The universal integrated indicator of public health is. Population health and factors shaping it
Choose one correct answer:
1. According to the definition of the World Health Organization, health is:
1.no disease
2.normal functioning of body systems
3.a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease or physical defects
4.the state of the human body, when the functions of its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment
2. The leading public health criterion for practical health care:
1.demographic indicators
2.the incidence of the population
3.physical development
4.disability
3. Leading factors shaping the health of the population:
1.biological
2.natural
3.social and economic
4.organization medical care
4. The greatest influence on the formation of the health of the population is exerted by:
1.genetic risk
2.environment
3.the way of life of the population
4.level and quality of medical care
5. The universal integrated indicator of population health is:
1.the average life expectancy
2. fertility
3.mortality natural increase (decrease)
6. Infant mortality is the mortality of children:
1.up to 14 years old
2.up to 4 years old
3.in the first year of life
4.in the first month of life
7. Demographic situation in Russia is characterized by:
1.natural population growth
2.zero natural growth
3.natural decline
4. undulating demographic process
8. Demographic policy in Russia presupposes:
1.increasing fertility
2.decrease in fertility
3.Optimization of natural population growth
4.decrease in mortality
9. Mandatory state registration indicators are subject:
1.demographic (number of births, deaths)
2.the incidence
3.physical development
4.disability
10. Preventive medical examinations contribute to the detection of diseases:
2.chronic
3.in the early stages
4.infectious
11. The source of the study of morbidity by referral is:
1.control card of dispensary observation
2.patient medical record
3.statistical coupon of updated diagnoses
4.the certificate of incapacity for work
12. Main accounting document in the study of morbidity with temporary disability:
1.sheet of incapacity for work
2.the certificate of examination in the medical and social expert commission
3.control card of dispensary observation
4.the medical record of the outpatient patient
13. The source of the study of infectious morbidity is:
1.Medical card of an outpatient patient
2.special notification of infectious disease, food, acute occupational poisoning
3.patient medical record
4.statistical coupon of updated diagnoses
14. The main causes of mortality in the population are:
1.gastrointestinal diseases
3.oncological diseases
4.injuries, accidents, poisoning
15. In the structure of morbidity in terms of appealability, the 1st place is occupied by diseases
1.the digestive system
2.circulatory system
3.respiratory
4.the musculoskeletal system
16. In the structure of causes of disability, 1st place is taken by:
1.respiratory diseases
2.cardiovascular disease
3.injuries, accidents, poisoning
4.malignant formations
17. The disability group is established:
1.the deputy chief physician for the examination of the ability to work
2.the clinical expert commission
3.medical and social expert commission
4.the head of the department
18. In Russia, in the period up to 1994, there was a health care system
1.insurance
2.private
3.state
4.mixed
19. Currently, the Russian Federation has adopted the model
health care:
1.state
2. budgetary and insurance
3.private
4.mixed
20. Health insurance funds finance:
1.development of the material and technical base of health care
2.training of medical personnel and Scientific research
3.disaster medicine
4.provision of guaranteed types of medical care under the compulsory health insurance program
21. Guaranteed types of medical care are provided with insurance:
1.compulsory medical
2.voluntary medical
3.returnable
4.social
22. The main element of the basic compulsory health insurance program is
1.primary health care
2.inpatient surgical care
3. obstetrics
4.prophylactic work with healthy adults
23. The purpose of accreditation of a medical institution is:
1.protection of the interests of the consumer of medical services
2.determining the scope of medical care
3.Establishment of compliance with quality standards of medical care
4.evaluation of the degree of qualification of medical personnel
24. Institutions with a form of ownership are subject to accreditation and licensing:
