What a foundation can be made. Making a foundation for home with your own hands
The value of the foundation for any construction is difficult to overestimate, because the reliable base of the building is the primary condition for its long-term trouble-free operation. You can build any, arbitrarily durable and beautiful walls, competently calculated and mounted roofing system, reliable overlaps, carry out an expensive finish. But all this is capable of "goof", if errors were made when calculating the foundation, and during its construction - negligence was manifested, unacceptable simplifications were made, poor-quality materials were used, the established technology was broken.
So, the foundation is the key stage of any construction, which sometimes takes up to a third of the overall budget. In an effort to somehow save, some potential homeowners are seriously thinking about the problem: whether it is impossible to build the foundation with your own hands? The answer to this question, alas, is not obvious. It is one thing - to create the basis for a small country house, a garage or a housekeeping, and completely different - under a full-fledged country mansion having several levels, and even with adjacent extensions.
This article will consider the main types of foundations, but the main focus will have to be on its belt variety. We hope that after reading the article, many visitors of the site will become more clear whether they should be taken for independent construction of the foundation, or it will still be better to use the services of specialists.
Main types of foundations
The species used in the individual construction of foundations are quite a lot, but mostly four main schemes are used, as well as their various combinations. And the main types can be attributed to tape, columnar, slab and pile foundations.
Ribbon foundations
This is the most frequently used scheme, as it is suitable for almost all conditions of construction, with the exception, perhaps, only regions with close occurrence of permafrost or for buildings, which are literally "on the water".
Despite a certain difference in the technologies for the construction of tape foundations of various species, all of them have a common feature - this is a solid, closed band-based base around the perimeter of the house built and under the internal supporting structures. The tape itself is plunged into the soil on the required calculation value, and performs on top of its basement. The ribbon width is kept single throughout the foundation - this parameter should also be based on the calculations.
By deciding to build a house, you need to choose a suitable foundation for it. After all, it is precisely from the foundation that how strong will be built. There are several types of foundations, and you need to choose from the peculiarities of the soil, the weight of the house and its financial capabilities.
Fine breeding ribbon foundation
Such foundation is easily built and does not require much costs. The fine-breeding belt foundation is built when the weight of the structure is small. It may be a small house. Building or one-story house without basement. Work on the construction of a small-breeding belt foundation consists of the following items:
- Selected and prepared the site
- Marking is performed
- Trenches are taken
- Pillow pillow
- Installing opal
- Mounted fittings
- Concrete poured
Marking is performed using ropes. They need to be tied to the pegs, noting the place where the foundation will be cooked.
The depth of fine-breeding belt foundation is 50 cm for household buildings and up to 1 meter under the residential building. On the bottom you need to pour crushed stone and sand. First, the crushed stone is poured, which needs to be good. Then the ramming is needed.
After that, the formwork is constructed. If a residential building is built, the foundation is better to reinforce. For this, a lattice is mounted from the rods of reinforcement 10-12 mm thick. The distance between the rods is 25-30 cm. They are bonded with each other knitting wire. The grille is placed inside the formwork. The walls of the formwork must be paved with a polyethylene or rubberoid. If this is not done, then the moisture when the concrete is frozen will go into the soil, which will affect the strength of the foundation.
For the preparation of concrete, 1 part of cement is taken, sand 3 parts and 5 pieces of rubble. For independent preparation of the solution, it is recommended to take the cement brand not lower than M400. Sand is used large. It must be washed so that there is no clay.
For the knead, it is best to take a concrete mixer. If there are no concrete mixers, it is possible to make concrete and in a large metal capacity, but so much that the foundation is flooded in 1 time. The foundation cannot be poured by parts, since its strength will decrease.
When pouring a concrete mixture, it is recommended to use the vibrator so that concrete is evenly distributed between the rods of the reinforcement. If there is no vibrator, you can use a bayonet shovel, a multiple solution of the solution.
Now concrete should dry and gain its strength within 4-6 weeks. All this time, it is necessary to look after the foundation. If it rains, it is necessary to cover it with polyethylene, and in hot weather, it is necessary to cover the concrete tape with wet rags.
As we wrote above, you can build buildings on a finely breed foundation that have a small weight. For example, or frame garden houses can be built on such a foundation. Read the construction of frame garden houses. Such houses can be both for permanent residence and seasonal.
Outlined ribbon foundation
Outflowed belt foundation is built when they want to do a basement under the house, or if the house is large, and above 1st floor. This basis will cost much more expensive than a small-breeding belt foundation, so it is necessary to do it only when it really needs.
In order to build a plugged ribbon foundation, perform the following work:
- Choose a platform
- Roach Kotlovan
- Install the formwork
- Reinforced
- Poured solution
On the selected platform, they dig up a slope of a little more than one and a half meters. 1.5 meters, it is the depth of freezing in the central regions of Russia. In the northern regions you need to dig even deeper.
After Kotlovan is dug, the pillow of rubble and sand is pillow. Each layer is well tumped. Then the formwork is constructed in those places where the walls of the future house will be held. Inside the formwork, reinforcement is made, and then concrete is poured.
You can use ready-made reinforced concrete blocks, but for this you need lifting equipment. With blocks, construction goes much faster.
The reinforced concrete tape will serve the walls of the basement, so waterproofing is performed. For this, concrete is deceived by bitumen or other waterproofing material, for example, liquid rubber. In the place where the basement will be located, the bottom of the pit is concreted. It will be the floor of the basement. For reinforcement, you can put the grid. After drying, waterproofing is performed.
The foundations described are the most common in low-rise construction, but there are others.
Slab foundation
The slab foundation is a concrete slab on which the house is built. To build such a foundation, you will need to make the following work:
- Choose and clear the place for the house
- Dig in the ground a small recess in the size of the foundation
- Make a pillow of gravel and sand
- Pour Ruberoid for Waterproofing
- Mount the power frame
- Install formwork
- Pour concrete
Reception in the ground can be a depth of 20 centimeters. At the bottom, the pillow is pillow and every layer is torn. Then it is necessary to make waterproofing. For this, the rubberoid is usually used, placing the sheets of the mustache. The seams are processed by a soldering lamp.
Ruberoid must be placed in such a way that it bends on the sides of the future concrete slab. After that, it is necessary to link the power frame from the reinforcement at the place of the future foundation. After that, the formwork is installed and a concrete solution is poured. The recommended foundation thickness is 25 cm.
After the concrete becomes solid, you need to perform waterproofing and at the top of the slab. To do this, also use runneroid. Then, the top of the foundation is insulating.
The slab foundation allows you to build at home when the ground is pumped.
Pile Fundam
Such foundation is also used in low-rise construction. For its manufacture you need:
- Select a place for the future house
- Post it
- Drown or dig well
- Lower pipes made from Ruberoid
- Pour concrete
- Install formwork for scolding
- Pour Rosshark
If there is an opportunity to use, then dig a well no need. Piles are simply screwed into soil according to the markup.
When constructing concrete pillars, the pipe is lowered into the well, then the pipe is then the frame of the reinforcement. Then mix the solution of 1 part of cement, 3 parts of sand and 5 parts of rubble and poured it into the well.
After the concrete in each well freezes, they are all connected by jumpers, which are called Ruralsk. For this, the formwork is installed between the pile, reinforcement and poured concrete.
In the case of screw pile, woodwork is made of metal.
The pile foundation is good because it allows you to build houses where the soil does not allow you to make another type of foundation. For example, where the upper part of the soil is loose or water impregnated. Piles transmit load lower, dense soil layers. On this foundation, you can build a house and where the soil is stony, which makes it difficult to dig trenches or pit.
Judging by, it has an incredibly high construction rate. The construction of walls can be started immediately after the completion of the foundation without any periods of waiting. Such a foundation foundation can be erected by almost any type of soil.
