Forms of non-cash payments and analysis of their use in the economy of the Russian Federation. Analysis of the use of forms and tools of non-cash payments (on the example of PJSC "Sberbank of Russia") Analysis of bank non-cash payments

Forms of non-cash payments and analysis of their use in the economy of the Russian Federation. Analysis of the use of forms and tools of non-cash payments (on the example of PJSC "Sberbank of Russia") Analysis of bank non-cash payments

General information

Analysis of non-cash forms of payment in the Russian Federation

General information

Analysis of non-cash forms of payment in the Russian Federation

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Definitions

Why is this needed?

The legislative framework

Who carries out the procedure?

Based on what data?

When carried out at the enterprise

On the example of a bank

The final stage

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Similar Documents

Definitions

Why is this needed?

The legislative framework

Who carries out the procedure?

Based on what data?

When carried out at the enterprise

On the example of a bank

The final stage

Labor pension - 12.01.2021

In accordance with Regulation 2-P dated October 3, 2002 “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation”, the following forms of non-cash payments exist:

- settlements by payment orders;

- settlements under a letter of credit;

- settlements by checks;

– collection settlements;

- as well as settlements in other forms provided for by law, banking rules established in accordance with it and business practices used in banking practice.

The economic basis of non-cash payments is material production. As a result, the predominant part of the payment turnover (about three quarters) falls on settlements on commodity transactions, i.e. for payments for goods shipped, work performed, services rendered.

The rest of the payment turnover (about one quarter) is settlements on non-commodity transactions, that is, settlements of enterprises and organizations with the budget, state and social insurance bodies, credit institutions, government, court, economic court and so on.

On the basis of the territorial location of enterprises and the banks serving them, settlements from other cities and one-town are distinguished. Settlements between enterprises and organizations serviced by one or different institutions banks located in the same locality are called single-city or local settlements. Settlements between enterprises and organizations serviced by banking institutions located in different settlements are called out-of-town settlements.

The form of payment is a set of interrelated elements, which include the method of payment and the corresponding document flow.

Document management is a system of registration, use and movement of settlement documents and Money, which includes: issuance of an invoice by the consignor and its transfer to other participants in the settlements; the content of the settlement document and its details; the terms for compiling the settlement document and the procedure for presenting it to the bank, as well as to other participants in the settlements; movement of a settlement document between banking institutions; the procedure and terms for payment of a settlement document, transfer and receipt of funds; the procedure for using the settlement document for mutual control of the settlement participants and the implementation of measures of economic impact.

Accordingly, when making non-cash payments in the forms provided for in this part of the Regulations, the following settlement documents are used:

- money orders;

– letters of credit;

– payment requests;

- collection orders.

Forms of non-cash payments are chosen by bank customers independently and are provided for in contracts they conclude with their counterparties.

Forms of non-cash payments are used by clients of credit institutions (branches), institutions and divisions of the Bank of Russia settlement network, as well as by the banks themselves.

Banks do not interfere in the contractual relationships of customers. Mutual claims on settlements between the payer and the recipient of funds, except for those arising through the fault of banks, are resolved in the manner prescribed by law without the participation of banks.

In transitional conditions to market economy transfers became the most common form of payment. In accordance with the classification of the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, used in many countries, transfers are divided into debit and credit.

Credit transfers - credit transfers are predominantly used in Russia (90% of the payment turnover). The initiative to start them belongs to the payer (debtor) who gives the order to credit the account of the recipient (creditor). A payment order for debit debits is used as a payment instrument.

Debit transfers are payments initiated by creditors (payees) who put into circulation payment instruments confirming the debt of debtors (payers). These instruments include a bill of exchange, a check, a collection order for an indisputable (non-acceptance) write-off of funds.

Settlement documents used in the current forms of settlements are accepted by the bank for execution only if they comply with standardized requirements and, therefore, must contain the following data:

- name of the settlement document, date, month, year of its issue;

- the name of the payer, the number of his bank account, the name and number of the payer's bank;

– the name of the recipient of funds, the number of his bank account, the name and number of the bank of the recipient of funds;

– purpose of payment (not specified in the check);

– payment amount (in numbers and words).

The first copy of the settlement document must be necessarily signed by officials who have the right to dispose of the bank account and have an imprint of the seal. Write-off of funds from the payer's account is made only on the basis of the first copy of the settlement document.

Settlement documents (except for checks) are issued, as a rule, using technical means in one step with a carbon copy. Checks are written by hand in ink or ballpoint pens.

Settlement documents are accepted by banks for execution within business day bank (operational day is set to 13 hours). Documents accepted by the bank from customers during business hours are posted to the balance sheet on the same day.

For untimely or incorrect debiting of funds from the owner’s account, as well as untimely or incorrect crediting by the bank of the amounts due to the account owner, the latter has the right to require the bank to pay in its favor a fine in the amount of one second percent of the amount untimely credited or illegally debited for each day delays.

Consider the features of payments by payment orders.

A payment order is a written order from the account holder to the bank to transfer certain sum of money from his account (settlement, current, budgetary, loan) to the account of another enterprise - the recipient of funds in the same or another one-town or non-resident bank institution.

The possibilities of using payment orders in settlements are diverse. With their help, settlements are made in the economy, both for commodity and non-commodity transactions. In this case, all non-commodity payments are made exclusively by payment orders.

In settlements for goods and services, payment orders are used in the following cases:

- for goods received and services rendered (that is, by direct acceptance of goods), provided that the instruction refers to the number and date of the shipping document confirming the receipt of goods or services by the payer; for payments in the order of advance payment and services (subject to a reference in the order to the number of the contract, agreement, contract, which provides for advance payment);

- to pay off accounts payable on commodity transactions;

– when paying for goods and services by court and arbitration decisions;

- rent for premises;

- payments to transport, communal, household enterprises for maintenance and more.

In settlements for non-commodity transactions, payment orders are used for:

- payments to the budget;

– repayments bank loans and interest on loans;

– transfer of funds to state and social insurance bodies;

– contributions of funds to the authorized funds when establishing joint-stock companies, partnerships;

– acquisition of shares, bonds, certificates of deposit, bank bills;

- payment of penalties, fines, penalties.

A payment order is issued by the payer on a standard form containing all the necessary details for making a payment, and is submitted to the bank, as a rule, in four copies, each of which has its own specific purpose:

The first copy is used in the payer's bank to debit funds from the payer's account and remains in the documents for the bank;

The fourth copy is returned to the payer with the stamp of the bank as a receipt on acceptance of the payment order for execution;

The second and third copies of the payment order are sent to the beneficiary's bank, while the second copy serves as the basis for crediting funds to the beneficiary's account and remains in the documents for this bank, and the third copy is attached to the beneficiary's account statement as the basis for confirming the bank transaction.

A payment order is accepted by the bank for execution only if there are sufficient funds on the payer's account. A bank loan can also be used to make a payment if the economic agency has the right to receive it. With constant and uniform deliveries of goods and provision of services, buyers can settle with suppliers by payment orders in the order of planned payments. In this case, payments are made not for each individual shipment or service, but by periodically transferring funds from the buyer's account to the supplier's account at specific times and in a certain amount based on the plan for the release of goods and services for the coming month, quarter. In this way, settlements can be made between trade organizations and their suppliers (meat-packing plants, bakeries, dairies), between peat enterprises and power plants, manufacturing enterprises for coal, gas, electricity, metal.

Consider the features of settlements under a letter of credit.

A letter of credit is a conditional monetary obligation of a bank issued by it on behalf of a client in favor of its counterparty under an agreement under which the bank that opened the letter of credit (issuing bank) can make a payment to the supplier or authorize another bank to make such payments, subject to the submission of documents, stipulated in the letter of credit, and subject to the fulfillment of other conditions of the letter of credit.

Banks can open the following types of letters of credit:

– covered (deposited) and uncovered (guaranteed);

– revocable and irrevocable (can be confirmed).

When opening a covered (deposited) letter of credit, the issuing bank transfers the amount of the letter of credit (cover) at the disposal of the executing bank at the expense of the payer or the credit provided to him for the entire period of the letter of credit. When opening an uncovered (guaranteed) letter of credit, the issuing bank grants the executing bank the right to write off funds from its correspondent account within the amount of the letter of credit. The procedure for writing off funds from the correspondent account of the issuing bank under a guaranteed letter of credit is determined by agreement between the banks.

A revocable is a letter of credit that can be changed or canceled by the issuing bank on the basis of a written order of the payer without prior agreement with the recipient of funds and without any obligations of the issuing bank to the recipient of funds after the withdrawal of the letter of credit. Irrevocable is a letter of credit that can be canceled only with the consent of the recipient of funds. At the request of the issuing bank, the nominated bank may confirm an irrevocable letter of credit (confirmed letter of credit). An irrevocable letter of credit confirmed by the nominated bank cannot be changed or canceled without the consent of the nominated bank. The procedure for providing confirmation on an irrevocable confirmed letter of credit is determined by agreement between the banks.

The letter of credit is intended for settlements with one recipient of funds. The terms of the letter of credit may provide for the acceptance of a person authorized by the payer. The recipient of funds may refuse to use the letter of credit before its expiration, if the possibility of such refusal is provided for by the terms of the letter of credit. A notification is sent to the payer's bank about the closing of the letter of credit. The use of a letter of credit form of payment is provided for in the main agreement between the payer and the supplier, which, in particular, stipulates: specific conditions for settlement under a letter of credit, its validity period, type of letter of credit and method of its execution. The name of the payer's and supplier's banks, the list of documents against which payment is made.

