military economy. Military economy of the ussr
MILITARY ECONOMY, the military-economic system, materially providing for the creation and maintenance of the military power of the state; the science of the regularities of this provision. War economy how the military-economic system is inextricably linked with social production and the armed forces (AF). It includes the material and technical base, labor resources, and finance allocated by the state for the economic provision of its military needs. From the point of view of intersystem relations of the military economy with the civilian economy and the Armed Forces, its structure includes 2 blocks: the military-industrial complex (DIC) and the economy of the armed forces (EMU). The defense industry is a military-oriented part of the state economy, primarily the military industries. basic industries, Agriculture, transport, communications are classified as a military economy in terms of serving the military needs of the state. EMU ensures the distribution, exchange (circulation) and consumption of military products. It includes the logistics and economic services of the Armed Forces.
In the wars of the 19th century, 8-14% of the national income of the belligerent states was spent within the framework of the war economy, in the 1st World War - up to 33%, in the 2nd World War - 50%. The arms race after the 2nd World War contributed to the build-up of the capacities of the war economy. The military-industrial corporations of the states that were part of the military blocs developed and implemented long-term military research programs and re-equipped the Armed Forces with ever more advanced weapons. In connection with the new geopolitical picture of the world, shifts in the ratio of the military power of the largest powers (in 2005, the size of the military budgets were: USA - 505.8 billion dollars; Great Britain - 47.4 billion dollars; France - 45.2 billion dollars; Japan - 42 .4 billion; China - $35.4 billion; Germany - $33.9 billion, Italy - $27.8 billion; Russia - $19.4 billion; Saudi Arabia - $19.3 billion; North Korea - 15. 5 billion dollars), as well as with the reform of the economy Russian Federation at the beginning of the 21st century, changes are taking place in the economic security of Russia. The task is to ensure the maintenance of the defense potential of the state at a level adequate to existing and potential military threats, taking into account economic opportunities. It is envisaged to reduce the number of defense industry enterprises while maintaining the scientific, technical, design, production and personnel potential of the core of the military industry. After 2006, serial deliveries to the Armed Forces of the latest types of weapons and military equipment. The military-economic infrastructure of the Armed Forces is also being transformed. From the rear of the Armed Forces, structures are being withdrawn that perform functions that are not characteristic of a military organization. Priority is given to logistic support from stationary bases and warehouses with the preservation of a sufficient composition of rear units and institutions in wartime.
The subject of military economics as a science is the totality of relations between the production, distribution, exchange (circulation) and consumption of military products that take shape in various spheres of the life of society: in that part of the economy that is directly occupied economic support military organization, and within the military organization itself. Includes the theory of military economics and specific branch military-economic disciplines. The theory of military economy studies the system of military-economic relations in their entirety, in conjunction with historical specific conditions production and warfare. Branch military-economic disciplines study certain aspects of the military economy, the mechanism of operation of its laws in relation to their sphere and tasks.
AT modern conditions the development of the military economy as a military economic system and as a science plays big role in the formation of the military-economic policy of the state, strengthening the military power of the country.
Lit .: Voznesensky N. A. The military economy of the USSR during the Patriotic War. M., 1948; Military economy: management, planning, military-economic security. M., 1995; Kuzyk B. N. The defense industrial complex of Russia: a breakthrough into the 21st century. M., 1999.
Under the military economy of military organizations, it is customary to understand the material and technical base with stocks of material resources, including objects of economic, technical, medical purposes and educational and material bases for combat training, designed to comprehensively and uninterruptedly ensure the activities of military organizations, the material, domestic and cultural needs of their personal composition, proper operation and safety of weapons, military and other equipment, ammunition, fuel and other materiel.
The organization and conduct of the military economy implies the observance of a number of principles:
Isolation (autonomous, relatively independent existence of the economy of the military unit);
Unity (an organized system of economic relations at all levels);
Organization and management of the economy of a military unit for the main types of materiel entering the troops (missile weapons and equipment, armored weapons and equipment, etc.);
A combination of centralized and decentralized supply of troops (deliveries from the center and from local sources);
Vitality (the ability of the military economy to perform its tasks in a combat situation);
Legality, etc.
Planning and organizing the work of services, units and facilities for economic, technical and medical purposes, as well as continuous management and control over this work;
Claiming, receiving, transporting, storing, issuing and spending material and monetary resources, as well as timely and complete bringing to the personnel of the prescribed allowances, satisfaction of their material, domestic, cultural needs and maintaining health;
Ensuring the correct operation, storage and repair of weapons, military and other equipment and property, capital construction, operation and repair of the barracks and housing stock, communal facilities, as well as other facilities;
Record keeping, accounting and reporting on all types of material assets, etc.
