Cash lectures. Cash transactions
6. Accounting cash transactions
Cash transactions Are operations related to the reception, storage and expenditure of various moneyarriving at the cashier of the organization from the servicing bank. The receipt of funds at the cash desk from the current account in accounting is reflected by the following entry:
Debit of account 50 "Cashier", Credit of account 51 "Current account".
Primary documents:
1) cash receipt order (for registration of an operation of cash receipt at the cash desk for any reason from one person);
2) an expenditure cash order (for processing the issuance of cash from the cash desk to one person for any needs);
3) cash book;
4) payroll;
5) the register of incoming and outgoing cash orders;
6) a book of accounting of money received and issued by the cashier, accountable to public distributors of wages and operations to cashiers.
Cash receipts and receipts to them, as well as cash receipts must be filled in without blots, clearly and clearly. The book of the cashier-operator must be numbered, laced and sealed with the signatures of the chief accountant and the head of the enterprise. The organization's seal must be on every cash document.
The maximum amount that can be at the checkout is determined by the limit. The limit is set centrally.
All facts of receipt and issue of cash at the cash desk are recorded in the cash book (standard form). It must be numbered, laced, sealed with a wax seal and certified by the signatures of the director and chief accountant. Entries in it are kept in 2 copies for copy paper. The second copy (tear-off) is the cashier's report, it is transferred to the accounting department with receipts and expenditures daily at the end of the working day.
Accounting for transactions on the current account
Acceptance, issue and non-cash transfers are made by the bank according to documents of a specific form. Main documents:
1) for cash payments:
a) cash check;
b) an announcement for a deposit in cash;
2) for cashless payments:
a) acceptance form (consent to payment) settlements (settlements by payment claims; valid to the bank for 10 days);
b) settlements by payment orders;
c) a letter of credit (an application for a letter of credit), this is a transfer on behalf of the company of an advance to the bank for payment upon presentation of shipping documents by the supplier to his bank;
d) a statement of refusal to accept;
e) collection payment order - for direct debiting of funds from the company's account in cases established by law;
f) memorial bank order - serves for writing off or crediting non-cash funds to the company's account by order of the servicing bank.
The main form of non-cash payments is acceptance (settlement by payment requests). The supplier, through the intermediary of the bank, receives money from the payer on the basis of settlement documents.
Collection - order to the bank to receive the amount from the buyer.
Acceptance - there are different types of acceptance (preliminary, subsequent, etc.). If within 3 days the payer has not announced the refusal of acceptance, payment request is considered accepted, but the refusal must be documented.
Advice - official bank notice of the settlement transaction (on the transfer of funds from the payer's account to the supplier's account).
Typical transactions for the receipt and consumption of cash:
1) receiving cash from the bank:
Debit of account 50 "Cashier", Credit of account 51 "Current account";
2) payment by the accountable person of the balance of unused amounts of money:
Debit account 50 "Cashier",
Credit account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons";
3) repayment of the buyer's debt for goods, works, services:
Debit account 50 "Cashier",
Credit account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers";
4) repayment of debt for shortages and theft:
Debit account 50 "Cashier",
Credit account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations";
5) posting of surpluses identified as a result of the inventory (audit) of the cash desk:
Debit account 50 "Cashier", Credit account 91 "Other income and expenses";
6) receiving cash from the bank in foreign currency.
1.Cash operations since 2012 have undergone several changes concerning not only organizations, but also individual entrepreneurs, who were charged with the obligation to conduct cash transactions. Accounting for cash transactions is carried out on the basis of the Regulation "On the procedure for conducting cash transactions with banknotes and coins of the Bank of Russia in the territory of the Russian Federation" No. 373-P, approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on October 12, 2011. This document came into force on 01.01.2012. The regulation defines a list of persons obliged to maintain cash discipline: legal entities who maintain accounting, organizations that are on the simplified taxation system, and individual entrepreneurs. On the basis of the Regulation, the aforementioned persons must conduct cash transactions, that is, accept and issue cash from the cash desk. The location of the cash desk is determined by the head of the legal entity or the entrepreneur at their own discretion. Previously, cash registers needed a separate isolated room designed only for storing, receiving and issuing cash, and managers had to observe the safety of money.
2. Conducting cash transactions.
Cash operations are carried out by the cashier, if there are several cashiers, then the senior is selected from them, and if there are no cashiers, then the manager himself can conduct cash operations. The cashier must know his rights and obligations and be familiarized with signature. The Regulation does not mention the conclusion of a full liability agreement with the cashier. The conclusion of this agreement is regulated by Article 244 of the Labor Code. The list of positions and works performed or replaced by employees, with whom the manager can conclude agreements on full liability for the incurred shortage of property, is approved by the Resolution of the Ministry of Labor No. 85 of 31.12.2002. This includes cashiers, cashiers - controllers, controllers.
3.Cash documents
The form cash documents contained in the All-Russian classifier of management documentation. This is an incoming cash order (PKO), an outgoing cash order (PKO), a payroll, a payroll and a cash book. When accepting cash, an incoming cash order is issued, it also accepts the amount of proceeds, the balance of money paid for the report, the amounts received from the bank by check and other cash receipts. When cash is issued, an expense cash order is issued, for the issuance of amounts under the report, for expenses related to the implementation of the activities of legal entities / individual entrepreneurs, the issuance of salary and other expenses related to cash. The issuance of salary in addition to the expense cash order is carried out according to the settlement - payroll or payroll. For accounting of cash transactions, a cash book is kept. When transferring money from a cashier to a senior cashier, the entries are reflected in the cash book at the time of transfer of money.