A letter of credit may be intended for settlements with only one supplier. The term of the letter of credit is not regulated by banking rules. Payments by letter of credit are especially beneficial for the supplier. With this form of payment, payment is made at the location of the supplier. Unlike other forms of cashless payments, letter of credit form guarantees payment to the supplier, or at the expense of own funds the buyer, or at the expense of his bank.

Consider the features of payments by check.

Receipt - security, containing an unconditional order of the drawer of the check to the bank to pay the amount specified in it to the holder of the check. A check, like a payment order, is drawn up by the payer, but, unlike payments by payment order, the check is transferred by the payer, bypassing the bank, directly to the payee at the time of the business transaction, which presents the check to the bank for payment. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the check must contain the following details:

- the name "check" included in the text of the document;

- an instruction to the payer to pay the check drawer a certain amount of money;

– name of the payer and an indication of the account from which the payment is to be made;

– indication of payment currency;

- indication of the date and place of drawing up the check;

- The signature of the person who issued the check.

Regulation "On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation" No. 2-P dated April 12, 01 provides for the possibility of using checks issued by credit institutions. The form of this check is determined by the credit institution independently, but the check must contain all the mandatory details established by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and may also contain all additional details determined by the specifics banking. The scope of circulation of checks of credit institutions is limited: they should not be used for settlements through the Bank of Russia settlement network units, but can only be used in relations between banks and their customers, as well as in interbank settlements in the presence of direct correspondent relations with other banks.

The procedure and conditions for the use of checks of credit institutions are determined by internal bank rules, which, in particular, should provide for: the form of a check, a list of its details, a list of participants in settlements with these checks, the deadline for presenting checks for payment, and the terms of payment for checks.

In addition, banks provide for the issuance of limited checkbooks to organizations. Issuance of limited checkbooks is carried out by the bank on the basis of an application of the organization - issuer of the check and a payment order for depositing the limit of the amount of the book. When issuing the book, the bank writes off the specified amount from the client's account and deposits it on a separate account.

Checks from the checkbook are issued by the check drawer at the time of determining the payment amount and are handed over to the recipient of money - the check holder, who presents the checks to the banking institution serving him for payment.

The supplier's bank forwards the presented checks to the buyer's bank; the latter debits the amounts from the account and transfers them to the supplier's bank to be credited to his settlement account. The check shall indicate the name of the holder of the check, the account number, the name of the paying bank and its code, and the payment amount.

Checks are issued in one copy, signed by persons entitled to manage the bank account, sealed with the check drawer and paid only in full.

The check is valid for ten days, excluding the date of issue. Simultaneously with the check, its spine is filled, which remains in the book with the drawer. Check stubs are used to control the use of the checkbook limit and pay checks.

When issuing a check, the buyer (drawer) transfers the balance of the limit from the spine of the previous check into it and withdraws the rest of the limit.

Banks hand over checks to settlement and cash centers (RCC), if the payers are other banks. Banks write off funds from the account of the drawer on the basis of the register of checks received from the cash settlement center. The checks themselves remain in storage at the RCC.

Consider the features of settlements for collection.

Collection settlements are banking operation, through which the bank (hereinafter referred to as the issuing bank), on behalf of and at the expense of the client, on the basis of settlement documents, takes actions to receive a payment from the payer. For collection settlements, the issuing bank has the right to involve another bank (hereinafter referred to as the executing bank). Settlements for collection are carried out on the basis of payment requests, the payment of which can be made at the order of the payer (with acceptance) or without his order (without acceptance), and collection orders, the payment of which is made without the order of the payer (in an indisputable manner).

A payment request is a settlement document containing a requirement of the creditor (recipient of funds) under the main agreement to the debtor (payer) to pay a certain amount of money through the bank.

Payment requests are applied in settlements for goods supplied, work performed, services rendered, as well as in other cases provided for by the main contract.

Settlements by means of payment requests can be carried out with or without the prior acceptance of the payer.

Without the payer's acceptance, settlements by payment claims are carried out in the following cases:

- established by law;

- provided by the parties under the main agreement, provided that the bank servicing the payer is granted the right to debit funds from the payer's account without his order.

The payment request states:

- terms of payment;

- date of acceptance;

- the date of sending (delivery) to the payer of the documents stipulated by the agreement in the event that these documents were sent (handed over) by him to the payer;

- name of the goods (work performed, services rendered), number and date of the contract, numbers of documents confirming the delivery of goods (performance of work, provision of services), date of delivery of goods (performance of work, provision of services), method of delivery of goods and other details - in the field "Purpose of payment";

– Settlements by payment orders paid with the payers' acceptance: in the payment order paid with the payer's acceptance, the payee shall enter "with acceptance" in the "Payment term" field. The term for acceptance of payment requests is determined by the parties under the main contract. In this case, the period for acceptance must be at least five working days.

When registering a payment request, the creditor (recipient of funds) under the main agreement in the field "Term for acceptance" indicates the number of days established by the agreement for the acceptance of the payment request. In the absence of such an indication, the period for acceptance shall be five working days.

Settlements by payment requests paid without acceptance of the payers: in the payment request for direct debiting of funds from the accounts of payers on the basis of the law, in the field "Terms of payment" the recipient of funds puts down "without acceptance", and also makes a reference to the law (indicating its number, date adoption and the relevant article), on the basis of which the recovery is carried out. In the "Purpose of payment" field, the creditor, in established cases, indicates the readings of measuring instruments and the current tariffs, or a record is made of calculations based on measuring instruments and current tariffs.

In the payment request for direct debiting of funds on the basis of an agreement, in the field “Terms of payment”, the recipient of funds indicates “without acceptance”, as well as the date, number of the main agreement and its corresponding clause providing for the right of direct debiting.

Direct debiting of funds from the account in the cases provided for by the main agreement is carried out by the bank if there is a condition in the bank account agreement on direct debiting of funds or on the basis of an additional agreement to the bank account agreement containing the corresponding condition.

The payer is obliged to provide the servicing bank with information about the creditor (recipient of funds) who has the right to issue payment requests for debiting funds without acceptance, the name of the goods, works or services for which payments will be made, as well as about the main contract (date, number and the corresponding clause providing for the right of direct debiting).

The absence of a condition on direct debiting of funds in the bank account agreement or an additional agreement to the bank account agreement, as well as the absence of information about the creditor (recipient of funds) and other above information is the basis for the bank to refuse to pay the payment request without acceptance. Given payment request is paid in the order of preliminary acceptance with a period for acceptance of five working days.

A collection order is a settlement document, on the basis of which funds are written off from the payers' accounts in an indisputable manner.

Collection orders apply:

- in cases where an indisputable procedure for collecting funds is established by law, including for the collection of funds by bodies performing control functions;

- for recovery under executive documents;

- in cases stipulated by the parties under the main agreement, provided that the bank servicing the payer is granted the right to debit funds from the payer's account without his order.

When collecting funds on the basis of executive documents, the collection order must contain a reference to the date and number executive document, as well as the name of the body that issued the decision subject to enforcement.

In this case, the bank of the recoverer accepts collection orders with the original of the executive document attached, or its duplicate. At the same time, the bank does not accept a collection order for execution if an expired enforcement document is attached to it.

Executive documents on the collection of periodic payments remain valid for the entire time for which the payments are awarded.

In the absence or insufficiency of funds on the debtor's account, the bank places the collection order with the attached executive document in the file cabinet number two and executes it as soon as the funds are credited to the account in the order established by law.

Responsibility for the legitimacy of issuing a collection order and the correctness of the indication of the basis for an indisputable collection lies with the recipient of funds. Banks do not consider on the merits the objections of payers to debiting funds from their accounts in an indisputable manner.

Consider the features bill form calculations.

The bill of exchange is a settlement between the supplier and the payer for goods or services with a deferred payment (commercial credit) on the basis of a special bill of exchange document.

A bill of exchange is an unconditional written promissory note of a strictly statutory form, giving its owner (drawer) an indisputable right to demand from the debtor the payment of the sum of money indicated in the bill upon maturity.

A promissory note (solo bill) is a written document containing a simple and unconditional obligation of the drawer (debtor) to pay a certain amount of money at a certain time and in a certain place to the recipient of funds or to his order. A promissory note is issued by the payer himself, and in essence it is his promissory note

A bill of exchange (draft) is a written document containing an unconditional order from the drawer (creditor) to the payer to pay the sum of money specified in the bill to a third party or to his order.

Unlike a simple bill of exchange, not two, but at least three persons participate in a bill of exchange: the drawer (drawer), who issues the bill; the payer (drawee) to whom the order is directed to make payment on the bill; bill holder (payee) - the recipient of payment on a bill.

A bill of exchange must be accepted by the payer (drawee), and only after that it acquires the force of an executive document. The acceptor of a bill of exchange, like the drawer of a promissory note, is the main debtor of the bill, he is responsible for paying the bill in set time. Acceptance is marked on the left side of the front side of the bill and is expressed by the words "accepted, accepted, I will pay" and with the obligatory affixing of the payer's signature.

A bill of exchange is a strictly formal document. It contains a list required details. The absence of at least one of them deprives the bill of legal force.

