Series 1 335 30. Typical series of residential buildings in g
§ 12
Design features, solutions for houses of the 1-335 and 1-335a series
The constructive solution of the houses of the 1-335 series is based on a two-span scheme with columns running along the middle longitudinal axis of the building at intervals of 2.6 and 3.2 m, and with transverse purlins resting on the columns and load-bearing panels of the longitudinal outer walls. The spatial rigidity of the building is provided by the walls of the stairwells, end-bearing walls and transverse walls made of ventilation blocks, which are also supports for the floors (Fig. 3-15).
The outer walls of the building are designed in two versions: in the form of two-layer ribbed reinforced concrete panels made of concrete grade 200, insulated with non-autoclaved cellular concrete grade 10 (basic option), and in the form of single-layer panels made of lightweight concrete (expanded concrete, thermosite concrete, aerated concrete, etc.). The thickness of single-layer panels, depending on the climatic conditions of the construction area, is taken from 35 to 50 cm. Panels of a two-layer structure for all climatic regions have a thickness of 30 cm. white or colored concrete, or painted with perchlorovinyl or resistant silicate paints.
Panels of external walls are interconnected by welding metal plates, which are supporting sheets for transverse purlins of interfloor ceilings; the ends of the runs are insulated with slag. Vertical seams between the wall panels are caulked with tarred tow bundles and filled with mortar on expanding cement. The nests in the wall panels, necessary for welding, are sealed with foam concrete chips with a small amount of cement mortar. The installation of wall panels is carried out over a layer of cement mortar 10 mm thick, while from the side of the front edge on the panel, before spreading the mortar, a bundle of tarred tow or poroizol is laid.
Rice. 3-15. Large-panel houses of the 1-335 and 1-335a series
a - section of series 1-335;
b — the same, 1-335A;
in-coupling columns, girders and panels of interfloor overlapping: 1 - colony; 2 - run; 3 - floor panel; 4 - welded seam;
g - pairing of panels of external walls with a run and a floor slab; 1 - mastic isol: 2 - poroizol; 3 - cement mortar;
e - interface panels on the end wall: 1 - wall panels, 2 - floor panels
The internal frame of the building consists of one-story reinforced concrete columns made of grade 200 concrete and transverse reinforced concrete purlins of rectangular section made of grade 300-400 concrete. For the installation of floors, reinforced concrete flat hollow-core panels made of concrete grade 300, the size of a room, 10 cm thick, are used. The frame elements are connected to each other and to the floor panels using welded metal parts embedded in reinforced concrete products. All metal surfaces after installation are covered with an anti-corrosion compound, and the seams between the reinforced concrete elements are sealed with a mortar of expanding cement.
Foundations for load-bearing walls are designed in two versions: tape construction from concrete blocks or columnar from enlarged prefabricated reinforced concrete elements in the form of separate supports mounted on pillows. The foundations for the columns are made of glass-type reinforced concrete shoes. At columnar foundations the lower part of the walls is assembled from socle panels, and with foundations made of concrete blocks, the socle part is assembled from large hollow blocks with a length equal to the step of the transverse load-bearing structures.
Interroom partitions are made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, inter-apartment partitions are made of the same panels, but in two layers with an air gap of 4 cm between them. Stair structures are made in cassette molds from 300 grade concrete and consist of flights with half platforms.
The combined roof has two solutions: in the form of a ventilated and non-ventilated structure. The basis for the roof is reinforced concrete slabs 4 cm thick, laid on reinforced concrete pads (logs); roof insulation - from autoclaved foam concrete; roofing - from three layers of roofing material over glassine on bituminous mastic.
Residential buildings of the 1-335 series have significant planning flaws: apartments with walk-through rooms, with entrances to the kitchens directly from common living rooms, with combined bathrooms, with narrowed front ones; the facades of the houses are solved uniformly with a low height of the window openings. There are also shortcomings in design solutions: anti-corrosion protection of embedded parts is not provided; in the nodes of support of the girders on the outer walls there is no necessary sealing of the joints of the outer panels; the heat-shielding qualities of the outer walls are insufficient for areas with low design temperatures; in a number of knots separate sections froze through; the channels in the smoke ventilation units have an insufficient cross section; there is water leakage from balconies and cornices into the joints of the panels of the outer walls.
Improved series 1-335a
In 1962, the Leningrad Gorstroyproekt issued working drawings, and then developed an improved 1-335A series.
- in the houses of this series more than comfortable layout apartments;
- the series includes 9-storey buildings of tower and hotel type;
- included buildings for cultural purposes (children's institutions, schools and a shopping center);
- various options for solving the facades of houses have been developed.
