 14 AD), state inns, located one from another at a distance of one day's ride on a horse. These roads were intended primarily for military detachments, as well as for tax collectors, merchants, and certain sections of the intelligentsia (artists, architects, doctors, musicians and actors). The state arranged them in the cities and on the main roads along which couriers and civil servants passed from Rome as far as Asia Minor or Gaul. An essential feature of these roads was a network of "post stations", where travelers on state need could change horses or mules, as well as receive food and lodging for the night. At these stations it was possible to order the services of a guide, make a route, get a map and a description of the sights. Not far from Rome, in the sea harbor of Ostia, it was possible to book a sea voyage. The Romans are considered the first travelers or sightseers in history. Their travels were usually limited to the boundaries of the Roman Empire, but since the Empire itself covered a vast territory, they could visit enough places that no doubt contributed to the growth and prosperity of inns and taverns throughout the Empire. sixteen
17 Ordinary taverns in the Roman Empire were considered dens of sin and went there, except for the common people, only completely degraded aristocrats. And high society preferred to "catch their buzz" in public baths. By the time Caligula came to power (AD 37), these baths were running around the clock. Men and women steamed together, and the wine flowed like a river. The baths had luxurious dining rooms where banquets, both intimate and crowded, were organized on such a scale that the government was forced to pass luxury laws that limited Roman spending on food and drink. Interestingly, the terminology of the hospitality industry owes a lot to the Romans. The word "hospitality" (hospitality) comes from the Latin "hospitium" (hospitality). The same root words are "host" (owner), "hospice" (shelter), "hotel" (hotel, hotel). As the Roman Empire conquered new territories and expanded, its customs, economic and organizational structures were also used in new provinces and conquered countries. The fact of the special interest of the state testifies to how seriously the reliability of an institution that provided travelers with shelter, food and lodging for the night was considered in antiquity. So, in the code of Roman laws, the responsibility of such an institution for the things of the guest was provided. Even today, the legislation of a number of states regulates this issue, based on the above provisions of Roman civil law. The Roman state was based on a strict class structure, which inevitably had an impact on accommodation enterprises. For example, it became customary that for government officials, accommodation issues were decided in advance by their numerous subordinates, while merchants and other unofficial travelers were forced to look for their own shelter for the night and themselves agreed on payment. The organization of hotel business in the Roman Empire was based on a certain classification of hotels developed by the state authorities. There were two types of hotels: one - only for the patricians (mansiones), the other for the plebeians (stabularia), they were indicated on the maps with different symbols, depending on the level of services provided. The Roman hotel was a certain complex of premises of a fairly wide functional purpose: these are not only rooms for accommodating travelers, but also storage rooms, stables, shops, workshops, etc. Hotels, as a rule, were built of stone and had the necessary list of services. In winter they were heated. Some hotels served only official 17
18 persons on special documents issued by the state authorities. This tradition has been preserved to this day in the form of special rooms for VIPs at airports and train stations. These documents testified to the special status of their bearer, and therefore were often stolen and forged. The mention of the presence of ancient hotels can be found even in the Gospel: Jesus Christ was born in a cave, because his parents could not find a place in the hotels, overcrowded on the occasion of the census. With the development of economic relations in the Roman Empire, the requirements of travelers to living conditions and their service by inns increased. There are many comfortable and rich inns. According to Cicero, they had baths, massage rooms, laundries, shoe-shine. Supervised the order, cleanliness and observance of the law in the provision of services by state officials aediles. Inns were required to keep a guest list and bookkeeping. Handwritten sources report taverns and their menus in the Roman state. Roman cooks considered themselves an elite and rewarded each other with high-profile titles. During the reign of Emperor Hadrian (AD), Roman chefs established their own Academy of Culinary Arts. Legends say that Aesculapius, the illustrious doctor of antiquity, had all-powerful assistants: his daughter Hygeia (Hygiene) and the cook Kulina, who delighted the days of his life with incomparable cuisine. The rumor of the people assigned Kulina the name of the tenth muse, of which there were nine before her. The Romans called the tenth muse "Cookery". History has preserved curious evidence of how exquisite cooking was two thousand years ago. Roman patricians were served on the table, for example, pigs, which