1.only state
2.private only
3.with any form of ownership
4.only municipal
25. Licensing of a medical institution means:
1.determination of the types and volume of medical care of medical institutions
2.the issuance of documents for the right to engage in a certain type of treatment and prophylactic activity
3.determination of the compliance of the quality of medical care with established standards
4.assessment of the qualifications of medical personnel
26. Improvement of medical care to the population Russian Federation at the present stage is associated with development:
1.inpatient care
2.medical science
3. rural health
4.primary health care
27. Priority subsystem for budgetary insurance medicine:
1.inpatient care for the population
2.outpatient-polyclinic care
3.Rural health care
4.Repotrebnadzor Service
28. A new type of health care institutions:
2.nursing hospital
3.city polyclinic
4.multidisciplinary hospital
29. The most promising option is the provision of primary health care:
1.District doctors
2.doctors of narrow specialization
3.General practitioners
4.shop doctors
30. Preventive work of outpatient clinics
consists in organizing:
1.day hospitals
2. dispensary examination of the population
3.therapeutic care in the clinic and at home
4.rehabilitation work
31. Clinical examination is a method:
1. 1.revealing acute and infectious diseases
2. active dynamic monitoring of the health status of certain contingents for the purpose of early detection and recovery of patients
3.Observation of the state of the environment
4.providing emergency care
32. Preventive medical examinations are the basis for:
1.primary health care
2. prophylactic medical examination
3.rehabilitation work
4.examination of working capacity
33. The capacity of the hospital is determined by:
1.the size of the population served
2.number of beds
3.number of working doctors
4.level of technical equipment
34. Paramedical workers have the right to issue a certificate of incapacity for work individually and at a time for a period of:
1.up to 3 days
2.up to 5 days
3.up to 7 days
4.up to 10 days
35. The first stage of rural health care is:
1.feldsher-obstetric station
2.Rural medical area
3.district link
4.regional level
36. The basic idea behind marketing is the idea:
1.human needs;
4. transactions.
37. A document that is a guarantee of receiving free medical care in budgetary insurance medicine:
1.passport
2.insurance policy
3.the medical record of the outpatient patient
4.patient medical record
38. Outpatient polyclinic institutions provide assistance to the population:
1.social
2.primary treatment-and-prophylactic
3.sanitary and anti-epidemic
4.stationary
39. Outpatient obstetric and gynecological care is provided by:
1.maternity hospitals
2. dispensaries
3. antenatal clinics, feldsher-obstetric points
4. family planning centers
40. Feldsher-obstetric points provide assistance:
1.specialized medical
2.sanitary and anti-epidemic
3.primary medical
4.social
41. Organization of feldsher-obstetric points contributes to:
1.improving the quality of medical care for rural residents
2.the approach of medical care to the population
3.providing the rural population with specialized species
4.providing the population with qualified medical care
42. Pediatric care for children is provided by:
1.health parts
2.children's clinics and hospitals
3.Children's educational institutions
4.centers of Rospotrebnadzor
43. A feature of the children's clinic is the presence of:
1.specialized offices
2.school-preschool department
3.departments of functional diagnostics
4.laboratories
44. A specific feature of providing medical care to women and children is:
1.massness
2. general availability
3.pronounced prophylactic orientation
4.professionalism of medical workers
45. Preventive orientation is the leading one in the activities of institutions:
1.Rural health care
2.outpatient-polyclinic link
3.Resotrebnadzor
4. Ambulance and Emergency Medicine
46. The goal of primary prevention is:
1.Early diagnosis of diseases
2.prevention of relapses and complications
3.Healing the environment
4.hygienic education of the population
47. Postgraduate training of medical personnel is carried out at least once:
16.At 3 years old
48. The main functions of management:
1.planning, organizing, setting goals
2.planning, task definition, control, communication
3.planning, definition of tasks, goals
4. planning, organization, motivation, control.