Norms and features of providing military units with weapons, military and other equipment, ammunition, fuel, etc. are determined by the relevant orders, directives, manuals, instructions and manuals for the relevant types of forces, combat arms and services.
A military economy is created simultaneously with the formation of a military organization, which must have separate property for the full implementation of its activities in accordance with its goals and objectives.
The main sources of replenishment of military organizations include:
Products delivered centrally or received according to plans higher authorities military administration;
Supplies from local resources;
Products manufactured by enterprises of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, etc.;
Products manufactured by the forces and means of military units.
Legal relations related to the supply of property withdrawn from civil circulation, within the framework of a defense order, arise on the basis of government contracts- administrative contracts, which are concluded and executed according to the rules of civil law. These legal relations are of an administrative nature only by virtue of the legal regime of the said property.
An important place in the organization and management of the military economy is given to warehouses, which must be in constant readiness for receiving and issuing material resources within the time limits determined by special instructions. Responsibility for the storage and conservation of material resources in warehouses rests with the respective heads of warehouses and storekeepers.
Documents confirming the provision of a serviceman with food, clothing and other property are certificates issued to him for these material means.
Of great importance in resolving issues of food security for personnel is the subsidiary farm of a military unit, which is organized by decision of the commander and formalized by his order.
Auxiliary enterprises of military organizations (tailor and shoe shops, hairdressers, printing houses, laboratories, canteens, clubs, cafes, etc.) also contribute to the proper functioning of the military economy.
An integral part of the military economy is the company economy, designed to ensure the combat training of the company and meet the material, domestic and cultural needs of its personnel.
The organization of the company economy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure internal order, safety, proper maintenance and use of weapons, military equipment, vehicles and property available in the company, as well as maintaining a tidy appearance military personnel.
The main tasks of the company economy are:
Maintaining combat readiness of weapons, military equipment and transport;
Timely receipt and issuance of material and monetary funds to the personnel of the company;
Creation of normal living conditions;
Proper use, saving, economical spending and accounting of material resources, as well as barracks equipment and teaching aids.
Consider the main duties of officials in the organization of the military economy.
More on the topic The concept of military economy and the organization of its conduct:
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To the 70th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War: 1941-1945.
Collection of documents RGAE.
annotation
The collection of documents prepared by the Russian State Archive of Economics for the 70th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War: 1941-1945 reveals the meaning economic factors in the victory over the Nazi invaders. The presented documents show examples of the development of the USSR economy in wartime: the development of the military-industrial complex of the country, the state state budget, statistical indicators of the work of the branches of the national economy of the country during the war.
Collection contains 357 electronic images 210 archival documents. Most of the submitted documents are declassified in last years and has not been published before. Documents found in 16 archival funds of the RGAE, are grouped into 8 thematic groups, each of which has an annotated list. Documents are listed in chronological order.
Define military economy possible as a link of consumers of military products of military units and formations, as well as a system of their economic activity. In general, it combines the forces and means included in military units and formations through which economic activity is carried out. This also includes various objects transferred to them for permanent or temporary use. Thus, the entire material and technical base, weapons, military and special equipment, other material assets of formations (military units), land, as well as relationships that arise in the process economic activity, make up the military economy.
The purpose of creating a military economy is the comprehensive and uninterrupted provision of combat training of military units and formations, their military life, the correct operation, storage, maintenance and repair of equipment, weapons and material assets. The role of the military economy in common system comprehensive provision of troops is exceptionally large.
To determine the essence of the military economy, it is necessary to understand the economic activities carried out by the Armed Forces of the country. The system of economic support for the Army and Navy is an inseparable part of the military economy of society and the country as a whole. The essence of the economic activity of the Armed Forces lies in the most efficient use of military and material resources for the full and timely provision of life, activity, combat readiness, as well as the development and improvement of troops and fleet forces.
Economic relations are realized through functional and organizational structures, forms and methods of economic activity. The totality of all this forms the economic mechanism of the Armed Forces, which is a specific component of the country's economic mechanism. The main and lower link of this mechanism is the military link, by analogy with an enterprise or an economy in the state economy.
The military (ship) economy includes the material and technical base, material values and funds of formations and units, as well as relations arising in the course of economic activity.
The subject of economic relations is a formation, military unit, subdivision, servicemen and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces. This is the bottom subsystem. unified system comprehensive provision of troops. It interacts with the central and operational units and civilian personnel the country's economy.