On the pile-screw foundation you can build light houses such as frame or Canadian. Read about the construction of a frame house with your own hands, and about the Canadian house construction technology -. Canadian houses are increasingly gaining popularity in our country, as they are great to keep warm.
Drainage around the foundation
The story of the foundations would be unfinished if not to mention drainage. With a competent building of the house, the drainage is necessary, because it takes water from the foundation during the autumn and spring rains and the melting of snow. Especially he is needed if there is a basement in the house.
To make drainage, a trench is digging around the foundation, in which the drainage pipe is stacked. You can use a special pipe for drainage, and you can make it yourself. For this, PVC pipe is taken and fine holes are drilled in it.
The pipe turns into a special fabric and falling asleep by gravel and sand. Fabric and powder will not give holes to stir, and this drainage serves a long time. Drainage pipes need to be brought into a special well.
Manufacturing of Gamesosta
Scene, it is a concrete tape that is paved close to the foundation throughout its perimeter. Concrete is poured on a pillow of rubble and sand with a slight bias from the house. The scene remarkably performs its functions in a pair with a drainage system.
Summary
Choosing a foundation for the house, gently carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of each of them.
As it has already been said that there is no need to build an expensive and time-consuming pluralied foundation for a single-storey house without basement.
The slab foundation will build a house on a bunched ground.
And the pile foundation can save even in cases if the top layer of the soil seems to be completely unsuitable for construction.
By building the necessary foundation for all the rules, you build a strong and reliable foundation for your future home. And he will have long for many years.
Video about building foundation for home
Construction of a ribbon foundation under the house
Production of formwork and fill foundation
Reinforcement and formwork of fine-breeding belt foundation
Any building is based on a solid base. The longevity of the whole construction depends on the correctness of the choice of the type of this design. How to make a foundation for a house with all the nuances to serve not one dozen years?
Competent construction work implies analysis of several factors:
1) the type and structure of the soil;
2) selection and correct calculation of the required materials;
3) Reliable hydro and thermal insulation of the finished base.
Properly build a foundation for the house means choosing the desired device technology, take into account all the conditions available and think over important details. The process should not be interrupted in connection with suddenly discovered circumstances or inconsistencies.
Construction of a ribbon base
Ribbon foundation is the most common design for the middle strip design. Advantages of such a base are several:
- the possibility of construction on their own;
- low labor and materials costs;
- inside such a foundation can be equipped with a basement or an underground;
- tapes passing under all carrion walls and high load places provide a high level of strength;
- durability of operation.
It is impossible to construct the foundation of a ribbon type on bubbly soils that are prone to flooding. You can find out the specialized organizations conducted by geological exploration.
Important: data on the depth of water will be needed not only in the construction of the foundation, but also when planning the source of water on the site (well, well or centralized pipeline).
In order to build a solid base for the house on the ribbons, the following materials will be required:
- sand-cement mix;
- crushed stone or gravel;
- water into the solution;
- boards Unedged on the manufacture of formwork;
- wire knitting wire;
- arm of reinforcement;
- bars for strut;
- brick;
- waterproofing material;
- nails.
The master will need the following tool: shovel, level, cord, hammer, level, tape measure, trunk. To prepare a concrete solution, a container will be required.
Important: If the tape base should have decent sizes, it is more expedient to acquire the finished concrete of mixers or buy a deep vibrator.
Start of work: Place Marking and Soil Recess
Any foundation construction begins with the markup of the site. According to the project data, the Master must be submitted to the area corner and intermediate points of the future foundation. The location of the points are placed by pegs. The width between the two slaughters is the width of the foundation tape, which should always be greater than the width of the carrier wall. All pegs clogged around the perimeter are connected with a cord or twine.
The accuracy of marking is necessarily checked by a level, which measure the diagonal of the obtained rectangle. All the diagonals of the future foundation must be equal. If there are arithmetic deviations even by several mm, the markup begins again until the exact result of the control measurement is obtained.
After the external markup is finished, you can move to the inner. The width of the tapes is usually from 30 to 40 cm. Inside the marked perimeter, you need to dig up the cutting on the depth of the ribbon. All walls of the pit should be smooth, without protrusions and pridins.
Important: The depth of soil removal under the ribbon foundation should always exceed the level of groundwater.
In each region of the country, its value of the soil freezing point is graphically portrayed on the map.
Typically, the drove is rotated to a depth of 1.2 to 1.5 m. This is enough on non-empty and not exposed soil flooding. Next, you need to form a formwork in the direction of tapes. For this, an unedged board and pegs are used. Boards are fixed with each other nails.
After the end of the formation of the foundation, a pillow of sand and rubble (either gravel) is satisfied, which is carefully compacted and wetted with water. Specialists advise to rub separately each layer of pillows: first sandy, then gravel. The optimal height of such a puff "cake" is from 15 to 20 cm. The need is due to the function of frosty powder of the soil into the change of seasons. A well-compacted base under the foundation reliably will protect it from the expansion of individual soil layers.
Formation of reinforced frame and waterproofing base
If the master wants to form a support for the house for all the rules, he must know - the ribbon design must have a reinforced frame. The bottom of the pit is lined with bricks, for which the rods of reinforcement are stacked. Mesh should be formed from the reinforcement rods, i.e. They are stacked crosswise. In places of connection, the armature is associated with a special wire.
IMPORTANT: The assembly of fittings requires care and accuracy from the wizard, it is not necessary to drag fastenings too much.
It is the flexibility required when viscating the reinforcement causes a manual nature of work. The use of welding will accelerate the process, but does not guarantee the strength of the future grounds.
After the ligament of the reinforcement frame, it is necessary to pave a layer of waterproofer. Most often apply runner, characterized by durability and a democratic price. When laying a rubberoid, sheets are placed, and their places are sick of scotch. This will strengthen the reliability of waterproofing and will prevent the penetration of groundwater.
Production of concrete and fill of the foundation
Concrete is manufactured independently or purchased from specialized firms. If the wizard selects the first option, it is recommended to acquire only high-class cement (M300, M400 grades). The aggregates should be the sand of a large fraction and crushed stone. The ratio table of all components is given in the table.
Table ratio of components of concrete when using cement M400
The better the materials used to prepare the solution, the stronger will be the finished base. An important point is a compound of water with cement, when a certain water-cement ratio (V / C) must be performed. This indicator along with the grade of the cement used is extremely important for the characteristics of the base strength. If concrete is manufactured with the involvement of gravel, the practical values \u200b\u200bof the / c are shown in the table:
Table 1. Values \u200b\u200bin / C for various cement marks and concrete mixes on gravel
100 | 150 | 200 | 250 | 300 | 400 | |
300 | 0,75 | 0,65 | 0,55 | 0,50 | 0,40 | — |
400 | 0,85 | 0,75 | 0,63 | 0,56 | 0,50 | 0,40 |
500 | – | 0,85 | 0,71 | 0,64 | 0,60 | 0,46 |
600 | – | 0,95 | 0,75 | 0,68 | 0,63 | 0,50 |
Externally, determine the readiness of the concrete can be in a tuberculosis mixture at the end of the shovel. If it is not sprawling and does not drain, it means that the necessary stiffness is achieved.
Important: The lower the fraction of fillers of the concrete solution, the more water is required.
The ratio of water depending on the fractional size of plasticizers is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Approximate values \u200b\u200bof water consumption (in l / cubic meters) in the manufacture of concrete from materials of various fractional structure
Gravel, mm. | Crushed stone, mm. | ||||||
10 | 20 | 40 | 80 | 10 | 20 | 40 | 80 |
185 | 170 | 155 | 140 | 200 | 185 | 170 | 155 |
In order for the foundation under a private house as much as possible, it is necessary to prepare a concrete with the highest rigidity. The tougher in its parameters the solution, the more durable will be the base of the house.
