Organization of money circulation. Principles of organization of cash and non-cash money circulation The principles of organization of money circulation are
1. Monopoly circulation of banknotes in rubles on the territory of the Russian Federation, i.e. ruble is legal payment and settlement means... On the territory of the Russian Federation, on the basis of the license of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, foreign currency has a limited circulation.
2. The principle of the unity of the cash desk - this means that all enterprises, regardless of their form of ownership and having cash receipts, are obliged to hand over and keep cash in a bank account. For this, there is a collection service, which allows you to ensure the timeliness of the receipt of money and the safety of cash.
3. Compliance with the rules of conduct cash transactions- this means compliance with cash discipline. All businesses must comply with the rules for receiving money, keeping money, issuing money, accounting and reporting, and handing over money to the bank. Cash is used strictly according to intended purpose... In the cash desk of the company, you can store cash only within the limit. From the cash desk of the enterprise, money is issued on the basis of expense documents, which are signed by the director (head) and the chief accountant. The head of the enterprise is obliged to ensure the safety of money in the cash register.
4. Planning the country's monetary circulation - this means that the state must plan and regulate the money supply in circulation. Paper money is not self-regulating, so the government must properly plan and regulate the amount of cash in circulation.
5. Issue discipline and banknote composition must be observed when issuing cash banknotes into circulation.
6. Establishment of a certain ruble exchange rate in relation to foreign currencies.
Organization of cash circulation is regulated by Federal law"ABOUT The central bank Russian Federation(Bank of Russia) "and the Regulation of the Bank of Russia" On the procedure for conducting cash transactions with banknotes and coins of the Bank of Russia on the territory of the Russian Federation "dated 12.10.2011. No. 373-P.
3. The law of money circulation
One of the principles of organizing monetary circulation is planning and regulation money supply in circulation, which is carried out in accordance with the law of monetary circulation.
The essence of the law: the amount of cash in circulation should be directly proportional to the sum of the prices of goods and services sold in the country and inversely proportional to the number of turnovers of the monetary unit,
or the more goods and services, the more cash is needed for circulation, the faster money turns around, the less money is needed for circulation.
eCT KD - the amount of cash in circulation
KD = eCT - the sum of the prices of all goods sold and
About services in the country
О - the number of revolutions of the monetary unit
The number of revolutions of a monetary unit or the rate of turnover is determined by dividing the total amount of money received by the bank by the average amount of cash in circulation for the previous billing period.
The following factors affect the rate of turnover of a monetary unit:
1) the frequency of payments of money to the population;
2) the structure of consumer demand, i.e. there must be both expensive and inexpensive goods;
3) methods of keeping savings by the population.
Thus, compliance with the requirements of the law of money turnover allows you to regulate the money supply and ensure the stability of money.
Sustainability paper money Is stability or improvement purchasing power monetary unit.
For example: for a certain amount of money, you purchase a certain number of goods. If this ratio persists for an extended period, then money is stable.
The following factors affect the stability of money:
1) the release of goods and services into circulation, which increases the stability of money;
2) compliance with the law of monetary circulation;
3) the level of prices for goods and services; if prices are stable or falling, then the stability of money increases;
4) the presence of a gold reserve in the country, which is a reserve for increasing the commodity mass;
5) stability exchange rate ruble, which helps to increase the stability of money.
Consequently, the stability of money is determined by the influence of relevant factors and the degree of state intervention in the economy, in the regulation of money turnover.
Cash circulation is a process continuous movement cash. Despite the fact that its importance and share in the structure of money turnover are constantly decreasing, it still plays an important role, since it is he who serves the receipt and spending of a significant part of the population's monetary income. In most developed Western countries, the share of cash payments is no more than 3-8% of the total money turnover. In the Russian Federation, the share of cash circulation is somewhat higher, but it is constantly decreasing.