Changes have been made to the construction of houses: for areas with low design temperatures, the thickness of the outer walls has been increased; Anti-corrosion protection of embedded parts (anchors and welds) is provided. The structures for connecting the panels of the outer walls with the purlins and the support of the floor panels on the end walls are shown in diagrams d, e. fig. 3-15. Currently, in the houses of the 1-335A series, the structural scheme has been changed, which is based on a full frame.
Polina Dedyukhova
Series 1-335 with an incomplete frame is a residential building of 5 floors with longitudinal load-bearing walls. The structures were made at the factories of prefabricated reinforced concrete of the Ministry of Transport of the USSR. Designs of the 335th series were produced at the DSC from 1960 to 1968.
The series is widely distributed in the former USSR. The first house of this series was built in Cherepovets. In Moscow, the 335 series were built from imported structures; in block buildings it occurs in the form of individual inclusions.
The largest number of houses in this series was built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by Polustrovsky DSK - 289 buildings, in total 1442 sections in the Krasnogvardeysky and Kalininsky districts of the city. In Omsk, 170 houses of the I-335PK series with an incomplete frame are operated (more than 2% of the total volume of this series in the country). The most massive series of residential buildings in Kazakhstan.
In Tula, it was initially decided to build houses of a nominal series, the builders faced a number of technological difficulties. Therefore, it was decided to introduce our own panels for construction, so the 1-335AT series (Tula) was born. Panels for it were produced at two factories - Aleksinsky Concrete Products and ZKD (Large Parts Plant). Proletarsky became the first district where these houses were built.
The appearance of 1-335 is characterized by wide apartment windows (two-leaf windows look square), elongated windows on the stairwells, almost the entire height of the panel. The end walls consist of 4 panels with windows on the outer ones. Usually there is an external fire escape at one of the ends of the house. For houses built in Moscow, an iron 4-pitched roof is typical. In another modification, including the one built by Polustrovsky DSK (it is also found in the Moscow region), there may be a flat roof without an attic at all.
Bearing walls are longitudinal (as indicated by the I in the title of the series). The number of sections in the original modification is 3,4,5,6,8,10. There are 4 apartments on the site. 1,2,3-room apartments, ceiling height - 2.55 m. The central room in a 3-room apartment is a walk-through. Bathroom combined. Water and heat supply is centralized. There is no elevator or garbage chute.
1-335 Partial Frame Specifications
wall material | panel |
Number of sections (entrances) | from 3 |
Number of floors | 5, less often - 3, 4. First floor residential |
Ceiling height | 2.54 m |
Elevator | No |
Balconies | in all apartments |
Number of apartments per floor | 4 |
Years of construction | 1958-1966 |
Total number of houses built | about 500 (in Moscow - 76 with a total with total area apartments about 200 thousand square meters. m) |
Most of the houses of the 1-335 series were built in Leningrad (primarily the north-east of the city: Grazhdanka, Okhta, Polyustrovo), and also. Country. Several quarters were built in the years. Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and others (including in several cities of Belarus). In less significant volumes, a series was built in Moscow: 3-5 houses in the areas of Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkin, Degunino, Kuntsevo, 1-2 buildings in a number of other areas. In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of the 1-335 series were built in single quantities, most of them in the years. Shcherbinka and Podolsk |
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The demolition of houses of series 1-335 has been carried out in Moscow since the late 1990s. selectively (formally, the series is not included in the list of demolished in the first place, because it is not among the most common series of "Khrushchev" in Moscow, and in the BTI databases, 5-storey buildings of the 1-335 series are often mistakenly listed as buildings of the unbearable series 1-515/5). The demolition of all houses of series 1-335 in Moscow will be completed, according to experts from www.RussianRealty.ru, in 2015-2017. | |
In St. Petersburg, houses of series 1-335 are being refurbished ( overhaul), some blocks are scheduled for demolition | |
Areas of 1-room apartments | total: 30-31 sq. m., residential: 18 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3 sq. m. |
Areas of 2-room apartments | total: 41-45 sq. m., residential: 26-35 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3-6.9 sq. m. |
Areas of 3-room apartments | total: 55-58 sq. m., residential: 42-48 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3 sq. m. |
Since 1964, modified versions of the 1-335 series have been introduced: 1-335A, 1-335K, 1-335AK, 1-335D with improved apartment layouts, improved structural design (full frame, better thermal insulation of external walls) and with 9-storey versions. Modified houses were not built in Moscow | |
bathrooms | combined in all apartments |
stairs | without common fire balcony |
Garbage chute | No |
Cooker type: gas. Ventilation: natural exhaust, blocks in sanitary cabins (bathrooms) | |
Walls of houses of a typical series 1-335 |
