Pzu section. What is ROM? Scheme, partitions and ROM size
Computers and any electronics are complex devices, the principles of which are not always clear to most ordinary people. What is a ROM and why is a device needed? Most people will not be able to answer this question. Let's try to correct this misunderstanding.
What is ROM?
What are they and where are they used? Read-only memory (ROM) is a non-volatile memory. Technologically, they are implemented as a microcircuit. At the same time, we learned what the abbreviation for the ROM is. Devices are intended for storing information entered by the user and installed programs. In the read-only memory, you can find documents, melodies, pictures - i.e. anything that needs to be stored for months or even years. The amount of memory, depending on the device used, can vary from several kilobytes (on the simplest devices with a single silicon crystal, such as microcontrollers) to terabytes. The larger the ROM size, the more objects can be stored. The volume is directly proportional to the amount of data. If you condense the answer to the question of what is a ROM, the answer should be: it is one that does not depend on constant voltage.
Hard disks as primary read-only storage devices
The question of what is a ROM has already been answered. Now we should talk about what they are. The main read-only memory is hard disks. They are in every modern computer. They are used due to their wide possibilities of information accumulation. But at the same time there are a number of ROMs that use multiplexers, boot loaders and other similar electronic mechanisms). With a detailed study, it will be necessary not only to understand the meaning of the ROM. Deciphering other terms is also necessary in order to delve into the topic.
Expansion and addition of ROM capabilities thanks to flash technologies
If the standard user is not enough, then you can use the additional expansion of the provided ROM in the field of data storage. This is done through modern technologies implemented in memory cards and USB flash drives. They are based on the principle of reusable use. In other words, the data on them can be erased and written tens and hundreds of thousands of times.
What is read-only memory
The ROM contains two parts, which are designated as ROM-A (for storing programs) and ROM-E (for issuing programs). Read-only memory type A is a diode-transformer matrix that is stitched with address wires. This section of the ROM performs main function... The filling depends on the material from which the ROM is made (perforating and magnetic tapes, punched cards, magnetic disks, drums, ferrite tips, dielectrics and their property of accumulating electrostatic charges can be used).
Schematic structure of ROM
This electronic object is depicted as a device that in appearance resembles the connection of a certain number of one-bit cells. The ROM chip, despite its potential complexity and seemingly significant capabilities, is small in size. When a certain bit is memorized, it is sealed to the body (when zero is written) or to the power source (when one is written). To increase the capacity of memory cells in read-only memory devices, microcircuits can be connected in parallel. This is what manufacturers do to get a modern product, because the high-performance ROM chip allows them to be competitive in the market.
Memory volumes when used in various equipment
The amount of memory differs depending on the type and purpose of the ROM. So in simple household appliances like washing machines or refrigerators, installed microcontrollers can be enough (from their reserves of several tens of kilobytes), and in rare cases something more complex is installed. It makes no sense to use a large amount of ROM here, because the amount of electronics is small, and complex calculations are not required from the technology. For modern TVs, something more perfect is already required. And the pinnacle of complexity is computing equipment like computers and servers, ROMs for which, at least, can hold from several gigabytes (for those released 15 years ago) to tens and hundreds of terabytes of information.
Mask ROM
In cases where the recording is carried out using a metallization process and a mask is used, such a read-only memory is called mask. The addresses of memory cells in them are fed to 10 pins, and a specific microcircuit is selected using a special CS signal. Programming of this type of ROM is carried out at factories, as a result of which manufacturing in small and medium volumes is unprofitable and rather inconvenient. But with large-scale production, they are the cheapest among all permanent storage devices, which ensured their popularity.
Schematically, they differ from the total mass in that, in the storage matrix, the conductor connections are replaced by fusible jumpers made of polycrystalline silicon. During the production stage, all jumpers are created, and the computer assumes that logical units are written everywhere. But during preparatory programming, an increased voltage is applied, with the help of which logical units are left. When low voltages are applied, the jumpers evaporate, and the computer reads that there is a logical zero. This is the principle behind programmable read-only memory devices.
Programmable read only memory
EPROMs turned out to be convenient enough in the process of technological production so that they could be used in medium and small batch production. But such devices also have their limitations - so, you can write a program only once (due to the fact that the jumpers evaporate once and for all). Because of this impossibility to reuse the read-only memory, it must be discarded in case of erroneous writing. As a result, the cost of all the equipment produced increases. Due to the imperfection of the production cycle, this problem occupied the minds of memory device designers quite strongly. The way out of this situation was the development of a ROM that can be programmed anew many times.