The environment for the use of cash payments is mainly associated with the formation of cash income and expenses of the population. Payments are made in cash:
enterprises, institutions and organizations with the population (on the one hand, when issuing wages, pensions, scholarships and other social currencies to the population, on the other - when the population pays for goods and services in cash in the trade and service network);
between individual citizens in the commodity and food markets;
partially settlements of the population with the financial and credit system (payment of taxes, fees, repayment of loans, etc.);
in limited sizes payments between businesses and organizations
Despite the fact that, in general, in terms of volume, the official turnover of cash is much less than non-cash turnover, its importance in organizing normal economic relations in the economy is very great. It is in the sulfur of cash circulation that the final sale of the produced goods (works, services) takes place. Therefore, the normal circulation of money in the country and the stability of their purchasing power largely depend on the state of the organization of cash circulation.
The exclusive right to issue and withdraw cash from circulation, the organization of their circulation belongs to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as the emission center of the country. In order to organize cash circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation, to the Bank of Russia in accordance with the Federal Law on the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of July 10, 2002. the following functions are assigned:
the exclusive right to issue cash, organize their circulation and withdraw from circulation;
forecasting and organization of production, transportation and storage of banknotes and coins, the creation of their reserve funds;
establishment of rules for storage, transportation and collection of cash for credit institutions;
establishing signs of the solvency of banknotes and the procedure for replacing damaged banknotes and coins, as well as their destruction;
determination of the procedure for conducting cash transactions for credit institutions.
Commercial banks are responsible for direct cash services to enterprises and organizations.
Consider the scheme of cash flow in the Russian Federation.
Figure 2.1 Scheme of cash circulation in the Russian Federation
The above diagram shows that cash flow begins in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Cash is transferred from it reserve funds to circulating cash desks, so they are put into circulation. From the revolving cash registers of the GRKTs, or RCC, cash is sent to operating cash desks commercial banks for issuance to clients - legal and individuals(either directly or to the cash desks of enterprises and organizations). A smaller part of the cash held in the cash desks of enterprises and organizations is used for settlements between them (in cases where the purchase price does not exceed the maximum payment amount established by law), but most of it is paid to the population in the form of various types of cash income (wages , pensions and benefits, scholarships, insurance claims, dividends, sales proceeds valuable papers etc.).
The population also uses cash for mutual settlements. But most of it is spent on paying taxes, fees, insurance payments, paying rent and utility bills, paying off loans, buying goods and paying for various paid services, purchase of securities, lottery tickets, payment of rent payments, fines, interest and penalties, etc.
Thus, money goes either directly to the operating cash desks of commercial banks, or to the cash desks of enterprises and organizations (primarily trade enterprises and enterprises providing services to the population).
Money. Credit. Banks: lecture notes Shevchuk Denis Alexandrovich
13. Principles of organization of cash circulation
Organization of monetary circulation is maintaining an optimal balance between cash and non-cash circulation, streamlining and achieving the necessary continuity of processes associated with the movement of cash. Effective organization of monetary circulation presupposes the establishment of a strict procedure for the issue of banknotes into circulation. The issue of money into circulation, which produces an increase in the amount of cash in it, is called the issue of cash. The issue is carried out by the Central Bank. The circulation of cash has a number of features that ultimately determine the nature of its organization. Money circulation is organized on the basis of the following principles:
1. Centralization organization and regulation of money circulation. central bank has the exclusive prerogative of organizing and regulating the movement of cash through all channels of circulation and between all subjects. Such centralization makes it possible to achieve stability of monetary circulation, to carry it out in close connection with ensuring overall stability. national currency, its purchasing power.
2. Elasticity and cost-effectiveness monetary circulation. Cash and non-cash money have a single credit basis and therefore are closely interconnected and easily pass into each other. This relationship allows you to shift the boundaries between cash and non-cash money turnover, and allows you to achieve savings by replacing expensive cash with cheaper non-cash money.
3. The complexity of the organization of monetary circulation. Designed to make money management more economical and convenient.
4. Regularity and continuity providing business entities and the population with cash in accordance with their real economic needs.
5. Regulation of procedures for performing cash transactions. Cash transactions of the following business entities are subject to regulation: a) banks and other credit institutions; b) Russian legal entities, including communications enterprises; c) Russian legal entities that accept payments directly from the population; d) non-residents of the Russian Federation.
