Accounting for settlements with different debtors. Accounting for settlements with debtors and creditors
Peculiarities of settlements with different debtors and creditors
In the course of economic activity, organizations are constantly making calculations. First of all, settlements with buyers and customers when selling goods, products or services, and settlements with suppliers and contractors for the purchase of the same goods, products or services are subject to accounting.
In addition, enterprises have various kinds of contractual and non-contractual relationships with other counterparties. With debtors and creditors - organizations or individuals.
The list of transactions for accounting for settlements with different debtors and creditors includes the following (Fig. 1):
Figure 1. Transactions on settlements with different debtors and creditors
Synthetic and analytical accounting of settlements with different debtors and creditors
For synthetic accounting of settlements with different debtors and creditors, an active-passive account $ 76 $ "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" is used. This account has the following sub-accounts:
- $ 76.1 "Settlements for property and personal insurance". This subaccount reflects information on settlements for insurance of property or personnel (excluding settlements for social insurance and mandatory health insurance) of the company in which the company is the policyholder.
- $ 76.2 "Settlements on claims". This subaccount reflects the information of settlements for claims that were presented to suppliers, contractors, transport companies, etc., as well as for the presented and recognized (or awarded) fines, penalties or forfeits.
- $ 76.3 "Calculations of dividends and other income due." This subaccount reflects the information on settlements on dividends and other income due to the enterprise, including on profit, loss and other results under a simple partnership agreement.
- $ 76.4 "Settlements on the deposited amounts". This subaccount reflects the information of settlements from the enterprise for the amounts accrued but not paid in set time(due to the absence of the recipients).
Remark 1
Additional sub-accounts of the third and fourth order may be opened for these sub-accounts for analytical accounting in the context certain types calculations.
In addition, in practice, on the $ 76 $ account, calculations can be taken into account:
- on payment of utilities;
- payment for rent of premises, equipment, etc .;
- payment of customs fees and duties;
- settlements for lease payments;
- settlements with companies that have provided information and consulting services;
- settlements with hotels, transport companies for tickets (when sending an employee of the enterprise on a business trip);
- other calculations.
To reflect the costs of accounting for settlements with different debtors and creditors, the following entries are generated (Table 1):
Figure 2.
Thus, the list of transactions with various debtors and creditors is very extensive. A specific list of such transactions, with their attribution to the $ 76 $ account, is fixed in accounting policies organizations.
Documenting settlements with different debtors and creditors
Documenting settlements with different debtors and creditors implies the availability of documents confirming such transactions.
Unlike settlements with buyers and suppliers, the list of such documents is much wider. In each case, these are separate documents. For example:
- agreements, contracts with insurance companies, with lessors;
- tickets (train tickets, air tickets, etc.);
- acts on claims;
- loan agreements;
- sales contract valuable papers;
- minutes of the meeting of the founders (for the payment of dividends);
- and etc.
Remark 2
It is important that each transaction for accounting for settlements with different debtors and creditors is correctly executed and confirmed by the necessary documents.
Accounting for settlementsCHAPTER 9
After studying this chapter, you will learn:
On the concept of accounting for settlements;
About settlements with suppliers and contractors;
About settlements with buyers and customers;
About settlements for loans and borrowings;
On the calculations of taxes and fees, social insurance and
Security;
On settlements with various debtors and creditors;
On the accounting of on-farm settlements;
On the typical correspondence of accounts for the accounting of settlements.
9.1. Main regulatory documents
1. Civil Code Russian Federation.
2. tax code Russian Federation.
4. Regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation.
5. PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization".
6. PBU 10/99 "Organization costs".
7. PBU 12/2000 "Information by segments".
8. Position on accounting"Accounting for loans and credits and their service costs" PBU 15/01, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 2, 2001 No. 60n.
9. Regulation on accounting "Accounting for income tax calculations" PBU 18/02, approved as amended. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 11, 2008 No. 23n.
10. PBU 20/03 "Information on participation in joint activities."
11. Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations.
9.2. The concept of accounting calculations and its tasks
Financially - economic activity many operations are performed both at the enterprises themselves, including agricultural ones, and outside them, enterprises interact with individuals, other organizations, the state and other subjects of economic life.