UV or electrical erasable ROM
And such devices were called "read-only memory with ultraviolet or electric erasure." They are created on the basis of a memory matrix, in which memory cells have a special structure. So, each cell is a MOSFET, in which the gate is made of polycrystalline silicon. Similar to the previous option, right? But the peculiarity of these ROMs is that silicon is additionally surrounded by a dielectric with wonderful insulating properties - silicon dioxide. The principle of operation here is based on the content of the induction charge, which can be stored for decades. There are erasure features here. So, for an ultraviolet ROM device, it is necessary to get into ultraviolet rays coming from the outside (an ultraviolet lamp, etc.). Obviously, from the point of view of simplicity, the operation of read-only memories with electric erasure is optimal, since to activate them, you just need to apply voltage. The principle of electrical erasing has been successfully implemented in ROMs such as flash drives, which can be seen on many.
But such a ROM circuit, with the exception of cell construction, does not differ structurally from a conventional masked read only memory. Sometimes such devices are also called reprogrammable. But with all the advantages, there are certain limits to the speed of erasing information: this action usually takes about 10-30 minutes.
Despite the possibility of rewriting, reprogrammable devices have restrictions on their use. For example, UV-erasable electronics can survive 10 to 100 rewriting cycles. Then the destructive influence of radiation becomes so noticeable that they cease to function. You can see the use of such elements as storage for BIOS programs, in video and sound cards, for additional ports. But the principle of electrical erasure is optimal for rewriting. So, the number of rewrites in ordinary devices ranges from 100,000 to 500,000! There are separate ROMs that can work more, but most users don't need them.
Sample ROM project section - planning organization land plot for an apartment building.
Scheme of the planning organization of the land plot Section ROM.
LIST OF DRAWINGS ROM SECTION
1. ROM-1 Situational plan. M1: 5000;
2. PZU-2 Scheme of the planning organization of the land plot. M1: 500;
3. PZU-3 Planned high-altitude bindings of residential buildings. M1: 500;
4. PZU-4 Relief organization plan. M1: 500;
5. ROM-5 Plan of earth masses. M1: 500;
6. PZU-6 Territory improvement plan. M1: 500.
Explanatory note section pzu residential multi-apartment
1.1 Characteristics of the land.
The construction site is located at the address: Ulyanovsk, Zasviyazhsky District, Quarter 5 of the Zapad-1 Residential District of the Simbirsk Ring Complex and is limited to:
From the west - the territory kindergarten and highway A-151 with an exit to the Moscow highway,
From the east - residential buildings under construction and st. General Melnikov,
From the south - residential buildings and Aleksandrovsky Park.
There are TP and RP facilities at the construction site, preserved at the beginning of construction. Engineering communications are taken out.
The relief of the site is mostly flat with a difference in marks of 111.30-110.00 m.abs. Topographic plan of scale 1: 500 was made by Sovetnik LLC in 2014.
According to engineering and geological surveys carried out in 2013. CJSC "UlyanovskTISIZ", the site from the surface has an unusable layer of soil and vegetation soil with a thickness of 0.4 m, which is subject to cutting and further use for arranging the projected areas of lawns, then there are hard, hard and soft-plastic loams with a thickness of 2.0-4.2 m. Further along the section, sands of various sizes occur.
Ground waters were discovered at a depth of 6.5 to 7.2 m from the earth's surface, at absolute elevations of 102.85-104.2 m.
1.2 Justification of the boundaries of sanitary protection zones.
The projected residential buildings are located in residential buildings, there are no warehouse and industrial facilities within a radius of up to 500 m.
1.3 Justification of the planning organization of the land plot.
The projected residential buildings number 24 and 25 of 9-storey buildings (on 3 and 7 entrances) are oriented with facades from the north-east side of the site border - to Kamyshinskaya street, from the south-west - to the passage without a name, and on the courtyard territory there is a transformer substation, gas control substation (existing), recreation areas for children and adults, a playground for physical education.
1.4 Engineering preparation of the territory.
The main event for the engineering preparation of the territory is:
The territory is planned at elevations close to the existing ones, which is due to the previously designed sections of residential buildings and a kindergarten. There are openings from 0.10 to 0.50 m.
In accordance with the Conclusion on engineering environmental surveys, performed by LLC "Simbirskizyskaniya" 2012. the investigated soil samples at the projected site in terms of sanitary and epidemiological requirements for soil quality are categorized as "Clean".
