Series i 335. Typical series of residential buildings in g
Five-storey panel houses series 1-464
Large-panel 4-5-story residential buildings of the 1-464 series of standard projects are the most common first-generation prefabricated buildings. The solution of the houses of the considered series is based on the cross-wall structural system.
The main load-bearing skeleton of the buildings are transverse reinforced concrete walls, located at intervals of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which the houses of this type are called houses with a "narrow" pitch of transverse load-bearing walls. Reinforced concrete floor slabs of the size “per room” are supported on them. They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which take part of the vertical load, while at the same time providing the longitudinal rigidity of the building.
The floor slabs laid at 3.2m spacing are calculated and operate as supported along the contour. Since all the internal walls separating the rooms carry the load from the ceilings and the overlying floors, it is impossible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, the removal of the outer walls at a step of 3.2 m is excluded, without ensuring the support of the floor slab along the short outer wall.
The outer walls are made of panels - three-layer, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls 12cm thick and floor slabs 10cm thick are solid reinforced concrete flooring. Roof - combined with a rolled soft roof or attic rafter with a roof of corrugated asbestos cement.
When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, it becomes necessary to install new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.
When modernizing a building, floor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, during the superstructure of the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. The arrangement of new openings in them is possible, but with large sizes of such openings, reinforcement of the overlap may be required.
In the series under consideration, balconies are placed at a step of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick and 90 cm wide were mounted according to two schemes. In the initial period of construction, they rested on the outer wall and were held in the design position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this solution was abandoned and, considering the balcony slab as a cantilever supported on the outer wall, they connected it to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-468
Typical projects of residential buildings of the 1-468 series were originally developed at the Gostroyproekt Institute, since 1961 - at TsNIIEPzhilishcha.
The load-bearing skeleton of the houses of this series are transverse load-bearing walls located in the plan with a step of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this constructive system are called houses with a "mixed" step of the transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of the houses in this series is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the outer wall panels are made of autoclaved cellular concrete or lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors rest on transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with a roll coating and attic truss with a roof of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.
The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. So these walls apart individual sections the inner walls adjoining the stairwells and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the shortcomings in the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The device of new and expansion of existing openings in the bearing transverse walls is possible only if the calculation confirms and strengthens the "contours" of the openings.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-335
Five-story residential buildings of the 1-335 series of standard projects are representatives of the frame-panel structural system. Typical projects of this series were originally developed by the author's team of the Leningrad Design Bureau, and then continued at the LenZNIIEP Institute.
The structural scheme of the house is a so-called "incomplete" frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a step of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side of the reinforced concrete columns , and on the other hand, on metal support tables embedded in the body of the load-bearing outer wall panels. Reinforced concrete floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are interconnected by girders that provide longitudinal rigidity of the building.
In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were used mainly layered. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed "shell" and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered from the side of the premises. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the intersection walls of the stairwells.
With the same dimensions and steps of houses of different series in the houses of the frame-panel system, the principle of "free planning" can be fully implemented. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that prevents the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.
A modification of this constructive system was the introduction of two more rows of columns into it - at the outer walls of the building to support crossbars on them. Such houses are called "full frame houses". In them, the outer walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.
Five-storey brick houses series 1-447
The 1-447 series includes standard projects of 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing skeleton of the houses in this series are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls - external end and internal, between which there are stairwells. Transverse brick walls act as stiffening diaphragms. All other walls (internal and inter-apartment) are non-bearing.
The floors are made in the form of reinforced concrete multi-hollow slabs, supported by short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels rest on both sides. Openings in the outer longitudinal walls can only be enlarged by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing piers. Lintels above windows should also be preserved. In the end walls of the building during reconstruction, it is possible to make openings.
Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447
Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Among the people, such houses were called "Khrushchev" (derived from the name of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly because of the uncomfortable and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and, as a result, terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what a typical series of Khrushchev houses are, we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide layout features in the form of descriptions and photos.
Typical series of Khrushchev houses: the main pros and cons of houses
Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev houses that have been built for 27 years. It is worth noting that initially Khrushchev was supposed to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev houses include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it is cool in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer), the layout of the apartment and the entrance is not always successful: narrow corridors, a small kitchen, lack of a garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include low cost.
The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport interchange not far from Khrushchev. If a Money not enough to buy an apartment, then - not the worst option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other cities of Russia are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.