External walls: two-layer reinforced concrete 30 cm thick or single-layer expanded clay concrete 40 cm thick. Ceilings: solid reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick. Interroom partitions made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, and inter-apartment partitions - from the same panels in 2 layers with an air gap between them equal to 4 cm |
load-bearing walls | columns and exterior walls (incomplete frame) |
Type of sections (entrances) |
in-line (ordinary, a set of apartments on the floor: 3-2-1-3, 2-2-3-2), end (set of apartments on the floor: 1-2-2-3). All apartments, except for the corner apartments, face one side |
Number of steps in the section (entrance) | 7 (in row sections), 6 (in end sections). Step width (distance between two adjacent load-bearing walls, span width): 260 cm, 320 cm. Hull width: 11.6 m. |
Facing, plastering of external walls | facing with small square tiles (St. Petersburg), unlined (Moscow, St. Petersburg, other cities) |
External wall color options | tiles: blue-white, light grey, uncoated: grey, white, yellow, beige |
roof type | 4-pitched (Moscow), flat and flat-pitched (other cities) |
Distinctive features | 5-storey panel houses of type series 1-335 are recognizable by large, full-height panels, windows of 4 horizontal leaves on the stairs, ends of 4 panels with 2 rows of windows |
Advantages | balconies, closets |
Disadvantages (in addition to the standard disadvantages of Khrushchev) | extremely low thermal insulation of external walls, thin interior partitions, combined bathrooms even in 3-room apartments |
Manufacturers | Polyustrovskiy DSK (Leningrad), Vologda DSK, Petrozavodsk DSK, Tula ZKD, Plant of Large Panel Parts No. 6-DSK-1 (Novosibirsk), Krasnoyarsk Concrete Concrete Plant No. 1, Omsk Precast Concrete Plant No. 6, etc. |
Designer | Design Institute "Gorstroyproekt" (Leningrad branch) |
Varieties of typical projects of the 1-335 series (they differ only in the number of sections): | 1-335-1, 1-335-2, 1-335-3, 1-335-4, 1-335-30, 1-335-30sh |
The cost of construction of 1 square. m of living space for frame-panel houses of the 1-335 series was 95 rubles. in 1961 prices - the lowest figure among the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR | |
According to a number of experts, 1-335 is the most unsuccessful of all the all-Union Khrushchev series | |
1-335 - the only series of houses found in both Moscow and St. Petersburg (at the same time, facade and roofing solutions differ significantly) | |
Rating of RussianRealty.ru typical series 1-335 | 2.9 (on a 10-point scale) |
In support of the thesis that in frame-panel buildings it does not matter what parts and elements the frame is made of, and the normative durability will be determined by the attachment point of horizontal structures to the fence, let's consider an example with a large-panel building of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame. In appearance, it belongs to the industrial series with a durability of 150 years. However, the very design of such residential buildings, built since the beginning of the 60s of the last century, and most importantly, the qualities shown during long-term operation, make it possible to attribute such structures to the frame-panel capital group.
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Appearance of the 1-335 series with partial frame |
Plan of end typical section of latitudinal orientation |
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Plan and section series 1-335 with partial frame | Plan of an ordinary typical section of latitudinal orientation |
In the course of the implementation of complex development in the 60s of the last century, these buildings were erected as a frame for a built-up residential area, they were also placed inside the microdistrict, but at the site of binding the high-rise dominant - future 9-storey buildings with elevators and garbage chutes, the mass commissioning of which started in 1968.
In the 60s of the last century, in the conditions of the Cold War, there was a state housing program, during which each locality, in addition to the mobile resettlement fund, had a set of structures for large-panel housing, assembled according to the frame-panel type.
It was believed that the five-story structures used in the course of mass construction would be in operation for no more than 15 years. Then they had to be dismantled and reassembled in another place already with a decrease in the number of storeys - as three-story buildings.
After 10 years of operation, they were to be transported to countryside and assemble in the form of two-story one-story and two-story cottages with a durability of 150 years.
In order to facilitate assembly and disassembly in these houses, columns were not installed along the outer longitudinal walls. A number of columns for supporting the crossbar of floor slabs went only along the inner longitudinal wall.
Thus, the crossbars, resting on the columns of the inner row at one end (highlighted in red in the figure), at the other end rested directly on the fence panel.
Here it is necessary to understand. Why is the frame-panel system in Russia (where the heating season is on average 9 months) has such a low standard durability, regardless of what in this case is assembled from fully assembled durable elements designed for three assembly-dismantling cycles.
As we know the heat in the room is understood upwards. Thermal engineering calculation is reduced to determining the thickness of the fence behind the end of the floor structures.
In this case, two-layer panels 150 mm thick were used as enclosing structures. What did not pass according to the requirements of heat engineering calculation. The crossbar-outer fencing panel assembly was constantly frozen. The calculation was that for the planned durability, the physical wear of the fencing panels during the freeze-thaw cycles would not exceed the permissible maintainable level.