4. The order of registration of cash transactions
Cash documents can be drawn up either in paper or in in electronic format... In electronic form, after registration, they are printed on paper. Cash documents can be drawn up by the chief accountant, accountant or other employee in agreement with the chief accountant on the basis of an order or other administrative document; in the absence of the above-mentioned employee, the documents are drawn up by the manager. Cash documents are drawn up on the basis of a payment or settlement - payroll, statements, invoices, etc. Appropriate documents must be attached to the orders. Corrections in cash documents are not allowed. Cash documents have the right to sign: chief accountant or responsible accountant, and in their absence, the head or cashier (cash receipt); head and chief accountant, or a responsible accountant, or a cashier (cash outflow order). The cashier must keep samples of signatures of persons entitled to sign cash documents, as well as a stamp and seal with the details of the organization or individual entrepreneur. If the manager maintains the entire cash register, then he signs all cash documents. Upon receipt of an incoming cash order, the presence of the signature of an authorized person is checked; they must match the available samples. If all documents are checked and there are no comments, the cashier signs the incoming cash order and a receipt for it and puts a stamp on the cash transaction. The bearer is given a receipt to the order. Acceptance of cash is carried out so that the depositor of cash can observe the actions of the cashier. If the deposited amount does not correspond to the amount indicated in the receipt cash order, the cashier either offers to deposit it or returns the surplus. If the depositor refuses to pay in the missing amount, the cashier returns the deposited amount, crosses out the cash receipt and returns to the manager or chief accountant for reissuance. If a cash transaction is carried out using cash registers, at the end of the work shift, the cashier draws up a receipt for total amount money accepted on the basis of a check tape.
5. Cash is issued directly to the recipient indicated in the cash outflow order or in the payroll based on the passport. Having received an expense cash order, the cashier checks the correctness of its execution, as well as the compliance of the full name and surname. When dispensing cash by power of attorney, in addition to the above, the cashier checks the compliance of the power of attorney. In the statement, the cashier prescribes the inscription "by proxy" before the signature of the person - the principal; the power of attorney is attached to the cash outflow order or to the payroll. If it is produced in several periods of time, then copies are made and certified in the prescribed manner. A certified copy is attached to the documents; the original is kept by the cashier and attached to the last cash drawer. When dispensing cash, the recipient indicates the amount received in words; the cashier counts the money under the supervision of the recipient, without leaving the cash register. After dispensing cash, the cashier signs the cash documents.
6. The issuance of money against the report for expenses related to the conduct of activities by the employee is drawn up by an expense cash order in accordance with his written statement; it is drawn up in any form and contains an inscription of the head with his own hand about the amount of cash and the terms for which they are issued, the head's signature and the date. The accountable person from the day of going to work or within 3 working days after the expiration of the terms for issuing money is obliged to draw up a report with supporting documents attached and submit it to the accounting department. The down payment must be reviewed, approved and finalized. The advance report is checked by the chief accountant or the responsible accountant, and in their absence - by the head, and approved by the head. Cash on record is issued in the event that the previous debt on the accountable amounts has been fully repaid.
7. Issuance of money for salary.
Payment of salary, scholarships and other payments are made on the basis of the payroll or payroll. The term for issuing money is determined by the head and is indicated in the constituent documents. It should not exceed 5 days from the date of receipt of cash from the bank. On the last day of issue of salary, the cashier puts a stamp or writes manually “deposited” in front of the names of employees who were not given money. Their accounts are recorded at the end of the statement in the summary line, the amount of money actually issued and money deposited, that is, to be deposited to the bank. A register of deposited amounts is made in any form. In this case, the specified register must contain the name of the legal entity or full name. SP, the date of registration of the register, the period of occurrence of the deposited debt, the number of the payroll, full name. employees who did not receive money, the amount of unpaid cash, the total amount according to the registers, the signature of the cashier with a decryption and additional optional details. Registers of deposited amounts are numbered from the beginning of the year in chronological order... After signing the register by the cashier, the cashier certifies with his signature payroll and transfers them to the head for verification and signature. An expenditure cash order is drawn up for the amounts actually issued; the order number is indicated on the payroll.
8. Registration of the cash book.
The cash registers keep records of incoming and outgoing cash. The cashier makes records for each receipt and expense order. At the end of the working day, the balance of cash is entered into the cash book and certified by the signature of the cashier. The cash book entries are checked by the accounting department, and if absent, by the manager, and signed by the person conducting the operation. Cash book sheets are stitched and numbered. At the end of the book, the number of sheets is affixed in numbers and in words; certified by the signature of the management, and also sealed. If the book is kept in electronic form, it is printed, stitched and secured as necessary, but at least once a year.
9.Limits the balance of cash at the checkout.
This is the maximum allowable amount of funds that can be left at the checkout after the end of the day is withdrawn. Organizations set this limit independently on the basis of an order or other administrative document, which must be kept in a certain order. Limit since 2012 you do not need to confirm with the bank, previously the limit was set by the bank and agreed with the head of the organization. The limit is set based on the volume of cash receipts. Organization with separate subdivisions - taking into account the volume of receipts in these separate divisions... The limit is exceeded in certain cases. Newly created organizations calculate the cash limit based on expected revenue.
Feb 2016
Panarina L.V.
Lecture notes for study
PM 05. "Performing work by profession Cashier."
MDK 05.01. Organization of cash and non-cash money circulation, conducting cash transactions and working conditions with cash
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………
Section 1. Carrying out operations with cash and securities, execution of the relevant documentation .........................................................
Topic 1.1. Carrying out operations with cash and securities and execution of cash documents ……………………………… ..
1.1.1 Definitions of the concept of "Cashier" and cash transactions in the organization .........
1.1.2 Monitoring decisions, orders, orders, other governing and normative documents of higher and other bodies concerning the conduct of cash transactions; financial liability of the cashier ; labor legislation and labor protection rules of the cashier ... ... ... ...
1.1.3 Feature valuable papers; cash and non-cash circulation of funds and securities ……………………………………………….
1.1.4 Use of cash proceeds; compliance with the limit of the balance of cash funds; compliance with the cash settlement limit between legal entities…………………………………………………...