Concrete into the formwork is poured with layers, each layer is thoroughly aligned and skeins to get rid of air bubbles. You can use a deep vibrator, but it can damage the reinforcement frame. Concrete tighting is an important procedure that increases the strength of the fill-covered foundation.
The solution flooded in the formwork is gaining its strength for 4 weeks. During this time, the foundation needs additional protection: if it is sunny and dry, it should be covered with polyethylene and regularly water with water. If raincoats and raw are simply covered with a film or geocal. When the ribbon base completely curses, dismantling the formwork.
Build a foundation on pillars
Are there any rules for the category of the foundation of a column type? First, you need to know some nuances: it is advisable to choose such a base on the brunch of the ground with a deeply located waterproof point. Ribbons on the rolling soil will not withstand the constant deformation, and the supports will serve as decades' real estate owners.
For the column base device, the master will require the following materials:
1) pipes from metal or asbestos cement;
2) fittings;
3) sand-cement mix;
In the construction process, the container will be required for the preparation of the solution, trowel, shovel. To mark the terrain, it will be necessary level, roulette, pegs and construction cord.
Marking and soil operations
The sequence of markup is similar to the works of software. In the same way, the location of the pillar layouts, using the design documentation of the development, take place on the ground. The location of the supports: at the corners of the house and at the highest loads (carrier walls, staircase, transitions, etc.). The optimal distance between the columns is from 1.5 to 2 m.
When the markup is finished, you can come to the ground with a soil under the poles. The diameter of each pocket is equal to the pipe cross section. Blowing should be below the soil freezing point. When the pits are ready, the sand pillow with a height of 10 to 15 cm is suitable. It is carefully compacted, moisturized.
Important: The more denser the pillow under the supports, the stronger the future foundation.
Installation of pillars and pouring concrete
After completing the operations on the device, a concrete can be prepared under the supports of the future base. A solution is prepared for the same proportions as in the case of a belt foundation. The consistency of the finished concrete should remind a thick sour cream.
- a asbestos-cement or metal tube is installed in the pit;
- the inside of the pipe is poured a little concrete solution;
- the pipe is raised to make concrete on a sandy pillow;
- the pipe is aligned with a level in a vertical position.
According to the above algorithm, all pillars are installed. Next, their reinforcement is carried out. Inside the pipes lay 3-5 rod of reinforcement in such a way that they go to the sand pillow, and the top - towering over the pillars by 25-30 cm. When all the supports are reinforced, they are poured with concrete. If pits remain around the supports, they carefully fall asleep soil and are well compacted.
Concrete in pipes-pipes is grasped for 1-2 weeks. After this period, you can move to the woodworking device, which will fill the space between the angular supports and increase the reliability of the foundation. Subsequently, carrying walls will be placed on the frame.
Construction of the foundation on homemade piles
Is there a type of foundation for the house on an unstable soil? The output from the situation is the pile base device. The main characteristics of such a design: durability and high strength, the ability to withstand high loads.
A distinctive feature of construction is the absence of a tiring stage of the ground and the formation of the pit. The base on the piles immersed in the soil is attached. The cost of ready-made piles is not every wizard "on the pocket", so many prefer to make these products independently.
The following materials will be required in the construction process:
1) fittings;
2) sand cement;
3) steel wire;
4) Ruberoid;
Cooking concrete will require the presence of a special capacity and vibration installation. On the location of the location of the future piles, spies with roulette and levels. For the production of recesses, the handberry should be required.
Formation of wells
Independent drilling of wells occurs already in places of the markup of the markup. Step from one pile to another should not exceed 2.5 meters. The desired number of wells is driven by a manual brown. If water appeared in the process of drilling in the well, it is necessary to pump it out by the pump.
Creation of piles and concrete production
After the formation of all piles, the formwork is inserted from the frontier, rolled up with a tube. The diameter of the homemade pipe should be equal to the cross section of the future pile. Soft steel wire fixes the size of the rubberoid convolution, after which it is neatly inserted into the well.
This method makes blanks for all wells. The purpose of the formwork is to preserve the strength of homemade piles, preventing the absorption of cement milk soil. In addition, if you pour the solution directly to the ground, the pile will have a non-low surface. All rough bases are more susceptible to frost powder, rather than even flaws. The fragile base will very quickly begin to collapse, thereby reducing the construction period of the building.
After immersing the formwork in the wells it is necessary to make a spatial reinforcement frame. For this, the rods of the sections of the section 6 mm are used. To form one frame, it will take 3-4 rods bonded every 50 cm with each other. By installing the design in the well, it is necessary to see its top above the surface of the Earth. Speaker height - from 40 to 60 cm.
Next, you can go to the production of concrete. The manufacturing technology is described in the Ribbon Foundation section, the repetition is unnecessary. The supply of the solution in the well must occur portion, filling each time about 0.5 m.
IMPORTANT: Filling the wells with a solution to alternate with its plug, removing excess air.
The tighting is performed by a rod of reinforcement. To improve the quality of work, you can use vibration installation, but very carefully - not to damage the reinforcement content.
Within 2-3 weeks, concrete will gain strength, after which it will be possible to do the woodworking device. The tops of homemade piles are not cut, they provide the best grip grip and piles.
Construction of the base on finished piles
What are the main points of construction of the foundation from ready-made, factory piles? The master will need the following set of materials:
- metal scrap;
- 2nd pipes;
- sand mix with cement;
- metal piles;
- finished headings;
- coating against corrosion;
- water.
From the tool and equipment you need to have a shovel, roulette, level, welding machine and a grinder.
Stages of work
Traditionally, construction begins with marking areas. Step between pile - up to 3rd. Next, begin to screw the piles. You can do this manually, attracting several assistants, or order drilling well by a specialized firm. The second option is preferable, but there is a lot of money.
The depth of wells must exceed 1.6 m, it prevents them in a period of seasonal deformation of the soil.
IMPORTANT: If an obstacle was met on the Path of Pile, you need to get rid of it and continue to work. Only to the end, the installed pile 100% ensures the strength of the base.
Write piles are neatly trimmed up to an equal height of spending from the soil, after which the products are concreted. The prepared solution is poured inside the piles, it prevents corrosion of products in the soil. The final stage is the welding of the tanks and the coating of the connection location by an anti-corrosion agent.
It is not necessary to wait for the final construction of this construction method, it is fashionable to move to the woodworking device and subsequent operations.
Any building is based on a solid base. The longevity of the whole construction depends on the correctness of the choice of the type of this design. How to make a foundation for a house with all the nuances to serve not one dozen years?
Competent construction work implies analysis of several factors:
1) the type and structure of the soil;
2) selection and correct calculation of the required materials;
3) Reliable hydro and thermal insulation of the finished base.
Properly build a foundation for the house means choosing the desired device technology, take into account all the conditions available and think over important details. The process should not be interrupted in connection with suddenly discovered circumstances or inconsistencies.
Ribbon foundation is the most common design for the middle strip design. Advantages of such a base are several:
- the possibility of construction on their own;
- low labor and materials costs;
- inside such a foundation can be equipped with a basement or an underground;
- tapes passing under all carrion walls and high load places provide a high level of strength;
- durability of operation.
Ribbon base
It is impossible to construct the foundation of a ribbon type on bubbly soils that are prone to flooding. You can find out the specialized organizations conducted by geological exploration.
Important: data on the depth of water will be needed not only in the construction of the foundation, but also when planning the source of water on the site (well, well or centralized pipeline).
In order to build a solid base for the house on the ribbons, the following materials will be required:
- sand-cement mix;
- crushed stone or gravel;
- water into the solution;
- boards Unedged on the manufacture of formwork;
- wire knitting wire;
- arm of reinforcement;
- bars for strut;
- brick;
- waterproofing material;
- nails.
