The concept of military economy and the organization of its conduct. Military economy and technology
Under the military economy of military organizations, it is customary to understand the material and technical base with stocks of material resources, including objects of economic, technical, medical purposes and the educational and material base of combat training, designed for comprehensive and uninterrupted support of the activities of military organizations, material, household and cultural needs of their personal composition, correct operation and safety of weapons, combat and other equipment, ammunition, fuel and other material resources.
The organization and maintenance of the military economy implies the observance of a number of principles:
Isolation (autonomous, relatively independent existence of the economy of a military unit);
Unity (an organized system of economic relations at all levels);
Organization and management of the military unit's economy for the main types of materiel entering the troops (missile weapons and equipment, armored weapons and equipment, etc.);
Combination of centralized and decentralized supply of troops (supplies from the center and at the expense of local sources);
Vitality (the ability of the military economy to perform its tasks in a combat situation);
Legality, etc.
Planning and organizing the work of services, divisions and objects of economic, technical and medical purposes, as well as continuous management and control over this work;
Claiming, receiving, supplying, storing, issuing and spending material and Money, as well as the timely and complete delivery of the required allowance to the personnel, the satisfaction of their material, household, cultural needs and the preservation of health;
Ensuring the correct operation, storage and repair of weapons, military and other equipment and property, capital construction, operation and repair of barracks and housing stock, utilities, as well as other facilities;
Record keeping, accounting and reporting on all types of material resources, etc.
Norms and features of providing military units with weapons, combat and other equipment, ammunition, fuel, etc. are determined by the relevant orders, directives, manuals, instructions and manuals for the relevant services, combat arms and services.
A military economy is being created simultaneously with the formation of a military organization, which must have separate property for the full implementation of its activities in accordance with the goals and objectives established by it.
The main sources of replenishment of military organizations include:
Products delivered centrally or received according to plans higher authorities military administration;
Local supplies;
Products manufactured by enterprises of the RF Ministry of Defense, etc .;
Products manufactured by the forces and means of military units.
Legal relations associated with the supply of property withdrawn from civil circulation within the framework of a defense order arise on the basis of government contracts - administrative contracts that are concluded and executed according to the rules of civil law. These legal relations are of an administrative nature only by virtue of the legal regime of the said property.
An important place in the organization and management of the military economy is given to warehouses, which must be in constant readiness to receive and issue materiel within the timeframes determined by special instructions. Responsibility for the storage and conservation of material resources in warehouses rests with the respective heads of warehouses and storekeepers.
Documents confirming the provision of a serviceman with food, clothing and other property are certificates issued to him for these material resources.
The subsidiary farming of the military unit, which is organized by the decision of the commander and formalized by his order, is of great importance in solving issues of food supply for personnel.
Ancillary enterprises of military organizations (tailors and shoemakers, hairdressers, printing houses, laboratories, canteens, clubs, cafes, etc.) also contribute to the proper functioning of the military economy.
An integral part of the military economy is the company economy, designed to ensure the combat training of the company and to meet the material, everyday and cultural needs of its personnel.
The organization of the company economy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure internal order, safety, proper maintenance and use of weapons, military equipment, transport and property available in the company, as well as maintaining a neat appearance of servicemen.
The main tasks of the company economy are:
Maintaining combat readiness of weapons, military equipment and transport;
Timely receipt and delivery of material and financial resources to the personnel of the company;
Creation of normal living conditions;
Correct use, saving, economical use and accounting of material resources, as well as barracks equipment and teaching aids.
Consider the main responsibilities of officials in the organization of military economy.