1.1.5 Acceptance of cash at the cash desk according to credit orders and issuance of a receipt; filling out cash receipts with registration in the journal; completeness and timeliness of posting money received from checks; rules for receiving, issuing, accounting for cash and securities ……
1.1.6 Disbursement of cash from the cash desk on account orders, pay slips, applications for the issue of money, accounts; depositing unreceived funds and drawing up an appropriate register; the procedure for issuing funds by power of attorney; filling in incoming and outgoing cash orders with registration in the journal…. ………………… ..
1.1.7 The procedure for receiving cash and securities according to the executed documents in the institutions of the bank for the payment of wages, bonuses, payment of travel and other expenses to workers and employees, making these payments; cash withdrawal from the cash desk on applications for cash withdrawal; procedure for issuing accountable funds and accepting advance reports …………………………………………………
1.1.8 Ensuring the safety of funds; inventory of funds, audit of the cash desk; cases of compulsory inventory, sudden revisions of the cash desk. …………………………………………………….
1.1.9 Keeping at the cash desk of various monetary documents and document forms strict accountability (postage stamps, stamps state duty, bills of exchange, paid air tickets, paid vouchers to rest homes and sanatoriums, transfers on the way, etc.). …………………………… ..
1.1.10 Classification of cash documents required for the organization's activities; drawing up a register of cash documents for the day; drawing up a journal-order and a statement of cash turnover, or a memorial order ....
Topic 1.2.Conducting cash transactions with foreign currency ……………………………………………………………………… ..
1.2.1 Sources of Income currency funds to the cashier of the organization; the procedure for withdrawing cash foreign currency from a current account with an authorized bank; the use of cash from the organization's cash desk only for the payment of travel funds; acceptance of currency by cash offices of organizations and its issuance from cash offices; cases of non-posting (incomplete posting) in the cash desk of foreign currency and subsequent penalties ………………………………………………………… ..
1.2.2 Analytical accounting, carried out by the cashier, for each type of foreign currency at the cash desk; change in the exchange rate at the cash desk of the organization; methods for determining the authenticity of foreign currency …………………………………………………………… ..
Section 2. Keeping a cash book on the basis of receipts and expenditures, drawing up cash reports and transferring funds to collectors …………………………………………………………… ..
Topic 2.1. The order of registration of the cash book, preparation of cash reports and transfer of cash funds to collectors ……………………….
2.1.1 Regulatory documents that determine the procedure for maintaining a cash book and storing money; requirements for the appearance of the cash book (numbering and stitching of pages, affixing signatures and seals, etc.); rules for keeping records in the cash book; erasures and unspecified corrections in the cash book; the procedure for making changes to the cash book ……………………………………………………………………………
2.1.2 Keeping a cash book in an automated way; the composition of reporting documents that the cashier submits to the accounting department at the end of the day; the order of registration of cash statements for the day; drawing up a daily report of the cashier and transferring it to the accounting department; filling in the accounting book of funds received and issued by the cashier …………………………………
2.1.3 Maintaining a cash book for currency transactions; making additional entries in the cash book to reflect the exchange rate difference; date of conversion of foreign currency into rubles: on the date of the transaction (the day of receipt, issue of funds from the cash desk), or on the date of preparation accounting statements; reflection of the selected option in accounting policies organizations; registration of transactions to reflect the exchange rate difference with memorial orders .....................................................
2.1.4 Studying the relationship of the organization's cashier with:
1) the head of the organization or an official who replaces him;
2) the chief accountant and his deputy; …………………………………….
3) employees of the accounting department; ………………………………………………………
4) other employees of the organization; ………………………………………
5) commercial banks ……………………………………………… ..… ..
2.1.5 Rules for transferring funds to collectors …………………… ..
2.1.6 Drawing up an inventory of worn-out banknotes, as well as drawing up relevant documents for their transfer to the bank's institutions in order to replace them with new ones …………………………………………………………………. ...
Introduction
The lecture notes are written in accordance with the working program of the FGOS 3+ generation course and is intended for secondary vocational students studying in the specialty 38.02.01 "Economics and Accounting".
The proposed structure of the abstracts has a practical orientation and will allow you to understand the relationship between the theoretical and practical material of the professional module PM 05 "Performing work in the profession of Cashier" (MDK 05.01 "Organization of cash and non-cash monetary circulation, conducting cash transactions and working conditions with cash").
To this end, each chapter corresponds work program for this professional module and contains the main provisions of specific topics that will help students to solve competency problems.
The lecture notes reflect the current state of the accounting of cash transactions.
After each chapter, there are topics of practical work, questions for independent work.
MDK 05.01. Organization of cash and non-cash monetary circulation, conducting cash transactions and working conditions with cash.
PC 5.1 Carry out transactions with cash and valuable
papers, draw up the relevant documents.
Section 1. Conducting operations with cash and securities, execution of the relevant documentation.
In order to master the specified type of professional activity and the corresponding professional competencies, the student in the course of mastering the professional module must be able to:
Apply in practice decisions, orders, orders, other guidance and normative documents of higher and other bodies concerning the conduct of cash transactions;
Fill out the forms of cash and bank documents;
Observe the rules for receiving, issuing, recording and storing money and securities;
Comply with the limits of cash balances set for the organization;
Ensure the safety of funds;
Received in accordance with the established procedure
documents money or arrange them for non-cash receipt at bank institutions to pay workers and employees wages, bonuses, travel and other expenses;
Carry out transactions with funds and securities, draw up the relevant documents;
know:
Resolutions, orders, orders, other governing and normative documents of higher and other authorities concerning the conduct of cash transactions;
Forms of cash and bank documents;
Rules for the receipt, issuance, accounting and storage of funds and securities;
Limits of cash balances set for the organization;
Rules for ensuring the safety of funds;
Rules for conducting transactions with funds and securities, draw up the relevant documents.