However, in practice it happened differently. The changed policy did not allow the planned operation of these peculiar "prefabricated" structures to continue. At a construction site, where in the estimates of the Soviet era there was an article "Temporary buildings and structures", which included buildings up to three floors, it is customary to say: "There is nothing more permanent than something temporary."
Of course, the original idea of resettling housing in 15-10 years was utopian in itself, given that buildings with a normative durability of 150 years were chosen as the main instrument of housing policy.
As a result, structures with a durability of 30 years, which should have been dismantled and reassembled back in the mid-70s of the last century, are still standing among structures with normal durability, not differing in any way from them.
There are 46 such houses in Izhevsk, they stand right among similar houses, where columns are exposed along the outer walls, so their standard durability is far from being exhausted, and the building itself has a normal microclimate.
Today, residential large-panel buildings with an incomplete frame pose a huge threat to residents.
By the end of the 1980s, all these structures were in a pre-emergency state. The destruction of these buildings can occur at any time according to an unpredictable scenario - due to the brittle fracture of metal embedded parts that have significantly corroded over the period of operation. Such buildings were supposed to be reconstructed in the first place in the mid-80s of the last century.
At present, they have not yet been reconstructed, although all the allowable dates have been missed. At the same time, the authorities are deliberately demolishing not these houses, but similar ones that have a normative period of 150 years, but located in more attractive places for modern development.
According to the results of external inspections carried out back in Soviet times, the normative durability indicators for horizontal protruding elements were significantly reduced - up to 25 years. These are peaks, balconies and loggias.
In the first mass series, a metal fence was used at the protruding elements. Practice has shown that in the process of heat exchange, it is at the contact with the “cold bridges”, which will be all metal structures, that the main concentration of freezing condensing moisture occurs. When freezing, condensate droplets expand, forming shells and cavities. After 10-15 heating seasons, irreversible damage occurs.
Without taking into account these data, today attempts are being made to strengthen the protruding reinforced concrete elements precisely with the use of metal parts and reinforcement structures.
The main advantages of the 1-335 series
The minimum number of load-bearing internal elements, which allows the principle of "flexible planning" to be implemented;
High manufacturability of manufacturing and installation of structures;
Designing a technical underground, which made it possible to put housing into operation rhythmically throughout the year in the northern regions of the country.
General information about houses of the 1-335 series
Purpose |
Residential building |
number of storeys |
5 floors, ground floor, basement |
dimensions |
67.2 m / 12.0 m |
Space stiffness |
Longitudinal direction - longitudinal load-bearing walls, ceilings. Transverse direction - external end, transverse walls |
Wed apartment area |
39.7 m2 |
Description of load-bearing structures of the 1-335 series
Foundations |
Belt prefabricated reinforced concrete |
Walls |
Double Layer Heavy Concrete Wall Panel |
Partitions |
Plaster t=80 mm |
Overlappings |
Reinforced concrete hollow core slabs |
Coating |
Pitched, on wooden rafters from boards "on edge" |
stairs |
Precast concrete marches |
Disadvantages of the 1-335 series
Insufficient rigidity of the embedding unit of the balcony slab in the wall panel, floor slabs;
Wrong arrangement of layers in a two-layer wall panel;
Unreliable waterproofing of the seams of wall panels, due to which the examination confirmed the leakage of the seams;
Inconsistency of space-planning and constructive solutions of apartments with modern requirements.
At the moment, these structures are no longer subject to disassembly and require urgent reconstruction measures with the strengthening of the entire building as a whole:
Devices outer frame with unfastening the crossbar support unit to strengthen and unload the existing building frame;
Cutting worn out balcony slabs;
Expansion of openings in external wall panels, sealing of vertical and horizontal platform joints in them;
Replacement of floors, window frames, door frames.
In addition, the planned reconstruction of the entrance groups with the arrangement of ramps for baby and wheelchairs, the installation of attached passenger elevators and garbage chutes is necessary.
In the course of reconstruction work, all residents would receive significant benefits, except for the residents of the first floors. For them, back in Soviet times, special reconstruction projects were developed with the arrangement of separate entrance groups.
It is easy to see that the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes, attached loggias along the contour of the building - expands the body, allows you to unfasten the frozen junction of the crossbar to the fence.
Such a solution allows not only to strengthen the incomplete frame, but also to create new heat-efficient enclosing structures, dry and repair old fence structures, and restore a normal microclimate in the building.
Projects of redevelopment of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame during reconstruction with the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes and attached loggias
There are various solutions that provide for partial disassembly of the fencing panels and the installation of attached structures that expand the body of the structure along the entire longitudinal contour. There are also more economical options, where only attached entrance groups and attached loggias are being built that reinforce the incomplete frame of the building from the outside.