were fried on one side and boiled on the other, stuffed with sausages and sausages (of course, they gutted them through the mouth so that there was not a single cut on the pig carcasses). It also happened that live thrushes were planted in the belly of a pig (here, apparently, it could not do without an incision), and when they began to cut pieces from the carcass on the table, the birds flew out. In addition to chefs, specialists in menu preparation, a special position of “deli” was also provided for compiling recipes for new dishes. However, such culinary masterpieces remained the prerogative of patrician taverns; such dishes were not prepared in plebeian taverns. Everything was much more modest. Part of the military map of the Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Theodosius the Great (AD) ) can serve as a kind of guide to the accommodation points of that time. Symbols on the map 18
19 indicate the types of premises that were available in each particular location. These places can be seen in Pompeii and Herculaneum, small ancient Roman cities in southern Italy. During the prosperity of the Roman Empire, merchants, young students and wandering artists could be found on the roads. Stopping at inns and taverns, they slept on the straw, clinging to the warm side of their horse so as not to freeze. Roman tourists were interested in history and religion, visited Greek temples, traveled in wagons pulled by mules to the places where Alexander the Great (BC) is buried, where Socrates lived. They also visited Egypt to see the pyramids, as modern tourists do. Thus, during the heyday of the Roman Empire, there were two types of accommodation establishments - luxurious in cities and rather primitive on the roads. The level of comfort and luxury of Roman taverns was lost after the death of Emperor Justinian in 565 AD, and remained unsurpassed for the next few hundred years. Unlike the caravanserais of the East, the Roman taverns along the roads provided only the bare minimum of comfort, but since the climate of the Risk Empire was milder and the settlements were closer together, this was quite enough. The entire Roman road system was subordinated to the needs of the army, not trade, the main travelers were soldiers and messengers, not merchants, and therefore efficiency was aimed higher than comfort and luxury. Taverns had a low social status and were considered possible points for organizing political conspiracies. The premises often consisted of only one room, built of wood and with an entrance directly from the street. City hospitality establishments were much more comfortable, including baths, shops, theaters, located in both small and large buildings. The excavations of Pompeii showed that in this city there were about 20 hotels near the city gates. At that time the comforts afforded to the traveler in Asia far exceeded those which could be expected in Europe. In the East, trade was not more active, and therefore people traveled more often. The Chinese "postal" system of travel was much more efficient than the Roman one, although it could only be used by travelers with means. With the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire (1st century AD) and the advent of the Time of Troubles, the inns and taverns, which had lost their regular clientele, fell into disrepair and went bankrupt. nineteen
20 1.4. Medieval and Renaissance (V-XVII centuries) Accommodation facilities After the fall of the (Western) Roman Empire in 476 AD. there was a gradual extinction of "hotel enterprises". In the dark era of the barbarian invasion and the subsequent Middle Ages, the needs of the population were relatively small, and therefore people were content with their own products and did not need goods or raw materials supplied along the ancient trade roads, although the latter continued to be used. Only after almost four centuries, with the onset of the late Middle Ages, trade and travel began to revive again. With them, accommodation and catering enterprises began to revive again. Interest in the hospitality industry has shifted from serving travelers to other categories of visitors. In England, for example, inns were no longer aimed at travelers, but at drinkers. If people traveled during those years, they were usually associated with either the royal court or the church. If they went to the inn, then only to drink. They could hardly have been interested in the shabby lodgings offered by roadside inns. A further impetus to the growth of enterprises was hospitality provided by pilgrimage, which in many religions is an important element. In the II and III centuries AD. Christians began to play an increasingly important role in Roman society. They traveled for both missionary and cult-related purposes, so they could not stay in private inns due to the bad reputation of such establishments. In this regard, the church was ordered to build inns for clergy in every city. As a result of these prescriptions at diocesan churches and in places of special worship in the 4th–5th centuries AD. inns are established. The construction of new accommodation facilities in the Middle East was facilitated by the emergence of Islam in Arabia after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD. Because the journey was religious in nature, the accommodation provided was simple, even as places of worship grew in popularity. Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca once in a lifetime is the duty of every adult Muslim who has the opportunity to do so. Many of the old inns were used to house pilgrims, and new ones were built. The firm conviction of the vast majority of people of that time that prayer is more effective in certain areas that have one or 20