Series 1-464 (1960 - 1967)
General drawing:
One of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). This is a panel house with 5 floors, it is rare to find 3 and 4 storey buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional closets), but there are no elevators and the residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for the elderly, families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The ceiling height in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchen is less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.
Picture - drawing:
1 room:
2 room:
3 room:
Series 1-335 (1963 - 1967)
From 1963 to 1967 the territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. These are also panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, combined bathrooms, and the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area is 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.
1 room:
2 room:
Series 1-434 (1958 - 1964)
This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layouts of the apartments were slightly modified. So, for example, in the buildings of 1958 in one room apartments Oh the area of the living room was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 the area of the room was 17.7 m2. And so in all types of apartments area living quarters varied in the direction of decrease and increase. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, a pantry and built-in wardrobes.
Pictures - drawing (by years)
1 room 1958
1 room 1959
1 room 1960
1 room 1961
1 room 1964
2 room 1958
2 room 1959
2 room 1960
2 room 1964
My text. So, the further evolution of the design of residential buildings led to the emergence of a "half-frame" scheme, and the Leningrad branch of Gorstroyproekt developed the 1-335 series according to this principle, which was destined to become a "hit". It is not difficult to distinguish the series, it is enough 1) to look at the end of the house and note the location of the windows. 2) look at the house from the stairs. Continuous glazing of stairwells (4 rows of frames per panel or glass blocks) - also feature 1-335. These houses were built everywhere from Kaliningrad to the Pacific Ocean. For each climatic and seismic zone, its own modification of the project was developed. Oddly enough, in Moscow 1-335 is a very rare guest. Only 20 photos.
Photo 1 house series 1-335 under construction
In the capitals, the house was built in a slightly different guise (moreover, concrete goods were brought to Moscow from other regions). Outwardly, differences in the structure of the roof.
Photo 2. St. Petersburg. The roof is flat, its device is identical to the OD series. Most houses are finished with gray ceramics.
Photo 3. 1-335 in Moscow. The roof is double pitched. Panels are always painted.
The cost of construction of 1 sq.m of living space for frame-panel houses of the 1-335 series was 95 rubles. in 1961 prices - the lowest figure among the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR. What is a "half-frame" can be seen from the drawing. The longitudinal load-bearing wall was replaced by columns with load-bearing beams. Internal partitions (except for inter-apartment ones) are light, made of gypsum concrete. Moreover, the section of the columns during the evolution of the series was reduced (1-335 k)
Photo 4. "Semi-frame" scheme of series 1-335
The layout of the apartments is a "step back" in relation to K-7 (od). 2-room and part of 3-room apartments with walk-through rooms, bathrooms combined. The height of the ceiling is the required hygienic minimum of 250 cm. True, all apartments have balconies. Starting from 1-335, the definition of “mother-in-law’s room” appeared in the lexicon of a Soviet person - this is a pantry in “twos” and “threes” - it is quite large.
Photo 5. Layout 1-335.
Photo 6
Photo 7. Furnishing option 1-335 from designers. I note that the common (passing room) is conceived as non-residential.
They tried to diversify the houses of the 1-335 series and “revive” the quarter with artistic coloring of houses and simple decor (along the “red” line of streets)
Photo 8.
Or the use of mosaic panels in houses with ceramic facade panels
Photo 9.
Or the use of glass blocks in the glazing of stairs
Photo 10.
In the process of evolution of the series, the end windows moved closer to the center of the building (there are no such houses in Moscow or St. Petersburg).
Photo 11 "transitional" version 1-335 in Tomsk
Photo 12. Project 1-335A-2. The windows of the butt "fixed" in a new place.
trouble 1-335 - the destruction of the slabs of the balconies was also defeated
Photo 13. Brick consoles of balconies
Back in the days of the USSR, the operation of houses of the 1-335 series of some DSKs revealed serious problems with the quality of reinforced concrete products
Photo 14. Lamination of facade panels
What needed a major overhaul
Photo 15.
A plan was developed for the overhaul of houses in a series with wall insulation
http://greb.ru/new/texnologija-strotel-stv...ix-sten-kr.html
photo 16.
Due to the high cost of land, in Moscow they don’t stand on ceremony with 1-335 (at least in Luzhkov’s time it was like that)
Photo 17. Demolition of 1-335 in Moscow. Let me remind you that very few of them were built there (the series cannot be reliably determined from the photo, but it is included in the list of “demolished” and actually demolished)
In other regions, 1-335 was subjected to overhaul and sanitation
Photo 18. 1-335 after reorganization in St. Petersburg. Etc. Sciences 14-2.