For normal production activities, agricultural enterprises must acquire the necessary material assets: oil products, spare parts, mineral fertilizers, and other materials. At this stage, agricultural enterprises develop settlement relationships with suppliers: logistics organizations Agriculture, consumer cooperation institutions, etc.
After the completion of the production stage and the sale of the produced agricultural products, the enterprises enter into settlement relationships with buyers: grain receiving organizations, meat processing plants, dairies, cattle reception points, procurement offices, etc.
After receiving the proceeds for the products sold, the farms use these funds to finance production costs, as well as to pay tax payments, wages, pay settlements with banking structures and etc.
These transactions are usually conducted using money and can be grouped into one accounting category - calculations. Thus, calculations can be defined as the interaction of an enterprise with other economic entities based on monetary relations.
Calculations in accounting are reflected in many accounts. As a rule, these are active-passive accounts, i.e. the balance of these accounts can be both active and passive. On the debit of the settlement accounts, they show the occurrence of debt to the agricultural enterprise, on the loan - the debt of the agricultural enterprise to the counterparty. Accordingly, the debit balance reflects the debt to the enterprise, the credit balance - the debt of the enterprise.
The main tasks of accounting calculations are:
Monitoring compliance with the established procedure for making settlements and correct documenting operations;
Timeliness of settlements with all counterparties and prevention of delay in receivables and accounts payable;
Timeliness and accuracy of reflection in accounting registers of settlements with all organizations and individuals, as well as periodic reconciliation of accounting data.
9.3. Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors
Suppliers and contractors for an agricultural enterprise are the main category of counterparties with whom the constant settlements for the supplied materials, fuels and lubricants, feed, mineral fertilizers, goods, etc.
All transactions with suppliers and contractors can be divided into two groups depending on the subject and essence of the contracts. The subject of contracts of the first group is the acquisition of any goods and property rights. Forms of contracts: purchase and sale, supply, power supply, exchange. The second group includes settlements with contractors. The main forms of contracts in this group: work contracts, paid services, R&D.
Settlements with suppliers and contractors occur after they have shipped the goods. material values, performance of work and provision of services or simultaneously with them with the consent of the enterprise on its behalf.
For accounting of settlements with suppliers and contractors, account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" is intended. This account is credited for the value of inventory items, works, services or accounts of the corresponding costs accepted for accounting.
In addition, enterprises engaged in the production of agricultural products, when handing over them for processing on tolling terms and settlements with processing enterprises of the agro-industrial complex for processing services, also use account 60 for accounting, regardless of the method of fulfilling obligations.
The amounts of VAT are included by suppliers and contractors in invoices for payment and are reflected in the buyer's debit of account 19 "Value added tax on acquired values" and credit of account 60. Repayment of debt to suppliers is shown on the debit of account 60 and credit of accounting accounts Money(51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts", 55 "Special accounts in banks") or bank loans (66 "Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings", 67 "Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings"). In this case, the amounts of advances issued and prepayment are accounted for separately.
Analytical accounting for account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" is carried out for each submitted invoice, and calculations in the order of planned payments - for each supplier and contractor. The construction of analytical accounting should ensure the ability to obtain the necessary data on suppliers:
On unpaid settlement documents;
For non-invoiced deliveries, advances issued;
For bills issued, the due date of which has not come;
According to accepted and other settlement documents, the due date of which has not come;
On overdue bills of exchange;
On the received commercial loan, etc. Regardless of the assessment of inventory items in analytical accounting, account 60 in synthetic accounting is credited according to the settlement documents of the supplier. If the supplier's invoice was accepted and paid before the receipt of the goods, and upon acceptance of the goods and materials received at the warehouse, a shortage of them in excess of the amounts provided for in the contract against the invoiced quantity was discovered, and also if when checking the invoice of the supplier or contractor (after the invoice was accepted ) there was a discrepancy between the prices stipulated by the contract, and arithmetic errors, account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" is credited for the corresponding amount in correspondence with account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", subaccount 2 "Settlements on claims".
In case of unbilled deliveries, account 60 is credited for the value of the material assets received, which is determined based on the price and conditions provided for in the contracts.