Mandatory promissory notes include:

- bill of exchange, that is, the designation of the document with the word "bill", expressed in the same language in which the document is written;

- place and time of drawing up the bill (day, month and year of drawing up);

- a promise to pay a certain amount of money;

- an indication of the amount of money in figures and words (corrections are not allowed);

- payment term;

– place of payment;

- the name of the person to whom or by order of whom the payment is to be made;

– the drawer's signature (submitted by him in his own handwritten way).

Operations for the collection of bills by banks are beneficial both for customers and for the bank itself. Thus, the client is freed from the need to monitor the deadlines for presenting bills for payment, and the process of receiving payment becomes faster, cheaper, and more reliable for him. For the bank, this is one of the sources of profit.

In addition, in the process of cash transactions, significant funds are concentrated on the correspondent account of a commercial bank, which it can put into circulation.

In modern domestic banking practice, a bank bill is also used. A bank bill is a unilateral, unconditional obligation of the issuing bank of the bill - to pay the person indicated in it or his order a certain amount of money within the prescribed period.

Bank bills can be purchased by legal entities and individuals, primarily for the purpose of generating income. Unlike certificates, a bank bill can be used by its owner not only as a means of accumulation, but also as a purchasing and means of payment.

The holder of the bill can pay them for goods and services by transferring the bill by endorsement to a new bill holder, to whom, according to the law, all rights under the bill are transferred. At the same time, endorsement on a bank bill, as a rule, provides for a free transfer of rights on a bill between legal and individuals.

Thus, having the legal force of a bank's urgent obligation with all the ensuing rights, a bank bill is an elastic, flexible instrument for making payments, servicing a part of the payment turnover of the economy.

The monetary system of states is an integral element of a market economy and is a set of legally regulated elements, including institutions, software, hardware and other means that ensure the fulfillment of debt obligations arising in the course of economic activity.
While an efficient payment system keeps cash flowing, there can be potential risks in the event of payment disruptions, which creates problems for participants ranging from a lack of liquidity to distressed debt. Such risks can develop into systemic risks that pass from one participant in the system to another, disrupting the sound functioning of the payment system and the stability of the financial system.
Growth of the world board significant turnover, and the resulting increase in distribution costs strongly dictates the need to create a fundamentally new mechanism for non-cash and cash circulation, providing for rapidly growing needs for payments and accelerating the turnover of funds while reducing distribution costs and reducing labor costs.
This problem cannot be solved with the massive use of existing forms of money, because, due to their physical nature, they have a limit of mobility, cause high labor intensity of financial calculations, do not ensure the continuity of the calculation chain, and make it difficult to control their movement. The main way to solve it is the use of the so-called paperless technology based on the best practices of industrialized countries in the field of widespread use in practice of cash substitutes and payment instruments and means, the creation of technologies and technical devices for their automatic processing. This has led to the development and widespread use of information technology.
Payment systems are part of the monetary economy. Almost every business transaction results in the need to make payments, and therefore, the use of various payment systems. Modern society is becoming increasingly dependent on the reliability of the functioning of payment systems. IN last years due to a significant increase in the volume of transactions in foreign exchange, money and stock markets the importance of both the payment systems themselves and the control of their inherent risks has increased significantly. Payment systems are becoming more technologically complex and fast.
World experience shows that in every country, along with international ones, local electronic payment systems are successfully operating. The strongest of them successfully cooperated with international ones. However, it is practically impossible to predict what will happen to one or another existing Russian payment system in the future. The most viable system will be the one that will have an extensive service network in the regions where the majority of the country's population lives.

Relevance of the research topic.
Development of international cash flows and related relations requires the creation of a specific system for managing these processes. At the level of individual states and the interstate level, mechanisms for the control and regulation of international finance are being created.
To streamline the international financial mechanism, international financial law is being formed. It is a system of legal principles and norms governing international financial relations, and consists of two subsystems: financial law at the interstate level and the norms of national financial law of individual countries that regulate international financial relations of these countries. The norms of the latter must be consistent with the provisions of interstate law.
State payment system The arts is an integral element of a market economy and is a set of legally regulated elements, including institutions, software, hardware and other means that ensure the fulfillment of debt obligations arising in the course of economic activity.
The non-cash form of payment is the most common among legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, and in Lately widely used by individuals. However, the fulfillment of monetary obligations in a non-cash form implies a certain procedure and procedure for their implementation.
At the present stage of development of Russian society, plastic cards in the field of money circulation are one of the most optimal tools for organizing cashless payments in the near future and a special mechanism for providing electronic banking services.
The main prerequisites for development Russian market bank cards are:
- integration into the world system of non-cash payment systems;
- the desire of the credit institution to reach international market and, as a result, an increase in its prestige and attractiveness for the client;
- organization of prompt and convenient forms of payment for clients;
- a decrease in the amount of cash, as a result, a decrease in the cost of operations.
The purpose of the work is to analyze the problems of the functioning of the system of cashless payments.
In connection with this goal, the following tasks have been identified:
- study of the organizational and economic foundations of the functioning of the system of cashless payments;
- assessment of risks and criteria for the effectiveness of the system of cashless payments;
- analysis of the functioning of systems of cashless payments based on bank cards.
The subject of the study is the forms of non-cash payments.
The object of study is the system of cashless payments in Russia

Introduction 3
1. Fundamentals of the functioning of the system of cashless payments 5
1.1. Essence electronic money 5
1.2. Forms of non-cash payments 8
2. Analysis of the system of cashless payments in Russia 22
3. Prospects for development Russian system non-cash payments 34
Conclusion 39
List of sources used 41

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Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

“Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov"

Finance Department

Department of Finance and Prices

Department of Higher Mathematics

COURSE WORK

disciplines: "Finance" and "Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics"

on the topic: "Analysis of the use of certain forms of cashless payments in Russia"

Completed by a student of group No. 2212

Akopyan G.K.

Scientific adviser:

Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor of the Department of Finance and Prices Blinova N. A.

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Higher Mathematics Tatarnikov O. V.

Moscow - 2015

Introduction

Chapter 2. Comparative analysis of the use of various forms of cashless payments in Russian practice

Conclusion

Bibliography

economic system cashless payment

Introduction

Currently, non-cash payments are quite widespread in our country, especially in the field of wholesale payments. Non-cash money turnover affects almost all spheres of economic relations of enterprises and organizations, banking and financial structures, and the population. Cashless payments can significantly increase the efficiency of banking and reduce the cost of banking operations. An effectively organized system of non-cash payments makes it possible to speed up payments as much as possible, especially between payers who are geographically distant from each other, it leads to the replacement of cash and a reduction in circulation costs, i.e. to reduce the cost of printing cash, their transportation, counting and storage. In addition, the funds on the accounts of bank customers, in the intervals between payments, participate in lending to the production of goods and services, being one of the main sources of financing for the development of the economy of any country. Thus, the relevance of the research topic is beyond doubt.

The purpose of the course work is to study the use of various forms of cashless payments in Russian practice.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set in the work:

determine the essence of non-cash payments;

consider the forms of non-cash payments, the principles of their organization and evaluate the use of various forms of non-cash payments;

conduct a comparative analysis of the use of various forms of cashless payments in Russian practice;

consider the problems of the functioning of the system of cashless payments and the direction of its development.

The subject of the course work is the use of different forms of cashless payments.

The object of research is the system of cashless payments.

The work uses such research methods as the study of scientific literature, analysis and deduction.

The goal and objectives set in this work determined the structure of the work, consisting of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and appendices.

The first chapter of the course work describes the concept of cashless payments, forms of cashless payments, evaluation of their use, as well as the principles of organization of cashless payments.

The second chapter provides a comparative analysis of the use of various forms of cashless payments in Russian practice.

The third chapter deals with the problems of the functioning of the system of cashless payments and the direction of its development.

Chapter 1. Economic content of non-cash payments

1.1 The concept and forms of cashless payments

Non-cash payments are understood as payments that are made without the use of cash, by transferring funds to bank accounts.

In accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, settlements between legal entities and settlements involving individuals can be made in cash and non-cash forms. Implementation of non-cash payments between economic entities is a function of commercial banks. In this regard, banks provide settlement and cash services for legal entities and individuals.

The settlement and cash operations of banks mean the opening and maintenance of bank accounts of legal entities and individuals, the implementation of non-cash transactions on these accounts and the conduct of cash transactions.

A bank account, in turn, is an account that is opened by a bank for legal entities or individuals for the purpose of their participation in non-cash money circulation through non-cash payments, as well as for the purpose of accumulating non-cash funds on the account.

In order to open an account with a bank, a potential client must conclude a bank account agreement with the bank, according to which the bank undertakes to credit incoming funds to the account opened for its owner, by order of the client (account holder) to transfer and issue the appropriate amounts from the account and carry out other operations on account.

The Bank can use the client's funds, while guaranteeing his right to freely dispose of these funds. Thus, settlement and cash services for customers are beneficial for banks: it increases bank resources.

One of the main types of operations carried out with the help of a bank account is non-cash payments.

Cashless payments in the Russian Federation are carried out in the following forms:

payment orders;

by collection;

by letter of credit;

in the form of a transfer of funds at the request of the funds received;

in the form of an electronic money transfer.

Consider the features of the implementation of cashless payments for each of the above forms.