Photo 19. 1-335 after overhaul in Yurga, Kemerovo region.
Photo 20 Implemented or not, I don't know.
In order not to overload the topic with later projects 1-335, which bear little resemblance to these "Khrushchevs", I will stop here. Thanks to all!
There are several regions in Russia with high seismic activity, among which Far East, Caucasus and Baikal. In order to avoid casualties, multi-storey construction in these areas is designed for tremors. And if funds were transferred to the first two regions with the support of the federal government since 2009 under the programs of seismic strengthening of existing houses and the construction of new ones, then the Irkutsk region plans to receive funding only this year.
Dmitry Ruzhnikov said that Baikal is in the middle of a fault in the earth's crust. Up to 5-6 thousand shocks are recorded here per year. The last strong earthquake occurred in 2008. Many houses of the 335th series were seriously damaged: cracks appeared, the delamination of wall panels accelerated. It was assumed that the replacement and, in rare cases, the repair of these buildings would be carried out as part of the Russian earthquake-resistant construction program at the expense of the federal budget.
In the 1960s and 1970s, there was an active development of the region. The country's government has set the task of relocating people from barracks to comfortable apartments, - says the deputy. - Meanwhile, these houses were supposed to be completely demolished in 25-30 years. Projects of houses of the 335th series with an incomplete frame were involved in the development: they were built quickly and cheaply. The project started from Moscow, where seismic activity is 5 points. Before 2000, we had 7-8 points, and now we have 8-9 points.
1.5 million square meters in the city and 2.5 million in the Irkutsk region were built with the expectation of seismic 1-2 points less than the current requirements. Large-panel five-story buildings of the 335th series are not adapted to such a long operation in a region of increased seismic activity without major repairs, they have already stood in excess of the standard operating life. In addition, the quality of their construction also suffered. Now, when examining houses, Dmitry says, there are egregious cases. For example, when one of the concrete slabs is replaced by a wooden one. The expert explains: some product did not come from the factory, and the house needs to be put into operation, the builders got out as best they could.
The scientific community of the area drew attention to the problem of houses of the 335th series in the 1990s. But, unfortunately, none of the governments gave it much publicity. Our region did not participate in federal programs, and the authorities did not really think about what to do with these houses, - the representative complains social movement. - We, initiative group"Regeneration of the city", independently began work. And, I hope, with the support of the current government, we will promote the project, reach out to federal institutions.
Houses of the 335th series are buildings with an incomplete frame and lightweight wall panels. In modern monolithic house floors - floor or ceiling - are supported by four or two columns, thereby distributing the load evenly. In a house with an incomplete frame, one side of the floor is on a column, the other is only on a panel. And if the column is designed for vertical loads, then the facade panel is not: it decays very quickly, delaminates, cracks appear in it. With the destruction of such a panel, the floor may first fail, and then the whole house may collapse.
Denis Voronov warns: residential large-panel buildings with an incomplete frame already pose a threat to the life and health of residents. Serious destruction in the critical elements of such houses is indicated by cracks in the facades and delamination of slabs. If you see that the cracks on the walls of your house go through several floors, forming a single line, this is already a big problem for the building structure.
A detailed survey of such houses is required in order to understand how much time is available to take appropriate measures. According to Dmitry Ruzhnikov, it is necessary to obtain an opinion on the nodes, panels and the project - everything internal state structures.
We invited leading experts from IrNITU. In the near future, we will examine six houses in Irkutsk using non-destructive laser non-contact vibration measurement to further substantiate the danger of buildings to the life and health of Irkutsk residents, - explains the deputy. - This is a prerequisite for the inclusion of problematic objects in federal programs.
The city tried to solve the problem of Khrushchev houses with an incomplete frame by including these houses in the regional program for overhaul. Denis Voronov explains: in order to replace, for example, one of the load-bearing panels that is collapsing in such a house, you need to dismantle the roof and remove a few more panels. The money collected as part of the overhaul will not be enough for this. Now residents pay 5.6 rubles for square meter. It will take decades to accumulate the required amount. In addition, with such repairs, people need to be resettled somewhere - these are additional costs. And there is no mobile fund in the city for these purposes.