If the enterprise practices settlements for the supplied material values, then:
Analytical accounting on account 60 should provide the ability to obtain data on suppliers on issued bills of exchange, the due date of which has not come, and on overdue bills (a separate subaccount "Bills issued");
On bills of exchange, overdue, expired limitation period it is necessary to write off accounts payable in a timely manner to other income of the enterprise;
If the accrual of interest (or discount) is provided for on the issued promissory note, then this interest should promptly increase the accounts payable of the enterprise and be reflected in the accounts for accounting for other income and expenses (on the debit of account 91).
The amount of interest accrued on a debt obligation does not significantly (by more than 20% in one direction or another) deviate from the average level of interest charged on debt obligations issued in the same reporting period on comparable terms. If there are no debt obligations issued in the same reporting period on comparable terms, then limit value interest recognized as an expense is assumed to be equal to the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia, increased by 10% (if the obligation is specified in rubles) and equal to 15% (if the obligation is specified in foreign currency).
In tax accounting, interest on borrowed funds related to the acquisition of tangible assets is reflected in other expenses, while in accounting, these interests are included in other expenses only after the acceptance of tangible assets for accounting. Until that moment, interest on borrowed funds is included in the cost of acquired material assets.
The main document on settlement relationships with suppliers and contractors is invoice the established form, which is issued by the supplier or contractor. The following details are filled in the invoice: the name of the supplier, his address, TIN, consignee, consignor, buyer, his address, TIN.
The invoice indicates information about the goods supplied or gives a description of the work performed, the services rendered by their types, give the unit of measurement, quantity (volume), price; the cost for the entire amount of goods (work performed, services rendered) excluding VAT. The document must indicate tax rates and the amount of VAT.
Settlement transactions on account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" are reflected in the journal-order No. 6-APK in chronological order. At the end of the month, the journal-order No. 6-APK displays the results: by debit - amounts paid to suppliers; for the loan - the amounts due to payment to suppliers, the data in this journal-order are compared with the turnovers of the corresponding accounts reflected in other journals-orders, after which the monthly totals for the credit of account 60 from the journal-order No. 6-APK are transferred to the General Ledger ...
Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors within a group of related enterprises, the activities of which are being prepared financial statements are kept on account 60 separately.
9.4. Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers
Agricultural enterprises sell their agricultural products to procurement enterprises, children's institutions, health care institutions, Catering, the population, etc.
When products are shipped to customers, the resulting receivables are shown in accounting at the sales price of products on account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers".
Accounting for settlements with buyers must ensure:
Control over the occurrence of receivables in the process of implementation;
Control over the timing and facts of repayment of receivables;
A real assessment of accounts receivable and the time of receipt of funds at the enterprise.
Accounting for settlements with customers is part of accounting for sales and directly affects the level of taxation.
All settlements with buyers and customers of the enterprise are based on the concluded agreements-contracts, which indicate the terms, conditions for the delivery of products, the procedure for payment, etc. Documents for settlement relationships with buyers and procurement organizations are special acceptance receipts. These receipts record what products are accepted, their quantity (in natural and credit weight), the date, due payment, etc. Such receipts serve as the basis for entries in the accounting registers on account 62.
For the amount of agricultural products sold, the company presents settlement documents to the buyer or customer, while debiting account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” and crediting account 90 “Sales”. When buyers and customers repay their debts, the enterprises write off it from the credit of account 62 to the debit of cash accounts.
When selling depreciable property, in particular fixed assets and intangible assets, the value of this property at selling prices is written off to the debit of account 62 from the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses". The receipt of payments for the property sold is reflected in the debit of the accounts for accounting for funds (50, 51, 52, 55) and the credit of account 62.
On account 62, they reflect separately the amounts of advances received and prepayment for the delivered products. Sub-accounts can be opened to account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers":
1 "Settlements under government contracts" - to summarize information about settlements with government bodies for sold agricultural products;
2 "Settlements with procurement and processing organizations of the agro-industrial complex" - for making settlements for the sold products in the framework of the execution of the concluded contracts;
3 "Settlements on bills received" - to account for the debt of buyers and customers, secured by bills received;
4 "Settlements on advances received" - to reflect information on settlements on received advances in accordance with contracts for the supply of agricultural products;
5 "Settlements for intra-group and interconnected organizations" - to account for settlements with interconnected organizations for products sold, animals, work performed and services rendered;
6 "Settlements with other buyers and customers."