More on the topic The concept of military economy and the organization of its conduct:
- § 3. The concept of military (ship) economy and the organization of its conduct
- Duties of officials for the organization of military economy
- The legal regime of land provided for running a peasant (farming) economy
- 4. The legal regime of lands used for personal subsidiary farming, gardening and horticulture
- § 3. Legal regime of land plots for personal subsidiary farming, gardening, animal husbandry, truck farming, haymaking and cattle grazing
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One of the counter-trends opposing the tendency towards impoverishment is technical progress in the military economy, which makes it possible to meet the needs of the army with less expenditure of labor time and materials, replace expensive materials with cheap ones, etc. a number of ingrained technical prejudices and has removed many obstacles by opening the way for the introduction of new technical methods. \ r \ n
The driving force behind technological progress under capitalism is the desire to reduce production costs per unit of output to increase profits. The technical methods used to reduce costs are usually associated with an increase in the quantity of goods produced. During that period in the history of capitalism, when the capitalist market was rapidly expanding by drawing in previously non-capitalist elements in their own country and involving new countries in capitalist commodity circulation, the general growth of production was inevitably associated with technical progress, so that there were no obstacles to the introduction of new technical methods from this side. ... It was a period of free competition, when capitalists acted according to the motto: "A cheap good of good quality will always find a market for itself." In this period, there were even cases when it was the urgent need to increase the amount of goods produced that served as the main reason for technical improvements \ r \ n
With the transition to the monopoly stage of capitalism and with the constantly increasing sales difficulties during the period of the general crisis of capitalism, the question of increasing the quantity of goods produced with the help of new technology comes to the fore, along with the desire to reduce the cost of production. The maintenance of high prices through monopolization of the market is displaced by technical improvements that require an increase in production. Therefore, monopolies prefer such technical improvements, the use of which allows to reduce the cost of production without increasing the quantity of goods produced or with a slight increase in it. \ R \ n
During the period of the general crisis of capitalism, especially between the two world wars, when the sales situation became more and more difficult and significant parts of the existing production apparatus remained unused all the time, technical progress was more and more impeded by the capitalists' fears about the impossibility of selling the increased masses of commodities. Capital sought to reduce production costs primarily through the appropriate organization of the labor process, by increasing the intensity of labor with small new investment and, if possible, without increasing the production of goods. \ R \ n
In addition, a great obstacle to technical progress was the presence of an ever-increasing fixed capital, which, with the introduction of new technology, would immediately turn out to be morally impaired. \ R \ n
The main role in delaying technical progress was played by how. it is known that the monopolies acquired and preserved numerous patents so that no one would use them. \ r \ n
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The prerequisites for technical progress in the war economy differ significantly from the prerequisites in force in peacetime, especially in those sectors of the economy that wholly or predominantly produce goods for military needs. With a developed military economy, the problem of a market for these industries disappears. The main buyer of goods is the state, the demand and purchasing power of which is virtually unlimited. Therefore, the desire to reduce production costs during the war was not a decisive engine of technological progress. If the interests of waging war required this, technical improvements were introduced even in those cases when they did not entail a reduction in production costs. Likewise, the question of marketing disappears; on the contrary, in many cases the main motive for introducing new technology is the need to increase the amount of goods produced, even if this increase is associated with an increase in production costs. \ r \ n
Meeting the needs armed forces demanded from the technology not only the rapid production of large masses of military materials, but also very quick adaptation to qualitatively new requirements, since during the war there were very frequent changes in all types of weapons. \ r \ n
In this regard, during the war, many technical improvements were introduced into production, the use of which was previously frustrated by the interested monopolies of K (This, of course, does not exclude the fact that outdated means of production were also used during the war, sometimes even in the USA.)) \ r \ n