1.5 Organization of relief.
The vertical leveling of the territory is solved mainly in small embankments with a height of 0.1-0.5 m, and excavations up to 0.5 m (fill soil).
The main excavation on the site:
- trough arrangement for motorways, sidewalks, landscaping,
- excavation development,
- embankment device.
At the same time, for the organization of the embankment, the project envisages the use of soil from excavations, from the trough of motorways, sidewalks and landscaping with movement into the embankment with a compaction coefficient of up to 0.95 m, and under driveways with asphalt concrete pavement - with a compaction coefficient of 0.98.
The drainage system at the site was solved by means of a storm sewer with rainwater wells.
1.6 Landscaping of the site and roadways.
Roadways on the site are placed in accordance with the requirements of " Federal law... Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements "Article 67 p. 24 and 25 at a distance of 8m from the building and at least 6.0m wide.
The roadways are designed with an urban profile with curb stones, the width of the carriageway is from 6m to 7m. Sidewalks are provided with a width of 1.5-3.0 m. The structures of motorways and sidewalks are designed with asphalt concrete pavement and are shown in the drawing "Territory improvement plan".
The entire territory, free from buildings and transport communications, is completely landscaped with the organization of lawns and the planting of shrubs in groups.
The territory improvement project also provides for the construction of recreation areas in the required (calculated) volume: for the adult population 100m2 and "for children's games" - 400m2, a playground for physical education - 1100m2, a dog walking area - in the conditional border of a neighboring house. For sports activities, the project provides for the construction of a mini-football field with a coating of a non-waterproof special mixture. In accordance with SNIP 2.07.01-89 *, the minimum area of recreation areas is:
Recreation area for adults
1035x0.1 = 104m2
Playground for children
1035x0.4 = 414m2
Physical education area
1035x0.5 = 517m2
Where 1035 is the population in residential buildings 24,25,
0.1; 0.4 - standard indicators per 1 inhabitant.
The utility site (for the waste bin) is located between the houses from the outside along the perimeter of the projected site, taking into account the sanitary gap 15 m from the windows of residential buildings and from the recreation areas.
1.8 Transport.
The access of motor vehicles to the design site is provided from the street. Kamyshinskaya. The width of the carriageway is from 6m to 7m.
In the courtyard and along the perimeter of the site, the project provides for the construction of open parking lots for cars with asphalt concrete pavement, common to all 4 houses. The total number is 180 m / places.
The minimum number of parking spaces in the parking lot is calculated according to SNiP 2.07.01-89 *:
N = (1035x350 / 1000) = 362m / seats, where
N is the number of parking spaces;
1035 - the number of residents of houses is 24-25;
350 - level of motorization per 1000 inhabitants;
Thus, the required temporary storage of 25% of items is provided at the site. cars, that is, 91 units, and the ability to store personal vehicles for residents of houses is provided in n. garages up to 800m away.
For parking of vehicles of low-mobility groups of the population, the project envisages the organization of 2 parking spaces in the courtyard.
〉 Pre-design documentation for Moscow:
floor plans and explications
conclusion:
on the archaeological significance of the territory
on the historical boundaries of the cultural heritage site
on engineering and environmental surveys on the territory of the land plot for the location of the object
fragment of the historical and cultural reference plan of the city of Moscow
historical information about the object of cultural heritage (identified object of cultural heritage or historically valuable town-forming object)
obtaining information from the City Register of immovable monuments of history and culture and their territories
cadastral information on the land plot
land cadastral plan
engineering - topographic plan M 1: 500 (geo-basis)
situational plan M 1: 2000
engineering and geological conclusion on the condition of the soils of the building site
development of a technical opinion based on the results of an engineering survey of the technical condition of building structures (structure)
documentation on engineering and geodetic survey of a land plot
documentation on the survey of a land plot for compensatory landscaping
obtaining initial information from the State Unitary Enterprise "Mosgorgeotrest" at the location of the object
technical conditions connection of the object to engineering networks:
placing an object in the security zone engineering communications
water supply and sewerage
gutter
heat supply
gas supply
power supply
laying of engineering communications
re-laying of existing engineering communications
> Composition project documentation(by 87 PP):