The master will need the following tool: shovel, level, cord, hammer, level, tape measure, trunk. To prepare a concrete solution, a container will be required.
Important: If the tape base should have decent sizes, it is more expedient to acquire the finished concrete of mixers or buy a deep vibrator.
Start of work: Place Marking and Soil Recess
Any foundation construction begins with the markup of the site. According to the project data, the Master must be submitted to the area corner and intermediate points of the future foundation. The location of the points are placed by pegs. The width between the two slaughters is the width of the foundation tape, which should always be greater than the width of the carrier wall. All pegs clogged around the perimeter are connected with a cord or twine.
The accuracy of marking is necessarily checked by a level, which measure the diagonal of the obtained rectangle. All the diagonals of the future foundation must be equal. If there are arithmetic deviations even by several mm, the markup begins again until the exact result of the control measurement is obtained.
After the external markup is finished, you can move to the inner. The width of the tapes is usually from 30 to 40 cm. Inside the marked perimeter, you need to dig up the cutting on the depth of the ribbon. All walls of the pit should be smooth, without protrusions and pridins.
Important: The depth of soil removal under the ribbon foundation should always exceed the level of groundwater.
In each region of the country, its value of the soil freezing point is graphically portrayed on the map.
Map of the soil freezing in various regions of Russia
Typically, the drove is rotated to a depth of 1.2 to 1.5 m. This is enough on non-empty and not exposed soil flooding. Next, you need to form a formwork in the direction of tapes. For this, an unedged board and pegs are used. Boards are fixed with each other nails.
After the end of the formation of the foundation, a pillow of sand and rubble (either gravel) is satisfied, which is carefully compacted and wetted with water. Specialists advise to rub separately each layer of pillows: first sandy, then gravel. The optimal height of such a puff "cake" is from 15 to 20 cm. The need for a sand-gravel cushion device is due to the function of frosty powder in the shift of the seasons. A well-compacted base under the foundation reliably will protect it from the expansion of individual soil layers.
Formation of reinforced frame and waterproofing base
If the master wants to form a support for the house for all the rules, he must know - the ribbon design must have a reinforced frame. The bottom of the pit is lined with bricks, for which the rods of reinforcement are stacked. Mesh should be formed from the reinforcement rods, i.e. They are stacked crosswise. In places of connection, the armature is associated with a special wire.
IMPORTANT: The assembly of fittings requires care and accuracy from the wizard, it is not necessary to drag fastenings too much.
It is the flexibility required when viscating the reinforcement causes a manual nature of work. The use of welding will accelerate the process, but does not guarantee the strength of the future grounds.
After the ligament of the reinforcement frame, it is necessary to pave a layer of waterproofer. Most often apply runner, characterized by durability and a democratic price. When laying a rubberoid, sheets are placed, and their places are sick of scotch. This will strengthen the reliability of waterproofing and will prevent the penetration of groundwater.
Production of concrete and fill of the foundation
Concrete is manufactured independently or purchased from specialized firms. If the wizard selects the first option, it is recommended to acquire only high-class cement (M300, M400 grades). The aggregates should be the sand of a large fraction and crushed stone. The ratio table of all components is given in the table.
Table ratio of components of concrete when using cement M400
The better the materials used to prepare the solution, the stronger will be the finished base. An important point is a compound of water with cement, when a certain water-cement ratio (V / C) must be performed. This indicator along with the grade of the cement used is extremely important for the characteristics of the base strength. If concrete is manufactured with the involvement of gravel, the practical values \u200b\u200bof the / c are shown in the table:
Table 1. Values \u200b\u200bin / C for various cement marks and concrete mixes on gravel
0,75 | 0,65 | 0,55 | 0,50 | 0,40 | - | |
0,85 | 0,75 | 0,63 | 0,56 | 0,50 | 0,40 | |
- | 0,85 | 0,71 | 0,64 | 0,60 | 0,46 | |
- | 0,95 | 0,75 | 0,68 | 0,63 | 0,50 |
Externally, determine the readiness of the concrete can be in a tuberculosis mixture at the end of the shovel. If it is not sprawling and does not drain, it means that the necessary stiffness is achieved.
Important: The lower the fraction of fillers of the concrete solution, the more water is required.
The ratio of water depending on the fractional size of plasticizers is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Approximate values \u200b\u200bof water consumption (in l / cubic meters) in the manufacture of concrete from materials of various fractional structure
Gravel, mm. | Crushed stone, mm. | ||||||
10 | 20 | 40 | 80 | 10 | 20 | 40 | 80 |
185 | 170 | 155 | 140 | 200 | 185 | 170 | 155 |
In order for the foundation under a private house as much as possible, it is necessary to prepare a concrete with the highest rigidity. The tougher in its parameters the solution, the more durable will be the base of the house.
Concrete into the formwork is poured with layers, each layer is thoroughly aligned and skeins to get rid of air bubbles. You can use a deep vibrator, but it can damage the reinforcement frame. Concrete tighting is an important procedure that increases the strength of the fill-covered foundation.
The solution flooded in the formwork is gaining its strength for 4 weeks. During this time, the foundation needs additional protection: if it is sunny and dry, it should be covered with polyethylene and regularly water with water. If raincoats and raw are simply covered with a film or geocal. When the ribbon base completely curses, dismantling the formwork.
Build a foundation on pillars
Are there any rules for the category of the foundation of a column type? First, you need to know some nuances: it is advisable to choose such a base on the brunch of the ground with a deeply located waterproof point. Ribbons on the rolling soil will not withstand the constant deformation, and the supports will serve as decades' real estate owners.
For the column base device, the master will require the following materials:
1) pipes from metal or asbestos cement;
2) fittings;
3) sand-cement mix;
In the construction process, the container will be required for the preparation of the solution, trowel, shovel. To mark the terrain, it will be necessary level, roulette, pegs and construction cord.
Marking and soil operations
The sequence of marking is similar to the work on the structure of the tape type of foundation. In the same way, the location of the pillar layouts, using the design documentation of the development, take place on the ground. The location of the supports: at the corners of the house and at the highest loads (carrier walls, staircase, transitions, etc.). The optimal distance between the columns is from 1.5 to 2 m.
When the markup is finished, you can come to the ground with a soil under the poles. The diameter of each pocket is equal to the pipe cross section. Blowing should be below the soil freezing point. When the pits are ready, the sand pillow with a height of 10 to 15 cm is suitable. It is carefully compacted, moisturized.
Important: The more denser the pillow under the supports, the stronger the future foundation.
Installation of pillars and pouring concrete
After completing the operations on the device, a concrete can be prepared under the supports of the future base. A solution is prepared for the same proportions as in the case of a belt foundation. The consistency of the finished concrete should remind a thick sour cream.
- a asbestos-cement or metal tube is installed in the pit;
- the inside of the pipe is poured a little concrete solution;
- the pipe is raised to make concrete on a sandy pillow;
- the pipe is aligned with a level in a vertical position.
. Fusion of a column type of foundation
According to the above algorithm, all pillars are installed. Next, their reinforcement is carried out. Inside the pipes lay 3-5 rod of reinforcement in such a way that they go to the sand pillow, and the top - towering over the pillars by 25-30 cm. When all the supports are reinforced, they are poured with concrete. If pits remain around the supports, they carefully fall asleep soil and are well compacted.
Concrete in pipes-pipes is grasped for 1-2 weeks. After this period, you can move to the woodworking device, which will fill the space between the angular supports and increase the reliability of the foundation. Subsequently, carrying walls will be placed on the frame.
Construction of the foundation on homemade piles
Is there a type of foundation for the house on an unstable soil? The output from the situation is the pile base device. The main characteristics of such a design: durability and high strength, the ability to withstand high loads.