The objects of economic relations, from the point of view of resources, include natural (material) value and labor force. With regard to the military link, this is the material and technical base, finances and personnel of the military unit and formation.
It is necessary to highlight information support as a separate element, as the most important factor in the activities of the military organization. Today it is of great importance market relations in the economic activity of the military unit. These include the intermediary functions of commercial banks, the information network, legal support, arbitration activities and others.
So, the military (ship) economy includes the material and technical base, weapons, military and special equipment and other material assets of formations (military units), land plots, as well as relations arising in the course of economic activity.
Economic activity is not an end in itself, but is aimed at maintaining the combat and mobilization readiness of a military unit or formation. It consists in using their material and technical base, material assets in the course of combat training and daily activities, as well as in interaction with specialized third-party organizations when transferring certain support functions to them.
The military economy includes a number of provisions. First, economic activity creates conditions for organizing and conducting combat training, educational work and other activities. Further, it is entrusted with the planning and implementation of the work of the facilities of the material and technical base of the formation (military unit).
In order to solve the issues of maintaining high combat readiness, it is necessary to timely determine the needs, demand, receipt, accounting and storage of all types of material assets. After that, it is required, on the basis of established norms, to distribute, issue (send, transfer) them to their destination. Military units must create the established stocks of materiel, accumulate them and deliver them in a timely manner. Material values should be spent sparingly and subject to timely accounting. Conducting business activities should provide reliable reporting. Armament, military and special equipment of a military unit must be properly maintained, preserved, subject to timely maintenance and repair.
The leadership of the military unit is responsible for the timely organization of bath and laundry services for the military personnel of the formation and unit.
Competent operation of the material and technical base of a military unit is possible only with appropriate control by the unit's officials and higher leadership.
The barracks and housing stock, communal facilities, land plots, equipment, inventory and property are transferred and used for their intended purpose. It is necessary to take into account the safe operation of objects of state technical supervision.
In recent decades, environmental safety, fire protection and environmental protection have taken on great importance. Given the presence in military units of complex military and other equipment, various stationary and mobile equipment, environmental problems occupy an important place in the conduct of the military economy.
Economic activity should include control over the activities of officials responsible for the military (ship) facilities. Inextricably linked with this is the identification of negative internal and external factors that influence him. Errors in economic activity are not allowed, and if they are detected, it is necessary to take prompt measures to eliminate them.
Considering the issues of military economy, it is necessary to determine the concepts that are used when considering questions of the organization and economics of the economic activity of units and formations. The basis of the military economy of a military unit and formation is the material and technical base with stocks of material assets and in cash. All these three components in the process of economic relations are closely intertwined.
The material and technical base of a formation (military unit) includes all objects of economic, technical, medical purposes, educational and material base for combat training, educational work and service of the troops.
Household facilities consist of barracks and housing stock ( Living spaces, cabins, cockpits), canteens (galleys, wardrooms). They also include bakeries and bakeries, baths and laundries, warehouses (storerooms) and other similar facilities.
Utilities with equipment and engineering networks, parks (garages) and workshops are classified as technical facilities. They also include airfield and port facilities. To ensure the transport of materials and equipment, roads and railways with loading and unloading devices are being equipped. They are objects used only by military structures in the interests of the Armed Forces. Other similar facilities are classified as technical facilities.
Medical and diagnostic buildings, other knowledge and facilities for medical and sanitary purposes of individual medical battalions, individual medical units (hospitals), buildings of medical companies and points of formations and military units are united by the concept of "Medical facilities".
The objects of the educational and material base of combat training include specially equipped and equipped buildings (complexes of buildings) and structures intended for conducting training sessions (exercises, training). These include areas of terrain with structures located on them, where firing practice and other exercises are carried out according to plans (programs) for the training of troops and forces. The same facilities are being created and equipped in the military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense.
Clubs (cultural and leisure centers), libraries, radio stations, and museums are used to carry out educational work with the personnel of units and formations. Successful propaganda work is carried out with the use of television centers, film and video associations, film and video rental centers. The objects of the educational and material base of educational work also include rooms (cabins) of information and leisure, rooms (cabins) of military (combat, naval) glory (history), centers (points) of psychological unloading. Other similar facilities may also be organized and equipped.
For conducting classes and briefings for guards and daily outfits, objects of the educational and material base of the military service are used. These include classrooms, guard camps and other facilities.