No. 87 PP RF Designation Section name Project documentation 1 PZ Section 1 "Explanatory Note" 2 ROM Section 2 "Scheme of the planning organization of the land plot" 3 AR Section 3 "Architectural solutions" 4 KR Section 4 "Constructive and space-planning solutions" 5 Section 5 "Information about engineering equipment, networks of engineering and technical support, a list of engineering and technical measures, the content of technological solutions", including: 5.1 IOS1 Subsection 5.1 "Power supply system" 5.1.1 EM1 Part 1 "Power supply. Input device (TP, ASU)" 5.1.2 EM2 Part 2 "Power electrical equipment" 5.1.3 EM3 Part 3 "Lightning protection and grounding" 5.1.4 EOM Part 4 "Electric lighting (interior)" 5.1.5 EN Part 5 "Outdoor electric lighting" 5.2 IOS2 Subsection 5.2 "Water supply system" 5.3 IOS3 Subsection 5.3 "Drainage system" 5.4 IOS4 Subsection 5.4 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating networks" 5.5 IOS5 Subsection 5.5. "Communication networks" 5.5.1 SCS Part 1. "Structured cabling system" 5.5.2 SRF Part 2. "Radio system" 5.5.3 Midrange Part 3. "Electric clock system" 5.5.4 SKPT Part 4. "System of collective television reception" 5.5.5 STS Part 5. "Telephone communication system" 5.5.6 LAN Part 6. "Local area network" 5.5.7 MMS Part 7. "Multimedia system" 5.5.8 ACS Part 8. "Access control and management system" 5.5.9 SOVN Part 9. "Video surveillance system" 5.5.10 SOTS Part 10. "Burglar alarm system" 5.5.11 SSOI Part 11. "System of collection and processing of information" 5.5.12 SPA Part 12. "Automatic parking system" 5.5.13 SVDTS Part 13. "System for detecting sabotage and terrorist means" 5.5.14 ACS Part 14. " Automated system building management " 5.5.15 SKU Part 15. "Room control system" 5.5.16 ASDU Part 16. "Data center automation and dispatching system" 5.5.17 ASUE Part 17. "Automated accounting system for electricity consumption, water consumption, heat consumption" 5.5.18 AOB Part 18. "Automation of ventilation and air conditioning systems" 5.5.19 ACS CTP Part 19. "Automation of the central heating station control system" 5.7 IOS7 Subsection 5.7 "Technological solutions" 6 Pic Section 6 "Construction management project" 7 UNDER Section 7 "Project for the organization of work on demolition and dismantling" 8 OOS Section 8 "List of measures for environmental protection" 9 PB Section 9 "Measures to ensure fire safety" 9.3 AGPT Part 3. "System of automatic gas and powder fire extinguishing" 9.4 CAPS Part 4. "Automatic fire alarm system" 9.5 SOUE Part 5. "Fire warning and evacuation control system" 9.6 SPPA Part 5. "Fire fighting system" 10 ODI Section 10 "Measures to ensure access for people with disabilities" 10.1 EE Section 10 (1) "Measures to ensure compliance with energy efficiency requirements and requirements for equipping buildings, structures and structures with metering devices for energy resources used" 12 Section 12 "Other documentation in cases stipulated by federal laws" 12.1 Technological regulations for the process of handling construction and demolition waste 12.3 12.4 Requirements for ensuring the safe operation of a capital construction facility 12.5 ITM for civil defense and emergency situations 12.6 Measures to ensure anti-terrorist security 12.7 Traffic management project 12.10 SMIS (SMIK, SUKS, SSP) 12.11 Dendrology Working documentation 1 General plan 2 Architectural solutions 3 Constructive decisions 4 Internal engineering systems, including: 4.1 Power supply system 4.2 Water supply system 4.2.1 Household pumping station 4.2.2 Fire pumping station + automatic fire extinguishing system 4.3 Drainage system 4.4 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating networks 4.4.1 Thermal and mechanical solutions (central heating station) 4.5 Communication networks. Automation and dispatching systems 5 Technological solutions 6 Security and protection deratization system 7 Measures to ensure anti-terrorist security 8 SMIS, SMIK, SUKS 9 PPR for dismantling works 10 PPR for the preparatory period 11 Stroygenplan Radiation drainage and CLD External networks for heat supply, water supply, household sewerage and storm water, low-current sewerage, power supply Measurement work Inspection of load-bearing and enclosing structures 3D scanning Inspection of external connection points engineering systems Color passport of existing buildings Album of architectural and urban planning solutions (formation of a scheduled album in accordance with the requirements of the Moscow Committee for Architecture) Special technical conditions for design and construction in terms of ensuring fire safety Construction supervision Engineering supervision Building operation manual Technical regulation on building safety Instructions for the operation of engineering systems (TP, ASU, central heating station, pumping, ventilation chambers, server rooms, etc.) 〉 Coordination and approval of project documentation:
OPS GBU "Mosgorgeotrest"
JSC:
Mosvodokanal
Mosgaz
State Unitary Enterprise of Moscow:
Mosgortrans
Research Institute of General Planning
"Mosvodostok"
"Moscow subway"
"Mossvet"
PJSC:
Moscow cable network (MKS)
County prefectures
GBU "Zhilischnik" district
District administrations
Department of Urban Development Regulation of the Administrative District (UGR)
Moscow City Heritage
UPSP Moskomarkhitktury
Rostekhnadzor (Mosenergonadzor)
Moscow City Department:
Transport
Health care
Education
Social protection
GKU TsODD
〉 Stages of work:
Free consultation
Signing a contract
Handing over the initial data for design
Coordination of the project with the customer
Coordination or support of the project in competent organizations
Delivery of design documentation to the Customer.