For example, before the war, American monopolies deliberately delayed the spread of hard metal tooling, automatic welding machines, high-performance continuous rolling mills, machines for the production of glass containers, methods of producing alcohol from wood, etc. \ r \ n
But even during the war, the monopolies delayed the implementation of a number of technical innovations. The American magazine "Fortune" gives the following examples of such monopoly policies: \ r \ n
a) besto-cement pipes for oil pipelines were mothballed due to the resistance of the owners of the iron pipe factory; \ r \ n
b) the production of aluminum from clays was not developed due to the resistance of the aluminum trust; \ r \ n
c) the use of air conditioning for local refrigerators in agricultural areas was disrupted due to opposition from the owners of canneries; \ r \ n
d) flour grinding using wheat germ, rich in vitamins, was disrupted due to the resistance of the owners of large mills; \ r \ n
e) the transformation of gasoline into a solid state, which makes it easier to transport fuel, also did not find application. \ r \ n
Another factor that also interferes with technical progress is fear obsolescence available main capital - does not exist in the military industry. The innumerable new factories in the war industry mainly satisfy the new need, lacking in peacetime; they can be equipped with the latest technology without imminent deterioration of existing equipment. (Switching some of the military factories to production for peaceful purposes at the end of the war has a similar effect.) Therefore, during the war, technical progress could be made - and indeed did - at a faster pace than before. \ R \ n
During a war, a new moment acts as the driving force of technical progress - a moment in time, the possibility of faster production of goods necessary for waging war. In many cases, it is this factor, and not the size of production costs, that is decisive when introducing new technical improvements. The high-speed construction method is of particular importance. In the United States, during the last war, synthetic rubber plants were built in 12 months, and aluminum plants in 6 months. One factory was built in 4 months 8 days. \ R \ n
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Another important moment driving the development of technology (and primarily in the chemical industry) is the absence of many types of raw materials during the war due to the fragmentation of the world market (see Chapter IX). The absence of many types of natural raw materials necessary for war (rubber, oil, cotton, wool, silk) led to the intensive development of various industries of artificial raw materials, to changes in processes in metallurgy, to the use of new alloys, etc. \ r \ n
To the new incentives for technical progress in the military economy are added other circumstances that also influence the course of technical development. War requires large masses of products that are completely uniform in quality and size, often consisting of many thousands of individual parts (for example, in a German armored car there were 25 thousand separate parts). This circumstance makes it possible to carry out very widely the decomposition of production into separate processes, that is, to produce a huge number of individual parts in special factories or in special workshops. On the other hand, military demand imposes very strict requirements on weapons in terms of quality, dimensional accuracy, etc. the chemical composition of each part These two circumstances, taken together, create the possibility of wide standardization in the manufacture of parts and thereby enhance the automation of the production process. \ r \ n
The decomposition of the production process into the manufacture of a large number of individual parts made it possible, as we indicated above, to move on to production component parts technically complex products (ships, planes, tanks, weapons, etc.) at numerous factories. The danger of air raids led in Europe to the fact that this opportunity was widely used throughout & everywhere to decentralize military production and to distribute it to individual small and medium-sized factories. New gigantic factories for the “war industry were no longer being built; instead of them, a large number of medium and small factories were built. \ r \ n
During the war, not only was a very wide standardization of parts of military products introduced, but also the typification of a great many items of mass consumption. Here are some & how many examples. \ R \ n
Before the war, 2,500 grades of steel were produced in the United States; in 1942 standardization reduced the number of varieties to 103. \ r \ n
Before the war, the USA produced 27 thousand different types light bulbs; in 1943, their number dropped to 2 thousand \ r \ n
During the war, typification was especially strong in Germany, where it covered all the subjects that were possible. So, for example, instead of 200 different types cans for jam began to produce cans of only one type and 9 sizes, etc. \ r \ n
The modern war economy is characterized by a shortage of labor in general and skilled workers in particular. Therefore, during the Second World War, when building new factories, technology had to adapt primarily to this circumstance. Comrade Vishnev in his article gives the following absolutely correct characterization of a modern new enterprise3. \ R \ n
The most important economic requirement for new industrial enterprises, it should be recognized the maximum increase in labor productivity when using low-skilled labor. This implies the following characteristic of the production profile of the new enterprise: \ r \ n