A distinctive feature of construction is the absence of a tiring stage of the ground and the formation of the pit. The base on the piles immersed in the soil is attached. The cost of ready-made piles is not every wizard "on the pocket", so many prefer to make these products independently.
The following materials will be required in the construction process:
1) fittings;
2) sand cement;
3) steel wire;
4) Ruberoid;
Cooking concrete will require the presence of a special capacity and vibration installation. On the location of the location of the future piles, spies with roulette and levels. For the production of recesses, the handberry should be required.
Formation of wells
Independent drilling of wells occurs already in places of the markup of the markup. Step from one pile to another should not exceed 2.5 meters. The desired number of wells is driven by a manual brown. If water appeared in the process of drilling in the well, it is necessary to pump it out by the pump.
Creation of piles and concrete production
After the formation of all piles, the formwork is inserted from the frontier, rolled up with a tube. The diameter of the homemade pipe should be equal to the cross section of the future pile. Soft steel wire fixes the size of the rubberoid convolution, after which it is neatly inserted into the well.
Formwork under homemade piles
This method makes blanks for all wells. The purpose of the formwork is to preserve the strength of homemade piles, preventing the absorption of cement milk soil. In addition, if you pour the solution directly to the ground, the pile will have a non-low surface. All rough bases are more susceptible to frost powder, rather than even flaws. The fragile base will very quickly begin to collapse, thereby reducing the construction period of the building.
After immersing the formwork in the wells it is necessary to make a spatial reinforcement frame. For this, the rods of the sections of the section 6 mm are used. To form one frame, it will take 3-4 rods bonded every 50 cm with each other. By installing the design in the well, it is necessary to see its top above the surface of the Earth. Speaker height - from 40 to 60 cm.
Next, you can go to the production of concrete. The manufacturing technology is described in the Ribbon Foundation section, the repetition is unnecessary. The supply of the solution in the well must occur portion, filling each time about 0.5 m.
IMPORTANT: Filling the wells with a solution to alternate with its plug, removing excess air.
The tighting is performed by a rod of reinforcement. To improve the quality of work, you can use vibration installation, but very carefully - not to damage the reinforcement content.
Within 2-3 weeks, concrete will gain strength, after which it will be possible to do the woodworking device. The tops of homemade piles are not cut, they provide the best grip grip and piles.
Construction of the base on finished piles
What are the main points of construction of the foundation from ready-made, factory piles? The master will need the following set of materials:
- metal scrap;
- 2nd pipes;
- sand mix with cement;
- metal piles;
- finished headings;
- coating against corrosion;
- water.
From the tool and equipment you need to have a shovel, roulette, level, welding machine and a grinder.
Stages of work
Traditionally, construction begins with marking areas. Step between pile - up to 3rd. Next, begin to screw the piles. You can do this manually, attracting several assistants, or order drilling well by a specialized firm. The second option is preferable, but there is a lot of money.
The depth of wells must exceed 1.6 m, it prevents them in a period of seasonal deformation of the soil.
IMPORTANT: If an obstacle was met on the Path of Pile, you need to get rid of it and continue to work. Only to the end, the installed pile 100% ensures the strength of the base.
Write piles are neatly trimmed up to an equal height of spending from the soil, after which the products are concreted. The prepared solution is poured inside the piles, it prevents corrosion of products in the soil. The final stage is the welding of the tanks and the coating of the connection location by an anti-corrosion agent.
Waiting for the final hardening of the concrete with this method of construction there is no need, it is fashionable to move to the woodworking device and subsequent operations.
Calculation of tape fundament
Alone to build a house from scratch - the task is complicated, but performing. Careful calculations, competent selection of building materials and the qualitative execution of each process will help to cope without the involvement of specialists. The bulging of the foundation is the most responsible stage, because it is precisely from the strength of the foundation that the durability and reliability of any construction depends. To make the foundation for the house with your own hands, it will take about 2-3 months.
Foundation for the house with your own hands
Designing foundation
A ribbon foundation is most often used to build residential buildings. It can be finely brewed if the house is one-storey and small area, or standard-laid at a depth of 1.8-2 m. The width of the base tape is usually 40 cm, but can be increased depending on the specific load of the building. When designing a house, you should immediately take into account the possible extensions and the arrangement of basement and semi-liners. The existence of a common foundation will noticeably simplify the installation of the veranda or other structures that may be subsequently needed.
Designing foundation
In order not to be mistaken with the base parameters, you need to carefully calculate the total load per square meter of the soil and compare it with valid values.
Ribbon foundation
When calculating the load, the following factors take into account:
- material for the construction of walls;
- type of thermal insulation;
- roofing type;
- number of floors of the house;
- type of soil on the site;
- ground water level;
- region;
- snow and wind load.
Cross section of a belt foundation
Calculations are made using special tables for each factor separately. After that, all loads are summed up, which determines the depth of the foundation on this section and the allowable width of the base soles.
Marking of the base
Foundation markup
For the markup of the site under the foundation you will need pegs, durable thin rope and roulette. First, remove everything that can prevent markup - stones, bushes, dry stumps and so on. Determine the line of the facade of the house relative to the site and designate it with the help of a rope stretched between pegs. The distance from one beacon to another should be 30-40 cm more than the width of the facade. The location of the corners of the house are celebrated on the rope, and 2 perpendicular lines are carried out through these points, in length slightly exceeding the length of the side walls.
Marking site
Now they measure the distance from the corner of the facade to the angle of the rear wall and mark points on both lines, and then stretch another rope, parallel to the first. The intersections of the ropes form the corners of the building, and it is from these points that the diagonal of the received rectangle needs to be measured. If the diagonal is equal, the markup is made correctly. After that, denote the inner boundaries of the foundation tape, retreating from 40 cm markup lines inside the perimeter. The pegs should be located after the perimeter - this will make it possible to more precisely designate the angles of the base. The latter outlined internal bearing walls, base under the veranda or porch.
Tranche preparation
When the markup is ready, they begin to dig trenches under the foundation. This can be done with shovels or with the help of special equipment, which will be at times faster and more convenient. For a fine-grinding base, the depth of trenches is equal to 60-70 cm, for a conventional foundation - from 1.8 m, depending on the level of primerization of the soil. The bottom of the trench should be located at least 20 cm below this level. The depth counting leads from the lowest markup point itself.
Tranche preparation
The walls of the trenche need to be twisted vertically if the soil is sat down, install the backups. After the garment is removed, it is necessary to check the bottom relatively horizontally, all irregularities are cut off, excess soil is removed. The location and width of the trenches must fully comply with the project. The next step is a sand-gravel cushion device designed to reduce the load from the building on the base of the soil.
The sand-gravel layer device has the following order:
- the bottom of the trenches around the perimeter fall asleep with a thin layer of river coarse sand;
- spill sand with water and thoroughly tram;
- another layer of sand is poured and seal again;
- fade gravel in fine fractions and smash 15 cm layer;
- take the surface.
For a finely breeded base, the inner surface of the trenches before filling the sand is littered with geotextiles. This material protects the sand pillow from the erosion of groundwater and casing.
Installation of formwork
The foundation of the residential building should rise above the surface of the soil at least 15 cm. On the height of the ground, the height of the above-ground base can reach 50-70 cm. The formwork is collected taking into account the required height, using fondament formwork.
Installing Fundament Formwork
When installing formwork, you will need:
- edged boards thick with 2 cm or plywood sheets;
- polyethylene film;
- roulette;
- self-tapping screw or nails;
- hammer and screwdriver;
- bruss for struts.