〉 Approval:
Name of service Terms / months / from. Cost, rub. / from. Coordination: 1. Construction 2 150 000 2. Project documentation 4 150 000 3. Construction with airport and Federal Air Transport Agency 4 300 000 Alteration: 1. PPZ 8 negotiable 2. Master plan 8 negotiable 3. GPZU with the required TPE 4 150 000 Receiving: 1. Specifications 2 100 000 2. Permits for commissioning 4 150 000 3. Initial - permitting documentation 4 150 000 Services for developers 4 150 000 Passing state expertise 2 30 000 Legalization of unauthorized construction 4 150 000 Technical customer services - negotiable Registration of a building permit 2 60 000 Cadastral registration of real estate objects 2 60 000 〉 Coefficients MU No. 620 dated December 29, 2009:
Reduction of terms:
10% - 1.2 times, clause 3.11.
30% - 1.4 times, clause 3.11.
40% - 2 times or more, clause 3.11.
Major overhaul:
50% - development of design (working) documentation for major repairs, clause 3.5.
Linking standard or reusable design documentation without making changes:
65% - aboveground part, clause 3.2.
80% - aboveground and underground parts, clause 3.2.
50% - unique objects, item 3.3.
50% - reconstruction and technical re-equipment, clause 3.4.
Other:
2% - performing the function of general designer, clause 3.9.
30% - design with the installation of imported main technological equipment used by the design organization for the first time, clause 3.8.
Construction project is
CONCLUSION Checking the bearing capacity of a hollow-core slab for series 1.041.1-3 (pdf 340 KB) technical conclusion
The essence of the third method is stress regulation, due to which there is a redistribution or reduction of efforts on the entire structure. This method is simpler and more alternative than the second method, it requires less accurate mathematical calculation and allows for redistribution without stopping the technological one. The necessary parts are connected by welding, bolts or polymer solutions.
Thus, taking into account the technical condition of the structure and the selected tasks, one or another event is selected. Depending on the design that needs to be reinforced, one or another reinforcement design method is chosen. For example, when designing the reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures, the following should be taken into account.
Strengthening as a result of which individual structural parts are replaced with more durable elements - these are reinforced concrete or metal clips, reinforced concrete jackets, or the use of additional schemes - consoles, racks, metal beams, combined tightenings to the original structure.
Reinforcement entails lower costs than replacement with new products. In addition, in the second case, production stops are not required. Attention should also be paid to the fact that in some areas it is possible to carry out amplification, while others are not, they are simply replaced with others.
In other words, to be strengthened:
- reinforced concrete foundations,
- columns, beams,
- floor slabs,
- reinforced concrete crane beams.
In cases of revealing a reinforced concrete farm that is in an emergency condition, they are replaced with a new one, reinforcement is strictly prohibited. Before reinforcing reinforced concrete structures, it is necessary to fulfill a number of points - this is the preparation of the surface, which will be strengthened, correctly install the reinforcement and connections, and formwork. Surface preparation is necessary for reliable adhesion to the concrete that will be used for reinforcement. This is achieved by cleaning the surface from dirt by blowing air, cleaning the fittings with sandblasting machines from corrosion. When laying concrete mortar, it is more expedient to use pneumatic installations.
The design of reinforcement with metal structures is different and is done differently. The addition of additional, both flexible and rigid elements, reinforcement of the joints of the structure joints, as well as the complete exclusion of individual elements is used. To increase the bearing capacity of individual elements, the structure is supplemented with details, fastening them with bolted connections or welding.