Topic 1.1 Implementation of transactions with cash and securities and execution of cash documents
1.1.1 Definitions of the concept "Cashier" and cash transactions in the organization.
For all organizations Russian Federation installed uniform requirements to the procedure for accounting and storage of cash. All operations for the receipt and expenditure of cash, as well as the storage of money and monetary documents must be carried out at the cash desk of the organization.
Cashier - This is a division of the organization that performs cash transactions with cash and monetary values. To ensure the reliable safety of cash and valuables, the cash register must meet requirements for technical strength and equipment with alarm systems .
Cash is the most mobile and easily realizable asset of an organization. Cash has the greatest mobility. Their movement is carried out through cash transactions.
Cash transactions - a set of operations with individuals and legal entities for the reception, storage and delivery cash (banknotes and coins), carried out by enterprises, organizations, banks. They are a set of material and technical procedures, consisting in the reception (collection), storage and issuance of cash.
Cash transactions are regulated by regulations financial law .
Cash transactionsas a variety financial transactions this is:
Transactions with account money, which are carried out by economic entities in order to receive funds,
Operations for receiving and issuing money from the cash registers of organizations, banks.
The procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation regulates Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
The Central Bank new rules for conducting cash transactions were established. Their implementation has become mandatory for everyone involved in commercial activities.
Cash transactions include:
reception
issue
storage
recalculation of cash,
filling
conducting
reception
issuance of documents that accompany monetary transactions.
Since June 1, 2014, instead of the invalid Regulation of the Central Bank (Central Bank) of the Russian Federation dated October 12, 2011 No. 373-P, the Central Bank Ordinance No. 3210-U dated March 11, 2014 “On the procedure for conducting cash transactions by legal entities and a simplified procedure for conducting cash transactions operations individual entrepreneurs and small businesses ”. Document passed state registration in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.
The regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation establish certain obligations for enterprises, institutions, organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal form. They must keep a cash book in a certain form and draw up cash transactions with standard interdepartmental forms of primary accounting documentation (clause 2 of the Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation of N 88 , as amended by from 27.03.2000 N 26, from 03/05/2000 N 36).
Despite the seeming simplicity of accounting for cash transactions and, in particular, cash transactions, however, many practical workers with significant work experience (not to mention beginners) commit gross violations of the current rules for accounting and cash payments. This sometimes results in significant financial losses for the company in the form of penalties.
The main tasks of accounting for cash in enterprises:
Accounting and execution of transactions with cash and settlements with legal and individuals in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation and established rules;
Monitoring compliance with cash and settlement discipline;
Timely and correct documenting cash flow transactions;
Strict day-to-day control of the safety of cash, currency and securities at the cash desk;
Timely inventory of funds.
To organize accounting for cash transactions, account 50 "Cashier" is intended. According to the approved chart of accounts of accounting for account 50 "Cashier" sub-accounts can be opened:
50.1 "Cashier of the organization". The subaccount takes into account the receipt and consumption of cash in the currency of the Russian Federation;
50.2 "Operating cash desk". The subaccount takes into account the receipt and consumption of cash at ticket offices, cash offices of post offices, etc.;
50.3 "Cash Documents". The subaccount takes into account the transactions on the movement of postage stamps, state duty stamps, paid air tickets and other monetary documents. Cash documents are accounted for at the actual cost of their acquisition.
50.4 "Cash desk in foreign currency". The subaccount takes into account operations with cash currency. Currency can be purchased on the domestic foreign exchange market of the Russian Federation (in banks) for payment travel expenses employees of the organization.
1.1.2 Monitoring decisions, orders, orders, other governing and normative documents of higher and other bodies concerning the conduct of cash transactions; material liability of the cashier; labor legislation and labor protection rules of the cashier.
Accountable persons - employees of the enterprise who receive cash advances for the implementation of business expenses and expenses on the occasion of business trips. The procedure for conducting cash transactions determines the procedure for issuing money for a report. Issuance is carried out with and without a cash desk; a check is issued from the bank's cash desk.
Accountable amounts for business expenses are issued in the amount of a 2-day requirement for no more than 3 days. If outside the location of the enterprise - in the amount of 10 days requirement up to 15 days. On business trips: round trip fares, daily subsistence allowance and hiring costs living quarters.
In the event that a business trip employee is temporarily disabled, then he is reimbursed for the rental of living quarters, except for those cases when the employee was in the hospital, and daily allowances are paid for the entire time until he could continue the assignment and return, but not more than 2 months.
Temporary disability and inability to return must be documented. The business trip does not include days of temporary disability. The employee is reimbursed for services for the advance purchase of tickets, use of the bed, insurance fee, expenses for booking a dwelling, for using transport common use (except for taxis) if they are outside the destination only on the basis of documents.
The day of departure is the day of departure vehicle from the place of permanent work, and the day of arrival is the day of arrival of the vehicle to the place of work. When departing to a place before 24 o'clock is the current day, after 0 o'clock - the next day.
If the destination is outside the city limits, the arrival time to the station is taken into account. The mode of work and rest is determined by the enterprise that sent him. No other days will be provided to replace rest days not used during the business trip. If an employee goes on a business trip by order of the administration on a day off, then he is given another day of rest in accordance with the established procedure.
Received advances are allowed to be used by accountable persons only for the purposes for which they were issued. Within 30 days after returning from a business trip, accountable persons are required to submit an advance report on the amounts spent.
Settlements with accountable persons are recorded on the active-passive account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons". The issuance of cash is issued to the accountable person on the basis of a memo, which must indicate: the purpose of the expense, the timing and the amount required for this. The service note must be signed by the head of the enterprise, and only after that the accountant can write out an expense cash order for this amount, and the cashier can issue the accountable amount.