21 a different attitude towards the deity was characteristic of the peoples of the Ancient World. The Greeks and Romans made journeys to distant temples. The Germans flocked to the sacred groves. The Jews traveled annually to Jerusalem on the great feasts. In the Christian world, pilgrimage to the country where the divine deeds of the saints were performed became a custom in the 4th century. So the inns, in which people stayed for the night, began to be built closer to temples and monasteries. Living conditions in Europe remained rather primitive, the inns were run by slaves in the service of priests and abbots of temples. Since that time, there are guides to sacred places indicating temples, as well as inns or hospitals, in which pilgrims can find temporary shelter. The hospitals are hospices, establishments like hotels with the character of a monastery. The monks and servant brothers who are in them make up small separate orders. Hospitals settled in populated areas and gave shelter to all wanderers. The Western Church distinguished between the great and the small pilgrimages. The first, in addition to a trip to Palestine, included a trip to Rome, the second meant a visit to local domestic shrines. Mecca was a great attraction for the entire Muslim world. Pilgrims traveled to Mecca by caravan route and by sea. With the strengthening of feudal power, it becomes necessary to ensure the temporary stay of influential state officials. Inns for government employees are being built along the roads. The ruins of some roadside inns have survived to our time. At the same time, trade relations begin to develop. More and more people are traveling on private business, in connection with this, private guest yards appear. One of these private living yards is mentioned in a written source dated 881. It was located in the town of Grau-Buden in the territory of modern Switzerland. The inn "At the Fighting Cock" in the town of St. Albans (England), founded around 795, claims to be the oldest inn in existence. Around the same time, the first known legal acts appear that legitimize the legal status of inns. However, over time, in connection with the mass travel of merchants, apprentices, students, artists, as well as numerous pilgrims and pilgrims in the Middle Ages, various forms of providing shelter begin to develop again. At first this shelter was 21
22 free, for the love of one's neighbor, given by monasteries, guild organizations, princely courts, etc. The main legal act for the subsequent period of development of the hotel business was the edict of the Frankish king, and later the emperor, Charlemagne (lat. Carolus Magnus, gg.), Imposing on monasteries and churches the obligation to maintain "hospice". Patronizing the church, he established special houses for the rest of pilgrims, providing travelers and pilgrims with accommodation, food, medical care and a bath. These "hospitals" have received a special development in Switzerland, which, thanks to this, has the oldest hotel traditions and until today enjoys the highest authority in the world in this field. The main occupation of some knightly orders was to protect the pilgrims and give them hospitality on their way to the holy places. One such house, the Ronceval Gorge Abbey, promised strangers a welcome at the gates, free bread, barber and shoemaker services, fruit and nuts from the abbey's bins, two hospices for the terminally ill, and even a consecrated burial place. Over time, the church began to play a decisive role in the life of society and was the only authority that was recognized in any country. Monasteries and other religious retreats welcomed travelers (and welcomed donations). Many monasteries welcomed guests. The rich and noble were seated next to the chief prelate, while the poor were housed and fed in separate quarters. There were no room rates, but donations were always expected. It often happened that the monastery guard, whose primary task was to stand at the gate (gatekeeper), also disposed of the guest quarters. It should be noted that already at that time the controls applied by the church corresponded to the principles of control used by modern hotel chains. The monastery food was simple, but often of a higher quality than anywhere along the way. The monks usually grew and bred vegetables and livestock on their own lands. The kitchen was more clean and tidy than in private homes. In addition, the monks kept a strict food accounting system, which affected the cost of food. As a result, pilgrims and vagabonds lived better in the monastery than other nobles at home. The doors of the city guilds were also always open to pilgrims. Living conditions there were no worse than in monasteries. For example, in the London residence of the famous Hanseatic League, Steelyard, the rules were no less strict than in the monastery, although no one demanded a vow to live in poverty from these purposeful merchants. 22