When expanding the building, there are problems with the insolation of the premises due to the low floor height of the first mass series. However, this issue is resolved with the construction of two-level apartments with a hall having a "second light".
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Reconstruction project of the microdistrict of large-block houses building in 1964 in Izhevsk with a significant compaction of buildings by connecting three residential buildings in the most worn-out end part - into a single residential ensemble with two-level apartments |
The current approaches to the reconstruction of large-panel buildings with external insulation did not give positive changes. Structures have seen increased growth of black mold in the upper corners living quarters, that is, the process of freezing and destruction of structures did not slow down, but intensified.
Attempts to strengthen the angle of support of the crossbar on the outer panel of the fence from within, with similarity device inner frame- didn't work either. In Soviet times, there were attempts to strengthen these nodes with the help of logs installed in the corners.
The internal frame, which does not have its own foundation, based on floor slabs, only cosmetically solves the problem of frostbite, provided that it is upholstered with sheets of drywall. It should be borne in mind that most of the examined crossbars had an unacceptable deflection back in the 80s.
In structures of the semi-frame type of the series 1-335 in the course of the installation of attached loggias, it was planned to make a fastening unit for the crossbar head to transfer the load from worn units to the outer frame along the perimeter of the entire structure. Due to the fact that the reconstruction activities scheduled for the end of the 80s were not completed, at present, during the reconstruction activities, balcony slabs and canopies must be dismantled.
The device of heated loggias had to perform the following functions:
- creation of an additional thermal protection belt before repair and sealing of panel joints;
— improvement of insolation of internal premises due to tripartite natural lighting;
- improving the comfort of living quarters;
- creation of a rigid outer frame around the entire perimeter of the building.
All these activities must be carried out within a short period of time. complete eviction of residents on a permanent or temporary basis. Their implementation would contribute to reducing social tension in society and solving the housing problem in an economical way, beneficial for all participants in the reconstruction process.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-464
Large-panel 4-5-story residential buildings of the 1-464 series of standard projects are the most common first-generation prefabricated buildings. The solution of the houses of the considered series is based on the cross-wall structural system.
The main load-bearing skeleton of the buildings are transverse reinforced concrete walls located at intervals of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which this type of house was called houses with a "narrow" pitch of transverse load-bearing walls. Reinforced concrete floor slabs of the size “per room” are supported on them. They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which take part of the vertical load, while at the same time providing the longitudinal rigidity of the building.
The floor slabs laid at 3.2m spacing are calculated and operate as supported along the contour. Since all the internal walls separating the rooms carry the load from the ceilings and the overlying floors, it is impossible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, the removal of the outer walls at a step of 3.2 m is excluded, without ensuring the support of the floor slab along the short outer wall.
The outer walls are made of panels - three-layer, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls 12cm thick and floor slabs 10cm thick are solid reinforced concrete flooring. Roof - combined with a rolled soft roof or attic rafter with a roof of corrugated asbestos cement.
When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, it becomes necessary to install new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.
When modernizing a building, floor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, during the superstructure of the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. The arrangement of new openings in them is possible, but with large sizes of such openings, reinforcement of the overlap may be required.
In the series under consideration, balconies are placed at a step of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick and 90 cm wide were mounted according to two schemes. In the initial period of construction, they rested on the outer wall and were held in the design position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this solution was abandoned and, considering the balcony slab as a cantilever supported on the outer wall, they connected it to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-468
Typical projects of residential buildings of the 1-468 series were originally developed at the Gostroyproekt Institute, since 1961 - at TsNIIEPzhilishcha.
The load-bearing skeleton of the houses of this series are transverse load-bearing walls located in the plan with a step of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this constructive system are called houses with a "mixed" step of the transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of the houses in this series is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the outer wall panels are made of autoclaved cellular concrete or lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors rest on transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with a roll coating and attic truss with a roof of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.
The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. So these walls apart individual sections the inner walls adjoining the stairwells and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the shortcomings in the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The device of new and expansion of existing openings in the bearing transverse walls is possible only if the calculation confirms and strengthens the "contours" of the openings.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-335
Five-story residential buildings of the 1-335 series of standard projects are representatives of the frame-panel structural system. Typical projects of this series were originally developed by the author's team of the Leningrad Design Bureau, and then continued at the LenZNIIEP Institute.
The structural scheme of the house is a so-called "incomplete" frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a step of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side of the reinforced concrete columns , and on the other hand, on metal support tables embedded in the body of the load-bearing outer wall panels. Reinforced concrete floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are interconnected by girders that provide longitudinal rigidity of the building.
In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were used mainly layered. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed "shell" and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered from the side of the premises. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the intersection walls of the stairwells.
With the same dimensions and steps of houses of different series in the houses of the frame-panel system, the principle of "free planning" can be fully implemented. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that prevents the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.