49. On the market of medical services, the main object of purchase and sale is:
1.work of medical workers
2.medical service
3.population health
4.the health of medical workers
50. A framework for health planning in the transition to market relations are, data on:
1.the need for preventive care
2.the demand of the population for medical care
3.the need for diagnostic care
4.the balance of needs and demand for medical services
Basics of rehabilitation
Choose one correct answer:
1. A set of measures aimed at restoring impaired body functions is:
1.reformation
2.rehabilitation
3.translocation
4.transplantation
2. The modern concept of rehabilitation has been formed:
1.in Ancient Rome
2.in the years of World War II
3.in the second half of the 19th century
4.at the beginning of the 20th century
3. Basic principles of rehabilitation:
1.Early start
2.individual approach
3.complexity
4.all of the listed grains
4. The main direction of rehabilitation in the XXI century:
1.application of technological advances
2. development of individual programs
3. development of rehabilitation standards
4.application of modern diagnostics
5. In rehabilitation, the following aspects are distinguished:
1.physical
2.social
3.psychological
4.all of the above is true
6. The main task of a nurse in patient rehabilitation:
1.help the patient in self-care
2.patient care
3.Help the patient to cope with the problem himself
4.Train relatives to care for the patient
7. Measures to prevent complications are carried out:
1. at all stages of treatment
2.in the acute period of the disease
3. at the stage of patient rehabilitation
4.only with the development of complications
8. In case of depression, the patient has the following problems:
1.increase in motor activity
2.exacerbation of hysterical personality traits
3.Lack of self-confidence, loss of strength
4. intolerance towards others
9.With the help of electrophoresis, the following is carried out:
1.electromassage of muscles
2.the introduction of a medicinal substance into the body
3.electrosleep
4.micro-massage of tissues
10. The air gap between the patient's body and condenser plastics is used when:
1. UHF therapy
2. Electrophoresis
3.Ultrasound therapy
4.magnetotherapy
11. Radiation has a vitamin-forming effect:
1.infrared
2.Ultraviolet
3.visible
12. The high pressure jet is used in the shower:
2. Circular
3. Upstream
4. Veernom
13. Balneotherapy is.
In the subject of public health and health care
1) increasing the birth rate;
2) decline in fertility;
3) decrease in mortality;
1) demographic;
2) morbidity;
3) fertility; +
4) physical development
5) disability.
1) oncological;
2) cardiovascular; +
3) traumatic;
4) infectious.
2) a healthy person. +
1) lifestyle;
2) social factors;
3) natural factors;
5) prophylactic medical examination; +
6) biological.
1) smoking;
2) drinking alcohol;
3) stress;
1) lifestyle; +
3) heredity;
4) environment.
1) passive perception;
2) rehabilitation service;
problems;
3) treatment of the disease.
16. Health - condition:
1) dynamic; +
2) static;
2) disease prevention;
4) resistance to treatment. +
1) closest; +
2) long-term.
1) medical prevention; +
2) health education;
3) medical rehabilitation;
4) medical statistics.
1) rehabilitation; +
4) hospitals. +
2) group lessons;
1) patients and their families;
2) students - trainees;
3) junior medical staff;
5) doctors. +
1) personal conversation;
2) individual instruction;
3) telephone service
4) lecture. +
2) a round table;
3) discussion;
4) quiz;
5) personal correspondence. +
1) therapeutic;
2) surgical; +
3) pediatric;
2) sick leave;
1) 12 hours;
2) 6 hours;
1) fertility;
2) morbidity;
3) mortality;
5) natural growth.
3) injection.
1) medical work;
2) preventive work; +
3) hygienic education.
1) specific immunity;
1) the sun;
2) air;
1) morning exercises;
3) outdoor games. +
1) disability; +
2) health groups;
8. The correct daily routine is:
1) labor activity;
2) play activities;
9. Fatigue is:
10. Overwork is:
2) pathological process. +
2) illness;
3) good sleep; +
4) insufficient air.
2) full sleep;
3) overeating; +
4) disease prevention.
1) from 1 year of life of the child;
2) in kindergarten;
4) at school.
CHAPTER
-
Representative of universities;
Certificate;
Agreement; +
License.
in the subject of public health and health care
1. Demographic policy in the Russian Federation presupposes:
1) increasing the birth rate;
2) decline in fertility;
3) decrease in mortality;
4) optimization of natural population growth. +
2. When carrying out preventive work, indicators are used to characterize health, except for:
1) demographic;
2) morbidity;
3) fertility; +
4) physical development
5) disability.
3. All over the world in the first place mortality from diseases:
1) oncological;
2) cardiovascular; +
3) traumatic;
4) infectious.
4. The share of the value of lifestyle in shaping the health of the population:
5. The concept of "hygienic education" is:
1) theory and practice of formation, preservation and strengthening of the health of an individual; +
2) the regularities of the influence of environmental factors on human health.