The accountable person within the prescribed period must submit to the accounting department of the enterprise an advance report with supporting documents (sales receipts) on the fact of purchasing items for administrative and economic needs. The accountable person returns the remainder of the unused amount to the cash desk of the enterprise on an incoming cash order.
The head of the enterprise can send the reporting person on a business trip (for example, on a trip for a certain period to another region or city to carry out any instructions of the head).
When the accountable person is sent on a business trip within the Russian Federation, the accounting department of the enterprise is issued travel certificate, which must contain the following required details:
1) surname, name, patronymic of the reporting person;
2) the destination of the business trip;
3) the name of the enterprise where the reporting person is sent;
4) the purpose of the business trip;
5) the term of the business trip.
The travel certificate must be signed by the head of the enterprise. Current legislature provides the following guarantees and compensation payments on business trips:
1) preservation of the posted employee during the entire time of the trip of the place of work (position) and average earnings;
2) payment of per diem for the time spent on a business trip;
3) payment of travel expenses to the place of destination and back;
4) payment of expenses for renting a dwelling. In accounting, transactions with accountable persons are reflected in the following entries:
1) an advance payment for travel expenses was issued:
Debit of account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", Credit account 50 "Cashier";
2) reflects the cost of renting a dwelling (excluding VAT):
The debit of account 44 "Costs of sale",
3) the amount of VAT paid for renting a dwelling is taken into account:
Credit account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons";
4) return of the unused amount to the cashier from the accountable person:
Debit account 50 "Cashier",
Drawn up documents confirming the expenditure of the reporting amounts are attached to the advance report, a completed business trip certificate is attached for business trips, etc.
In accounting, advance reports are checked and the amounts to be approved by the company's management are determined.
An entry is made for the amounts issued for the report:
Records are made for the amounts spent, accepted and approved according to advance reports:
Debit of accounts 25 "General production expenses", 26 "General business expenses", 10 "Materials",
Credit account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons".
Unspent amounts are returned to the company's cash desk:
Debit of account 50 "Cashier", Credit of account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons".
For business trips abroad, the issuance of an advance in foreign currency is reflected in the accounting as follows:
The debit of account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", Credit of account 50 "Cashier".
Accountable amounts not returned by employees on time are debited as follows: Debit 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”, Credit 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”.
If these amounts can be deducted from the salary, then an entry is made:
Debit 70 "Payments to personnel for labor", Credit 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables."
If they cannot be withheld:
Debit 73 "Settlements with staff on other transactions",
Credit 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables."
Analytical accounting is kept for each advance issue. The issuance of new advances can be made only with a full report on the previous advance. Transfer of advance payment to another person is not allowed.
2. Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers
Settlements with buyers and customers from suppliers - reimbursement of costs and sales, obtaining a certain income. The accounting treatment for settlements with customers depends on the chosen method of accounting for sales. If by payment (cash method) - the customer's debt is recorded on account 45 "Goods shipped" at the actual production cost:
Debit account 45 "Goods shipped", Credit account 43 " Finished products» - products were shipped. Upon receipt of payment:
1) Debit of account 51 "Current account", Credit of account 90 "Sales";
2) Debit account 90 "Sales", Credit account 45 "Goods shipped"
3) - for the amount of VAT.
Debts of buyers that have expired within the due date for the fulfillment of obligations are written off from account 45 "Goods shipped" at the loss of the enterprise, excluding a decrease in taxable profit. Debts of buyers, written off at a loss, are taken to off-balance account 007 and accounted for there within 5 years. When paying the debt, the amount is reflected as financial results and is included in taxable profit. If the sale is recorded upon shipment, then the accounting is kept on an active account 62, where the buyers' debt is reflected at the cost of sale (sale price).
Several sub-accounts can be opened in the accounting registers:
1) settlements in the collection procedure;
2) calculations in the order of planned payments, etc.
On the subaccount "Settlements by collection" are taken into account the settlements on the documents presented and accepted by the bank for payment on shipment. The second subaccount takes into account the calculations that are systematic and do not end with the payment of one settlement document. The third subaccount takes into account settlements on promissory notes. The following entries are made on the accounting accounts:
1) Debit account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers", Credit account 90 "Sales" - the products were shipped and the invoice was presented to the buyer;
2) Debit account 90 "Sales", Credit account 43 "Finished goods" - the sold products were written off at the production cost;
3) Debit account 90 "Sales", Credit account 68 "Calculations of taxes and fees" - for the amount of VAT.
When repaying the debt, account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" is credited.
Analytical accounting for account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" is carried out for each submitted settlement document, and when planning payments in the context of buyers and customers.
When using the accrual accounting method for sales, enterprises are allowed to create allowances for doubtful payments from profits, while taxable profit is reduced.
Unclaimed receivables after expiration limitation period is written off as a decrease in provisions for doubtful debts:
The written off debt is accepted to account 007 and is recorded there for 5 years. In case of repayment of the debt, the amount received is credited to profit as non-operating income.
Calculations for advances
Settlements for advances - a certain system of financial relationships associated with the issuance and receipt of advances for the supply of valuables, performance of work, payment for products and work performed for the customer or acceptance upon partial readiness. The terms of the contract may provide for an advance payment in a certain amount. At the same time, the organization provides separate accounting for each received advance. An entry is made:
The debit of account 51 "Current account", Credit account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers."
Upon receipt of an advance payment from it, value added tax is necessarily charged to the budget and is drawn up in the accounting as follows:
The debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers", Credit account 68 "Settlements for taxes and fees." Settlements on claims
Claims are made in writing, which indicates the applicant's demand, the amount, references to legislation, the relevant documents and certified copies are attached to it. Claims are considered within 30 days from the date of receipt. The answer is communicated in writing. In case of full or partial satisfaction of the claim, the response indicates the recognized amount, the number and date of the payment order for the transferred amount. In case of complete or partial refusal, you must make a reference to the legislation. The presenter has the right to file a claim with the court in the event of a refusal to satisfy the claim or failure to receive a response within the specified time. You can put forward a demand to recognize the contract as invalid, to terminate it, etc. The answer must be given within 10 days, unless otherwise provided by law. The accounting of settlements on claims is kept on account 76 subaccount 2 “Settlements on claims”.