A modification of this constructive system was the introduction of two more rows of columns into it - at the outer walls of the building to support crossbars on them. Such houses are called "full frame houses". In them, the outer walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.
Five-storey brick houses series 1-447
The 1-447 series includes standard projects of 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing skeleton of the houses in this series are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls - external end and internal, between which there are stairwells. Transverse brick walls act as stiffening diaphragms. All other walls (internal and inter-apartment) are non-bearing.
The floors are made in the form of reinforced concrete multi-hollow slabs, supported by short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels rest on both sides. Openings in the outer longitudinal walls can only be enlarged by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing piers. Lintels above windows should also be preserved. In the end walls of the building during reconstruction, it is possible to make openings.
Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447
Viktorov D.A.,Safronova S.V., Khreschik V.V.(BGITA, Bryansk, Russian Federation)
The development of the construction of houses of the 1-335 series from development and experimental construction to the end of their construction is considered. The advantages and disadvantages of various modifications of this series are determined. The main directions of increasing the level of operation of the buildings under consideration are given.
1-335 - the most common throughout former USSR a series of panel 5-story residential buildings that appeared along with the houses of the K-7, II-32, II-35, 1MG-300, 1-464, 1-468 series in 1959. The first house of this series 1-335 was built in Cherepovets, Vologda region. The largest number of houses in this series was built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by Polustrovsky House-Building Plant (DSK).
Initially, the 1-335 series was an incomplete frame, consisting of one row of columns located along the longitudinal axis with a step of 2.6 and 3.2 m and crossbars located across the building and resting on columns on one side and metal on the other. supporting consoles ("tables"). Floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides.
External walls according to the constructive solution were divided into two-layer and single-layer. The first had an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed slab 30-60 mm thick and an insulating layer of non-autoclaved foam concrete 260 mm thick, the surface of which was plastered. However, as the practice of building operation has shown, the low mechanical strength of foam concrete, its weak adhesion and high hygroscopicity led to the appearance of shrinkage cracks, delamination and destruction of the panels. Cold bridges were formed in the places where the girders rested on the outer two-layer wall panels, which contributed to the corrosion of the metal embedded elements of the welded joint. In single-layer panels, made, as a rule, with a thickness of 350 mm from expanded clay concrete, no signs of corrosion of embedded elements were observed. The most common ceramic tile for cladding the outer surface of wall panels was 48x48x4 or less commonly 23x23x2 mm carpet tiles.
These houses had no internal walls, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the panels of staircases and intersection walls, thanks to which the principle of "free planning" could be implemented. Also, the biggest advantage of the 1-335 series was its low cost (for example, in 1971 an apartment cost an average of 5,760 rubles with average salary in 131 rubles 32 kopecks; thus, it would take 3 years and 8 months to save up for housing, which is 4.76 times less than now).
But, despite all the advantages, the 1-335 series had a number of disadvantages. It was recognized as the most unsuccessful of all the series of residential buildings developed under N.S. Khrushchev, because due to the complete lack of experience in the construction of prefabricated buildings, the level of fabrication of structures and their installation on the construction site was very low. Also, the disadvantages of the first houses of this series included external walls with insufficient heat-shielding properties, combined bathrooms, narrow corridors without built-in wardrobes, walk-through and semi-walk-through rooms.
Figure 1 - Ordinary latitudinal section of houses of the 1-335 series (2-2-2-3)
With further improvement of the 1-335 series, standard projects of large-panel residential buildings of the 1-335K series appeared, developed by the Leningrad branch of the Gorstroyproekt State Design Institute (Leningrad GPI Gorstroyproekt) in 1961. The design difference of the 1-335K series was that instead of five prefabricated elements of the staircase, a spatial block was made. This greatly simplified the installation of houses and made it possible to facilitate the flight of stairs, which, after the introduction of a three-dimensional element of the staircase, was decided to be combined with only one platform, and not with two, as was the case in the 1-335 series.
With the approval of new building codes and regulations in 1963, the construction of residential buildings of more advanced series 1-464A, 1-464D, 1-468A, 1-468B, 1-468D, 1-510, 1605A, 1-515 / 9, 1 -468A, 1-468D, 1-447, 1-511, 1-510, which included various modifications of the 1-335 series (1-335A, 1-335D, etc.).
Houses of the 1-335A series, developed by the Leningrad Zonal Research and Design Institute for Typical and Experimental Design of Residential and Public Buildings (LenzNIIEP), were built in the period from 1963-1967 and had improved architectural and planning solutions. In this modification, to support the crossbars, 2 more rows of columns were introduced along the longitudinal outer walls. Thus, a frame-constructive system was obtained, in which the outer walls of the building became non-bearing, that is, any outer panel could be dismantled. The 1-335A series was solved with changes in the designs and dimensions of the main assembly units and parts of standardized elements and an increase in the number of additional forms associated with the use of separate sanitary units, a lightweight march and other design improvements.