Analytical accounting for account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" is carried out for each invoice presented to buyers (customers), and calculations in planned payments - for each buyer and customer. The construction of analytical accounting should provide the ability to obtain the necessary data:
About buyers and customers based on settlement documents, the due date of which has not come;
About buyers and customers on unpaid settlement documents;
On advances received;
For promissory notes, the date of receipt of funds for which has not come;
For promissory notes discounted (recorded) in banks;
For promissory notes for which funds were not received on time.
Analytical accounting for each buyer is kept in the statement No. 38 – APK. At the end of the month, the data on account 62 is transferred to the journal-order No. 11-APK, and from it to the General Ledger.
9.5. Accounting for settlements on loans and borrowings
Features of agricultural production (its seasonality, high capital intensity, differentiation of production, etc.) make it necessary to attract additional sources financing activities. The sources of such funds are loans received from banks and other financial institutions, budget loans.
Loans provided by banks on the principles of targeted use, urgency, payment, repayment. To obtain a loan, an agricultural enterprise must submit the following documents to a bank institution: an application, copies of balance sheets, constituent documents, a feasibility study, etc.
except bank loans, agricultural enterprises can raise other borrowed funds from legal and individuals, can receive short-term and long-term loans by issuing and selling shares of the labor collective, shares and bonds of the enterprise, as well as against promissory notes and other obligations.
To record the operations of obtaining and repaying loans and borrowings, passive accounts 66 "Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings" and 67 "Settlements on long-term loans and borrowings" are used. Received loans and borrowings are reflected in the credit of these accounts in correspondence with accounts for accounting for cash and settlements, and the repayment of loans and borrowings is reflected in the debit of accounts in correspondence with cash accounts.
Accrued interest on loans received is for the borrower in accordance with Art. 5 PBU 15/01 "Accounting for loans and credits and the cost of servicing them" and Art. 3 PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization" by its other expenses and are reflected in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" and the credit of accounts 66 and 67.
There are two points to note:
1) when using borrowed money for prepayment, the issuance of advances related to the purchase of inventory items, the interest accrued by the borrower on the loan is attributed to the increase in accounts receivable and reflected in the debit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" or 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" and the loan accounts 66 and 67. Upon receipt of valuables, their value increases by the amount of accrued receivables (accounts 10 "Materials", 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", etc. are debited and accounts 60 and 76 are credited). Subsequent accruals of interest for the use of a loan for the specified values are taken into account already in general order, i.e. include in other expenses;
2) when using loans received to finance the acquisition of fixed assets, accrued interest until the objects are accepted for accounting include in initial cost objects and reflect on the debit of accounts 07 "Equipment for installation" and 08 "Investments in non-current assets". After accepting fixed assets for accounting, the accrued interest is included in other expenses (account 91 "Other income and expenses" is debited and accounts 66 and 67 are credited).
Receipts of funds from the sale of shares of the labor collective, shares and bonds of organizations, as well as other obligations are reflected in the debit of cash or account 70 "Payments with personnel for wages" and credit of accounts 66 "Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings" and 67 "Settlements on long-term credits and loans ”.
If the securities are sold by the enterprise at a price that exceeds their nominal value, then the difference between the selling price and the nominal value is reflected in the credit of account 98 "Deferred income", and then evenly throughout the entire loan term is debited from the debit of account 98 to the credit of account 91 " Other income and expenses ".
If the bonds are placed at a price lower than their par value, then the difference between the offering price and the par value of the bonds shall be additionally charged evenly during the bonds circulation period. Account 91 is debited for the amount of additional charges and account 66 or 67 is credited.
The interest due on the loans received is reflected on the credit of account 66 or 67 and the debit of accounts for accounting for sources of payments in the same way as on bank loans.
The costs associated with the issue and distribution of securities are recorded on the debit of account 91 from the credit of the corresponding settlement, cash and material accounts.
When the securities are redeemed and returned, they are debited to the debit of account 66 or 67 from the credit of cash accounts.
Termination of obligations under a loan agreement can be formalized in the form of compensation or novation (Articles 409 and 414 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In this case, the receipts of funds to the borrower are treated as non-taxable. From the moment of the conclusion of the agreement on the compensation, the relationship of the parties is governed by the rules of contracts of purchase and sale or paid provision of services.