An organization can make a claim to a supplier (contractor) if:
1) the supplier has not complied with the contractual obligations;
2) a shortage of valuables received from him was revealed;
3) arithmetic errors were found in the documents of the supplier (contractor) for the delivered goods (work, services).
In the first case, the contract usually provides for the collection of a penalty, fine or liquidated damages from the supplier. In accounting, they are reflected by posting:
Credit account 91-1 "Other income" - accrued penalties, fines, forfeits issued to the supplier (contractor) and recognized by him or awarded by the court.
When the buyer, upon acceptance of the valuables received from the supplier, revealed their shortage or damage, records are made in his account:
The debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to values", Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - reflects the shortage (damage) of values \u200b\u200bwithin the limits specified in the contract;
Debit of account 76-2 "Settlements on claims",
Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - the shortage (damage) of values \u200b\u200bin excess of the values \u200b\u200bstipulated by the contract is reflected.
If the court refuses to recover the amounts of losses from suppliers or transport organizations, the shortage is written off as follows:
Debit account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables", Credit account 76-2 "Settlements for claims" - written off the shortage (damage) of values \u200b\u200bin excess of the values \u200b\u200bspecified in the contract.
Settlements by payment requests-orders
A payment order is an order of the account holder (payer) to the bank serving him, drawn up with a settlement document, to transfer a certain sum of money to the beneficiary's account opened with this or another bank. The payment order is executed by the bank within the time period stipulated by the legislation, or in a shorter time period established by the bank account agreement or determined by the customs of business used in banking practice. Payment orders can be made:
1) transfers of funds for the goods supplied, work performed, services rendered;
2) transfers of funds to the budgets of all levels and to off-budget funds;
3) transfer of funds in order to return / place loans (loans) / deposits and pay interest on them;
4) transfer of funds for other purposes stipulated by legislation or agreement.
In accordance with the terms of the main agreement, payment orders can be used for prepayment for goods, works, services or for making periodic payments.
The payment order is drawn up on the form 0401060. Payment orders are accepted by the bank regardless of the availability of funds in the payer's account. When paying for a payment order, on all copies of the settlement document in the field "Debited from the payer's account" the date of debiting the funds from the payer's account (in case of partial payment - the date of the last payment) is entered, the bank's stamp and the signature of the responsible executor are put in the field "Bank notes".
The bank is obliged to inform the payer, upon his request, about the execution of the payment order no later than the next business day after the payer's contact to the bank, unless another period is provided for by the bank account agreement. The procedure for informing the payer is determined by the bank account agreement.
Letters of credit
The payer issues a letter of credit from the buyer's bank to the supplier's bank to pay invoices on the terms specified in the buyer's application.
A distinctive feature is that payment is made directly after shipment. The supplier submits to the bank all relevant documents confirming the shipment, performance of services and works and receives the corresponding amount.
This eliminates the possibility of delay and ensures its timeliness. The letter of credit is issued for a period under a supply agreement, with each intended for settlements with only one supplier.
A letter of credit can be opened by own funds or loans.
3. Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors
Suppliers include enterprises that supply materials, goods, services or work, and contractors include enterprises that conduct construction works... Settlements with them are usually carried out after the shipment of materials, goods, etc., or simultaneously with the performance of these operations. The form of payment is established in the agreement (contract).
Due to massive non-payments, at present, deliveries are made on a prepayment basis without the consent of the enterprise to pay without acceptance for energy and communication requirements.
Accounting for settlements is carried out on passive account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors". All billing transactions material values are made on this account regardless of the time of payment of the presented invoice.
The buyer makes entries on the presented invoices:
1) Debit account 10 "Materials" (and other accounts of material assets),
Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and customers";
2) The debit of account 19 "Value added tax on acquired values",
- for the amount of VAT.
For services for the delivery and processing of materials by third parties, records are made similar to the acquisition of valuables.
When supplying material values \u200b\u200bfor which documents have not been received, it is necessary to check whether the values \u200b\u200bare not listed as paid, but are in transit or taken out of the warehouse, and whether the amount is recorded as a receivable.
Once the materials have been verified, they are recorded as unbilled deliveries:
Debit account 10 "Materials", 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets",
Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and customers" - at the prices stipulated in the contract.
When settlement documents arrive, this entry is canceled and a new entry is made. Debt repayment is reflected in the debit of account 60 and in the credit of the account in accordance with the payment.
The amount of debt secured by promissory notes is not debited from account 60, but is accounted for separately on an analytical basis. Analytical accounting for account 60 is kept for each submitted settlement document, and when calculating planned payments - in the context of each supplier and contractor. The construction of analytical accounting should ensure the possibility of acquiring the necessary information on various suppliers, on accepted settlement documents, the payment date of which has not come, on unpaid settlement documents, on unbilled deliveries, on promissory notes, the payment date of which has not arrived, on promissory notes not paid in term for a commercial loan. These data are required when compiling a balance sheet. In the case of the journal-order form of accounting, settlements with suppliers and contractors are recorded in the journal-order No. 1, which is kept on the credit of the account in a 60-position way for each settlement document. Analytical accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors in settlements in the order of planned payments is carried out in a special sheet No. 5, the data of which by the total totals in the context of corresponding accounts at the end of the month are transferred to the journal-order No. 6.
