The economic environment includes. Economic environment: concept and general characteristics
Economic activity on the territory of the Russian Federation means a production process or a combination of actions leading to the receipt of certain products. The main features economic activity are the following factors:
- Availability production costs labor force, equipment, resources, technology;
- Availability of a production process;
- Availability of services rendered or products released.
Economic activities are classified by the OKDP. It is necessary to indicate the type of activity in accordance with the classifier when registering an enterprise with the tax authorities.
Classifier of economic activities
Types of economic activities established in the territory Russian Federation, are registered in the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP) on the basis of the decree of the State Standard of Russia. OKDP is intended to regulate and describe economic activity on the territory of the Russian Federation and is a single set of classified economic objects and their groupings. This classifier is part of the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation.
Economic activity code
Economic activities in the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP) are sequentially encoded using an alphanumeric alphabetic code. In the formula for the structure of the OKDP (XX.XX) code, the following are sequentially indicated:
- Section - the first two characters to the point (XX.);
- Group - the first character after the dot (XX.X);
- Class - the second character after the dot (XX.XX.).
The codes presented in the classifiers do not depend on the form of ownership and the source of investment - they will be the same when determining the type of economic activity of an LLC and an individual entrepreneur.
Main types of economic activities
Economic activity is divided into several main types:
- The main economic activity creates the largest part of the gross value added, not necessarily more than 50%;
- A secondary economic activity is an economic activity different from the main one and is not defined as a primary one (that is, any other). As well as products from primary economic activities, products from secondary activities are intended for sale to third parties in the market;
- Ancillary economic activity is a type of activity in which services and goods are produced that are not intended for sale to third parties, but are designed to optimize and facilitate primary and secondary economic activities.
The economic environment is characterized by the presence of many connections between its elements, which are conventionally divided into:
1) "Vertical" ties arise from the moment state registration a business entity and its inclusion in the economic system. In addition, each business entity carries out its activities in accordance with the norms and requirements of the current legislation.
2) "Horizontal" links ensure the continuity of production processes and sales of products, reflect the relationship of manufacturers with suppliers of material resources, with buyers of products, with business partners and competitors.
As part of the economic environment, there are two groups of factors:
1) direct exposure environment:
· The state;
· Suppliers;
· Consumers;
· Competitors.
2) indirect environment:
· Technical;
· Economic;
· Social.
In the external economic environment of the functioning of business entities, two levels are distinguished: the macro level ( macroenvironment) and microlevel ( microenvironment).
The main elements of the macro environment:
- economic environment - inflation reduces the purchasing power of consumers, new taxes can change the distribution of income, the level interest rates on capital can make investments in new businesses profitable or unprofitable;
- political situation - changes in government can affect the degree of support for private entrepreneurship, change the attitude towards the public sector, political instability can lead to long-term investments being risky;
- legal environment - changes in legislation concerning the activities of enterprises may encourage or, conversely, oppress certain areas of entrepreneurship;
- technological environment - new technologies can lead to an increase in competitiveness or its decrease if a competitor has achieved success in the development of new technologies;
- socio-cultural environment - the emergence of new styles, new fashion can create new opportunities. New ad hoc ideas may lead to certain limitations;
- natural and climatic, geographical setting - a good or bad harvest is immediately reflected in the price level;
- demographic situation - relocation of people, changes in fertility and mortality rates have a corresponding impact on the level of demand.
The main elements of the microenvironment:
Organizational structure;
Functional responsibilities structure;
Service exchange structure;
Information structure;
Resource and technological structure;
Labor force structure;
Organizational culture, understood as a set of norms and rules that govern interactions between members of the workforce and are an expression of their collective knowledge and experience.
Questions and tasks for self-control
1. List the forms of influence of the external environment on the formation of various types of enterprise development strategies.
2. How the external environment influences the formation of the market
pricing?
3. How is the choice of the pricing strategy of the enterprise taking into account the combination of market and state regulation prices?
4. Expand economic essence internal environment
enterprises ".
5. Expand the content of the concept of "enterprise" and the formation of it
internal environment from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept.
6. What subsystems of the internal environment does the enterprise include from the standpoint of the system-integrated theory?