Designing reinforcement with wooden structures makes it possible to reduce the cost construction works... The low weight of the tree does not require the construction of additional foundations, which leads to a decrease in material consumption. The measures are applicable both in warm and cold rooms with external water drainage. The temperature and humidity of the environment should be taken into account in order to avoid fire and wood decay. Conifers are used as reinforcements for wooden structures. However, for dowels, liners, which is a critical connection, it is better to use hardwood. These are oak, ash, birch, which have high strength and bending resistance.
It is recommended to keep the oak in water for some time to increase its strength. In addition to the above, there are various compound-strengthening polymers. These are various epoxy resins, the so-called dian, polymer concretes based on polyester and furan resins, bitumen-epoxy mastics as a waterproofing coating.
V recent times, with the growth of technological progress in the design of reinforcements, they began to use carbon fiber. Carbon fiber has a number of advantages - tensile strength characteristics are 10 times higher than steel, the material thickness is scanty, which does not affect the dimensions of the sections of the reinforced structure. In addition, carbon fiber is lightweight, the original structure is not overloaded, and there is no need for foundation reinforcement measures.
In addition to the main advantages, the share of installation and labor works is removed. It is not necessary to use welding equipment, lifting mechanisms, there is no need for a complete or partial stop of production. The main disadvantage can be attributed to the high cost of the material itself, however, the material is durable, does not lend itself to corrosion, deformation and, as noted above, is more reliable, stronger and easier to use, compared with the listed technologies.
As you can see, there are many methods and techniques for designing the reinforcement of building structures. The choice of a solution depends on the result and on the tasks that you want to accomplish.
In the construction of non-residential buildings, metal structures are often used. Their use is based on the data of the section of the design documentation called "Metal structures".
In general, the working documentation for structures can be divided into two groups. The first one is directly documentation on metal structures.
It is compiled on the basis of the materials of the technical project for the subsequent creation of detailed drawings. The second part is the detailing of metal structures. In this case, all structural elements are worked out separately. These drawings can serve as a basis for the manufacture of metal structures at enterprises (if necessary).
The design of metal structures includes plans and sections of object structures, design solutions of elements, options for their conjugation, metal specifications. At this stage, the structures are linked to other parts of the project. The calculation of structures is drawn up in the format of a calculation and explanatory note.
Detailed designs of metal structures consist of drawings of individual elements of all metal structures, assembly diagrams.
When designing a section of metal structures, a number of basic requirements are taken into account. First of all, the operating conditions - they determine the structural form of structures and the most suitable type of material.
The second requirement is metal savings. This is easily explained, since metal is expensive. building material... Therefore, it is used most often in cases where the use of other materials (for example, reinforced concrete) is not rational.
The next factor is manufacturability. Projects are drawn up taking into account the technological requirements for the installation of metal structures, with an emphasis on modern methods of installation. This affects the reduction of the labor intensity of the process.
In addition, when developing a project, the aesthetics of finished metal structures, the harmony of their shapes are taken into account. This is especially important when building is carried out within the city, taking into account the requirements of the city authorities to the architectural forms of objects.
The project of the section "Metal structures" is carried out by specialized design organizations. When designing, three indicators are achieved, on which the cost of metal structures and work on their assembly depends. This is saving steel, increasing labor productivity, reducing labor intensity and installation time.
Section architectural and construction solutions "AS"
The section of architectural and construction solutions "AS" does not contain a calculated part, it is not issued in accordance with GOST - it combines the main construction parts of the sections AR, KR and partially KZh, KM, KD with elements of KMD, etc. It is developed at the request of the customer and includes a sufficient amount of information for the production of construction and installation works as a simplified construction guide, overhaul for a novice construction superintendent, foreman. The speaker section can be completed with production technology, conditions and installation diagrams. For a separate cost, you can order an assembly drawing
I have been working in the design field for over 10 years.
In fact, there is nothing difficult in agreeing on a working draft. You only need time and desire. After the design decision has been made, a decision must be obtained local authorities authorities for the reconstruction or design of a building (supermarket, store, pharmacy, etc.). After receiving this document, you must contact a licensed design organization to develop a working project. The next stage is the ordering of technical conditions in city services (Vodokanal, Power supply organization, City heating networks).
To order technical specifications, engineering loads (electricity, water, heat, etc.) are provided in the design organization. And with these loads, the BTI passport (if there is an existing building and there is a reconstruction), you need to contact the appropriate authorities. After the technical conditions are received, they need to be transferred to the work of the design engineers.