4. Accounting for calculations of social insurance and security
To create special funds, appropriate contributions are made for social needs, which are included in the costs of production or circulation. Benefits for temporary disability, spa treatment are provided by contributions to the social insurance fund. Deductions are made in Pension Fund... To provide citizens with equal opportunities in receiving medical care - to the CHI fund. To provide for temporarily unemployed - to the employment fund.
For these purposes, account 69 "Settlements for social insurance and provision ”.
When credited, an entry is made:
The debit of account 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production costs", 26 "General business expenses",
The use of the fund's resources is reflected as follows: Debit of account 69 "Payments for social insurance", Credit of account 70 "Payments with personnel for wages". Pension calculations
Contributions are made to the PF RF. Tariff: for employers - 28% of the accrued salary fund, for employers in agriculture- 20.6% of the fund, for citizens engaged in private practice - 28%, for peasants, farms - 20.6%, but if they use hired labor, then insurance premiums - 28% of payments accrued in favor of employees.
Are exempt from payment of contributions public organizations disabled people, as well as organizations authorized capital which consists entirely of contributions of disabled persons and their number in the total number of staff - more than 50%. If there are less than 50% of them, then the benefit applies only to payments to people with disabilities.
On account 69 "Calculations for social insurance", subaccount 3, health insurance is taken into account.
When calculating, the following entry is made:
The debit of account 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production costs", 26 "General business expenses", 44 "Sales costs",
Credit account 69 "Calculations for social insurance".
When crediting funds:
The debit of account 69 "Settlements for social insurance", Credit account 51 "Current account".
When calculating contributions:
Debit account 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production costs", 26 "General business expenses", 44 "Sales costs", Credit account 69 "Social insurance calculations", subaccount 4 "Employment fund calculations ".
When transferring funds:
The debit of account 69 "Settlements for social insurance", subaccount 4 "Settlements for the employment fund", Credit account 51 "Current account".
5. Payroll calculations
Payments are calculated on account 70. On the credit of this account, accrued wages are recorded, and on debit - deductions from wages and their issuance. The balance means the debt of the enterprise to the employees. For the amount of wages accrued for the hours worked, depending on the place of employment:
The debit of account 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production costs", 26 "General business expenses", 44 "Sales costs", 43 "Finished products", 44 "Sales costs", Account 70 credit " Payments to the personnel for labor ".
If redundancy is not allowed, then:
Debit account 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production",
Credit account 70 "Payments with personnel for labor".
If payments are made for seniority, then:
1) if reserved - at the expense of the reserve;
2) if not - at the expense of the consumption fund.
Enterprises withhold from wages:
1) income tax:
The debit of account 70 "Payments with personnel for wages", Credit account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees";
2) deductions on writ of execution:
The debit of account 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages", Credit of account 76 "Settlements with by different debtors and creditors ";
3) deductions for marriage:
The debit of account 70 "Payments with personnel for wages", Credit account 28 "Marriage in production".
Remaining wage issued to employees and recorded in the accounting by the following entry:
Deductions of 1% from wages to the Pension Fund are reflected as follows:
The debit of account 70 "Payments with personnel for wages", Credit account 69 "Payments for social insurance and security", subaccount 2 "Payments for pension benefits".
6. Accounting for cash transactions
Cash transactions - these are operations related to the reception, storage and spending of various funds received by the organization's cash desk from the servicing bank. The receipt of funds at the cash desk from the current account in accounting is reflected by the following entry:
Debit of account 50 "Cashier", Credit of account 51 "Current account".
Primary documents:
1) cash receipt order (for registration of an operation of cash receipt at the cash desk for any reason from one person);
2) an expenditure cash order (for processing the issuance of cash from the cash desk to one person for any needs);
3) cash book;
4) payroll;
5) the register of incoming and outgoing cash orders;
6) a book of accounting of money received and issued by the cashier, accountable to public distributors of wages and operations to cashiers.
Cash receipts and receipts to them, as well as cash receipts must be filled in without blots, clearly and clearly. The book of the cashier-operator must be numbered, laced and sealed with the signatures of the chief accountant and the head of the enterprise. The organization's seal must be on every cash document.
The maximum amount that can be at the checkout is determined by the limit. The limit is set centrally.
All facts of receipt and issue of cash at the cash desk are recorded in the cash book (standard form). It must be numbered, laced, sealed with a wax seal and certified by the signatures of the director and chief accountant. Entries in it are kept in 2 copies for copy paper. The second copy (tear-off) is the cashier's report, it is transferred to the accounting department with receipts and expenditures daily at the end of the working day.
Accounting for transactions on the current account
Acceptance, issue and non-cash transfers are made by the bank according to documents of a specific form. Main documents:
1) for cash payments:
a) cash check;
b) an announcement for a deposit in cash;
2) for cashless payments:
a) acceptance form (consent to payment) settlements (settlements by payment claims; valid to the bank for 10 days);
b) settlements by payment orders;
c) a letter of credit (an application for a letter of credit), this is a transfer on behalf of the company of an advance to the bank for payment upon presentation of shipping documents by the supplier to his bank;
d) a statement of refusal to accept;
e) collection payment order - for direct debiting of funds from the company's account in cases established by law;
f) memorial bank order - serves for writing off or crediting non-cash funds to the company's account by order of the servicing bank.
The main form of non-cash payments is acceptance (settlement by payment requests). The supplier, through the intermediary of the bank, receives money from the payer on the basis of settlement documents.
Collection - order to the bank to receive the amount from the buyer.
Acceptance - there are different types of acceptance (preliminary, subsequent, etc.). If within 3 days the payer has not announced the refusal to accept, the payment request is considered accepted, but the refusal must be documented.
Advice - an official bank notice of the settlement operation performed (on the transfer of funds from the payer's account to the supplier's account).