6. The object of hygienic education is:
1) external environment;
2) a healthy person. +
7. Factors affecting human health are all, except:
1) lifestyle;
2) social factors;
3) natural factors;
4) the method of social production;
5) prophylactic medical examination; +
6) biological.
8. All factors have a negative impact on health, except:
1) smoking;
2) drinking alcohol;
3) stress;
4) low physical activity;
5) sufficient physical activity. +
9. Factor that has the greatest impact on the formation of public health:
1) lifestyle; +
2) the level and quality of medical care;
3) heredity;
4) environment.
10. PHC guides the individual in health issues:
1) passive perception;
2) on personal responsibility. +
11. The concept of PHC, in relation to our health care system, includes:
1) medical prevention centers +
2) rehabilitation service;
3) specialized stationary service.
12. Priority in PHC technology is:
1) episodic medical and diagnostic assistance and attention to individual
problems;
2) comprehensive preventive care. +
13. The priority of preserving the health of the individual and family in PHC is:
1) water supply, environmental improvement, balanced diet;+
2) drug provision of the population;
3) treatment of the disease.
14. Human health is determined by natural and climatic factors of the environment on:
15. Human health depends on his lifestyle on:
16. Health - condition:
1) dynamic; +
2) static;
17. What is not the main element of the health promotion system:
1) hygienic training, education;
2) disease prevention;
3) creating a healthy environment.
18. The goal of hygienic education is to replenish:
1) missing skills and abilities of a healthy and safe lifestyle; +
2) social policy to increase health potential.
19. The purpose of hygiene education is not:
1) preservation and strengthening of health;
2) ensuring a high level of work ability;
3) achieving active longevity;
4) resistance to treatment. +
20. Disease prevention and health promotion - the goal of hygiene education:
1) closest; +
2) long-term.
21. For hygienic education and the formation of a healthy lifestyle, the following centers are being restored:
1) medical prevention; +
2) health education;
3) medical rehabilitation;
4) medical statistics.
22. The tasks of hygienic education of the population are all, except for:
1) rehabilitation; +
2) the formation of a healthy lifestyle;
3) change in people's attitude to health;
4) behavioral change in solving health problems;
5) information and promotion of a healthy lifestyle.
23. The leading structure in the work on hygienic education and health promotion based on a population, group, individual approach, are all of the above, except:
1) medical prevention centers;
2) centers of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance;
3) district (family) service;
4) hospitals. +
24. Hygienic education of the population is mainly carried out by all means, except:
1) through the mass media;
2) group lessons;
3) through book publishing; +
4) by individual methods and means.
25. A nurse in her professional activity is not engaged in training:
1) patients and their families;
2) students - trainees;
3) junior medical staff;
5) doctors. +
26. The method of individual exposure is not:
1) personal conversation;
2) individual instruction;
3) telephone service
4) lecture. +
27. The method of influencing a group of people is not:
2) a round table;
3) discussion;
4) quiz;
5) personal correspondence. +
28. The types of outpatient clinics do not include:
1) therapeutic;
2) surgical; +
3) pediatric;
4) obstetric and gynecological.
29. The analysis of the overall morbidity is carried out on the basis of:
1) a statistical coupon or an outpatient coupon; +
2) sick leave;
3) urgent notification of an infectious disease.
30. A health worker is assigned to hygienic education:
1) 12 hours;
2) 6 hours;
3) hygiene education is integral part of his professional activities;
31. The natural movement of the population does not include:
1) fertility;
2) morbidity;
3) mortality;
4) physical development; ??? logically this, but the error is given by
5) natural growth.
1. Indicator characterizing preventive work in the pediatric area:
1) indicator of general morbidity;
2) an indicator of infectious morbidity;
3) the incidence rate of children under 1 year old;
4) coverage of prenatal care for pregnant women.
2. Select the main task of the office of a healthy child:
1) carrying out preventive vaccinations;
2) promotion of a healthy lifestyle; +
3) injection.
3. Patronage for a newborn is:
1) medical work;
2) preventive work; +
3) hygienic education.