A payment order is a written order from the payer to the bank that serves him, to pay the amount indicated in the order from the funds available on the current account. This amount is paid to the person who is indicated as the recipient of the funds.

In order to make a payment on a payment order, the payer must submit to the bank as many payment orders as required for the settlement transaction. So, if the payer and the recipient are served in the same bank, then it is necessary to submit 3 payment orders, if in different - 4, when making long-distance transfers - 5.

Payment orders can be used to transfer funds:

for goods supplied, works performed, services rendered, for advance payment for goods, works, services, or for making periodic payments;

to the budgets of all levels and extra-budgetary funds;

in order to repay loans or place deposits and pay interest on them;

for other purposes provided for by law or the contract.

Let us represent in the form of a diagram the procedure for making cashless payments by payment orders between the payer and the recipient, served in different banks:

2. The payer submits four payment orders to the bank to transfer funds to the beneficiary's account.

3. The payer's bank writes off the payment amount from his account and sends the fourth copy of the payment order to the payer.

4. The payer's bank transfers the specified amount to the beneficiary's bank and sends it the second and third copies of the payment order. The first copy remains in the payer's bank.

5. The beneficiary's bank credits the received funds to the beneficiary's account and sends one of the copies of the payment order to the beneficiary.

Settlements by collection is a form of non-cash payments, in which the client gives the bank, where he is served, an instruction to receive at the expense of the client a payment from the payer in favor of the client. Banks charge a commission for the execution of collections.

According to the collection order, funds are debited from the payer's account without acceptance, that is, without the consent of the payer. But in connection with this feature of collection orders, they can be used in strictly defined cases. According to the current legislation, collection orders can be issued for collection of funds by tax and customs authorities, off-budget funds, communication enterprises on the basis of a writ of execution of an arbitration court and in other cases when an indisputable procedure for collecting funds is established by law, and also if direct payment is directly provided for by an agreement between the payer and the recipient.

Let us imagine the procedure for carrying out settlement operations for collection in the form of a scheme:

1. The appearance of the obligation of the payer to the recipient to pay a certain amount of money.

2. The recipient of funds submits to the bank serving him a collection order with the necessary documents attached.

3. The beneficiary's bank sends all documents to the payer's bank.

4. The payer's bank debits the payment amount from the payer's account.

5. The payer's bank transfers the specified amount to the beneficiary's bank.

6. The beneficiary's bank credits the received funds to the beneficiary's account.

A letter of credit is a form of non-cash payments in which the bank makes payments to the recipient of funds on behalf of the payer to open a letter of credit. If the settlements under the letter of credit are made by the payer's bank, then it is called the issuing bank, if the beneficiary's bank is the executing bank.

Letter of credit is the most expensive and complex shape cashless payments for the client. In our country, it is used quite rarely.

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, there are the following types of letters of credit:

Covered or uncovered;

Revocable or irrevocable.

When opening a covered letter of credit, the issuing bank transfers funds to the beneficiary bank, which, in turn, makes settlements under the terms of the letter of credit.

A letter of credit is uncovered, in which the executing bank debits the amount of the letter of credit from the correspondent account of the issuing bank opened with it.

If the letter of credit is revocable, then the issuing bank may change or cancel it without notification and consent of the recipient of funds. If the letter of credit does not indicate what type it belongs to, then it is considered revocable. The executing bank must make payments under a revocable letter of credit, if by the time these payments were made, the issuing bank had not notified it of a change in the conditions or cancellation of the letter of credit.

An irrevocable letter of credit cannot be changed or canceled without the consent of the recipient of funds.

The contract between the payer and the recipient establishes the validity period and procedure for settlements under the letter of credit. In addition, the contract stipulates the following:

Name of the issuing bank;

Type of letter of credit and method of its execution;

Method of notifying the recipient of the opening of a letter of credit;

A complete list of documents that must be submitted by the recipient in order to receive funds;

Deadlines for submission of the above documents.

To open a letter of credit, the payer must submit to the bank servicing him an application in the prescribed form, which must contain the following information:

Number of the agreement between the payer and the recipient;

Name of the recipient of funds;

Name of the executing bank;

Obligations of the recipient, which are payable by means of a letter of credit when they are fulfilled.

If settlements under the letter of credit were not carried out during the term of the letter of credit, it is closed. The amount is returned to the payer's account.

Consider the procedure for settlements under a letter of credit, which is covered, in the form of a scheme:

1. The payer and the recipient conclude an agreement, the settlements under which are provided for in the form of a letter of credit.

2. The payer submits to the bank serving him an application for opening a letter of credit, on the basis of which the payer's bank writes off the payment amount from the payer's account.

3. The issuing bank submits to the beneficiary's bank an application for opening a letter of credit and transfers the specified amount to it.

4. The executing bank notifies the recipient of the opening of the letter of credit.

5. The recipient fulfills obligations to the payer under the agreement.

6. The payer transfers to the recipient the documents specified in the terms of the disclosure of the letter of credit.

7. The recipient transfers the received documents to the bank serving him in order to check the correctness of their execution.

8. The executing bank credits the payment amount to the beneficiary's account.

If the payment is made by the executing bank, then the issuing bank must reimburse him for the costs. The indicated expenses of the issuing bank, in turn, are reimbursed to it by the payer. The payer, in addition to reimbursement of expenses, pays the issuing bank a commission, which includes the profit of both the issuing bank and the executing bank for making payments.

Another form of non-cash payments is a check. A check is a security. It contains the order of the drawer of the check to the bank of the specified amount to the holder of the check. Checks can be used by both individuals and legal entities. But payments by checks between individuals are not possible.

Payments by checks are made for goods and services. The buyer or customer (hereinafter referred to as the check drawer) writes out to the seller or contractor (hereinafter referred to as the check holder) for the amount of goods supplied or services rendered.

The holder of the check presents the check to the bank paying for it.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the check must be paid within:

10 days - if it is issued on the territory of the Russian Federation;

20 days - if it is issued on the territory of the CIS member countries;

70 days - if it is issued on the territory of another state.

The drawer has the right to specify a specific payer bank for the check. To do this, on the front side of the check, between two parallel lines, the name of the paying bank is entered. A bank can only accept such a check from its own customer or from another bank. Therefore, if the holder of the check is not a client of this bank, then he can present the check for payment only through the bank serving him.

Consider the procedure for making settlements by checks in the form of a scheme:

1. The drawer and the bank conclude an agreement, which provides for payment by the bank of checks issued by the drawer.

2. The holder of a check supplies goods or renders services to the drawer.

3. The drawer issues a check to the holder of the check for the amount of the payment.

4. The holder of the check presents the check for payment to the paying bank.

5. The bank pays the amount specified in the check to the holder of the check.

6. The drawer and the bank make settlements between themselves on checks paid by the bank.

Currently, in our country, payments by checks are carried out very rarely.

Another form of non-cash payments is the transfer of funds on demand of the funds received. When making non-cash settlements in the form of a transfer of funds, a payment request is applied at the request of the recipient of funds. Payment request - a settlement document containing the requirement of the recipient of funds to the payer to pay the amount of money through the bank. A payment request is usually used in settlements for goods delivered or services rendered. The payment request is issued by the recipient and sent by him directly to the payer's bank. When making a payment on a payment request, the consent of the payer for its payment is required. In this regard, upon receipt of a payment request, the payer's bank must submit it to the payer in order to obtain acceptance (consent). If the payer refuses to issue an acceptance, the payment request is returned back to the beneficiary's bank without execution.

The payer and the recipient may conclude an agreement on direct debiting of funds and submit it to the payer's bank. In this case, the funds are debited on the basis of only a payment request without requesting the consent of the payer.

Another form of non-cash payments is the transfer of electronic funds. Electronic payments are payments that are carried out using electronic devices and means of communication. This method of calculation is currently widespread in our country.

An example of electronic settlements when a bank conducts settlement and cash transactions with customers is settlements carried out through the "Bank-Client" system. This system is a software and hardware complex that enables a legal or natural person to transfer settlement documents and other information to the bank via communication lines in electronic form. To do this, a special program must be installed on the client's computer. Communication with the bank's computer is carried out through a telephone connection using a modem. Each user of this system is assigned his own password and his own name, without which it is impossible to contact the bank.

The client pays the bank a fee for using a system that allows electronic payments.

1.2 Principles of organizing cashless payments

Non-cash payments should be organized according to a certain system, which is understood as a set of principles for organizing non-cash payments.

Non-cash payment turnover in the Russian Federation is organized on the basis of certain principles.

The principles of organizing calculations are the fundamental beginnings of their implementation. Compliance with the principles in the aggregate makes it possible to ensure that the calculations meet the requirements: timeliness, reliability, efficiency.

The first principle is the legal regime for making settlements and payments. Due to the complexity and importance of settlement relationships, there is a need to establish a uniform procedure for the implementation of non-cash payments through legal regulation. The basis for this is a set of laws and by-laws (decrees of the President, government decrees), as well as regulations of those government agencies, which perform the function of regulating calculations.

The main legislative sources of regulation of non-cash payments are: the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Regulation of the Bank of Russia dated June 19, 2012 N 383-P "On the rules for the transfer of funds", "Regulation on the payment system of the Bank of Russia", approved Central Bank June 29, 2012 N 384-P.

The second principle is the implementation of bank accounts. The presence of bank accounts for both the recipient and the payer is a necessary condition for making settlements. For settlement services, a bank account agreement is concluded between the bank and the client - an independent bilateral (participants have both rights and obligations) civil law agreement.