a) mass (or large-scale) nature of production; \ r \ n
b) the use of in-line (in chemical industries - continuous) type of organization of the technological process with the maximum approximation to the direct-flow type and with the widespread use of conveyor assembly; \ r \ n
... c) the maximum reduction in the duration of the technological cycle on the basis of a widely deployed front of work, minimizing the "dead time" between work operations, etc.; \ r \ n
d) the use of the most efficient machines and equipment; \ r \ n
e) maximum automation of technological processes of in-plant transport and technical control; \ r \ n
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f) widespread electrification of production processes; \ r \ n
g) improvement technical conditions work (lighting, ventilation, etc.). \ r \ n
Here you can add enhanced automation of product quality control (the so-called "electro-eye" system). \ R \ n
With the general mobilization, a significant part of skilled male workers were drafted into the army, and at the same time very large masses of unskilled workers were drawn into the industrial process: agricultural workers, housewives, adolescents. In countries with chronic mass unemployment, skilled workers returned to the production process with reduced skills as a result of prolonged inactivity. Technology had to adapt to this circumstance as well. This is most clearly seen in the example of the machine tool, the most important means of production in the metalworking industry. In order for unskilled workers to work at the machine tool, very simplified, so-called "operating" lathes were introduced in military factories, serving exclusively for the continuous repetition of the same separate operation. In England, they are called "women's" machines. On the other hand, in order to make the best use of skilled workers and achieve maximum labor savings, very sophisticated new lathes with 32 cutters were used, of which 24 can work simultaneously K \ r \ n
Simplification of the operation of machine tools is also achieved by the extensive automation of their work, in particular by means of regulation of individual electric motors, which drive individual parts of the mechanism. This makes possible push-button control of a complex machine from the central control panel. The advantage of electrified machines is the flexibility of setup, the elimination of multiple gears, and the ease of operator training. \ R \ n
The following examples illustrate the enormous labor savings that such complex machine tools can give. \ R \ n
By using a multi-spindle machine, the processing time for parts has been reduced from 35 minutes to 3 minutes2. An automated unit (group of machines) for processing electrical appliances performs 77 operations, replacing several dozen workers; serviced by two workers K The piercing machine, which simultaneously processes several machine-gun barrels, spends only 65 seconds to process each barrel instead of the previous 55 minutes. \ r \ n
Technological advances in metal processing provide in a number of cases exceptionally large savings in labor time. One German newspaper reported: \ r \ n
“The increase in productivity achieved by the introduction of modern machines can be judged on the basis of the following example: in the manufacture of one grenade of a certain type, its processing must give a completely accurate caliber, exact length and prescribed exact weight. For this purpose it is necessary first of all to remove excess material by turning. During the First World War, turning was carried out on an ordinary lathe; this required a trained specialist - a turner or at least a worker who had mastered this job well in practice. Grinding a grenade then took 16 minutes. After the lathe replaced HSS with carbide, the turning time was reduced to 7.5 minutes. This level was reached even before the start of the war. Now such grenades are sharpened on automatically working machines, so that maintenance by the worker is actually reduced to installing a grenade, removing it from the machine and setting it in motion by pressing a button. Automatic turning now takes only one and a half minutes. Thus, in comparison with the technical level that existed during the First World War, productivity has increased more than 10 times. "\ R \ n
Here is an example of an increase in the output of a worker due to the use of new, automatically interconnected machines in the production of cylinders for motors. \ R \ n
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\ r \ n Before the war \ r \ n | \ r \ n \ r \ n At the end \ r \ n | \ r \ n
\ r \ n wars \ r \ n | \ r \ n|
\ r \ n 96 \ r \ n | \ r \ n \ r \ n 5 \ r \ n | \ r \ n
\ r \ n 33 \ r \ n | \ r \ n \ r \ n 7 \ r \ n | \ r \ n
\ r \ n 265 \ r \ n | \ r \ n \ r \ n 15 \ r \ n | \ r \ n
\ r \ n 2035 \ r \ n | \ r \ n \ r \ n 47 \ r \ n | \ r \ n
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Number of machines \ r \ n
"Operations \ r \ n
Number of employed workers \ r \ n
Working time consumption (in hours) \ r \ n
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The Germans were especially energetic in their efforts to automate the labor process; they needed it in order to be able to use hastily trained workers and get rid of the sabotage of foreign workers who worked in German penal servitude. In Germany, very sophisticated special machines were often used, but they worked automatically. The newspaper named above writes: \ r \ n