7. List the factors of the internal environment of the enterprise.
Tests
1. The economic environment for the functioning of an enterprise is:
b) a set of external and internal factors affecting the production and economic activities of the company;
c) the environment in which horizontal ties arise between enterprises;
2. The environment of direct exposure is:
a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;
d) the environment in which vertical ties arise between enterprises
3. The environment of indirect impact is:
a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;
b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;
c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;
d) the environment in which vertical ties arise between enterprises.
4. Factors of indirect impact:
a) the level of stability of macroeconomic indicators;
d) geographic factors.
5. Groups of factors influencing consumers:
a) external incentives;
b) the dynamics of the development of macroeconomics;
c) the level of development of the capital market;
d) personal.
6. Subjects of the external microenvironment:
a) public administration system;
b) suppliers;
c) competitors;
d) manufacturers.
7. Types of competition:
a) galloping;
b) price;
c) moderate;
d) non-price.
8. Connections arising in the external microenvironment:
a) vertical;
b) straight;
c) horizontal;
d) indirect.
9. Links arising in the macro environment:
a) vertical;
b) straight;
c) horizontal;
d) indirect.
10. External economic forces macroenvironments:
a) the size of GDP and its fluctuations;
b) the presence of railways;
c) research funds;
d) budget deficit or surplus.
11. Subjects of the macroenvironment:
and) individual entrepreneurs;
b) government bodies;
c) local authorities;
d) associations of trade unions.
12. Properties of the external environment:
a) competitiveness;
b) complexity;
c) dynamism;
d) uncertainty.
13. The complexity of the environment is:
a) changes in one factor cause more or less significant changes in others;
b) the number, variety and variability of external factors affecting the economy;
c) the speed of changes occurring in the environment;
d) function of the quantity and quality of information.
14. The key to the commercial success of an enterprise from the standpoint of the influence of the external environment on the activities of the company is:
a) net profit;
b) profitability;
c) customer orientation;
d) focus on a competitor.
15. The external environment influences almost all aspects of the enterprise through:
a) influence on the tactics and strategy of the enterprise;
b) horizontal connections;
c) vertical ties;
d) impact on profit.
16. Reduction or cessation of production of certain goods:
a) requires the development of new types of products;
b) requires re-equipment of the enterprise;
c) requires the introduction of scientific achievements;
d) affects the competitiveness of the enterprise.
17. The internal environment of an enterprise is:
a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;
b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;
c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;
d) the totality of the results of activities, conditions and the system of interrelations between the units of the business entity.
18. An enterprise from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept is:
a) complex, flexible, self-developing, multidimensional, multidimensional production system;
b) an independent business entity with the rights legal entity;
c) the system of subdivisions, workshops and other structural units;
d) a set of similar industries.
IN market economy economic development - this is economic processincluding periods economic growth and economic downturn in time. The combination of these two components forms economic cyclecharacterized by periodic ups and downs in economic activity, directly due to fluctuations in the ratio between consumption and investment. That is, an economic (business) cycle is a fluctuation in the level of economic activity, when periods of economic recovery are replaced by periods of its decline.
About the reasons cyclical development economics in macroeconomic theory there is no single generally accepted concept. So, for example, T. Malthus, J. Sismondi, the reason for the cycles was associated with the insufficiency of consumed income in comparison with the income produced. K. Marx saw the main reason for the cycle in the main contradictions of capitalism - in the contradiction between the social nature of production and the private form of appropriation of the results of production. M. Keynes saw the primary cause of the cycle in an excess of savings and a lack of investment.
A. Shpithof explained the reason for the cyclicality by the excess of production of means of production over production of consumer goods. E. Hansen saw its cause in the expansion and limitation of bank capital (credit) and movement discount rate... I. Schumpeter deduced the reason for the cycles from the cyclical development of technical progress, the dynamics of the introduction of innovations. V. Pareto, A. Pigou saw the cause of the economic cycle in the ratio of optimism and pessimism in the economic activity of people, and S. Jevons, A. Chizhevsky explained its cause by the impact on people of sun spots with a ten-year cycle.
As you can see, the spread in determining the reasons for the economic cycle is very wide.
There are four phases of the classic economic (business) cycle:
¨ crisis (recession, recession);
¨ depression (stagnation);
¨ revitalization (expansion);
¨ rise (boom, peak).
In modern Western literature, a more aggregated division is used, while distinguishing two phases: recession and recovery.