After reconstruction, we must put the building into operation in accordance with all modern requirements and legislation. The house must again undergo an environmental assessment, since we live in the Baikal ecological zone, an examination of the project, in which we must prove that it meets the current requirements for energy efficiency, seismic and is accessible to people with limited mobility. All this is very expensive and hardly realizable, - says the expert.
Solution
Dmitry Ruzhnikov recalled that the overhaul does not involve strengthening the structural parts of the building. And it is not possible to carry out repairs to strengthen the support nodes of the floor girders of all houses of the 335th series at the expense of the budget of Irkutsk - this is a colossal expense. A complete reconstruction of one house of the 335th series will cost as much as the construction of two new buildings. According to the expert, the way out is to create a maneuverable fund, where residents of an emergency building can temporarily accommodate. But without the participation of the state can not do.
In order to build modern residential complexes on the site of Khrushchev, it is necessary to create a maneuverable fund, Dmitry argues. - People are resettled there, and the building is demolished and a new residential building is being built in its place. We understand that it is impossible to do this without a federal program.
It is assumed that the region or the city will undertake the construction of a flexible fund, and a private developer or investor - the construction of a new residential building. After completion of work, the owner can move to new house, built to replace the old one, or pay extra and improve their living conditions.
Denis Voronov notes that the best option is the construction of housing for the resettlement of owners in the same area where they lived. But given the lack of land in the city, this is not always feasible. In this matter, it is necessary to do a lot of work with homeowners: people must understand that it is dangerous to live in houses of the 335th series with an incomplete frame.
However, not all sites in Irkutsk will be of interest to private investors, Dmitry suggests. Therefore, in some cases, it is necessary to transfer the experience of Moscow to the region and build modern residential complexes instead of Khrushchev for federal money. Moreover, there federal program on seismic amplification, which allows you to get the necessary funds for this. The task is difficult, but quite feasible, experts are sure.
Polina Dedyukhova
Series 1-335 with an incomplete frame is a residential building of 5 floors with longitudinal load-bearing walls. The structures were made at the factories of prefabricated reinforced concrete of the Ministry of Transport of the USSR. Designs of the 335th series were produced at the DSC from 1960 to 1968.
The series is widely distributed in space former USSR. The first house of this series was built in Cherepovets. In Moscow, the 335 series were built from imported structures; in block buildings it occurs in the form of individual inclusions.
The largest number of houses in this series was built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by Polustrovsky DSK - 289 buildings, in total 1442 sections in the Krasnogvardeysky and Kalininsky districts of the city. In Omsk, 170 houses of the I-335PK series with an incomplete frame are operated (more than 2% of the total volume of this series in the country). The most massive series of residential buildings in Kazakhstan.
In Tula, it was initially decided to build houses of a nominal series, the builders faced a number of technological difficulties. Therefore, it was decided to introduce our own panels for construction, so the 1-335AT series (Tula) was born. Panels for it were produced at two factories - Aleksinsky Concrete Products and ZKD (Large Parts Plant). Proletarsky became the first district where these houses were built.
The appearance of 1-335 is characterized by wide apartment windows (two-leaf windows look square), elongated windows on the stairwells, almost the entire height of the panel. The end walls consist of 4 panels with windows on the outer ones. Usually there is an external fire escape at one of the ends of the house. For houses built in Moscow, an iron 4-pitched roof is typical. In another modification, including the one built by Polustrovsky DSK (it is also found in the Moscow region), there may be a flat roof without an attic at all.
Bearing walls are longitudinal (as indicated by the I in the title of the series). The number of sections in the original modification is 3,4,5,6,8,10. There are 4 apartments on the site. 1,2,3-room apartments, ceiling height - 2.55 m. The central room in a 3-room apartment is a walk-through. Bathroom combined. Water and heat supply is centralized. There is no elevator or garbage chute.