They also develop a passport for exterior decoration and a master plan. As soon as one of the sections is ready, you need to take 2 copies of the corresponding section, technical conditions, the original master plan and go to the authority to agree on the section, i.e. if the VK section (water supply and sewerage) then to Vodokanal, etc.
When all sections are agreed upon, namely: VK, OV (heating and ventilation), EMO (power supply and electric lighting), and the seals of these authorities are affixed on the original master plan, a complete working project (GP, AS, TX, VK, OV, EMO) and explanatory note refer to Rospotrebnadzor and the same project to the City Department for Emergency Situations (to the city service - to the firefighters). In these instances, it is necessary to obtain opinions on the working project. In parallel with the coordination of sections, you can also agree on the passport of the exterior finish. The next stage after receiving the conclusions is the completion of the working project for approval by the city engineer, in order to obtain a square print on the master plan.
We complete a complete working project (GP, AS, TX, VK, OV, EMO and PZ), as well as the conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor and GUMChS. After receiving a square seal on the master plan, we prepare a working project in GASN (State Architectural and Construction Supervision) to obtain a protocol for the approval of working documentation.
The main rule when agreeing is to follow the movement of the originals of the sections, the master plan. At the stage of approval - documents with blue stamps - the most important documents. In general, this is the most common scheme, but each working project has its own nuances and additional approvals are possible. Good luck !!! Denis Korablev
Each project should have its own independent symbol. I have to work with many design organizations... Sometimes, it seems that some do not understand how to designate project documentation.
The designation of the design documentation consists of two parts: the basic designation and the brand of the set of drawings is indicated through a hyphen.
XXXX-YY-ZZ
XXXX - designation of the design organization;
YY- number of the building or structure according to the general plan;
ZZ is the brand of the main set of drawings.
For example, 2014-1-EM1, 2014-1-EM2, 2014-2-EP.
The capital letter "H" is added to the designations of sketch drawings through a dot.
Example: XXXX-YY-ZZ.H
Text documents included in the list of attached documents must be designated with the addition of the corresponding capital letters through a dot:
СО - for equipment specification;
LO - for the questionnaire;
LS - for a local estimate;
VM - for a bill of material requirements;
ВР - for the statement of volumes of installation and construction works.
Example: 2014-1-EM.LO1
I want to note that it is customary for us (where I worked and work) to assign the letter "C" to the specifications, and "OL" to the questionnaires.
As you can see, the number of the contract of the general designer (as well as the contractor, if any) and the year are added here.
1 Electrotechnical working documentation. General requirements and recommendations for the composition and design. (Instead of VSN 381-85). Moscow 1993.
2 Instructions for the design of project documentation.
3 GOST R 21.1101-2009. System of design documents for construction. Basic requirements for design and working documentation.
And what rules of designation of design and estimate documentation do you adhere to?
Computers and any electronics are complex devices, the principles of which are not always clear to most ordinary people. What is a ROM and why is a device needed? Most people will not be able to answer this question. Let's try to correct this misunderstanding.
What is ROM?
What are they and where are they used? Read-only memory (ROM) is a non-volatile memory. Technologically, they are implemented as a microcircuit. At the same time, we learned what the abbreviation for the ROM is. Devices are intended for storing information entered by the user and installed programs. In the read-only memory, you can find documents, melodies, pictures - i.e. anything that needs to be stored for months or even years. The amount of memory, depending on the device used, can vary from several kilobytes (on the simplest devices with a single silicon crystal, such as microcontrollers) to terabytes. The larger the ROM size, the more objects can be stored. The volume is directly proportional to the amount of data. To summarize the answer to the question of what is ROM, the answer should be: it is a data store that does not depend on DC voltage.
Hard disks as primary read-only storage devices
The question of what is a ROM has already been answered. Now we should talk about what they are. The main read-only memory is hard disks. They are in every modern computer. They are used due to their wide possibilities of information accumulation. But at the same time, there are a number of ROMs that use multiplexers (these are microcontrollers, boot loaders and other similar electronic mechanisms). With a detailed study, it will be necessary not only to understand the meaning of the ROM. Deciphering other terms is also necessary in order to delve into the topic.
Expansion and addition of ROM capabilities thanks to flash technologies
If the standard amount of memory is not enough for the user, then you can use the additional expansion of the capabilities of the provided ROM in the field of data storage. This is done through modern technologies implemented in memory cards and USB flash drives. They are based on the principle of reusable use. In other words, the data on them can be erased and written tens and hundreds of thousands of times.