The first (recession) refers to a crisis and depression. Under the second (rise) - revival, boom.
Let us briefly consider what characterizes these four phases of the cycle.
1. A crisis (recession, recession) - it is characterized by the deterioration of all the main indicators of economic growth: a sharp decline in production; sharp drop the size of income; reduction in employment; decrease in investment; falling prices; underloading of production facilities; massive bankruptcies; the growth of the army of the unemployed; impairment of equity capital; overstocking.
2. Depression(stagnation) - represents the lowest point of decline and is characterized by: mass unemployment; low wages; low level loan interest; decrease in unsold inventory; cessation of price reduction. At the same time, production has stagnated at this level, neither grows nor falls.
3. Revitalization (expansion), or the recovery phase, is characterized by such indicators as: massive renewal of fixed capital; decrease in unemployment; increase in wages; rising prices and interest rates; increased demand for consumer goods. This phase ends with the achievement of the pre-crisis level of development.
4. Climb (boom, peak) is characterized by the following indicators: an increase in the rate of economic growth; increasing investment; growth in stock prices and other valuable papers, interest rates; rising prices, wages, profits, rent, entrepreneurial income.
After passing these phases, the cycle is repeated again. Therefore, we can say: the economic (business) cycle is the time from one economic crisis to another.
And the crisis of overproduction is the forcible elimination of disproportions (an unacceptable gap between the production of goods and services and their consumption by the population) and the temporary establishment of proportionality. The way out of the crisis is to renew the fixed capital. The sooner it is updated, the faster they will get out of the crisis.
Modern economic crises have their features... They have mostly become weak, sectoral. There is no clear division into four phases of the cycle. There are periods in the development of the economy that do not fit into any of the four phases of the cycle. Crises now arise not after a period of peak growth, but after a long period of stagnation. There is a period of "creeping into the crisis". During the crisis, prices now more often than not go down, but rise.
All this is due to a number of reasons: the rapid development of scientific and technological revolution; changes in the industry structure; reduction in the service life of fixed assets; a sharp rise in wages; deepening the international division of labor; world integration processes, militarization of the economy, etc.
In general, the following types are distinguished economic crises:
1. Cyclical or general economic crisis of overproduction;
2. Interim crisis;
3. Partial crisis;
4. Industry crisis;
5. Structural crisis;
6. Agrarian crisis - an economic crisis of overproduction in agriculture;
7. Environmental crisis.
The first type of crisis is the most profound and lasting and covers all spheres of the economy. The second view is less deep. It is local in nature. It interrupts for some time the course, for example, of such phases of the economic (business) cycle as recovery and recovery. The third type of crisis covers only a certain area of \u200b\u200beconomic activity. Well, the fourth type is just some branch of the national economy. The fifth type is associated with the uneven development of individual industries and covers periods in several reproduction cycles. The sixth is especially long, the seventh is typical for countries with a fairly high level of development.
The economy of the Russian Federation has been subject to economic crises in the past ten years, which is associated with the transition to a market basis, mistakes in privatization, price liberalization, the destruction of the single national economic complex, the washing out of working capital from enterprises; a sharp decline in investment in the real sector of the Russian economy, a sharp depreciation of fixed capital, a slowdown in scientific and technological progress, etc. The task is to eliminate these moments. Now the task is to double the rate of economic growth in ten years.
Allocate a very large variety of types of business cycle (more than a thousand species). The objective criteria for their differentiation in this case are: the frequency of renewal of individual parts of the capital; changes due to the renewal of elements of buildings, structures; changes caused by demographic processes and agriculture.
In general, we note the following main types economic cycles.
J. Kitchen cycle (stock cycle) lasting from two to four years, the so-called short cycle. The author linked it to changes in world gold reserves. E. Hansen - associated it with the uneven reproduction of capital. W. Mitchell - with a change in money circulation.
K. Zhuglyar's cycle and K. Marx's cycle - lasting ten years (average cycle). The first one connected it with the periodicity of fixed capital, and K. Marx with the massive renewal of fixed capital.
S. Kuznets cycle - lasting 18 - 20 years, the so-called construction cycle. It is associated with the frequency of renovation of housing and some types of production facilities.