The issue of cash is carried out by the Bank of Russia jointly with its main departments. To this end, the Bank of Russia has established cash settlement centers (RCC) under its headquarters.
This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Money. Credit. Banks [Answers to exam tickets] the author Varlamova Tatiana Petrovna9. The concept of money circulation. cash and non-cash circulation Money circulation is the movement of money when they perform their functions in cash and cashless forms serving the sale of goods, as well as non-commodity payments and settlements on the farm.
From the book Money. Credit. Banks [Answers to exam tickets] the author Varlamova Tatiana Petrovna28. The system of metallic money circulation The system of metallic circulation is based on real money (silver, gold), performing all five functions, and circulating banknotes are freely exchanged for real money. Depending on the
the author Denis Shevchuk4. Organization of money circulation. Cash and non-cash circulation Money circulation is circulation cash flows in cash and non-cash form. Such a movement is possible due to the fact that someone has an excess of money (supply), and someone
From the book Finance and Credit the author Denis Shevchuk6. Law of monetary circulation Commodity-money relations require a certain amount of money for circulation. The law of monetary circulation, discovered by Karl Marx, establishes the amount of money required to perform the functions of a medium of circulation and means
From the book Banking audit the author Denis Shevchuk20. The procedure for conducting an audit of enterprises and banks on organization issues cash circulation... In accordance with the regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 14-P, credit institutions are obliged to check the procedure for conducting cash transactions at least once every 2 years.
From the book Banking. Cheat sheets the author Kanovskaya Maria Borisovna13. Competence of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the field of organizing cash circulation The official monetary unit (currency) of the Russian Federation is the ruble, which consists of 100 kopecks. Introduction on the territory of the Russian Federation of others monetary units and issuing cash
the author Denis Shevchuk14. Principles of organizing non-cash money turnover The basis of payment turnover (payment turnover is the process of continuous movement of means of payment serving economic turnover) is a non-cash monetary turnover. Advantages: high speed
From the book Money. Credit. Banks: lecture notes the author Denis Shevchuk17. Empirical laws of monetary circulation Law is the connection of phenomena. This connection can be superficial or substantial. Superficial relationships express empirical laws (Gresham's law, monetary rule). Internal causal relationships express essential
From the book Money. Credit. Banks: lecture notes the author Denis Shevchuk51. Regulation of monetary circulation Monetary circulation - the movement of money in cash and non-cash forms, serving the circulation of goods, as well as non-commodity payments and settlements. Types of monetary circulation; circulation of cash, that is, banknotes (banknotes and
From the book Finance: lecture notes the author Kotelnikova Ekaterina3. Law of Monetary Circulation The Law of Monetary Circulation shows how much cash is needed for the country's economy. The Law according to Karl Marx: “The sum of prices for goods, works or services sold minus the sum of prices for goods, works or services sold with payment by installments,
From the book Finance the author Kotelnikova Ekaterina19. Law of Monetary Circulation The Law of Monetary Circulation shows how much cash is needed for the country's economy. The Law according to Karl Marx: “The sum of prices for goods, works or services sold minus the sum of prices for goods, works or services sold by installments
From book Economic theory: lecture notes the author Dushenkina Elena Alekseevna3. Money. The Laws of Currency When the English colonists first settled in the New World, they brought with them very few pounds, shillings, and pence, which they used at home. In fact, it didn't matter, because the Native Americans with whom they were
From the book Fundamentals of Economics the author Borisov Evgeny Filippovich§ 4 Inflation and the stability of monetary circulation We conclude this chapter by considering imbalance and equilibrium in such a vital area. modern economy, which is money circulation. Monetary circulation means continuous
From the book Microeconomics: lecture notes the author Tyurina Anna6. Law of monetary circulation Monetary circulation is the movement of cash flows, which is ensured through the existence of supply and demand of the money supply in the market. This is the main condition for the effective functioning of the country's financial, monetary system.
From the book Youth of Science the author Anikin Andrey VladimirovichOn the way: the problem of money circulation According to Marx, in the parliamentary debate on the banking acts of 1844 and 1845. future prime minister Gladstone once remarked that even love did not make so many people fools as philosophizing about the essence of money.