In order to settle accounts among themselves, banks in without fail open correspondent accounts with each other (correspondent account agreement is concluded) in institutions of the Bank of Russia (bank settlement service agreement).

The third principle is to maintain liquidity at a level that ensures uninterrupted payments. Compliance with this principle is a guarantee of a clear unconditional fulfillment of obligations. All payers must plan receipts, write-offs of funds from accounts, prudently seek the missing resources (by obtaining a loan or selling assets) in order to timely fulfill debt obligations.

The fourth principle is the presence of an acceptance (consent) of the payer for payment. This principle is implemented through the use of either an appropriate payment instrument, indicating the owner's order to debit funds, or a special acceptance of documents issued by the recipients of funds.

The legislation also allows cases of indisputable (without the consent of the payers) write-offs of funds, namely: arrears in taxes and other obligatory payments (based on writ of execution issued by courts, some fines on orders of recoverers, etc.), as well as write-offs for heat and electricity, utilities and other services.

The fifth principle is the urgency of payment. Timely and complete fulfillment of payment obligations is necessary condition payment system. This principle is manifested in the fact that the funds spent on the production of goods and the provision of services must be reimbursed at the expense of payments from buyers within the time limits established in the contracts. Late payments lead to disruption of the payment system.

The principle of urgency is related not only to the period for making payments for goods and services, but also to the component of this period - the time for banks to carry out settlement operations.

The enterprise and other subjects of market relations, having information about the degree of urgency of payments, can more correctly build their cash flow, more accurately find the need for borrowed funds and will be able to manage the liquidity of their own balance sheet.

In practice, there may be both early, and deferred and overdue payments.

Early payment is the fulfillment of a monetary obligation before the expiration of the agreed period.

A deferred payment characterizes the impossibility of repaying a monetary obligation on the scheduled date and implies the establishment of a new term for this payment, i.e. Extension of the first established payment period, made in agreement with the recipient of funds.

Late payments appear when the payer has no funds and it is impossible to obtain a bank or commercial loan when the due date for payment comes.

The sixth principle is the control of all participants over the correctness of settlements, compliance with the established provisions on the procedure for their implementation. Such control is divided into preliminary, current, subsequent, internal and external control.

In carrying out control by banks and enterprises, there are certain features. Thus, banks, acting as intermediaries between sellers and buyers, monitor their compliance with established settlement rules. Maintenance of customer accounts and commissions for Additional services bring the bank a significant share of income.

However, the control of market participants over the fulfillment of contractual obligations due to the underdevelopment of financial management at enterprises is not properly established. The mechanism and legal control by the state over compliance with the provisions on the procedure for conducting non-cash payments has not been regulated.

The seventh principle is inextricably linked with the principle of control - the property liability of participants in settlements for non-compliance with contractual terms. The significance of this principle lies in the fact that violations of obligations in terms of settlements entail the application of civil liability in the form of compensation for losses, payment of a penalty (fine, penalty fee), as well as other measures of responsibility. Proper control makes it possible to prevent non-fulfillment of obligations by firms and their counterparties, and if they are not fulfilled by the latter, almost completely compensate for the losses incurred, thereby mitigating the negative consequences.

Despite the measures taken, the problem of strengthening the principle of property liability in the process of organizing settlements has remained one of the intractable. The number of disputes arising from contracts for settlement and cash services is large.

The largest number of claims and lawsuits filed due to non-fulfillment of contractual obligations is due to improper fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the terms of payment for goods. Insufficient liability of unscrupulous recipients of products is one of the reasons for late payments. Many violations and economic crimes are associated with settlements, as well as with the use of bank accounts.

Thus, it should be noted that an integral system of control over the sphere of non-cash payments has not yet been established.

1.3 Evaluation of the use of forms of cashless payments

Let's present the data of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the use of various forms of cashless payments in the period from 2008 to 2013:

Table 1 - The structure of payments made by the payment system of Russia, billion rubles.

According to the table, we can conclude that the most common form of non-cash payments in Russia are payment orders. And this is not surprising. After all, payment orders are the simplest payment method that has a wide range of applications. Payment orders give the payer the opportunity to pre-check the quality of paid goods or services. However, there is no guarantee that the recipient will receive the funds on time. But if a trusting relationship has developed between the partners, then such a risk is practically absent.

Significantly inferior in terms of the scale of use of payment orders are payment requests and collection orders. Collection orders, as noted above, are used in strictly defined cases due to the fact that debiting funds from payers' accounts is carried out without acceptance. With regard to payment requests, if the consent of the payer is required to make a payment on a payment request, there is a risk of refusal to receive it or the risk of partial payment of the payment amount.

The scale of use of letters of credit in the Russian Federation is even smaller. This can be explained by the fact that this form of cashless payments is the most expensive and complex. Banks charge a high commission for the execution of letters of credit, depending on the amount of the letter of credit. Thus, the letter of credit form of payment carries additional expenses the buyer.

Payments by checks are currently practically not used in Russian practice, being the most limited form of non-cash payments in the country.

Chapter 2. Comparative analysis of the use of various forms of cashless payments based on the statistics of the Bank of Russia

Let us present data on the use of various forms of cashless payments in Russian practice in the period from 2008 to 2013.

Table 1.1 - Structure of payments made by the payment system of Russia, billion rubles

According to Table 1.1, let's evaluate the significance of the influence of the time factor on the use of various forms of cashless payments in the Russian Federation in the period from 2008 to 2013. at the level of significance.

To do this, we substitute the data in table 1.1 into table 1.2.

Table 1.2

Observations, j	Factor i levels

As a result, we obtain that the number of levels of the time factor p=6; number of trials at each level (); total tests N = np = 24.

Let's calculate the overall average. To do this, we divide the sum of the volumes of use of all forms of non-cash payments by the total number of tests.

Let us calculate where are the averages of the columns of the table. 1.2().

Table 1.3

Sum the data of the last row and multiply by. As a result, we get: Sact = 5070984214.

S fact characterizes changes in the results of observation associated with a change in factor A (time factor).

Let's calculate.

For these calculations, we will make a table:

Table 1.4

Let's summarize the table data. As a result, we get: Stot = 653399500764.07.

Therefore, we have: Sres = Stotal - Sfact = 653399500764.07 - 5070984214 = 648328516550.51.

Sres characterizes changes in the results of observation associated with changes in all other influencing factors, a comparison of these values makes it possible to assess the significance of the influence of factor A (time factor).

Sfact is calculated from the deviations of p group averages from the total average X**, therefore, Sfact has (p-1) degrees of freedom. Sres is calculated from the deviations of N observations from p sample means and therefore has (N-p) degrees of freedom.

Thus, the sum Stot has N-p+p-1=N-1 degrees of freedom.

Let's calculate the estimates of the general variance: . We do this by dividing the sums of squared deviations by the corresponding number of degrees of freedom:

S2fact = 1014196843

S2rest = 36018250919

Using the Fisher distribution, we calculate F observed, that is, we compare the two obtained variances: F observable = 0.028157859

Let's fill in the table of one-way analysis of variance:

Table 1.5

General conclusion: Fob.< Fкр. , следовательно, влияние фактора времени на использование различных форм безналичных расчетов в указанный период времени не является статистически значимым при уровне значимости.

Examination:

Chapter 3. The current state of the system of cashless payments

3.1 Problems of functioning of the system of cashless payments

At present, the quality of non-cash payments is far from perfect. There are a number of problems in the functioning of the system of cashless payments.

First of all, it is necessary to fully automate this system. This will help streamline the banking document flow, reduce the time for making payments, and guarantee protection against illegal access to settlement documents. The creation of such a system of cashless payments requires the creation of a powerful software and hardware platform and a telecommunications environment. It is necessary to abandon the use of paper information carriers in the work of the Bank of Russia and credit institutions and switch to working with electronic documents. For this, in turn, it is necessary to develop a regulatory framework for the use of electronic documents in the implementation of settlements, find methods for protecting electronic documents and determine the penalties for violating the established rules.

Also, the state of the system of cashless payments requires accelerating the procedure for making payments. That is, such a level of quality of non-cash payments is required, when the time required to carry out all the transfer procedures banking information between credit institutions and its verification will be measured in seconds, and the moment the funds are debited from the payer's account will coincide with the moment the funds are credited to the recipient's account. This will also require appropriate technical re-equipment of the institutions of the Bank of Russia and credit institutions.

Moreover, underdeveloped the legislative framework, establishing the organizational and legal foundations of the system of cashless payments. It is necessary to improve the control system in the field of this system, including the issues of information security in the implementation of money transfers, which ensures the stable functioning and development of the system of cashless payments.

Another important problem is the financial illiteracy of the population. Some people are simply not aware of the existence of electronic payments and other forms of cashless payments. And many of those who know do not know how to use them correctly. Therefore, it is necessary to actively carry out work to increase the level of knowledge of key financial concepts, in particular, in the field of the cashless payment system, and the ability to use them in practice.

Thus, it is obvious: the state of the system of cashless payments needs to be improved. Ensuring the stable development of this system is one of the goals Central Bank, which will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.

The Central Bank has developed directions for the development of the payment system, taking into account the current problems of the functioning of the system of cashless payments.