"Special machines make it possible to get along without \" skilled workers. \ R \ n
The larger the series, the more possibilities there are for the use of automatic machines, which perform only certain jobs... These special machines represent the most advanced form of automatic working machines: their construction is extremely difficult, but their maintenance is very simple. If necessary, these machines can simultaneously carry out a number of operations. So, for example, a special machine was built with 130 drills, that is, it drills 130 holes simultaneously in the motor block. These machines can be connected to each other in such a way that the processed items are transferred on the conveyor belt from one machine to another, that is, so that a "continuous flow" is obtained. The machines do all the work on their own from start to finish. The maintenance of such a completely automatic flow is extremely simple: the worker can limit himself to just starting and stopping it. "\ R \ n
In many cases, technical improvements are introduced solely to replace highly skilled workers with hands-on workers, although there is no absolute savings in labor time. Thus, at the Willys-Overland plant, one machine-gun part was processed manually by one highly skilled worker for 30 hours. The machining of the part was broken up into 30 separate operations, performed by 30 workers for one hour each. The total expenditure of working time remained the same, but it turned out to be possible to get by with low-skilled workers. \ R \ n
This, of course, does not mean at all that the achievement of an economy of the number of not only qualified, but also unskilled labor does not remain the most important goal of improving technology also in wartime. “The installation & insertion of the foil discs in the capsules was done by hand and required a lot of labor. A specially designed pneumatically operated automatic machine fully mechanized the work, replacing 75 people. At the same time, the marriage has decreased "К \ r \ n
“With faster machining, getting parts on and off the machine is relatively time-consuming, especially with small parts. With its large dimensions, the installation of parts requires considerable physical strength. During the war, mechanical lifters for heavy parts became widespread, as well as pneumatic, hydraulic and electrical devices for clamping them. Such devices can be serviced by women, adolescents, disabled people, at the same time giving significant savings in working time "2. \ r \ n
The change in metalworking techniques was not limited to the improvement of machine tools. In order to save labor, instead of machining parts on machine tools, the method of stamping parts began to be intensively used. Moreover, strains and strains have been differentiated to a greater extent than ever before in accordance with the purpose of its application. The method of injection molding or spray casting has become widespread, as well as the method of applying the smallest particles of material to the surface of the part instead of mechanically applying them. \ R \ n
The development of the technique of mechanized loading and unloading of bulk goods in transport gives a saving in the amount of necessary untrained labor force. The number and capacity of cranes in ports and railways has increased. In order to reduce the need for labor for in-plant transport, electrified vehicles began to be widely used: colossal conveyors on which tanks are mounted, factory electric railways etc. \ r \ n
The fragmentation of the world market has led, as we have already noted above, to the need for widespread replacement of natural products with synthetic ones. This explains the significant progress achieved in the technology of production of synthetic rubber, gasoline, textile materials; at the same time, the question of production costs receded into the background due to the urgent need for the aforementioned items for military needs. (For the quantitative development of production, the movement of prices for synthetic products and the prospects of this movement in the post-war period, see Chapter X.) \ R \ n
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The quality of synthetic rubber varies widely depending on the purpose for which it is intended. Significant technical progress has been achieved in the production of artificial textile fibers. \ R \ n
V annual report British Celanese Co. for 1943 it says: \ r \ n
“Currently we are producing very strong yarn (“ strong yarn ”): it is three to four times stronger than natural silk and almost twice as strong as“ ny & lone ”(new American rayon - E. V.). Our thread can be thinned ten or more (up to a hundred) times compared to natural silk thread. " The report emphasizes that the British company achieved this success entirely on its own, without foreign assistance, without any international relations... Therefore, if a new product goes on free sale (during the war, all products were apparently exclusively for military purposes), it will not be called ayilon, but something else. \ R \ n
The fragmentation of the world economy forced individual countries to implement numerous technical improvements in the field of extraction and alloying of metals. \ R \ n