1-335 Partial Frame Specifications
wall material | panel |
Number of sections (entrances) | from 3 |
Number of floors | 5, less often - 3, 4. First floor residential |
Ceiling height | 2.54 m |
Elevator | No |
Balconies | in all apartments |
Number of apartments per floor | 4 |
Years of construction | 1958-1966 |
Total number of houses built | about 500 (in Moscow - 76 with a total with total area apartments about 200 thousand square meters. m) |
Most of the houses of the 1-335 series were built in Leningrad (primarily the north-east of the city: Grazhdanka, Okhta, Polyustrovo), and also. Country. Several quarters were built in the years. Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and others (including in several cities of Belarus). In less significant volumes, a series was built in Moscow: 3-5 houses in the areas of Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkin, Degunino, Kuntsevo, 1-2 buildings in a number of other areas. In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of the 1-335 series were built in single quantities, most of them in the years. Shcherbinka and Podolsk |
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The demolition of houses of series 1-335 has been carried out in Moscow since the late 1990s. selectively (formally, the series is not included in the list of demolished in the first place, because it is not among the most common series of "Khrushchev" in Moscow, and in the BTI databases, 5-storey buildings of the 1-335 series are often mistakenly listed as buildings of the unbearable series 1-515/5). The demolition of all houses of series 1-335 in Moscow will be completed, according to experts from www.RussianRealty.ru, in 2015-2017. | |
In St. Petersburg, houses of series 1-335 are being refurbished (overhauled), some blocks are scheduled for demolition | |
Areas of 1-room apartments | total: 30-31 sq. m., residential: 18 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3 sq. m. |
Areas of 2-room apartments | total: 41-45 sq. m., residential: 26-35 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3-6.9 sq. m. |
Areas of 3-room apartments | total: 55-58 sq. m., residential: 42-48 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3 sq. m. |
Since 1964, modified versions of the 1-335 series have been introduced: 1-335A, 1-335K, 1-335AK, 1-335D with improved apartment layouts, improved structural design (full frame, better thermal insulation of external walls) and with 9-storey versions. Modified houses were not built in Moscow | |
bathrooms | combined in all apartments |
stairs | without common fire balcony |
Garbage chute | No |
Cooker type: gas. Ventilation: natural exhaust, blocks in sanitary cabins (bathrooms) | |
Walls of houses of a typical series 1-335 |
External walls: two-layer reinforced concrete 30 cm thick or single-layer expanded clay concrete 40 cm thick. Ceilings: solid reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick. Interroom partitions made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, and inter-apartment partitions - from the same panels in 2 layers with an air gap between them equal to 4 cm |
load-bearing walls | columns and exterior walls (incomplete frame) |
Type of sections (entrances) |
in-line (ordinary, a set of apartments on the floor: 3-2-1-3, 2-2-3-2), end (set of apartments on the floor: 1-2-2-3). All apartments, except for the corner apartments, face one side |
Number of steps in the section (entrance) | 7 (in row sections), 6 (in end sections). Step width (distance between two adjacent load-bearing walls, span width): 260 cm, 320 cm. Hull width: 11.6 m. |
Facing, plastering of external walls | facing with small square tiles (St. Petersburg), unlined (Moscow, St. Petersburg, other cities) |
External wall color options | tiles: blue-white, light grey, uncoated: grey, white, yellow, beige |
roof type | 4-pitched (Moscow), flat and flat-pitched (other cities) |
Distinctive features | 5-storey panel houses of type series 1-335 are recognizable by large, full-height panels, windows of 4 horizontal leaves on the stairs, ends of 4 panels with 2 rows of windows |
Advantages | balconies, closets |
Disadvantages (in addition to the standard disadvantages of Khrushchev) | extremely low thermal insulation of external walls, thin interior partitions, combined bathrooms even in 3-room apartments |
Manufacturers | Polyustrovskiy DSK (Leningrad), Vologda DSK, Petrozavodsk DSK, Tula ZKD, Plant of Large Panel Parts No. 6-DSK-1 (Novosibirsk), Krasnoyarsk Concrete Concrete Plant No. 1, Omsk Precast Concrete Plant No. 6, etc. |
Designer | Design Institute "Gorstroyproekt" (Leningrad branch) |
Varieties of typical projects of the 1-335 series (they differ only in the number of sections): | 1-335-1, 1-335-2, 1-335-3, 1-335-4, 1-335-30, 1-335-30sh |
The cost of construction of 1 square. m of living space for frame-panel houses of the 1-335 series was 95 rubles. in 1961 prices - the lowest figure among the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR | |
According to a number of experts, 1-335 is the most unsuccessful of all the all-Union Khrushchev series | |
1-335 - the only series of houses found in both Moscow and St. Petersburg (at the same time, facade and roofing solutions differ significantly) | |
Rating of RussianRealty.ru typical series 1-335 | 2.9 (on a 10-point scale) |
In support of the thesis that in frame-panel buildings it does not matter what parts and elements the frame is made of, and the normative durability will be determined by the attachment point of horizontal structures to the fence, let's consider an example with a large-panel building of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame. In appearance, it belongs to the industrial series with a durability of 150 years. However, the very design of such residential buildings, built since the beginning of the 60s of the last century, and most importantly, the qualities shown during long-term operation, make it possible to attribute such structures to the frame-panel capital group.