From the book Youth of Science. The life and ideas of economic thinkers before Marx the author Anikin Andrey VladimirovichOn the way: the problem of money circulation As Marx writes, in the parliamentary debate on the banking acts of 1844 and 1845. future prime minister Gladstone once remarked that even love did not make so many people fools as philosophizing about the essence of money.
Money circulation is organized on the basis of the following basic principles.
1. Centralization of the organization and regulation of monetary circulation. The Central Bank has the exclusive prerogative of organizing and regulating the movement of cash through all channels of circulation and between all subjects. Such centralization makes it possible to achieve stability of monetary circulation, to carry it out in close connection with ensuring the overall stability of the national currency, its purchasing power.
2. Elasticity and economy of money circulation. Cash and non-cash money have a single credit basis, and therefore are closely related, cash can easily be converted into non-cash and vice versa. Such mutual convertibility makes it possible to elasticly shift the boundaries between cash and non-cash money turnover, depending on the needs of the economy and the population in Money ah of one kind or another and achieve real savings by replacing expensive cash circulation with much cheaper non-cash circulation. In addition, the gradual displacement of cash by non-cash makes it possible to more accurately regulate money turnover and predict its dynamics.
3. The complexity of the organization of monetary circulation. The unity of money circulation and the elasticity of money circulation determines the need integrated approach to the organization of monetary circulation in unity with the organization and regulation of the movement of non-cash funds.
4. Regularity and uninterrupted provision of business entities and the population with cash in accordance with their real economic needs. To this end, the Central Bank regulates and regulates the activities of commercial banks, other credit organizations and communications enterprises, that is, all organizations involved in servicing these persons.
5. Regulation of procedures for performing cash transactions.
General concepts of cash circulation
Money serves as a medium of circulation and as a means of payment.
Cash is used:
- to purchase goods and services;
- for the payment of wages;
- for payment required payments(taxes, fees);
- to buy securities, etc.
Cash turnover is based on the movement of cash for a certain period of time, between all business entities.
A properly organized system of monetary circulation presupposes the determination of a clear procedure for the emission of money for their further circulation.
Definition 2
The release of funds into free circulation that increase the amount of cash is called emission.
Basic principles of the organization of monetary circulation
The basic principles of organizing cash circulation include:
- The principle of mandatory storage. The state obliged all subjects entrepreneurial activity save your funds in bank accounts regardless of the form of ownership. This principle is used to control funds and counter money laundering.
- The principle of preferential non-cash settlement of enterprises for all their obligations. The use of this principle helps to enforce restrictions on cash settlement transactions.
- Limit principle. Business entities can have a limited amount of money in their cash desk. This amount is determined banking institutions individually.
- The principle of obligatory surrender of funds, which exceeds the limit.
- The principle of the urgency of depositing cash in banks.
- The principle of over-limit of cash. These funds can be used to pay wages and various social payments... The storage period for cash at the cash desk should not exceed three days, taking into account the day the money was received.
- Documentation principle monetary transactions... This principle is based on the fact that all funds that have been received / issued must have documentary evidence. These operations are executed in the form of an incoming and outgoing cash order.
- The principle of the safety of cash at the cash desk.
- The principle of unlimited settlements with the population.
The process of receiving cash proceeds from the current receipts of funds to the cash desks of the bank or organizations. If there is not enough money to meet all the needs of enterprises or organizations, the bank's management connects operating cash desks in the manner prescribed by law.
Business entities that do not comply with the conditions for the introduction of cash transactions are subject to criminal or administrative liability.
Remark 1
Monitoring and analysis of trends in the constant development of cash circulation at the time of recession or recovery of the state's economy, will increase the chance of quality management and effective organization cash circulation money.
The main advantages of cash are:
- Versatility of payments.
- Ease of use.
- Ability to exercise settlement transactions any time of the day.
- Cash payment is cheaper than making payments with plastic cards.
For efficient and uninterrupted operation of banks, it is necessary to resolve a number of issues that will lead to a reduction in the time spent on banking operations and staff cuts.