The cycle of "long vibrations", or N. Kondratyev's cycle - its duration is 1950-1960 years. The rise of the first big cycle for him is associated with the industrial revolution in England, the second - with the development railway transport, third - with the introduction of electricity, telephone, radio, fourth - with the automotive industry. Modern scientists associate the fifth cycle with the development of electronics, genetic engineering, microprocessors.
Self-test questions
1. What should be understood by economic growth?
2. How can economic growth be assessed?
3. How to implement the qualitative characteristics of economic growth?
4. What types of economic growth do you know?
5. What is production intensification and what can it be?
6. What factors of economic growth can you name?
7. What is the economic cycle and what are its phases?
8. What types of economic crises are distinguished in modern conditions?
An organization should be understood as an open and complex system that receives resources from the external (economic) environment, and also supplies its product to it. In our article, we will consider the concept and characteristics of the presented category, as well as other equally important aspects of the issue.
Economic environment concept
The environment for the functioning of an enterprise should be considered as a complex of relationships with economic agents, infrastructural links, natural and social systems, as well as with government agencies. The economic environment of the structure is classified as follows:
- Microenvironment. In this case, the areas of direct influence on the organization are the following subjects: suppliers of material and technical resources; competitors; consumers of the company's product or services; marketing and resellers; government agencies and laws; financial and credit institutions; other contact audiences.
- The macroenvironment has an indirect effect. The following components take place here: the state of the economy; international events; political factors; NTP; socio-cultural conditions.
How to determine the state of the environment?
- It is worth noting that through them the state of the economy is revealed, which has an impact on the goals of the organization and how to achieve them. It is advisable to include inflation rates, employment rates, international balance of payments, and so on.
- Political factors. It should be borne in mind that the level of investment inflow and other resources to a particular region depends on political stability in society. The attitude of administrative management structures to business is expressed, first of all, in the establishment of different duties or benefits that can develop entrepreneurship in the region or displace it, creating unequal conditions for different enterprises.
- Socio-cultural factors. In this case, we are talking primarily about traditions and life values \u200b\u200bprevailing in society.
- Scientific and technical progress. This factor reveals the possibility of increasing the efficiency of production processes, and, consequently, the efficiency of methods of satisfaction consumer needs.
- Factors of international importance. If earlier there was an opinion that the international environment is considered the object of attention exclusively of those structures that carry out economic activities for export, now changes in the world community concern almost all enterprises.
Intensive and extensive economic growth
Today it is customary to distinguish between two types of growth in the economy. It is about intensive and extensive economic growth. In the latter case, the increase in the social product is carried out by increasing production factors in quantitative terms: the involvement of additional labor resources, production means (capital), and land in the production process.
It should be noted that the technological basis of production remains unchanged. Thus, the plowing of virgin land to obtain the maximum amount of grain, the involvement of an extremely large number of employees for the construction of power plants, as well as the production of the maximum amount combine harvesters - all these are examples of an extensive option for increasing the social product.
An intensive type of economic growth, first of all, is characterized by an increase in the scale of commercial output. It should be noted that the latter is based on the widespread use of more efficient and qualitatively perfect production factors. Increasing the scale of production is usually ensured by using the best technology, scientific achievements, advanced technologies, the most economical resources, as well as by improving the qualifications of employees. Thanks to these factors, an improvement in the quality characteristics of products is achieved, as well as an increase in resource conservation, labor productivity and other indicators of the economic environment.
During the scientific and technological revolution, that is, from the middle of the 20th century, in Western countries of the industrial type, it is precisely intensive growth in economics.
Environmental characteristics
Further, it is advisable to analyze the characteristics of the economic environment. The main ones are considered to be uncertainty, complexity, mobility, as well as the relationship of factors. The last category represents a kind of economic ties or the force with which a change in factor A affects other environmental conditions.
Complexity in this case is interpreted as the number of factors to which the production mechanism must respond for its own survival. In addition, it is the level of variation of each factor.
Mobility and uncertainty
Uncertainty and mobility are distinguished among the characteristics of the socio-economic environment. The latter is also referred to as dynamism. It should be understood as the speed with which changes are made in the economic environment of a commercial structure. For example, in some industries (chemical, pharmaceutical, electronics, and so on), these changes are being implemented at a relatively fast pace. In others (for example, extractive industry) they are somewhat slowed down.