Appearance of the 1-335 series with partial frame |
Plan of end typical section of latitudinal orientation |
Plan and section series 1-335 with partial frame | Plan of an ordinary typical section of latitudinal orientation |
In the course of the implementation of complex development in the 60s of the last century, these buildings were erected as a frame for a built-up residential area, they were also placed inside the microdistrict, but at the site of binding the high-rise dominant - future 9-storey buildings with elevators and garbage chutes, the mass commissioning of which started in 1968.
In the 60s of the last century, in the conditions of the Cold War, there was a state housing program, during which each locality, in addition to the mobile resettlement fund, had a set of structures for large-panel housing, assembled according to the frame-panel type.
It was believed that the five-story structures used in the course of mass construction would be in operation for no more than 15 years. Then they had to be dismantled and reassembled in another place already with a decrease in the number of storeys - as three-story buildings.
After 10 years of operation, they were to be transported to countryside and assemble in the form of two-story one-story and two-story cottages with a durability of 150 years.
In order to facilitate assembly and disassembly in these houses, columns were not installed along the outer longitudinal walls. A number of columns for supporting the crossbar of floor slabs went only along the inner longitudinal wall.
Thus, the crossbars, resting on the columns of the inner row at one end (highlighted in red in the figure), at the other end rested directly on the fence panel.
Here it is necessary to understand. Why is the frame-panel system in Russia (where the heating season is on average 9 months) has such a low standard durability, regardless of what in this case is assembled from fully assembled durable elements designed for three assembly-dismantling cycles.
As we know the heat in the room is understood upwards. Thermal engineering calculation is reduced to determining the thickness of the fence behind the end of the floor structures.
In this case, two-layer panels 150 mm thick were used as enclosing structures. What did not pass according to the requirements of heat engineering calculation. The crossbar-outer fencing panel assembly was constantly frozen. The calculation was that for the planned durability, the physical wear of the fencing panels during the freeze-thaw cycles would not exceed the permissible maintainable level.
However, in practice it happened differently. The changed policy did not allow the planned operation of these peculiar "prefabricated" structures to continue. At a construction site, where in the estimates of the Soviet era there was an article "Temporary buildings and structures", which included buildings up to three floors, it is customary to say: "There is nothing more permanent than something temporary."
Of course, the original idea of resettling housing in 15-10 years was utopian in itself, given that buildings with a normative durability of 150 years were chosen as the main instrument of housing policy.
As a result, structures with a durability of 30 years, which should have been dismantled and reassembled back in the mid-70s of the last century, are still standing among structures with normal durability, not differing in any way from them.
There are 46 such houses in Izhevsk, they stand right among similar houses, where columns are exposed along the outer walls, so their standard durability is far from being exhausted, and the building itself has a normal microclimate.
Today, residential large-panel buildings with an incomplete frame pose a huge threat to residents.
By the end of the 1980s, all these structures were in a pre-emergency state. The destruction of these buildings can occur at any time according to an unpredictable scenario - due to the brittle fracture of metal embedded parts that have significantly corroded over the period of operation. Such buildings were supposed to be reconstructed in the first place in the mid-80s of the last century.
At present, they have not yet been reconstructed, although all the allowable dates have been missed. At the same time, the authorities are deliberately demolishing not these houses, but similar ones that have a normative period of 150 years, but located in more attractive places for modern development.
According to the results of external inspections carried out back in Soviet times, the normative durability indicators for horizontal protruding elements were significantly reduced - up to 25 years. These are peaks, balconies and loggias.
In the first mass series, a metal fence was used at the protruding elements. Practice has shown that in the process of heat exchange, it is at the contact with the “cold bridges”, which will be all metal structures, that the main concentration of freezing condensing moisture occurs. When freezing, condensate droplets expand, forming shells and cavities. After 10-15 heating seasons, irreversible damage occurs.
Without taking into account these data, today attempts are being made to strengthen the protruding reinforced concrete elements precisely with the use of metal parts and reinforcement structures.
The main advantages of the 1-335 series
The minimum number of load-bearing internal elements, which allows the principle of "flexible planning" to be implemented;
High manufacturability of manufacturing and installation of structures;
Designing a technical underground, which made it possible to put housing into operation rhythmically throughout the year in the northern regions of the country.