Any military units and formations, as economic structure, can be compared with the enterprise of the national economy. To maintain high combat readiness, conduct planned combat training and ensure daily activities, they have, in addition to the material and technical base, a large amount of material assets. These include, first of all, all types of weapons, military and special equipment. In the military unit stockpiles of various purposes of ammunition, rocket fuel, fuel, lubricants, food, clothing and other materiel are created.
The structure of the economy of the military economy, as a complex military-economic mechanism, must be considered in terms of functional and organizational features.
According to functional characteristics, three sectors are distinguished in the economy of the military economy: consuming, manufacturing and providing. Each of them has its own purpose and organization. However, all of them are in close economic interrelation.
The consuming (non-production) sector of the economy of economic activity is characterized by the direct consumption of final military products. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that some part of financial resources is also consumed in it. It is connected with the direct economic support of the daily activities of the troops and their combat readiness.
Economic relations in the consuming sector of the military economy are built mainly on a planned and normative basis. They are regulated federal laws, military regulations, orders, instructions and other binding documents.
In the production sector of the economy of the military economy, production activities are carried out. That is, material goods necessary for the troops are created, which are subsequently consumed in the non-productive sector. This sector of the military level is relatively small and limited in its capabilities.
First, the production sector of the military economy includes the repair of a variety of final military products. It should be borne in mind that the repair of weapons and military equipment is limited to minor current repairs and restoration. Maintenance and cosmetic repairs of buildings, structures or external and internal communications can also be attributed to this sector.
Secondly, the provision of public utilities or communication and transport services.
Thirdly, trade and consumer security (military trade, the provision of various kinds of services related to this type of security).
It must be borne in mind that the production sector of the military economy is of great military and economic importance, because it affects the level of operation of weapons, military equipment and property. And in terms of its volumes and characteristics, it is complex, diverse and labor-intensive.
The supporting sector of the economy of economic activity is designed to provide material, labor and financial resources functioning, consuming and production sectors. It includes material, technical, financial support; as well as providing labor resources for the activities of the military unit and formation.
The organizational structure of the economy of the military economy is included in the organizational structure of the Armed Forces as a whole. Accordingly, it has a certain level of subordination. On an organizational basis, the economy of the military economy can be divided into levels (links): divisional, brigade, regimental, battalion (divisional), company. At the same time, each link in the economy of economic activity includes objects of the material and technical base subordinate to officials of this level. They are designed to provide a comprehensive connection, unit or subdivision.
As noted, the military economy should correspond to the organizational and staff structure of the troops, the types of weapons available in formations and units, and the tasks they perform. Also, economic activity cannot but depend on the general economic situation in the country and the existing economic relations with business entities. Therefore, the military economy in modern conditions is constantly developing and improving.
One of the directions for improving the military economy is to increase the technical equipment of the objects of the material and technical base, as well as the mechanization of the processes of their activity.
The development of the military economy is impossible without advanced training of personnel involved in economic activities.
In recent years, great importance has been attached to environmental safety. Reducing the harmful impact of the activities of the formation (military unit) on the environment is considered one of the areas for improving their economic activities. To solve the problems of environmental safety, it is necessary to improve the planning of military camps and the construction of their facilities in accordance with its requirements.
Reconstruction of old and construction of new facilities of the material and technical base are necessary condition military development. When carrying out these works, it is required to equip objects modern equipment and technical teaching aids.
It goes without saying that the military economy cannot develop dynamically without introducing into the practice of the troops the methods of the most economical and efficient use of the material and technical base and material values. Also from this follows the direction of improvement related to ensuring the safety of material assets and preventing their loss.
Thus, summing up the consideration of the second question, it should be noted that economic relations are implemented through functional and organizational structures, forms and methods of economic activity.
Comprehensive and uninterrupted provision of combat training, military life of units (formations), competent operation, repair of weapons, equipment and material assets is the goal of creating and maintaining a military economy. Economic activity is aimed at maintaining the combat and mobilization readiness of a military unit or formation.
In the economy of the military economy, three sectors are distinguished according to functional characteristics: consuming, production and providing. All of them are in close economic interrelation.
The development of the Armed Forces, the maintenance of troops in constant combat readiness, increase the role of the military economy.
Military economy is component a unified system of comprehensive support for troops. It is intended for uninterrupted and prompt support of combat training and educational work of military units and formations. It is entrusted with the satisfaction of the material and everyday needs of the personnel of the troops, the correct operation and preservation of weapons and military equipment, various types of material resources (ammunition, fuel, food, etc.).
The variety of tasks solved by the military economy and the complexity of their implementation require that those in charge of economic issues extensive knowledge and skills to solve the assigned tasks. Workers engaged in economic activities are required to find new ways of managing in difficult economic conditions.
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