Modification 1-335D is structurally similar to the 1-335A series. The heat-shielding properties of the walls of these houses are higher, they are stronger, they had more successful apartment layouts.
The next modification of the 1-335 series was the connection of blocks through reinforced concrete panels used in the 1-335AT series, which, unlike 1-335A and 1-335D, had an incomplete frame.
The five-story block sections 1-335Tul were designed in addition to the houses of the 1-335AT series to expand the capabilities of the architect and differed from them only in the originality of the types of houses and architectural and planning solutions. They were used to lay out projects for representative houses and individual projects houses of various lengths and volumetric and spatial solutions, depending on the conditions dictated by urban planning circumstances.
In 1969-1972, by order of the Novomoskovsk Chemical Combine, a modification 1-335TulM was produced. In this series, the bindings were redesigned, a technical floor was arranged instead of a combined roof, and technical undergrounds were replaced with full-fledged basements, for which reinforced basement panels with window openings were developed. But the main difference of the modified series was the presence of loggias. Bilateral orientation of two-room and three-room apartments and the presence of a wide pitch of panels in the living rooms made it possible to arrange loggias in the apartment with their orientation both to one and the opposite facade and, accordingly, to obtain a greater number of options for facade solutions. If necessary (for example, when the house is located on a busy highway), all the balconies of the apartments could be removed from the street facade and oriented to the courtyard. The heads of the smoke ventilation ducts were arranged no lower than 0.6 m from the top of the roof, since the necessary exhaust was not provided in the previous modifications.
The advantages of houses of the 1-335Tul and 1-335TulM series over 1-335AT is that they made it possible to completely move away from the system of free line building with monotonous rows of identical typical houses and find a variety of spatial solutions to obtain large spacious yards. This was possible due to the formation of residential areas of any length with vertical ledges, the use of loggia inserts for making turns at right and obtuse angles. Such a system made it possible to increase the linear building density and reduce the number of cold end walls, which, together with the reduction of engineering networks, contributed to an economically viable construction option. During the construction of residential buildings from block sections of the 1-335TulM series, attached loggias were used, which were obtained by adding special prefabricated side walls to standard balcony slabs. And with paired and even more so quadruple balconies, such a solution required less material consumption than with single balconies of the 1-335AT series.
According to the given chronology, the 1-335 series was mastered in the city of Bryansk. The first house was erected in 1959 . For houses of the 1-335 series in Bryansk, single-layer expanded clay concrete panels were produced by the Bryansk plant of large-panel housing construction (BZKD). During the installation of houses, metallization of through seams and joints was organized by spraying. When sealing the joints of the panels of the outer walls, modern materials began to be used instead of hemp ship ropes.
Experience in the construction and operation of houses has revealed the following shortcomings, typical for all modifications of the 1-335 series:
Sound insulation of airborne noise of interfloor ceilings, inter-apartment and inter-room partitions is low;
The mass of 1 m 2 of the floor is less than 2.2 kN, which does not satisfy the condition of impact sound insulation;
The quality of welds due to their large length is unsatisfactory;
The mortar most often breaks down and flakes off in the joint, since the adhesion surface between the mortar and the panels is small;
Water and cold air penetrate into the premises through cracks in the seams, which are formed during deformations that are inevitable for this design of houses;
The caulk does not provide the necessary water tightness and impermeability of the seams;
Floor slabs have insufficient support on smoke panels; some floor slabs have excess deflections.
The connection of hinged outer panels is unsuccessful.
Together, all these defects led to the fact that the construction of houses in this series was completely prohibited.
The physical deterioration of the buildings of 1963-1970 is much less than the houses of the first stage and, as a rule, hardly exceeds 20%. Therefore, it was decided not to demolish the five-story buildings built after 1963, but to reconstruct them. Buildings of the “unbearable” series can be destroyed if they are in an unacceptable technical condition or fall into a zone of mass demolition, where it is more economically profitable to build a modern multi-storey residential building on the site of a still fairly strong five-story building.
But decide housing problem in conditions of scarcity of territories and quite acceptable physical condition of the existing housing stock that does not meet social and demographic needs, as well as standards of comfort, is possible thanks to its reconstruction. The increase in area is achieved by building additional floors, increasing the size and number of summer rooms (balconies and loggias) and adding new volumes to the reconstructed buildings. The superstructure of houses is the most effective method of expanding the reproduction of the housing stock, since it does not require an increase land plot and allows you to realize all the reserves of the bearing capacity of the vertical structures of the building. Residential buildings of all modifications of the 1-335 series are of great interest as superstructure objects, since they are similar to each other in terms of the width of the building, its configuration in plan, the location of staircases and windows, and allow the use of unified structural and technological systems for attic construction.