4. When hardening increases:
1) specific immunity;
2) nonspecific immunity. +
5. The hardening factor is not:
1) the sun;
2) air;
4) physiotherapy procedures. +
6. The daily physical activity of a preschooler is replenished to a greater extent during:
1) morning exercises;
2) classes in sports sections;
3) outdoor games. +
7. To assess the health of the child population, 4 leading criteria are adopted: demographic indicators, physical development, morbidity. What's missing?
1) disability; +
2) health groups;
3) the resistance of the child's body.
8. The correct daily routine is:
1) labor activity;
2) play activities;
3) rational alternation of various types of activity and rest. +
9. Fatigue is:
1) disease nervous system;
2) temporary decrease functionality cerebral cortex. +
10. Overwork is:
1) the natural reaction of the body;
2) pathological process. +
11. The reasons causing overwork do not include:
2) illness;
3) good sleep; +
4) insufficient air.
12. The prevention of overwork does not include:
1) the normalized activity of the child;
2) full sleep;
3) overeating; +
4) disease prevention.
13. The main task of hygienic education:
1) prevention of food poisoning;
2) education of a healthy personality. +
14. The hygienic education of parents should begin:
1) from 1 year of life of the child;
2) in kindergarten;
3) long before the birth of the child; +
4) at school.
CHAPTER
1. The main types of outpatient clinics include everything except:
Outpatient clinics of local hospitals and outpatient departments of dispensaries;
City polyclinic and polyclinic department of the city hospital;
Health Center and Center for Maternal and Child Health; +
Women's consultation and dental clinic.
2. The main indicators of the work of a general practitioner in a polyclinic include everything except:
Coverage of the population with preliminary medical examinations upon admission to work; +
Completeness of coverage of patients with dispensary observation and the effectiveness of clinical examination;
The percentage of coincidence of outpatient and clinical diagnoses.
3. To assess the organization of the treatment and diagnostic process in the hospital, everything is used, except for one:
Average length of hospital stay;
Average bed occupancy in days;
Postoperative complication rate. +
4. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Medical Insurance of Citizens of the Russian Federation" provides for the following types of medical insurance, except for:
- Compulsory health insurance;
Voluntary health insurance;
Mixed health insurance. +
5. Which representative is not a member of the licensing commission that licenses a medical institution:
Insurer's representative; +
Health Authority Representative;
Representative of medical professional associations;
Representative of universities;
Representative of state and municipal health care institutions.
6. Which of the following representatives is not a member of the accreditation commission:
Representative public organizations;+
Health Authority Representative;
Representative of professional medical associations;
Insurance representative medical organizations.
7. When licensing and accrediting medical subjects, the following documents are not issued:
Certificate;
Agreement; +
Introduction ……………………………………………………………… ... 5
Section 1... Population health ………………………………………… .... 7
1.1. Population health and factors of its formation ……………… 7
1.2. Morbidity of the population ………………………………………. .13
1.3. Disease as a social and hygienic problem ……………… .25
1.4. Physical development of the population ……………………… .................. 29
Section 2... PHC - priority development of Russian
health systems ……………………………………………… ..31
Section 3... Organization and structure of the primary
health care ………………………. ……………… ..... 40
Section 4. Organization of outpatient care …… .84
Section 5. Clinical examination …………… .. …………………………… ..105
5.1. Clinical examination in the work of a nurse ……………… .105
5.2. Stages of development of clinical examination ...................... 106
5.3. General goals and objectives …………………………………………… .107
5.4. Stages of clinical examination ………………………………………… .110
5.5. Documentation for prophylactic medical examination …………………………… 116
5.6. Clinical examination of the child population ………………………… ..117
5.7. Regulations on the office of centralized accounting of the annual
prophylactic medical examination of the entire population ……………………………… 124
5.8. Approximate job description m / s office
centralized accounting of annual medical examination
of the total population .............................................................. 125
Section 6. What are health centers ……………………………… .127
Section 7. National project"Health" ……………………… ..129
Section 8. Prevention of noncommunicable diseases ……… ..… .152
Section 9. Prevention of infectious diseases ... ... ... ... ... ... 167
Section 10. Features of labor protection in PHC organizations.