Typical transactions for the receipt and consumption of cash:
1) receiving cash from the bank:
Debit of account 50 "Cashier", Credit of account 51 "Current account";
2) payment by the accountable person of the balance of unused amounts of money:
Debit account 50 "Cashier",
Credit account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons";
3) repayment of the buyer's debt for goods, works, services:
Debit account 50 "Cashier",
Credit account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers";
4) repayment of debt for shortages and theft:
Debit account 50 "Cashier",
Credit account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations";
5) posting of surpluses identified as a result of the inventory (audit) of the cash desk:
Debit account 50 "Cashier", Credit account 91 "Other income and expenses";
6) receipt from the bank of cash in foreign currency:
Debit account 50 "Cashier", Credit account 52 "Currency account";
7) entry by the accountable person of the balance of unused funds:
Debit account 50 "Cashier",
Credit account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons";
8) reflection of payments to employees from the cash desk (wages, social benefits, income from participation in the authorized capital, etc.):
The debit of account 70 "Payments with personnel for wages", Credit of account 50 "Cashier".
The procedure for conducting cash transactions is regulated by the relevant regulation approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on September 22, 1993, No. 40.
Each enterprise must have a cash desk for making payments in cash and storing monetary documents. The room must be specially equipped to ensure the safety of funds. The cashier performs cash transactions, with whom a liability agreement is concluded.
All businesses must keep their funds at a bank institution. Cash received by the cashier is spent only for the purposes for which it was received (payment of wages, travel or business expenses). The company can have cash in its cash register within their balance limitestablished by the institution of the bank in agreement with the head of this enterprise. Over the limit, cash in the cash desk can only be kept during the issuance of wages for no more than three working days. Enterprises that have constant cash receipts, in agreement with the bank, can spend it on wages, travel and business expenses.
To summarize information on the availability and movement of funds in the organization's cash desks, as well as cash documents held at the organization's cash desk (postage stamps, state duty stamps, bills of exchange, paid air tickets, paid vouchers to rest homes and sanatoriums, etc.), an active account is intended 50 "Cashier".
Subaccounts are opened to account 50: 50-1 "Organization's cash desk", 50-2 "Operational cash desk", 50-3 "Cash documents", etc.
When an enterprise makes cash transactions with foreign currency, then the corresponding sub-accounts must be opened to account 50 for a separate accounting of the movement of each cash foreign currency.
Debit Account 50 "Cashier" Credit
Receipt of money at the cashier |
Corresp. score |
Issuing money from the cash desk |
Corresp. score |
Balance - the balance of money at the beginning. period For realized fixed assets From current account For sold products Advance payment from buyer, customer or payment The balance of the unused advance payment from the accountable persons Contribution from the founders to the authorized capital From debtors Balance - the balance of money at the end of the period |
To pay production, business expenses To the current account Employees' wages Accountable persons advance payment and reimbursement of cost overruns |
By the decree of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation of August 18, 1998 No. No.88 approved unified forms of primary accounting documentation for cash transactions:
KO-1 "Receipt cash order";
KO-2 "Expense cash order";
KO-3 "Journal of registration of incoming and outgoing cash documents";
KO-4 "Cash Book";
KO-5 "Book of accounting of funds received and issued by the cashier."
The duties of the cashier include maintaining a cash book, which takes into account all receipts and withdrawals of cash in the organization. The organization maintains one cash book, which must be numbered, laced and sealed. Erasures and unspecified corrections in the cash book are not allowed.
Errors are corrected as follows: incorrect text or amounts are crossed out and corrected text or amounts are inscribed above them. Strikethrough is done with one stroke so that you can read the corrected one. Correction of the error must be indicated by the inscription "Corrected" and confirmed by the signature of the persons who signed the document, the date of the correction is set.
Entries in the cash book are made by the cashier immediately after receiving or issuing money for each order or other document replacing it. Every day, at the end of the working day, the cashier calculates the results of operations for the day, displays the balance of money in the cash register on the next date and transfers to the accounting department as a cashier's report a second voucher with incoming and outgoing cash documents against receipt in the cash book.
It is allowed to keep a cash book in an organization in an automated way.
Control over the correct maintenance of the cash book is assigned to the chief accountant of the organization.
Receipt and issue of money on cash orders are made on the day the orders are drawn up. Cash orders are not issued to persons who deposit or receive money.
Payments through the cash desk between legal entities, between legal entities and entrepreneurs limited to 100 thousand rubles within the framework of one contract (from 20.06.2007).
If the company sells products for cash (including using plastic cards), then it uses cash registers and keeps records of incoming proceeds in the book of the cashier-operator.
Accounting for transactions in foreign currency should be kept in rubles based on the conversion of foreign currency at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of the transaction.
The procedure for converting foreign currency into rubles is established by PBU 3/2006, according to which the date of posting or issuing banknotes from the organization's cash desk is considered the date of making cash transactions with foreign currency. Entries in accounting registers are made simultaneously in the currency of settlements and payments and in rubles. In the "Cashier's Report" (the second detachable sheet of the cash book), two amounts must be entered - in foreign currency and in rubles.
In incoming and outgoing cash orders, the amount is indicated in the payment currency.
In the event of a change in the exchange rate of foreign currencies in relation to the ruble during the time while the foreign currency is in the cash desk of the organization, exchange differences... The cost of foreign banknotes on hand in rubles should be recalculated at the date of the transaction in foreign currency, as well as at the date of the financial statements.
The resulting exchange rate differences are reflected in the organization's accounting records:
D 50 K 91 - positive exchange rate difference;
D 91 K 50 - negative exchange rate difference.
Receipt and issue of monetary documents , (vouchers, air tickets) are made according to incoming and outgoing cash orders with the subsequent drawing up by the cashier of a report on the movement of cash documents.
Cash documents are accounted for at the actual cost of their acquisition.
In accounting, the movement of monetary documents is reflected as follows:
D 50 subaccount "Cash documents" K 50, 71, 76 - received cash documents;
D 73 K 50 subaccount "Cash documents" - issuance to employees.
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