In accordance with the Strategy for the Development of the National Payment System, developed by the Central Bank, one of the most important areas for the development of the national payment system are:

an increase in the number of payments made by individuals in a non-cash manner (since the system of non-cash retail payments is especially poorly developed);

creation of a legal framework for regulating the provision of payment services, which, in particular, will be able to allow electronic money transfers;

increasing public awareness and confidence in the innovative payment services offered by the subjects of the national payment system.

Within these areas, it is planned to contribute to the improvement of the legal basis of the cashless settlement system, to widely introduce innovative payment technologies, including those involving the use of contactless payment cards, mobile devices, as well as technological and other solutions that expand the geography of payment services and reduce their cost for the population.

Moreover, it is planned to expand the scope of electronic means of payment, in particular, to pay for state and municipal services and improve the security of using electronic means of payment, including counteracting fraudulent transactions and reducing the risks of information security breaches when making money transfers.

The Central Bank intends to help increase the availability for the population and business entities of information on the conditions for the provision of payment services, including tariffs for payment services, improve the protection of the rights of consumers of banking services, as well as increase financial literacy population in terms of using payment services.

Based on the listed directions of development of the system of cashless payments, it can be seen that they are maximally aimed at solving the existing problems of the organization and functioning of this system, which makes it possible to improve it and further disseminate it in Russian practice.

Conclusion

Non-cash payments are payments that are made without the use of cash, by transferring funds to bank accounts.

After analyzing the data of the Bank of Russia on the volume of use of such forms of non-cash payments as payment orders, payment requests, collection orders, letters of credit and checks, we can conclude that the most common form of non-cash payments in Russia are payment orders. This is due to the fact that this form of cashless payments is the simplest and has a wide range of applications. Payment orders allow the payer to check the quality of paid goods or services in advance. But due to the fact that there is no guarantee of timely receipt of funds by the recipient, this form of payment is more suitable for partners between whom a trusting relationship has developed. Collection orders are limited in use and are used mainly by control authorities. Payment requests expose the recipient of funds to the risk of not obtaining the consent of the payer to pay them (if such consent is required).

The scale of use of letters of credit in our country is small. This can be explained by the fact that this form of cashless payments is the most expensive and complex.

The paper also concluded that the state of the system of cashless payments requires certain improvements. In order to solve existing problems, the Bank of Russia is taking measures to improve the quality of cashless payments, which are aimed at increasing the number of payments made by individuals in a cashless manner, creating a legal framework for regulating the provision of payment services and improving the financial literacy of the population.

List of used literature

Regulations:

1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (in latest edition) // http://base.consultant.ru.

2. Regulation of the Bank of Russia dated June 19, 2012 N 383-P "On the rules for the transfer of funds".

3. “Regulations on the payment system of the Bank of Russia” (approved by the Bank of Russia on June 29, 2012 N 384-P) (as amended on October 25, 2013).

Scientific literature:

4. Money, credit, banks: textbook and workshop for bachelors /

5. E. A. Zvonova, V. D. Topchii; under total ed. E. A. Zvonovoi. -- M. :

6. Yurayt Publishing House, 2014. - 455 p. -- Series: Bachelor. Basic course.

7. Finance: textbook. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional / ed. prof. V.G. Knyazev, prof. V.A. Slepova. - M.: Master, 2008. - 654 p.

8. Money, credit, banks. Express Cruz: study guide / col. ed.; ed. Honored Act. Sciences of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Economics. sciences, prof. O. I. Lavrushina. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: KNORUS, 2010. - 320 p.

9. Money, credit, banks: textbook and workshop for bachelors / E. A. Zvonova, V. D. Topchiy; under total ed. E. A. Zvonovoi. -- M. :

10. Yurait Publishing House, 2014. - 455 p. -- Series: Bachelor. Basic course.

11. Ayvazyan S.A., Mkhitaryan V.S. Applied Statistics and Fundamentals of Econometrics: A Textbook for High Schools. - M.: UNITI, 1998.

12. General course of higher mathematics for economists: Textbook / ed. IN AND. Ermakova - M.: INFRA-M, 1999.

13. Tyurin Yu.N., Makarov A.A. Statistical analysis of data on a computer. / Under. ed. V.E. Figurnova - M.: INFRA-M, 1998.

14. Periodicals:

15. Collection of reports of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation "National payment system and the role of the Bank of Russia in its development". Issue 28.

Internet resources:

16. www.cbr.ru - website of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation

17. http://www.grandars.ru/ - Economist Encyclopedia.

18. 14. http://ru.wikipedia.org/ - Free encyclopedia.

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Let's find out what is meant by non-cash payments and for what purpose they are carried out by parties that have a contractual relationship.

What definition is given in the legislative documents of the Russian Federation?

Non-cash payments are called payments that are made without the use of cash by transferring money to accounts and offsetting mutual claims.

Cashless payments allow legal entities and banks to speed up the turnover of funds, reduce the amount of cash needed for circulation, and reduce distribution costs.

Features of non-cash settlements:

The value of such a calculation plan:

They are needed in order to repay the monetary and credit obligations of legal entities and citizens on the basis of the functioning of funds as a means of non-cash payments.

Main legislative sources:

Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation, which was .
APK of the Russian Federation, which is accepted.
Legislative document about.
Federal law approved by the authorities.

Cash assets are significant for the following reasons:

What is the essence of the analysis of the forms of non-cash payments in the bank and at the enterprise?

The main tasks of the analysis:

implementation of operational, daily control over the safety of cash and securities at the cash desk of the enterprise;
monitoring the use of money for its intended purpose;
control over the correctness and timeliness of calculations;
monitoring compliance with the forms of payment, which are established in agreements with the buyer and suppliers;
diagnostics of the liquidity position;
reconciliation of settlements with the debtor and the creditor in order to exclude overdue debts.

Analysis of non-cash payments is carried out by the accounting department of the company or other authorized persons. Money analysis and cash flow management is the most important area of work for the chief accountant of an enterprise.

The specialist must:

calculate the time of circulation of money;
analyze cash flow;
predict it;
determine the optimal level of money;
budget money amounts, etc.

The specific form is determined by agreement between the supplier and the recipient. Analysis of monetary amounts - an analysis of how the company is sustainable and profitable.

The starting point is the calculation of money from operating activities. The analysis allows you to determine the financial position of the company.

It is carried out using cash flow reports. Reporting is formed not by the source and direction of the use of money, but by the field of activity. This is the main source of data for analysis.

The analysis is carried out according to the reporting periods. The result is consistent with the overall assessment of the financial position, which depends on the firm's ability to repay debts.

The main source of data for analyzing the relationship between income, the movement of working capital and money is financial reporting.

Income is not the only factor in the formation of balance sheet liquidity. Other sources - credit, issue of securities, founder's contribution.

When preparing a cash flow statement, the direct and indirect methods are used. In the first case, one can judge what the liquidity of the company is, since the movements of funds on the accounts are disclosed.

This method will reflect the main source of inflow and outflow of funds, draw conclusions about whether there are enough funds. When using the second method, the amount of net income is converted into the amount of money.

In the analysis, the value of net income is adjusted so that the cost and income items are not factors affecting the value. Analysis of balance sheet items is carried out.

The basis for non-cash payments is the concluded agreement (bank accounts, deposits, correspondent accounts) between banking institutions and clients.

Banks are intermediaries that are bound by an obligation to. But the bank is not bound by the terms of the main agreements and the scope of fulfillment of obligations under them if there is a reference to such agreements in the client's payment instruction.

Settlements in the form of bank transfers are carried out based on payment instructions or on the client, where there is data necessary for such transfers.

Settlements by non-cash funds are carried out on the basis of settlement documentation of a regulated sample, observing the appropriate workflow.

Forms of payment:

Settlements by payment order	When there is an instruction from payers to transfer a certain amount to the accounts of recipients
Payment request	Requirement for the transfer of funds by the bank under the collection system (for shipped goods, work performed, services provided)
	Requirement of the recipients to transfer, on the basis of the submitted documentation, without the mediation of the bank, the amount for the delivered goods
Letters of credit	—
Checks	When payers write out checks for presenting for payment in a bank and receiving money
With a plastic card	—

Settlement operations are carried out:

through correspondent accounts in Russian banks;
through accounts in other credit institutions;
through the accounts of settlement participants that were opened in a non-bank credit institution that conducts settlement operations;
through the accounts of interbranch settlements available within one credit enterprise.

Most of the payments in companies are carried out by bank transfer. Contracts must be drawn up between the company and the supplier, where all the conditions for the delivery and payment of products are prescribed.

This is necessary to resolve disputes. When conducting cashless payments, indicators of the company's solvency, fulfillment of obligations under contracts, and the level of financial stability are visible.

Be sure to analyze the debts in reporting period. For example, it can change in the general composition. The negative point is if the debt is overdue, since in such cases a penalty is charged.

The company must fill out. For uninvoiced deliveries, it is compiled at book value.

Once a quarter, they reconcile settlements with the main suppliers and draw up the corresponding one. With a clear organization of settlements, the turnover of funds is accelerated and money is credited to the accounts in a timely manner.

If the money is not received, the rhythm of the enterprise will be disrupted. When calculating, payments can be used.

Obligations with the buyer and customer are terminated in accordance with the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation when offsetting mutual claims, innovations, forgiveness of debts,.