In the United States, the lack of tin forced the use of very poor tin ores. “The lack of copper, nickel, tin, chromium forced the Germans to use new alloys, in which the scarce metals were included only in extremely small quantities; basically these metals were replaced by zinc and aluminum. The vast majority of technical inventions during the war were kept, of course, in strict secrecy2 . \ r \ n
The shortage of maritime tonnage led to a whole technical revolution in the canning industry. A number of food products that used to come into circulation almost exclusively in natural form, such as milk, eggs, carrots, were now dried and transported overseas in powder form. Other products, which until now were usually conserved in a wet form and transported in glass, tin and similar packaging (meat, fruits), were preliminarily dehydrated during the war, and special attention was paid to the preservation of vitamins in the products during derideration. \ R \ n
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Drying food products provided huge savings in weight. She reduced the weight of milk 11 times, eggs - 3 times, meat - 4 times, carrots - 11 times, orange juice - 25 times. The tonnage required for food transportation has sharply decreased: by sea transportation - by 5 times, by rail - by 10 \ r \ n
The lack of materials and transport difficulties led to a number of improvements in the field of packaging during the war. Lack of tin led to the replacement of tinplate with lacquered black iron, aluminum boxes, boxes made of wood, cardboard, as well as various combined packages, such as cardboard vessels with a bottom and lid made of tin, etc. \ r \ n
The war caused a very large labor shortage in agriculture as well. This led, along with the intensified use of already existing machines, in the manufacture of new agricultural machines during the war, which provided very high labor savings; however, these machines still have very limited uses. \ r \ n
A sugar beet harvesting machine was launched in Sweden. This machine first cuts the leaves of the plants, then lifts the beets out of the ground and throws them aside. Thus, the only thing to do is to manually pick up the beets. \ R \ n
The world famous American enterprise for the production of agricultural machinery - "\" International Harvester Co. "(" International Harvester Co. "), in its report for 1943, informs that it has initiated a permit for the production of a cotton picker machine (machine The shortage of workers and the high cost of harvesting cotton by hand has long driven the need for this kind of machine. \ r \ n
In 1943, the International Harvester Company produced no more than a dozen large Cotton Pickers. These machines were made available to selected large cotton growers for testing and subsequent use. \ R \ n
The Cotton Picker has a series of small spindles mounted on a spinning drum; the drum is attached to a tractor with high front wheels; then the tractor is driven into the furrows of the cotton field. In doing so, the spinning & dividing rips off the fibers, leaving the calyx intact. After the mass production of these machines is established, the cost of manufacturing one machine will apparently not exceed $ 2,500, of which about $ 1,000 falls on the cost of the tractor. \ R \ n
The use of mechanical cotton pickers can provide such significant savings in wages that this should significantly reduce the total cost of cotton. Preliminary calculations show that mechanical harvesting costs can be reduced by 3 to 4 cents per British pound of cotton (assuming a normal pre-war market price of cotton of 10 to 13 cents per pound). It should be noted, however, that mechanical "cotton pickers" often capture leaves and any debris along with cotton fibers, and therefore the quality of mechanically harvested cotton is, on average, somewhat worse than the quality of cotton harvested by hand. \ n
In this chapter, we, of course, did not set out to describe the development of technology as such during the war. It would take a whole book, and a technical expert would have to write it. It was important for us to show the main directions of technological changes caused by the special needs of the military economy, and to give several examples to illustrate. \ R \ n
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As indicated above, many technical improvements were brought about by the special requirements of the war economy and were associated with an inevitable increase in production costs. These technical improvements include all those that were introduced in connection with the temporary dismemberment of the world market and the lack of Vehicle... It is clear that such innovations will be canceled after the war. On the contrary, improvements that save labor, the introduction of which has almost always been associated with a reduction in production costs, will continue after the war. The use of these improvements will contribute to an increase in chronic mass unemployment. \ R \ n
The main efforts of the technical thought of the VO (during the war were focused on the development of all types military equipment... All the achievements of science and technology were mobilized to service the war. All research institutes, industrial and university laboratories, design bureaus were almost completely switched to work on improving military equipment and creating new types of weapons. Thousands of patents and inventions were extracted from the archives and hastily completed.