Formwork tape foundation
Boards are fastened into rectangular shields, fastening the transverse bars from the outside. Self-tapping screws from the inside to dismantle the formwork was more convenient. For the same reason, it is recommended to use selflessness, and not nails. When assembling, you should consider the location of the sewage holes and make cutouts of the corresponding diameter in the boards. At the end of the shields are borne by a film that will not allow the tree to absorb water from the solution.
Install formwork parts on both sides of the trenches, and then strengthen the transverse bars every half meters. Shields are strictly vertically, observing the same distance between the opposite sides along the entire length of the perimeter. Outside, the formwork is supported by spacers from the bar. Between the bottom edge of the shields and the top edge of the trench should not be gaps, otherwise the solution will flow.
Installation of reinforcing carcass
Installation of reinforcing carcass
The presence of a reinforcing frame in the thickness of the foundation allows you to strengthen the basis and extend the service life of its service several times. For the manufacture of a frame usually use steel reinforcement with a cross section of 10-16 mm. It is very important to properly connect the rod to distribute the load evenly throughout the area.
Reinforcement of belt foundation
To work additionally need:
- knitting wire;
- building level;
- bulgarian;
- cropping plastic pipe;
- roulette.
The reinforcement is cut with a grinder along the length and width of trenches, after which the grille with cells from 30 cm knit from it. For this, 4-5 longitudinal rods are fastened with transverse segments every 30 cm.
Reinforcement of foundation
It is not categorically recommended to use welding to connect, because it weakens the fastening site, contributes to the corrosion of the rod. The frame must be volumetric, so horizontal lattices are placed on 3-4 levels, taking up vertical rods.
Additional fasteners should be made in every corner of the foundation and at the intersections of the bearing inner walls. You can lower the frame in the trenches in parts, and already inside the binding them. In order to maximize corrosion, the reinforcement cannot be laid directly on the sand: they take an old plastic tube, cut it with rings with a width of 4-5 cm and put under the grille in the corners and every 50-60 cm along the trenches. Between the side walls and edges of the frame, you need to leave about 5 cm, the same applies to the upper edge of the reinforcement.
Installation of reinforcing carcass
When the lattice is fixed inside the formwork, the inner side of the shields indicate the level of filling of concrete. You can do this with the help of a fishing line: on the ends of the formwork, small carnations are stuffed and fixed on them stretched strictly horizontally fishing line. It should be located 5 cm above the edges of the reinforcement grid and pass throughout the perimeter on one horizontal level.
Filling of concrete solution
Filling of concrete solution
It is recommended to pour the solution at a time, but not a common mass, but layer. Each layer should not be thicker 20 cm; This will evenly distribute it between the valve cells and reduce the number of air emptiness. For the manufacture of the mixture take cement M400 or M500, fine-sided crushed stone and coarse river sand.
Pouring foundation
It is very important to properly observe the proportions when they are kneading, otherwise the quality of the solution will be below the norm. On 1 cement bucket requires 3 buckets of sifted sand and 5 buckets of rubble. Water should be used about half of the total volume, add it portion to not overdo it. The solution should not be too liquid, nor too thick: high-quality concrete has a homogeneous consistency, when the shovel is turned over, the total mass is slowly sliding.
After filling the first portion, the solution is spawned with a shovel and poured along the entire length of the trench by the segment of the reinforcement, to release the air, climbed into the solution during the kneading. Very effectively seal concrete with a vibrator, it increases the strength of monolith several times. In the same way, the remaining layers are poured, until the surface of the concrete is counted with a stretched fishing line. The formwork is closed with a hammer, after which the top of the solution is spilled by the rule or trowel.
The hardening of the foundation takes about a month
The hardening of the foundation takes about a month. So that the surface does not crack, it is constantly moisturized and is covered with polyethylene from the rain. In the heat of concrete, it is also worth covering from direct sunlight to avoid cracking. The formwork can be dismantled 10-15 days after the fill, and continue construction work in 28-30 days.
Video - the foundation under the house with your own hands
Like all other construction work, the formation technology of the foundation has its own characteristics, without the knowledge of which it is almost impossible to do. Here, every little thing is important - incorrect calculations, a saved cement bag or the missing reinforcement rods can play a decisive role and fully affect the strength of the base of the house.
Of course, we will not consider complex and massive grounds for high-altitude houses - in this article, together with the site Stroisovety.orgin, consider the question of private construction and find out how to fill. You will learn about the correct sequence of work and the most significant intricacies, without which it is impossible to get a solid base.
Nuances fill
Foundation for home with your own hands: Stage first - markup
In principle, this stage of work is not complicated, but no fill foundation for home with your own hands can't do without it. All you need at this stage of construction is with the help of pegs and thick threads to place future concrete grooves (this is when it comes to a small one-storey structure without a basement). If you plan to build a full-fledged house with a basement and several floors, you will have to stop your choice on the pit. In any case, when pouring a finely breed ribbon foundation and during the construction foundation at home With the basement, the markup will have to be done taking into account access in the future to the side parts of the foundation. It should be remembered that without high-quality waterproofing the foundation could not do.
Very important in the markup process foundation at home To withstand the correct geometry of the future design, as everything must comply with the project. If the corner is put between the surrounding walls to be 90˚, then it should be.
How to make a foundation for a house photo
Stage Second: Earthworks
At the second stage of work, the question is how to make foundation for home with your own hands, envisages excavation. All you posted, you will have to dig now. If we are talking about Fine breeding foundation for Small at homethen you can do and shovel. But if you have to roll out the pit, then without special equipment here can not do.
In the process of performing these works, the depth of the fill should be taken into account foundation - depending on the soil, depth foundation for home It can range from 500mm to 1200mm. Accurate information on this subject should be in the project documentation. In addition to the strength of the soil, the influence and weight of the future structure affects the depth. The harder the material will be used, the more massive and deeper will have to fill foundation. In some situations, even piles may be needed.
How to do foundation for home with your own hands Photo
Stage Three: Installing Formwork for Foundation
This stage is quite important - formwork for foundation There must be durable and smoothly exhibited. For Fine breeding foundation Construction opal Simply simple - in fact, formwork for such a base at home are the walls of the trench. The only thing that will have to add is the upper part of it, which can be simply led from the board and stop the stones or scored in the soil reinforcement.
If we talk about the present Foundation, installed in the pit, then it will be necessary here (perhaps even metallic) opal, whose rental is expensive. It is worth thinking about the purchase of foundation blocks. In such a situation, the issue of how to make foundation for home with your own handsIt provides for the fill of the concrete base to 1.2m depth and the installation of foundation blocks on it. In principle, the independent casting of the foundation costs cheaper, but the need for a serious formwork negates this advantage, providing the opportunity to use ready-made blocks. This is faster and more reliable.
Foundation for home with your own hands: opal
Stage Fourth: Foundation Reinforcement
The most reliable and durable foundation - This is the base, filled with concrete and reinforcement. It is for this reason that the stage reinforcement of foundation We need to pay special attention. It will take to build a bulk frame of the reinforcement, the dimensions of which depend on the size of the inner part of the formwork - as a rule, the frame should be 150-200mm less and placed in the middle of the concrete.
Fill foundation for home with your own hands Photo
There are several subtleties here.
- The frame should not be collected using welding - the reinforcement must be linked to the wire. It should be understood that the rigid connection of the reinforcement gives the concrete structure of excessive strength - such foundation It will not be able to adequately respond to the movement of the soil and will crack.
- Used fittings. You need to link the frame from the rods of different diameters - for the foundation it is also used 16-thymillimeter fittings, and 10-thymillimeter. Through the length of the frame are linked to thick bars, and in height and width - thin.
After the frame elements are linked, they fit into the formwork and are connected with a wire with a wire.