The Central Research and Design Institute of Residential and Public Buildings (TsNIIEP Housing) proposed five options for the renovation of residential buildings of the 1-335 series:
1 - redevelopment during major repairs;
2 - redevelopment in existing dimensions;
3 - redevelopment in existing dimensions with a superstructure;
4 - reconstruction with the addition of additional volumes;
5 - reconstruction with an extension and a superstructure.
Based on the territorial programs of most subjects Russian Federation the subprogram "Reconstruction of residential buildings of the first mass series" of the state target program "Housing" was created. In Bryansk, in 2001, project No. 08-011-02 “Reconstruction of large-panel residential buildings of the 1-335 series in the city of Bryansk” was developed, in which three main reconstruction options were developed at the feasibility study stage:
1 - enlargement of apartments;
2 - consolidation of apartments and the superstructure of the attic floor;
3 - enlargement of apartments with a broadening of the building and an attic superstructure.
In all three options, measures have been developed to improve thermal protection and overhaul the engineering equipment of existing floors with the engineering and social infrastructure of residential areas unchanged. The cost of 1 m 2 of the attic floor, according to the calculations made, was about 1.5 thousand rubles. The cost of work on major repairs and improving the thermal protection of buildings as a whole amounted to 200% of the cost of the attic floor. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out the reconstruction from two sources of financing: funds from investors - for the construction of the attic floor, public utilities– for works on modernization of floors 1-5.
Literature
1 1-335 (Series of houses) [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia [website] - URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-335 (date of access: 2.11.10).
2 Series 1-335 [Electronic resource] // USSR Forever!!! [website] - URL: http://www.ussr-forever.ru/prui/125-1-335-.html (date of access: 2.11.10).
3 Banykin, B.N. Design and construction of large-panel houses. - M., 1963. - S. 45-51.
4 How much is housing? [Electronic resource] // Bullshit [website] - URL: http://mgsupgs.livejournal.com/144614.html (date of access: 11/30/10).
5 Types and series of houses in Moscow [Electronic resource] // Fot.com [website] - URL: http://fot.com.ru/lofiversion/index.php/t18616-50.html (date of access: 2.11.10 ).
6 This restless Shilin [Electronic resource] // Notes of local lore [website] - URL: http://stroyved.ru/2009/11/%c2%a0etot-bespokojnyj-shilin/ (date of access: 11/30/10).
7 Past, present and future of five-story buildings [Text] // Ideas for your home - 2002. - No. 4.
8 Unified architectural and construction systems of attic floors for the superstructure of reconstructed houses [Electronic resource] // Construction Library [website] http://www.zodchii.ws/books/info-609.html (accessed: 28.01.11).
9 SP 35-114-2003. Reconstruction and adaptation of buildings for social service institutions for the elderly [Electronic resource]. Access from the information and reference system "Techexpert".
10 Detailed information [Electronic resource] // Innovations to business [website] http://www.ideasandmoney.ru/Ntrr/Details/133223 (date of access: 01/28/11).
Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Among the people, such houses were called "Khrushchev" (derived from the name of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly because of the uncomfortable and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and, as a result, terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what a typical series of Khrushchev houses are, we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide layout features in the form of descriptions and photos.
Typical series of Khrushchev houses: the main pros and cons of houses
Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev houses that have been built for 27 years. It is worth noting that initially Khrushchev was supposed to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev houses include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it is cool in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer), the layout of the apartment and the entrance is not always successful: narrow corridors, a small kitchen, lack of a garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include low cost.
The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport interchange not far from Khrushchev. If Money not enough to buy an apartment, then - not the worst option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other cities of Russia are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.
Series 1-464 (1960 - 1967)
General drawing:
One of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). This is a panel house with 5 floors, you can rarely see 3 and 4 storey buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional closets), but there are no elevators and the residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for the elderly, families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The ceiling height in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchen is less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.
Picture - drawing:
1 room:
2 room:
3 room:
Series 1-335 (1963 - 1967)
From 1963 to 1967 the territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. These are also panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, combined bathrooms, and the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area - 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.
1 room:
2 room:
Series 1-434 (1958 - 1964)
This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layouts of the apartments were slightly modified. So, for example, in the buildings of 1958 in one-room apartments the area of the living room was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 the area of the room was 17.7 m2. And so in all types of apartments, the area of residential premises varied in the direction of decreasing and increasing. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, a pantry and built-in wardrobes.
Pictures - drawing (by years)
1 room 1958
1 room 1959
1 room 1960
1 room 1961
1 room 1964
2 room 1958
2 room 1959
2 room 1960
2 room 1964