Participation of a nurse in the examination of the ability to work …… ..188
Section 11. Medical insurance …………………………….… ..196
Literature ………………………………………………………… ... 207
Introduction
Human life is very fragile. In the process of life, each person is in danger before the onset of circumstances that can most directly affect the state of his health and lead to the loss of his means of subsistence. Such circumstances include: illness, injury, disability, etc.
They directly affect the social stability of society, therefore the state assumes a certain share of responsibility for their occurrence and creates a health care system aimed at preserving and strengthening the physical and mental health of each person, maintaining his long active life, providing him with medical assistance in case of loss of health ...
The provision of primary health care, which is the most widespread and one of the main types of medical care for the population, occupies a special place in the system of protecting the health of citizens.
Primary health care, as one of the types of medical care, is a direct source of legal relations, which are regulated by the relevant regulatory legal acts.
Acceptance of the multitude federal laws, mainly laws that delimit and establish the powers of public authorities and local government, led to the need to rethink the structure of medical organizations, their belonging to a certain level of government, sources and mechanisms of financing and, as a result, to a change in the order of their functioning, including in the field of providing primary health care to citizens. This led to the need for changes legal regulation in the provision of primary health care to ensure the correct functioning of this component of the health care system. Thus, improving the laws governing the provision of primary health care to citizens has become one of the tasks of modern medical law.
Section 1. HEALTH OF THE POPULATION
POPULATION HEALTH AND FACTORS FORMING IT
As defined by WHO health - this is a state of complete socio-biological and mental well-being, when the functions of all organs and systems of the human body are balanced with nature and the social environment and there are no diseases, morbid conditions and physical defects.
Health - harmonious unity of biological and social qualities due to innate and acquired biological and social influences (illness is a violation of this unity, this harmony).
Individual health - this is a condition assessed by personal well-being, presence or absence of diseases, ability to work, physical condition and development, personal feelings of being, joy of life and other criteria and signs.
In different contexts and different situations, each person can assess or characterize their health as
Dynamic process;
A condition that is determined objectively and subjectively;
The goal to strive for;
Ability to take care of yourself;
The state of the integrity of the personality with the optimal functioning of the body, mind, speech;
A set of functions of organs and systems that allow you to cope with the stresses caused by illness, death of loved ones and other life problems through adaptation;
The processes of growth and formation of the organism;
Dynamic harmony of the personality with the environment, achieved through adaptation.
The following World Health Organization definition is widely known and widely used: health - this is a state of complete socio-biological and mental well-being, when the functions of all organs and systems of the human body are balanced with nature and the social environment and there are no diseases, morbid conditions and physical defects.
Public health - This is a complex concept assessed using medical and demographic indicators, indicators of the incidence and prevalence of diseases (morbidity) 1 (among which indicators of disability and injury are often distinguished), indicators of the physical development of the population.
Public health and health care as a scientific discipline studies the state of health of the population and the biological and socio-hygienic factors affecting it
Health Study Methods:
1. Statistical method - is unified system accounting and reporting in health care.
2. The method of expert assessments provides for obtaining opinions from experts.
3. Sociological method - conducting surveys and questionnaires of the population.
4. Medical-geographical method - it is used to study natural focal and endemic diseases.
5. Timing, which allows you to measure the time spent on various types of medical activities.
6. Organizational and experimental method based on the creation of experimental models certain types activities (for example, the organization of an ambulance system for acute vascular lesions of the brain) or health care institutions.
7. Economic analysis costs and efficiency of the use of funds in various types of activities in health care.
8. The historical method, which provides the study of the phenomenon, taking into account the time, place, historical conditions.
9. A systematic approach, involving the study of any processes, phenomena, organizational structures as systems consisting of subsystems and at the same time being subsystems of more large systems; so, a hospital consists of subsystems - departments, services, wards, offices, etc., and at the same time is part of the health care system of a certain territory.