During the war, the development of aviation, the production of tanks, artillery, submarines, and the development of radio communications were especially rapid. \ R \ n
In the field of military technology, the following discoveries stand out, which in the future may gain great economic significance: \ r \ n
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- The development of radar ("radar"), which played big role in the fight against German aircraft and opening up new opportunities for the use of air and other types of transport after the war. \ r \ n
- Development of rocket projectiles of various types and aircraft with rocket engines, the speed of which approaches the speed of sound (i.e., more than 1,000 kilometers per hour). \ r \ n
- \ "Atomic bombs, for the first time opened the way to the practical use of colossal reserves of intra-atomic energy. It is likely that the economic application of the latest discoveries will take a long time and will meet a number of technical difficulties and socio-economic obstacles caused by the conditions of modern capitalism. But their significance will be very great. Intra & nuclear energy could be the start of a technological revolution in the energy, chemical and transportation industries. \ r \ n
MILITARY ECONOMY, the military-economic system, materially providing for the creation and maintenance of the military power of the state; the science of the laws of this provision. War economy as a military-economic system is inextricably linked with social production and the armed forces (AF). It includes the material and technical base, labor resources, finances allocated by the state for the economic provision of its military needs. From the point of view of the intersystem connections of the military economy with the civilian economy and the Armed Forces, its structure includes 2 blocks: the military-industrial complex (MIC) and the economy of the armed forces (EMU). The defense industry complex is a military-oriented part of the state's economy, primarily military industries. Basic industries, Agriculture, transport, communications belong to the military economy in terms of serving the military needs of the state. EMU provides distribution, exchange (circulation) and consumption of military products. It includes the bodies of material and technical support and the economic service of the Armed Forces.
In the wars of the 19th century, within the framework of the military economy, 8-14% of the national income of the belligerent states was spent, in the 1st World War - up to 33%, in the 2nd World War - 50%. The arms race after World War II contributed to the increase in the capacity of the war economy. The military-industrial corporations of the states that were part of the military blocs developed and implemented long-term programs of military scientific research, re-equipping the Armed Forces with more and more advanced weapons. In connection with the new geopolitical picture of the world, shifts in the ratio of the military power of the largest powers (for 2005, the size of military budgets was: USA - 505.8 billion dollars; Great Britain - 47.4 billion dollars; France - 45.2 billion dollars; Japan - 42 $ 4 billion; China - $ 35.4 billion; Germany - $ 33.9 billion, Italy - $ 27.8 billion; Russia - $ 19.4 billion; Saudi Arabia - $ 19.3 billion; DPRK - 15, $ 5 billion), as well as economic reform Russian Federation at the beginning of the 21st century, there are changes in the economic security of Russia. The task is to ensure the maintenance of the state's defense potential at a level adequate to existing and potential military threats, taking into account economic opportunities. It is envisaged to reduce the number of defense industry enterprises while maintaining the scientific and technical, design, production and personnel potential of the core of the military industry. After 2006, serial deliveries to the Armed Forces of the latest weapons and military equipment are planned. The military-economic infrastructure of the Armed Forces is also being transformed. Structures performing functions not characteristic of a military organization are being withdrawn from the rear of the Armed Forces. Logistics support from stationary bases and warehouses receives priority, while maintaining a sufficient number of rear services units and institutions for wartime.
The subject of military economy as a science is the totality of relations of production, distribution, exchange (circulation) and consumption of military products that develop in various spheres of the life of society: in that part of the economy that is directly engaged economic support military organization, and in the military organization itself. Includes the theory of military economics and specific sectoral military-economic disciplines. The theory of military economy studies the system of military-economic relations in their entirety, in conjunction with the historical specific conditions of production and methods of waging wars. Sectoral military-economic disciplines study individual aspects of the military economy, the mechanism of action of its laws in relation to their sphere and tasks.
In modern conditions, the development of the military economy as a military-economic system and as a science plays an important role in the formation of the military-economic policy of the state, strengthening the military might of the country.
Lit .: Voznesensky N.A. The military economy of the USSR during the Patriotic War. M., 1948; Military economy: management, planning, military-economic security. M., 1995; Kuzyk B. N. Defense-industrial complex of Russia: a breakthrough in the XXI century. M., 1999.