General information about houses of the 1-335 series
Purpose |
Residential building |
number of storeys |
5 floors, ground floor, basement |
dimensions |
67.2 m / 12.0 m |
Space stiffness |
Longitudinal direction - longitudinal load-bearing walls, ceilings. Transverse direction - external end, transverse walls |
Wed apartment area |
39.7 m2 |
Description of load-bearing structures of the 1-335 series
Foundations |
Belt prefabricated reinforced concrete |
Walls |
Double Layer Heavy Concrete Wall Panel |
Partitions |
Plaster t=80 mm |
Overlappings |
Reinforced concrete hollow core slabs |
Coating |
Pitched, on wooden rafters from boards "on edge" |
stairs |
Precast concrete marches |
Disadvantages of the 1-335 series
Insufficient rigidity of the embedding unit of the balcony slab in the wall panel, floor slabs;
Wrong arrangement of layers in a two-layer wall panel;
Unreliable waterproofing of the seams of wall panels, due to which the examination confirmed the leakage of the seams;
Inconsistency of space-planning and constructive solutions of apartments with modern requirements.
At the moment, these structures are no longer subject to disassembly and require urgent reconstruction measures with the strengthening of the entire building as a whole:
Devices outer frame with unfastening the crossbar support unit to strengthen and unload the existing building frame;
Cutting worn out balcony slabs;
Expansion of openings in external wall panels, sealing of vertical and horizontal platform joints in them;
Replacement of floors, window frames, door frames.
In addition, the planned reconstruction of the entrance groups with the arrangement of ramps for baby and wheelchairs, the installation of attached passenger elevators and garbage chutes is required.
In the course of reconstruction work, all residents would receive significant benefits, except for the residents of the first floors. For them, back in Soviet times, special reconstruction projects were developed with the arrangement of separate entrance groups.
It is easy to see that the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes, attached loggias along the contour of the building - expands the body, allows you to unfasten the frozen junction of the crossbar to the fence.
Such a solution allows not only to strengthen the incomplete frame, but also to create new heat-efficient enclosing structures, dry and repair old fence structures, and restore a normal microclimate in the building.
Projects of redevelopment of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame during reconstruction with the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes and attached loggias
There are various solutions that provide for partial dismantling of the fencing panels and the installation of attached structures that expand the body of the structure along the entire longitudinal contour. There are also more economical options, where only attached entrance groups and attached loggias are being built that reinforce the incomplete frame of the building from the outside.
When expanding the building, there are problems with the insolation of the premises due to the low floor height of the first mass series. However, this issue is resolved with the construction of two-level apartments with a hall having a "second light".
Reconstruction project of the microdistrict of large-block houses building in 1964 in Izhevsk with a significant compaction of buildings by connecting three residential buildings in the most worn-out end part - into a single residential ensemble with two-level apartments |
The current approaches to the reconstruction of large-panel buildings with external insulation did not give positive changes. In the structures, an increased growth of black mold was observed in the upper corners of the living quarters, that is, the process of freezing and destruction of structures did not slow down, but intensified.
Attempts to strengthen the angle of support of the crossbar on the outer panel of the fence from within, with similarity device inner frame- didn't work either. In Soviet times, there were attempts to strengthen these nodes with the help of logs installed in the corners.
The internal frame, which does not have its own foundation, based on floor slabs, only cosmetically solves the problem of frostbite, provided that it is upholstered with sheets of drywall. It should be borne in mind that most of the examined crossbars had an unacceptable deflection back in the 80s.
In structures of the semi-frame type of the series 1-335 during the installation of attached loggias, it was planned to perform a fastening unit for the crossbar head to transfer the load from worn units to the outer frame along the perimeter of the entire structure. Due to the fact that the reconstruction activities scheduled for the end of the 80s were not completed, at present, during the reconstruction activities, balcony slabs and canopies must be dismantled.
The device of heated loggias had to perform the following functions:
- creation of an additional thermal protection belt before repair and sealing of panel joints;
— improvement of insolation of internal premises due to tripartite natural lighting;
- improving the comfort of living quarters;
- creation of a rigid outer frame around the entire perimeter of the building.
All these activities must be carried out within a short period of time. complete eviction of residents on a permanent or temporary basis. Their implementation would help reduce social tension in society and solve housing problem in an economical way beneficial to all participants in the reconstruction process.
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