Key indicators of population health:
1. Medical and demographic indicators:
a) indicators of the natural movement of the population:
General and age-specific mortality;
Average life expectancy;
Fertility, fertility;
Natural growth population;
Marriage;
Age and sex structure of the population.
b) indicators of the mechanical movement of the population:
Population migration - immigration; emigration; pendulum - to work, from work, to rest to the south and back; inside the country - the outflow of the population from the territories of Eastern Siberia due to the deterioration of the economic situation and living conditions.
2. Indicators of morbidity (general, for individual nosological forms of diseases) and prevalence of diseases (morbidity).
3. Indicators of disability (general, from individual diseases and their groups).
4. Indicators of physical development of the population:
Anthropometric indicators;
Somatoscopic indicators;
Functional indicators.
5. Indicators of injuries:
Age-specific;
In various social groups of the population. Sources of health studies:
- accounting and reporting documentation of health care facilities;
The results of sociological studies of various groups of the population;
Research works related to the area of interest to the researcher;
Various monographs devoted to the study of the state of health of the population.
The main factors shaping the health of the population:
1. Socio-economic factors (working conditions, everyday life, etc.).
2. Socio-biological, psychological factors (age of parents, course of childbirth, heredity, body type, temperament, type of higher nervous activity).
3. Natural and climatic factors (solar radiation, average annual temperature in the area of residence).
4. Medical factors (state of health services and personnel, organization of medical care, medical activity of the population).
The division of these factors into groups is rather arbitrary, since usually a person experiences a complex effect of interrelated and interdependent factors.
A list of some of the factors affecting human health:
a) in the prenatal period of development:
Mother's diseases: gynecological, extragenital;
Mother's lifestyle: nutrition, daily routine, working and living conditions;
Medical activity: the timeliness of contacting the antenatal clinic about pregnancy, further observation, etc.
b) during childbirth:
The conditions in which the delivery takes place, the course of labor (presence, absence of complications);
Professionalism of medical personnel, etc.
c) in the period up to a year of life: living conditions, the degree of the mother's training in childcare, the frequency and frequency of observation of the child by the medical staff, the professionalism of the medical staff who supervise the child, etc.
d) at preschool age: housing and living conditions, microclimate in the family, conditions in a preschool institution (preschool institution), child care and features of his upbringing by parents and employees of the preschool institution, the frequency and frequency of observation of the child by medical personnel (district pediatrician, nurse of a children's clinic, medical personnel of preschool institutions ), professionalism of medical workers, etc.
e) at school age: the process of adaptation to the school environment, the workload, the microclimate in the school, the rational combination of work and rest, the relationship between the child and the parents, the child and the teaching staff of the school, the child and his peers, the frequency and frequency of observation of the child by medical personnel, the professionalism of medical workers, etc. ...
f) in adolescence: the nature of the adolescent's relationship with parents, peers, the degree of awareness of the rules and the need to observe personal hygiene, a rational combination of work and rest, the frequency and frequency of observation of the adolescent by medical personnel, living conditions, significant changes in the course of physiological and psychological processes in connection with the transition period, etc.
On the health of women of childbearing age the following factors affect: working and living conditions, medical activity (timely visits to various specialists), microclimate in the family and at work, etc.
On the health of men of working age working and living conditions, lifestyle (bad habits), medical activity, awareness and satisfaction with the degree of self-realization in society, etc.
For the health of the elderly influenced by the microclimate in the family, lifestyle, endocrine restructuring of the body, the presence of various diseases, satisfaction with their position in the family and society, etc.
To health industrial workers have an effect: temperature and humidity in the working area, the impact on the body of occupationally harmful factors (noise, vibration, the presence of harmful substances in the inhaled air), the level of physical activity, etc.; for agricultural workers: the level of physical activity, the seasonality of various types of work, the medical activity of health care workers and the availability of medical care, occupational hazards; for employees of commercial structures: lack of interest in monitoring one's health, medical activity, level of physical and emotional stress, working conditions; for medical workers: the level of physical and psychological stress, occupational hazards (work with blood, X-ray irradiation, etc.), working conditions; for knowledge workers: working conditions (physical inactivity, monotony), mental stress, irrational combination of work and rest.
INCIDENCE OF POPULATION
International classification diseases (ICD) is a system of grouping diseases and pathological conditions, reflecting modern stage development of medical science.