Consider the example of Sberbank. The result of the bank's activities is reflected in the month, quarter and year, in the profit and loss statements, in annual reports that are submitted by the institution in specific periods.

Services are represented by active and passive plan. Liabilities are considered resources, both their own and those that are involved in the implementation of operations. They are reflected in the passive account of the balance sheet.

The main sources of raising money:

means of the population;
amounts contributed by companies.

An asset characterizes the structure of bank investments. Investing in securities is a promising direction in the bank's work. For example, the dynamics of credit investments for 2006-2008 (indicators in million rubles).

As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that transfers and payments have become more frequent. A developing area is the transfer of earnings and pension amounts. Plastic cards are used.

Services for corporate clients:

issuance of loans;
depository;
transactions with precious metal and securities;
collection;
settlement cash service, etc.

When assessing profit, the following is taken into account:

Analysis of the dynamics of the bank's income structure:

Cost analysis:

Analysis of the financial result:

To improve the activities of the bank, the following technologies for making settlements by non-cash funds are used:

carrying out settlements on behalf of clients;
service remotely;
self-service (using a bank card).

The result of the study of the work of the company and its divisions must be documented. Compiled explanatory note, reference, conclusion.

B reflects general issues (the degree of development of the company, business conditions, the result of the work of a legal entity), the analytical part (calculations, table, graph, diagram, proposal for improving work).

The certificates and conclusions reflect data on the detected shortcomings, the reserve and the method of its development.

Based on the result of the analysis, the manager and specialists of each structural unit companies.

So, at the final stage of inspections, documents are formed and presented to management. When checking the calculations, the procedure for their implementation and compliance with the calculation discipline are analyzed.

The following documentation is used for verification:

internal documents on non-cash payments in the company;
contract of relations on correspondent accounts of the organization;
personal account for operations with clients and memorial documentation;
accounting for analytics on a balance sheet and off-balance sheet.

When checking the rules for conducting calculations and observing settlement discipline, the following points are considered:

whether they are registered in collection;
whether accepted but not executed are recorded in the journals of settlement documentation;
whether on the reverse sides of 1 copy of the settlement certificate of partial transfer;
whether funds are debited and credited to the client's settlement network in a timely manner.

In accordance with Regulation 2-P dated October 3, 2002 “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation”, the following forms of non-cash payments exist:

- settlements by payment orders;
- settlements under a letter of credit;
- settlements by checks;
- settlements for collection;
- as well as settlements in other forms provided for by law, banking rules established in accordance with it and business practices used in banking practice.

On the basis of the territorial location of enterprises and the banks serving them, settlements from other cities and one-town are distinguished. Settlements between enterprises and organizations serviced by one or different banking institutions located in the same locality are called single-city or local settlements. Settlements between enterprises and organizations serviced by banking institutions located in different settlements are called out-of-town settlements.

The form of payment is a set of interrelated elements, which include the method of payment and the corresponding document flow.

Document circulation is a system of registration, use and movement of settlement documents and funds, which includes: issuing an invoice by the consignor and transferring it to other participants in the settlements; the content of the settlement document and its details; the terms for compiling the settlement document and the procedure for presenting it to the bank, as well as to other participants in the settlements; movement of a settlement document between banking institutions; the procedure and terms for payment of a settlement document, transfer and receipt of funds; the procedure for using the settlement document for mutual control of the settlement participants and the implementation of measures of economic impact.

Accordingly, when making non-cash payments in the forms provided for in this part of the Regulations, the following settlement documents are used:

-money orders;
- letters of credit;
- checks;
- payment requests;
- collection orders.

Forms of non-cash payments are chosen by bank customers independently and are provided for in contracts they conclude with their counterparties.

Forms of non-cash payments are used by clients of credit institutions (branches), institutions and divisions of the Bank of Russia settlement network, as well as by the banks themselves.

In transitional conditions to a market economy, transfers became the most common form of payment. In accordance with the classification of the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, used in many countries, transfers are divided into debit and credit.

- name of the settlement document, date, month, year of its issue;
- the name of the payer, the number of his bank account, the name and number of the payer's bank;
- the name of the recipient of funds, the number of his bank account, the name and number of the bank of the recipient of funds;
- purpose of payment (not specified in the receipt);
- payment amount (in numbers and words).

Settlement documents (except for checks) are issued, as a rule, using technical means in one step with a carbon copy. Checks are written by hand in ink or ballpoint pens.

Settlement documents are accepted by banks for execution during the bank's operating day (the operating day is set until 13:00). Documents accepted by the bank from customers during business hours are posted to the balance sheet on the same day.

Consider the features of payments by payment orders.

A payment order is a written order from the account holder to the bank to transfer a certain amount of money from his account (settlement, current, budget, loan) to the account of another enterprise - the recipient of funds in the same or another one-town or non-resident institution of the bank.

In settlements for goods and services, payment orders are used in the following cases:

- for goods received and services rendered (that is, by direct acceptance of goods), provided that the instruction refers to the number and date of the shipping document confirming the receipt of goods or services by the payer; for payments in the order of advance payment and services (subject to a reference in the order to the number of the contract, agreement, contract, which provides for advance payment);
- to pay off accounts payable on commodity transactions;
- when paying for goods and services by court and arbitration decisions;
- on rent for premises;
- payments to transport, communal, household enterprises for operational maintenance and more.

In settlements for non-commodity transactions, payment orders are used for:

- payments to the budget;
- repayment of bank loans and interest on loans;
- transfers of funds to state and social insurance bodies;
- contributions of funds to authorized funds when establishing joint-stock companies, partnerships;
-acquisition of shares, bonds, certificates of deposit, bank bills;
- payment of penalties, fines, penalties.

The first copy is used in the payer's bank to debit funds from the payer's account and remains in the documents for the bank;

The fourth copy is returned to the payer with the stamp of the bank as a receipt on acceptance of the payment order for execution;

A payment order is accepted by the bank for execution only if there are sufficient funds on the payer's account. A bank loan can also be used to make a payment if the economic agency has the right to receive it. With constant and uniform deliveries of goods and provision of services, buyers can settle with suppliers by payment orders in the order of planned payments. In this case, payments are made not for each individual shipment or service, but by periodically transferring funds from the buyer's account to the supplier's account at specific times and in a certain amount based on the plan for the release of goods and services for the coming month, quarter. In this way, settlements can be made between trading organizations and their suppliers (meat-packing plants, bakeries, dairy plants), between peat enterprises and power plants, industrial enterprises for coal, gas, electricity, metal.

Consider the features of settlements under a letter of credit.

Banks can open the following types of letters of credit:

-covered (deposited) and uncovered (guaranteed);
- revocable and irrevocable (can be confirmed).

A letter of credit may be intended for settlements with only one supplier. The term of the letter of credit is not regulated by banking rules. Payments by letter of credit are especially beneficial for the supplier. With this form of payment, payment is made at the location of the supplier. Unlike other forms of non-cash payments, the letter of credit guarantees payment to the supplier, either at the expense of the buyer's own funds or at the expense of his bank.

Consider the features of payments by check.

A check is a security containing an unconditional order of the drawer of the check to the bank to pay the amount specified in it to the holder of the check. A check, like a payment order, is drawn up by the payer, but, unlike payments by payment order, the check is transferred by the payer, bypassing the bank, directly to the payee at the time of the business transaction, which presents the check to the bank for payment. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the check must contain the following details:

- the name "check" included in the text of the document;
- an instruction to the payer to pay the check drawer a certain amount of money;
- the name of the payer and an indication of the account from which the payment is to be made;
- indication of payment currency;
- indication of the date and place of drawing up the check;
-signature of the person who issued the check.

Regulation "On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation" No. 2-P dated April 12, 01 provides for the possibility of using checks issued by credit institutions in non-cash payments. The form of this check is determined by the credit institution independently, but the check must contain all the mandatory details established by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and may also contain all additional details determined by the specifics of banking activities. The scope of circulation of checks of credit institutions is limited: they should not be used for settlements through the Bank of Russia settlement network units, but can only be used in relations between banks and their customers, as well as in interbank settlements in the presence of direct correspondent relations with other banks.

Checks are issued in one copy, signed by persons entitled to manage the bank account, sealed with the check drawer and paid only in full.

When issuing a check, the buyer (drawer) transfers the balance of the limit from the spine of the previous check into it and withdraws the rest of the limit.

Consider the features of settlements for collection.

Collection settlements are a banking operation through which the bank (hereinafter referred to as the issuing bank), on behalf of and at the expense of the client, on the basis of settlement documents, performs actions to receive payment from the payer. For collection settlements, the issuing bank has the right to involve another bank (hereinafter referred to as the executing bank). Settlements for collection are carried out on the basis of payment requests, the payment of which can be made at the order of the payer (with acceptance) or without his order (without acceptance), and collection orders, the payment of which is made without the order of the payer (in an indisputable manner).

Payment requests are applied in settlements for goods supplied, work performed, services rendered, as well as in other cases provided for by the main contract.

Settlements by means of payment requests can be carried out with or without the prior acceptance of the payer.

Without the payer's acceptance, settlements by payment claims are carried out in the following cases:

-established by the legislation;
-provided by the parties under the main agreement, provided that the bank servicing the payer is granted the right to debit funds from the payer's account without his order.