How to fill up foundation for home with your own hands Photo
Stage Fifth: Concreting Foundation
At this stage of work, the question is how to fill foundation, Provides two solution options. If we are talking about a small foundation, then concrete for It can be prepared directly in place with a concrete mixer. If we are talking about global construction, it is better to order ready concrete for foundation - In this case, you will only need to take it and thoroughly tumble with the help of a deep vibrator.
In all respects, it is better to give preference to the second option - here you are not giving. Not only do you get rid of hard work, you will also be sure of the quality of concrete and loyalty of its proportions. It is not difficult to prepare the necessary mixture yourself, but it will make it faster at the factory, and in some situations even cheaper. Calculate how much concrete is needed on the foundation and the amount of its ingredients, you can use our calculator.
Construction of the foundation under the house photo
And in conclusion a few words about how to get a really high-quality basis - construction foundation under the house Provides such a stage of work as monitoring the mixture. Everything is simple here, if this control is not provided, and it's all on a sampling, then concrete will quickly lose moisture, with the result that you will get either cracks or a weakened home of the house. Behind the process of hardening concrete, it is necessary to monitor and the foundation is necessary to periodically moisten. The most correct solution will cover it with a polyethylene film, thus preventing the evaporation of water.
As you can see, despite the seeming difficulty, make foundation for home with your own handsquite simple. The main thing is to understand what the quality materials should be done and use. And do not forget that before proceeding to the work, you must perform the appropriate calculation.
A source
To properly make a foundation, you need to carefully examine the variants of the types of design and their features. The construction of the underground part is carried out with the following requirements:
- economic expediency;
- reliability;
- strength;
- durability;
- stability.
Before starting construction work, the soils should be conducted. The choice of the right type of base is influenced by the total weight of the house, the strength indicators of the soil and the level of groundwater. Carefully made and built with compliance with technology foundation will last long and will not cause problems during operation.
Preparatory stage
Start standing with shurps or drilling. The main goal in carrying out this event is to find out which soils are located on the site, as well as find out the level of groundwater occurrence. It is necessary to lay down the foundation in compliance with the rule: the sole mark should be at least 50 cm above the layout of the water horizon.
How to do the maintenance of the soil? For this use two methods:
- spanning of Shurfs (deep holes, dimensions in terms of usually make up 1x2 m);
- manual drilling.
In the first case, we consider the soil on the walls of the pit. Also check, did not go from the bottom of the water. In the second version, the soil on the tool blades are investigated.
After it was determined which soil is on the site, it will be necessary to find its strength indicators. You can do this with the help of special tables.
The table of the bearing capacity of different types of soils
The cost of bookmarking the base under the house can be up to 30% of the estimate to the entire building. To avoid recalculation of funds, you need to calculate that will allow you to find the optimal parameters of the design, which will simultaneously guarantee the minimum costs, strength and reliability. For your convenience, you can use the online calculation.
Types of foundations
The construction of the foundation involves the use of several technologies:
- pillars;
- piles;
- tape;
- plate;
- combined options.
Star supports are distinguished by low bearing capacity. It is possible a device of monolithic columns or their assembly of compact concrete blocks. Both options are well suited to perform work with your own hands.
The pile foundation for the house is three types:
- scoring (not recommended for private buildings due to the need to attract technology);
- buried (suitable in the construction of a brick or concrete house);
- screw (ideal for light wooden buildings).
Piles make it possible to reduce the volume of earthworks. There is no need to quote trenches or pitted, export a large amount of soil beyond the site. Thanks to this quality, the device of this type of foundation is a very economical choice. The main disadvantage will be the impossibility of basement equipment or underground for engineering communications. The building base in this case is closed with decorative materials.
Another advantage of piles is the possibility of applying on a wetland. Even if the groundwater level is located close to the surface of the Earth, the supports provide the necessary bearing capacity.
Next option - tape. It can be performed by monolithic or from blocks. The second option is rational to use for mass construction. Ribbon foundation happens:
- buzzled (for buildings with basement, brick and concrete structures);
- fine breed (for wooden and frame houses);
- unfinished (the fill fill technology for small buildings on a solid base).
Before making a tape, it is worth checking the level of groundwater and compliance with the rule on which the sole may not be closer than 50 cm to the groundwater horizon. Otherwise, there is a high probability of basement flooding, reducing the bearing ability of the base and destruction of materials of the supporting part of the building.
What to do with a high corning? If the construction is made independently of the brick or stone, the screw piles will not fit, and they will need to make water on the burbilic. An excellent option will be the fill of the slab foundation. In this case, unburned or little blunt base is done. The stove thickness is assigned depending on the load, on average 300-400 mm.
How to pour the foundation for the house
The monolithic type of foundation is the optimal option for private house-building. In this case, the styling allows you to significantly save on transportation and installation of structures. No need to hire a lifting crane for installing elements to a design position or KAMAZ for the transport of concrete blocks and plates.
Monolithic foundations can be made from the concrete of factory manufacture or knead the solution by the concrete mixer. The first option is recommended. The fact is that strictly observing the proportion of the composition in the handicraft conditions is very difficult. For factory concrete, such a guarant the passport, which indicates the proven material indicators.
To independently make the material, you will need to prepare clean water, cement, sand and crushed stone (or gravel). They are mixed with each other strictly observing the proportions that depend on which brand of concrete you need to get. If adding a little more sand or rubble, than it is required, the strength of the buildings of the building will suffer.
Concrete Preparation Table
To correctly fill the foundation, you need to get acquainted with the main rules of concreting:
- Concrete must be pouring at one reception with time intervals to 1.5 hours. If you make big breaks in operation, the solution is seized and concreting seams are formed, which weaken the design. Technology allows you to make horizontal seams with an extreme need. Arrange the monolithic foundation vertical seams is unacceptable, because in this case the support of the house will not be able to resist the deformations of the soil.
- The concrete class is chosen depending on the type of supporting part. For a columnar or pile foundation is enough class in 15. The tape needs brands from 15 to 22.5. The construction of the foundation of the house according to the technology of the plate requires concrete brands at 22.5 or at 25.
- After the fill, the material should dial strength. On average, it takes 28 days. Continue construction work can be continued after a set of 70% of vintage strength.
- It is better to perform work in warm dry weather. The perfect average daily temperature for hardening concrete - + 25 ° C. At temperatures below + 5 ° C, the material is practically not frozen. For normal hardening in this case, special additives and heating are used.
- Within 1-2 weeks after the fill, you need to care for concrete. It consists in wetting the surface with water.
- For self-mixing the mixture, cement, sand, crushed stone (gravel) and clean water will be required. The proportions depend on the class of strength. From the factory, the material is delivered to the concrete money - it allows you to extend the life of the solution and deliver it to relatively long distances.
How to fill the foundation? In general, the work is carried out in this order:
- installation of formwork and reinforcement frame;
- laying the waterproofing material in the formwork;
- pouring concrete;
- its seal with vibration or plug;
- curing;
- playing works (if necessary).
To quickly perform work together with the concrete mixer, it is recommended to order a concrete pump. This technique is usually ready to provide manufacturers of concrete. In this case, it is necessary to use a concrete mixture of brands P3 or P4 on mobility. Otherwise, the technique breaks.
Step-by-step instruction on the fill of the belt foundation
Concretion is considered on the example of a monolithic tape. To exile a supporting part of the structure, it is necessary to place a construction site. To do this, use pickup and construction cord. You need to show the edges of the tape.
Fitting device
After marking performs the development of soil. In the absence of the basement, it is enough to dig a trench. At its bottom you need to perform a sand pillow. It performs several functions:
- soil alignment;
- preventing frosty powered;
The edges of the trench should go exactly on the lace
Next Stage - Installing formwork. In this capacity, the material is applied in the estimate: boards (removable type) or polystyrene foam (non-removable). The second option performs the function not only for the form for the fill of concrete, but also the insulation of the underground part of the building. When installing the formwork, raise the base to the desired height.