23 The center of international trade in the 9th-11th centuries was Constantinople, where merchants from the north and south, Bulgarians, Armenians, Russians, Arabs, Italians, gathered, from here goods were already distributed throughout Europe. Gostiny yards were built for the shelter of those who arrived in the city, some of them have survived to this day. Famous fairs in France (in Saint-Denis, Troyes), in Italy (in Ferrara, Pavia), in the German principalities (in Worms, Cologne, Mainz, Schleir), etc., contributed to the creation of similar hotel enterprises. In Europe, a secular tradition "paid hospitality" is associated with the growth of cities. It is no coincidence that the first institutions of this kind, called taberna perpetua (24-hour wine trade), appeared on the Rhine and Moselle (the most important trade route of the Middle Ages). Information about them is contained in the resolution of the local archbishop of the 8th century, which forbade clerics from visiting these "evil places". In folk songs and ballads, there are often motifs associated with the overnight stay of a weary traveler (soldier, apprentice, merchant, etc.) under a hospitable (or inhospitable) roof. At the inns, the owner often kept a special room designed for guests to spend the night. The inns were usually located at the intersection of important trade roads or in the city center near the market square, where the main cathedral and the town hall were located. The Germans, who traded with Venice in the Middle Ages, had their own guest house there. The Venetians, who traded with the Kipchak Tatars, also had a guest house and barns in Tana. The Genoese had a guest house in Messina, in a special part of the city. During the early Middle Ages, movement in England was extremely difficult due to the impassability of roads and the great danger of attack from robbers and thieves. After the conquest of England by the Normans in 1066, conditions for travel improved and the number of travelers began to increase. Visiting temples and going to holy places in Palestine became common. The first inns in England from this time on were private houses, as anyone could lodge a traveler for a fee. Gradually, however, competition led to the prosperity of some and the decline of others. As a result, the maintenance of inns grew into a professional activity, and the inns acquired all the features of commercial enterprises characteristic of that time. In terms of architecture, English inns differed little from continental, in particular, Roman inns. As in the Roman Empire, they were built of wood, and their functions were the same. Ruins of inns excavated by archaeologists provide 23
24 we have the opportunity to judge their premises, numerous ancillary buildings and structures. Household items found in them, and partly goods, sometimes coins testify to the visit of this state by merchants of quite a few ancient states. Even then, inns were built not only one-story, but also two-story, and even three-story. Over time, the free shelter begins to turn into ad hoc, income-generating businesses, drinks and rest, and then overnight accommodations as well. These establishments, as a result of the ever-increasing demands of travellers, and at the same time technological progress, changes in the methods and pace of travel, took on newer and more varied forms, turning into hospitality enterprises similar to modern ones. The Crusades, which began in 1095 and lasted for the next 200 years, also led to mass movements of people. Tens of thousands of Europeans became related to the Middle East and its culture. The Crusades stimulated cultural exchange. The result was a great social revolution and a revival of commerce that led to the rise of a middle class. Indirectly, these changes also revived the hotel business and travel. Northern Italy was the first to feel the effect of the Renaissance that followed the Crusades. Controlling trade between Europe and the East, the northern Italian cities developed rapidly. The maintenance of hotels has become a solid thriving business there. A progressive direction in the activity of hospitality enterprises in the medieval period was the creation of the first professional associations. In 1282, the innkeepers of the city of Florence in Italy founded their own guild, an association designed to help their business. The taverns belonged to the city, which rented them to the highest bidder at auctions held every three years. Apparently, it was profitable to belong to the guild, since by 1290 there were already 86 members in it. This "innkeepers' union" prospered by making rules for themselves and their guests. The innkeepers' guild controlled this business to such an extent that city officials interviewed travelers right at the city gates and directed them to the guild, where they were assigned to certain hotels. By the 15th century, some hotels already consisted of 20 or 30 rooms. The Georgievsky hotel, one of the most famous, had a wine cellar, a pantry, a kitchen, a room for the owner and hostess, and there was also a special worker who looked after the horses. Guest rooms, or rooms, were named after famous people, cities, or prominent officials; among them were the "Count" room, room 24
History of recreation and tourism Lecture 2. Travels in the ancient world The era of antiquity The period of archaic (XVIII-VI centuries BC) The beginning of the development of ancient Greek civilization (VI-IV centuries BC) Hellenistic
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