Uncertainty should be understood as a function that depends on the amount of information that a company has about a specific factor in the economic environment, as well as a function of confidence in the accuracy of the data available. The more uncertain the external environment, the more difficult it is to make decisions that are considered effective.
Dynamism of relations
The company's relationship with the external environment is defined as dynamic. The economic environment is characterized by a large number of connections between its components, which are conventionally classified into horizontal and vertical. It is advisable to consider the categories presented in more detail.
Vertical and horizontal links
Vertical ties appear immediately after the state registration of the structure, since each subject of economic activity performs the corresponding functions in accordance with the legislation in force in the country.
Horizontal communications primarily ensure the continuity of production processes and sales of marketable products. They reflect the relationship between producers of material resources with suppliers, product buyers, business partners and, of course, competitors. Schematic and enlarged connections of the subject economic activity in the external environment, we will analyze below.
Horizontal link category
So, the main link is the manufacturer of commercial products. He interacts with the following persons and structures (in other words, with counterparties):
- Public formations and organizations.
- Elements of market infrastructure (stock exchanges, employment services, etc.).
- Government agency authorities of federal (republican) significance.
- Suppliers.
- Consumers.
- Competitors.
- Business partners.
- Regional (local) structures of state power.
Final part
So, we have analyzed the category of the economic environment, its features, factors and other equally important points. In addition, we examined the classification of ties in the economy, which is relevant today in the territory of the Russian Federation. In conclusion, it should be noted that in the external environment of the activities of business entities, it is customary to distinguish between the macro level (in other words, the macro environment) and the micro level (nothing more than the micro environment).
It should be noted that at each of the presented levels, there are corresponding factors that affect the subject of economic activity. So, at the macro level, it is customary to single out political, natural, socio-demographic and environmental factors.
At the micro level, the following factors affect the economy: market conditions, closeness and form of partnerships, the level of development of market infrastructure, relations with consumers and suppliers, etc.
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
aggregate economic conditions development of entrepreneurship, business life; presupposes the presence of strong incentives to work, economic freedom, including free movement of all resource components of production.
Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., Rev. M .: INFRA-M. 479 s.. 1999 .
Economic Dictionary. 2000 .
See what "ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT" is in other dictionaries:
Economic environment - - in the analysis of the market mechanism - the external environment (external relative to some economic object), which is determined by the sets of goods and possible ways their use, many economic ... ... Economics and Mathematics Dictionary
economic environment - In the analysis of the market mechanism, the external environment (external relative to some economic object), which is determined by the sets of goods and possible ways of their use, by the set of economic agents with which this object has ... Technical translator's guide
The set of economic conditions for the development of business, entrepreneurship. E.S. presupposes the existence of economic freedom, free movement of resources, the existence of significant incentives to work ...
economic environment - a set of economic conditions for the development of entrepreneurship, business life; presupposes the presence of strong incentives to work, economic freedom, including free movement of all resource components of production ... Dictionary of economic terms
Wednesday: Etymologically derived from the word middle, but means essentially the opposite word environment. That is, everything that is around the middle (around me). In this sense, it is usually used with a clarification (what kind of environment?) ... Wikipedia
Econometrics is a science that studies specific quantitative and qualitative relationships of economic objects and processes using mathematical and statistical methods and models. The definition of the subject of econometrics was given in the charter ... ... Wikipedia
Environment - (synonym for human habitat) a set of natural, man-made, social and cultural objects, phenomena and processes external to a person, with which he is in direct or indirect relationships. The environment is often ... Human ecology
- (see ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT) ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law
Economic and social geography, social science that studies the laws of the territorial distribution of social production, the conditions and features of its development and location in various countries and regions. Subject of study … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (EIS) is a collection of organizational, technical, software and information tools combined into a single system for the purpose of collecting, storing, processing and issuing the necessary information designed to perform functions ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Russian socio-economic system: realities and vectors of development. Monograph, P. Savchenko. The monograph reveals the phenomenon of the socio-economic system, the realities and vectors of development of the socio-economic system of Russia, its common and identical features, the person as the core and the goal ...
- English language. Economics and finance. Part 3. Financial and economic environment (Environment). Textbook, Dubinina G.A. ed., Drachinskaya I.F. , Kondrakhina N.G. , Petrova ON .. Designed for training students of financial and economic profile. The topic is related to international economic relations and the financial services market, organizational and legal forms ...
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