Next mounted reinforcement frames. In the tape type, workers are arranged horizontally. They perceive bending loads. Read more about this in the article "Reinforcement of the Ribbon Foundation".
An example of placing a reinforcing frame in a tape base
When ordering concrete from the factory, you need to provide a convenient entrance to the construction site. Otherwise, the technique will not be able to get to the site.
Pouring concrete
For the fill it will take several people. After laying the mixture, it must be sealing. This can be drawn by deep vibrators or a regular reinforcement bar (plug). The task is to remove air bubbles, which, after frozen, become a weak design site. Here is the appearance of cracks.
The first stage of concrete care is to save moisture in it. If the material goes too fast, surface cracks will appear. The design should be covered with burlap or polyethylene. Once a few hours it is moisturized with clean water. So goes on for a week.
The film maintains the required humidity mode when hardening
It should not be assumed that the fill of concrete can only professionals. But it is impossible to treat this process careless.
The foundation is the basis of the whole building. From the right choice of type, on accounting of the peculiarities of the soil and many other subtleties, it depends on how long there is a house. In order to build a foundation for a private house, you need to read various specialized literature, which will help prevent the most common mistakes and, accordingly, reduce the material costs for their elimination, and will also save your strength and nerves.
Nuances that should be considered when erected
The main objective of the foundation is to withstand the weight of the construction. No wonder the synonyms of this definition are the words "basis", "Basis". Therefore, it is important to take into account the material that will be used in construction: when building a single-storey wooden house, there will be quite a column foundation, which in turn is not suitable for the construction of brick or concrete multi-storey houses.
Next, it is necessary to take into account the type of soil and how much it is washed by underground waters. The more it is subjected to negative impact of groundwater, the greater the likelihood of its speedy settlement, fallacies and other unpleasant moments. It should also be considered the fact that when absorbing extra moisture to the foundation there is a risk of "bloating", which occurs during the freezing of this moisture. The consequences may be a gradual settlement of the house under the ground.
There are many and other subtleties when erecting the foundation with their own hands. List only some:
- dropped soil should be exported to a special place. Do not throw it in the middle of the construction site, even if it is planned to be reused, for example, for registration of lawns or flower;
- digging the pit is necessary from the most difficult-to-reach place - this will save the strength and increase productivity;
- in order to make sure that the pit has straight angles, it is necessary to measure the diagonal - they must be equal;
- Well, finally, take care of the protection of building materials from theft and shelter them from unpredictable weather conditions.
Types of foundations used in construction
Depending on the factors specified at the beginning of the article, it is very important from the variety of types of foundation to choose the one that is suitable for the construction of your private house. The structure of the foundation of various species is slightly different from each other. Despite this, each view has its own characteristics taken into account when working.
Ribbon - passes throughout the perimeter, consists of reinforced concrete tapes, the same in length and width. The tape type is used to build brick houses, cottages, possibly basement equipment. This is the most popular type used in the construction of private buildings. What material is used to build a belt foundation (monolithic, brick or prefab concrete tapes) depends on the service life of the house. It ranges from 30 to 150 years. Of course, the more period, the more expensive the construction project.
The pile foundation is the installation of piles around the perimeter of the construction. Piles are wooden, metal or reinforced concrete pillars, screwed or drove into the ground with the help of special equipment. Between the poles are connected by beams. When using the pile type of foundation, a special technology is used, which does not require pre-digging of the pit and significantly saves financial resources. Buildings made from piles do not imply the presence of basements, and are used mainly for low-rise buildings.
The slab foundation is the most expensive of the presented species, but in turn, has high resistance to negative impact on groundwater, and can also be applied in almost any climatic belt. It is a solid slab made of reinforced concrete, which is located all over the perimeter of the construction. Can be directly used as the basis for the floor of the first floor. The slab foundation has high reliability and allows the owner not to worry about the fact that his house will glance or fall.
Preliminary calculation of the cost
As mentioned earlier, the types of foundations for a private house are very diverse. Depending on what kind of you chose, it is necessary to make mathematical calculations. Make it you can independently. For example, to calculate the cost of a column foundation, you will need to know the number of columns supports (the maximum distance between two adjacent supports should be no more than one and a half meters), the diameter of these supports (depends on the type of the boraxy used in operation), it is also necessary to know the depth of the primer of the soil and the view Construction material used for formwork.
To calculate the cost of a columnar belt support, it is necessary to value the value above, add value and the volume of the tape used to build the foundation.
After you have determined with the type of foundation that will be used in construction, the appropriate instruction should be used. We will give an example of step-by-step actions performed when erecting a belt foundation, since this type is the most popular when building private houses.
- Cleaning garbage, training area. At this stage it is necessary to get rid of weeds, shrubs, trees. Align the Earth with the help of a bulldozer.
- Marking of the territory. It is very important not to be mistaken in the size and evenness of the parties. All angles should be straight, that is, equal to 90 degrees. Armature is installed around the perimeter and stretch the thick, solid fishing line.
- Excavation. We proceed to the ruin of trenches. It is very important to take into account the depth of the freezing, dig it is necessary for 15-20 centimeters below. The bottom of the trenches align and fall asleep with sand, which in turn watered water and tamper. This stage is very important for further building drawdowns.
- Sheathing wall tranches. At this stage, it is necessary to finally decide on the material that will be used for the sheath. Professionals advise to use runneroid - roofing material with high waterproofing and service life. Ruberoid is used for work with the surfaces of any inclination. You can also deceive the walls of the trench with cement mortar. These actions, in addition to waterproofing properties, will also provide the impossibility of penetrating water from a concrete mix into the ground.
- Pouring concrete. The final stage is the filling of the trench concrete. Concrete mix can be purchased ready, or prepare yourself. This will significantly save your money. Also, stones, old concrete pieces add to the mixture. Pulling the trench with a concrete mixture is necessary in one day, in dry weather. Through the concrete of about seven or ten days, depending on its quality.
After that, you can proceed to the construction of the basement of the ground and formwork. We will not give the whole process on the device formwork, we will not give, on this topic there is a huge amount of special literature with practical advice and recommendations. It is worth noting that the formwork for a ribbon foundation, the step-by-step construction of which is described in our instruction, perform either of wooden boards, or from reinforced concrete partitions.
The most common mistakes
How to put the foundation for the house, we have already said. We talked about the errors that are found, but on the existing experience, each of them needs to be called once again. Such an approach helps to avoid them in the construction work process.
- The first error is not taken into account the features of the soil, the depth of its freezing. Possible consequences: cracks in your home, reducing the service life.
- The second mistake is a significant savings on building materials. No matter how much you want to build a budget house, it is still not recommended for building materials. All this will lead to the rapid destruction of your home. In order to avoid this error, it is necessary to correctly calculate the cost of the entire project, find materials of the domestic manufacturer, similar in quality of foreign.
- The third mistake, the final - poor-quality performance of construction work. Here you can list the wrong, inaccurate marking of the corners of the pit, non-compliance with the temperature regime when the concrete is frozen, the care of the water under concrete - all this will definitely lead to a breakdown of the base of the house, which means its destruction.
All these stages of construction work, all possible errors must be carefully studied in order to highlight the foundation for a private house. Each of the stages has its own individual characteristics that are not specified by us, but with which you may come across during construction work.
In conclusion, I would like to bring one simple, but very important advice. If you decide to build a house yourself: from the construction of the foundation to finishing works, do not rush to start work. Read the necessary literature, ask the Tips from the Familiarists, contact your friends who may have already passed through it. "Filter" information: Throwing all unnecessary, eliminate the spaces that remain. Make an exemplary action plan and the finished project of your construction. Only now you can proceed to work. Remember, you will have a lot of physical and psychological forces, but the result will definitely please you. You built this house yourself!