The payment request states:

- terms of payment;
- date of acceptance;
- the date of sending (delivery) to the payer of the documents stipulated by the agreement, if these documents were sent (handed over) by him to the payer;
- name of the goods (work performed, services rendered), number and date of the contract, numbers of documents confirming the delivery of goods (performance of work, provision of services), date of delivery of goods (performance of work, provision of services), method of delivery of goods and other details - in the field "Purpose of payment";
-settlements by payment requests paid with the payers' acceptance: in the payment request paid with the payer's acceptance, the payee shall enter "with acceptance" in the "Payment term" field. The term for acceptance of payment requests is determined by the parties under the main contract. In this case, the period for acceptance must be at least five working days.

The absence of a condition on direct debiting of funds in the bank account agreement or an additional agreement to the bank account agreement, as well as the absence of information about the creditor (recipient of funds) and other above information is the basis for the bank to refuse to pay the payment request without acceptance. This payment request is paid in the order of preliminary acceptance with a period for acceptance of five working days.

A collection order is a settlement document, on the basis of which funds are written off from the payers' accounts in an indisputable manner.

Collection orders apply:

- in cases where an indisputable procedure for the collection of funds is established by law, including for the collection of funds by bodies performing control functions;
- for recovery under executive documents;
- in cases stipulated by the parties under the main agreement, provided that the bank servicing the payer is granted the right to debit funds from the payer's account without his order.

When collecting funds on the basis of enforcement documents, the collection order must contain a reference to the date and number of the enforcement document, as well as the name of the body that made the decision subject to enforcement.

Executive documents on the collection of periodic payments remain valid for the entire time for which the payments are awarded.

Consider the features of the bill of exchange form of payment.

The bill of exchange is a settlement between the supplier and the payer for goods or services with a deferred payment (commercial credit) on the basis of a special bill of exchange document.

A bill of exchange must be accepted by the payer (drawee), and only after that it acquires the force of an executive document. The acceptor of a bill of exchange, as well as the drawer of a promissory note, is the main debtor of the bill, he is responsible for paying the bill on time. Acceptance is marked on the left side of the front side of the bill and is expressed by the words "accepted, accepted, I will pay" and with the obligatory affixing of the payer's signature.

A bill of exchange is a strictly formal document. It contains a list of required details. The absence of at least one of them deprives the bill of legal force.

Mandatory promissory notes include:

- bill of exchange, that is, the designation of the document with the word "bill", expressed in the same language in which the document is written;
- place and time of drawing up the bill (day, month and year of drawing up);
- a promise to pay a certain amount of money;
- indication of the amount of money in figures and words (corrections are not allowed);
- payment term;
- place of payment;
- the name of the person to whom or by order of whom the payment is to be made;
-signature of the drawer (submitted by him in his own handwritten way).

In addition, in the process of cash transactions, significant funds are concentrated on the correspondent account of a commercial bank, which it can put into circulation.

The holder of the bill can pay them for goods and services by transferring the bill by endorsement to a new bill holder, to whom, according to the law, all rights under the bill are transferred. At the same time, an endorsement on a bank bill, as a rule, provides for a free transfer of rights on a bill between legal entities and individuals.

Cashless payments in the Russian Federation are carried out through payment system of the Bank of Russia, intra-bank payment systems for settlements between divisions of one credit institution, payment systems of credit institutions for settlements on correspondent accounts opened with other credit institutions, payment systems of settlement non-bank credit institutions, as well as through settlement systems between customers of one division of a credit institution (branch ).

The Bank of Russia occupies a special place in the Russian payment system. The Bank of Russia, being the operator of its own payment system, coordinates and regulates settlement relations in Russia, monitors the activities of private payment systems, determines the main provisions for their operation, establishes rules, forms, terms and standards for non-cash payments. In addition, the Bank of Russia is developing a procedure for compiling and submitting statistical reports characterizing the Russian payment system in order to increase its transparency, as well as to control the activities of credit institutions in the settlement services market.

For each credit institution to make settlements through the payment system of the Bank of Russia, it is mandatory to open a correspondent account with an institution of the Bank of Russia. A credit institution may open a correspondent sub-account with a Bank of Russia institution for its branch, with the exception of branches serviced in the same subdivision of the Bank of Russia settlement network as the parent credit institution or another branch of the credit institution. In this case, settlement operations are carried out through the correspondent account of the parent credit institution or the correspondent sub-account of another branch of the credit institution opened with the Bank of Russia. Credit institutions and their branches that have correspondent accounts (sub-accounts) opened with the Bank of Russia are customers of the Bank of Russia. Multi-branch credit organizations for settlements between branches open special accounts for inter-branch settlements. Interbank settlements between credit institutions are made through correspondent accounts opened with each other. In settlement non-bank credit institutions, participants in settlements are both credit institutions and legal entities that are not credit institutions. For clients - legal entities and individuals - accounts are opened in credit institutions for non-cash payments, and in certain cases established by law, legal entities are opened accounts in institutions of the Bank of Russia.

As of January 1, 2011, 632 institutions of the Bank of Russia, 1,108 credit institutions and 2,395 branches of credit institutions were members of the Bank of Russia payment system.

In addition, there were 20,541 clients that were not credit institutions on settlement services. As compared to 01.01.2011, their number decreased by 30.0%. The reduction in the number of these clients occurs as a result of the implementation of the requirements of Article 215.1 Budget Code Russian Federation and is due to the transfer to the Federal Treasury cash service performance federal budget the Russian Federation, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the budgets of municipalities.

In 2008, the number of payments made through the payment system of the Bank of Russia increased by 12.7% compared to 2010 and amounted to 940.1 million payments, while the volume of payments increased by 15.8% to 516.3 trillion. rubles.

In the total number and volume of payments made through the payment system of the Bank of Russia in 2011, the share of payments by credit institutions (branches) amounted to 83.7% in terms of number and 84.9% in terms of volume of payments; - 16.1 and 10.1%, the share of own payments of the Bank of Russia - 0.2 and 5.0% respectively.

In 2011, 47.2% of the total amount and 71.7% of the total volume of interbank payments in the Russian Federation were made through the payment system of the Bank of Russia.

The above indicators indicate the importance of the payment system of the Bank of Russia for ensuring the functioning banking system country and about the demand for the services of a reliably functioning payment system of the Bank of Russia as a system of interbank money transfers with the lowest financial risks and high quality of payment services.

The Bank of Russia is taking measures to reduce the time for settlement transactions. In 2011, the average time for making settlement transactions for all applied technologies at the intra-regional level was 0.62 days, and at the inter-regional level - 0.97 days. Reducing the average time for settlement transactions is achieved mainly due to their use. The Russian payment system is developing dynamically and generally meets the needs of legal entities and individuals in settlement services.

The volume of non-cash payments made through the payment system of Russia in the currency of the Russian Federation amounted to 516.3 trillion rubles in 2011. rubles, having increased by 15.8 percent over the year.

Credit transfers (payment order).

In Russian practice, credit transfers correspond to the most common forms of non-cash payments. In 2010, customers of credit institutions (individuals and legal entities that are not credit institutions) and credit institutions issued more than 1.7 billion Russian rubles and foreign currency in the amount of about 654.3 trillion. rubles. The average payment amounted to 384.9 thousand rubles. The share of credit transfers accounted for 95.4% of the total volume and 80.0% of the total number of payment orders received by credit institutions.

Bank cards are the most dynamically developing payment instrument. In 2010, 355.0 million non-cash payments were made in Russia and abroad using bank cards. Thus, out of 100 non-cash payment transactions of clients of credit institutions and own payments of credit institutions, 16 payments accounted for payments using bank cards. Nevertheless, in the total amount of payments by customers of credit institutions and own payments of credit institutions, non-cash payments using bank cards accounted for an insignificant part. In 2010, they were used to carry out payment transactions in the amount of 657.0 billion rubles, which accounted for 0.1% of the total amount of non-cash payments. The average non-cash payment using bank cards amounted to 1.9 thousand rubles. Despite the insignificance of non-cash payments, bank cards are the most dynamically developing payment instrument. A few years ago, the increase in the number and volume of transactions using bank cards was mainly due to the growth in their number. In recent years, there has been a trend towards more intensive use of cards as a tool for cashless payments.

Development of electronic technologies and reduction of average terms of settlement transactions

This is largely due to the dynamic development of the infrastructure for accepting cards for payment and innovations in the field of payment technologies related to the expansion of the range of banking services using cards (payment for services via ATMs, mobile phones, card-to-card transfers, social projects, etc.). P.).

The growth dynamics of non-cash payments is formed under the influence of a favorable macroeconomic situation in the country, and is due to the ongoing stabilization of the economic situation, growth in production volumes, an increase in revenues to budgets of all levels and funding from the budget.

The main payment instrument in the structure of non-cash payments are payment orders: in 2010 their share in the total number and volume of payments amounted to 74.3% and 86.7%, respectively.

The predominance of this form of settlements is explained by the possibility of its use in settlements for business transactions and non-commodity transactions, as well as when making payments electronically, which makes it possible to minimize the time for completing settlements.

Such payment instruments as payment requests, collection orders are not widely used in non-cash payments: 1.6% and 0.5% of the total number and volume of payments. Settlements by checks issued by credit institutions in 2010 amounted to 0.2% in number and 0.1% in volume. Payments using letters of credit are used insignificantly.

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A source

variations

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Number of degrees of freedom (df)

Mean squared deviations (MS)

F observable

F critical

Between groups

Within groups