What is read-only memory
The ROM contains two parts, which are designated as ROM-A (for storing programs) and ROM-E (for issuing programs). Read-only memory type A is a diode-transformer matrix that is stitched with address wires. This section of the ROM performs the main function. The filling depends on the material from which the ROM is made (perforating and magnetic tapes, punched cards, magnetic disks, drums, ferrite tips, dielectrics and their property of accumulating electrostatic charges can be used).
Schematic structure of ROM
This electronic object is depicted as a device that in appearance resembles the connection of a certain number of one-bit cells. The ROM chip, despite its potential complexity and seemingly significant capabilities, is small in size. When a certain bit is memorized, it is sealed to the body (when zero is written) or to the power source (when one is written). To increase the capacity of memory cells in read-only memory devices, microcircuits can be connected in parallel. This is what manufacturers do to get a modern product, because the high-performance ROM chip allows them to be competitive in the market.
Memory volumes when used in various equipment
The amount of memory differs depending on the type and purpose of the ROM. So in simple household appliances like washing machines or refrigerators, installed microcontrollers can be enough (from their reserves of several tens of kilobytes), and in rare cases something more complex is installed. It makes no sense to use a large amount of ROM here, because the amount of electronics is small, and complex calculations are not required from the technology. For modern TVs, something more perfect is already required. And the pinnacle of complexity is computing equipment like computers and servers, ROMs for which, at least, can hold from several gigabytes (for those released 15 years ago) to tens and hundreds of terabytes of information.
Mask ROM
In cases where the recording is carried out using a metallization process and a mask is used, such a read-only memory is called mask. The addresses of memory cells in them are fed to 10 pins, and a specific microcircuit is selected using a special CS signal. Programming of this type of ROM is carried out at factories, as a result of which manufacturing in small and medium volumes is unprofitable and rather inconvenient. But with large-scale production, they are the cheapest among all permanent storage devices, which ensured their popularity.
Schematically, they differ from the total mass in that, in the storage matrix, the conductor connections are replaced by fusible jumpers made of polycrystalline silicon. During the production stage, all jumpers are created, and the computer assumes that logical units are written everywhere. But during preparatory programming, an increased voltage is applied, with the help of which logical units are left. When low voltages are applied, the jumpers evaporate, and the computer reads that there is a logical zero. This is the principle behind programmable read-only memory devices.
Programmable read only memory
EPROMs turned out to be convenient enough in the process of technological production so that they could be used in medium and small batch production. But such devices also have their limitations - so, you can write a program only once (due to the fact that the jumpers evaporate once and for all). Because of this impossibility to reuse the read-only memory, it must be discarded in case of erroneous writing. As a result, the cost of all the equipment produced increases. Due to the imperfection of the production cycle, this problem occupied the minds of memory device designers quite strongly. The way out of this situation was the development of a ROM that can be programmed anew many times.
UV or electrical erasable ROM
And such devices were called "read-only memory with ultraviolet or electric erasure." They are created on the basis of a memory matrix, in which memory cells have a special structure. So, each cell is a MOSFET, in which the gate is made of polycrystalline silicon. Similar to the previous option, right? But the peculiarity of these ROMs is that silicon is additionally surrounded by a dielectric with wonderful insulating properties - silicon dioxide. The principle of operation here is based on the content of the induction charge, which can be stored for decades. There are erasure features here. So, for an ultraviolet ROM device, it is necessary to get into ultraviolet rays coming from the outside (an ultraviolet lamp, etc.). Obviously, from the point of view of simplicity, the operation of read-only memories with electric erasure is optimal, since to activate them, you just need to apply voltage. The principle of electrical erasing has been successfully implemented in ROMs such as flash drives, which can be seen on many.
But such a ROM circuit, with the exception of cell construction, does not differ structurally from a conventional masked read only memory. Sometimes such devices are also called reprogrammable. But with all the advantages, there are certain limits to the speed of erasing information: this action usually takes about 10-30 minutes.
Despite the possibility of rewriting, reprogrammable devices have restrictions on their use. For example, UV-erasable electronics can survive 10 to 100 rewriting cycles. Then the destructive influence of radiation becomes so noticeable that they cease to function. You can see the use of such elements as storage for BIOS programs, in video and sound cards, for additional ports. But the principle of electrical erasure is optimal for rewriting. So, the number of rewrites in ordinary devices ranges from 100,000 to 500,000! There are separate ROMs that can work more, but most users don't need them.
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