When the borrower returns loans received in kind, there may be cost differences in the valuation of the property received as a loan and the property transferred for repayment. These differences are reflected from the borrower as other expenses (on the debit of account 91 and credit of accounts 66 and 67) or other income (on the debit of accounts 66 and 67 and credit of account 91). In the event of a delay in repayment of a loan and a delay in payment of interest on the loan, penalties are applied to the borrower, which are reflected in the debtor's other expenses (in the debit of account 91).
Analytical accounting of credits and loans is carried out according to their types, terms, credit institutions. Accounts 66 and 67 on separate sub-accounts reflect settlements with credit institutions on accounting (discount) transactions for bills of exchange and other obligations.
A discount is understood as the difference between the amount indicated in the bill of exchange and the amount actually received on it. Transactions on the sale of promissory notes are reflected by the holder of the promissory note on the debit of accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" or 52 "Currency accounts" (for the actually received amount of funds), 91 (for discount percentage) and the credit of accounts 66 and 67 (at the par value of the bill).
Example. The issuing organization sold the promissory note with a par value of 100,000 rubles. with a maturity of three months for 80,000 rubles.
For this operation, accounting entries will be made:
Dt 51 - in the amount of 80,000 rubles.
Dt 91 - in the amount of 20,000 rubles.
Kt 66 - in the amount of 100,000 rubles.
For the even allocation of expenses on a bill, i.e. discount (or interest, if the bill provides for the payment of interest in excess of its nominal value), for other expenses the drawer may preliminarily account for these expenses on account 97 "Deferred expenses" with subsequent equal debiting to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".
In this case, records will be compiled for the amount of debt service costs:
Dt 97 Kt 66;
Dt 91 Kt 97.
Operations for the secondary placement of previously received bills can be carried out. In this situation, the holder transfers the previously received bill of exchange to the lender (new creditor).
The received loan is made out with the following record:
Dt 51, 52 - for the amount actually received
Dt 91 - for the amount of the discount
Kt 66, 67 - for the par value of the bill.
The operations of obtaining and repaying short-term and long-term credits and loans are reflected in the statement No. 26 – APK and the journal – order № 4 – APK. These registers are open for a year. Entries in them are made on the basis of bank statements and documents attached to them as they become available in a day or several days.
9.6. Accounting for calculations of taxes and fees, social insurance and security
Agricultural enterprises, being constituent entities of the Russian Federation, are subject to all Russian legislative acts. Tax legislation is no exception.
Modern domestic taxation system is a set of federal, regional and local taxes, principles, forms and methods of their establishment, change and cancellation, payment and application of measures to ensure their payment, implementation tax control, as well as bringing to responsibility and measures of responsibility for violation of tax legislation.
In the practice of Russian business, the following are used:
1) general system taxation;
2) special tax regimes:
Taxation system for agricultural producers (unified agricultural tax - Unified agricultural tax),
Simplified taxation system (STS),
Unified tax on imputed income for certain types of activities (UTII).
Agricultural enterprises operating in general regime taxation, pay all taxes that apply in the country and for which the company acts as a taxpayer. These taxes include:
Federal taxes (VAT, excise taxes, income tax, personal income tax, unified social tax, duties, forestry, water, environmental, federal license fees - Art. 13 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
Regional taxes (tax on property of organizations, tax on gambling business, regional license fees - Art. 14 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
Local taxes ( land tax, local license fees - Art. 15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
The taxation system based on the unified agricultural tax is a special tax regime and allows observing the principle of equality in taxation, ensuring uniform criteria for all economic entities in the field of agricultural
production regardless of the type of agricultural products produced. This system can only be used by those enterprises whose economic specialization allows them to have at least 70% of the total revenue of goods (works, services) from the sale of produced and processed own agricultural products.
The transition to the payment of unified agricultural tax does not provide for the maintenance of accounting by agricultural producers in a simplified way (in addition to legislation in the field of regulatory regulation, which provides for its maintenance in a simplified way with a reduction in the corresponding reporting forms). In this sense, unified agricultural tax payers have no advantages in comparison with payers under other taxation systems.
The transition to the payment of unified agricultural tax provides for the abolition of taxes listed in the table:
The tax base is the object of taxation of the unified agricultural tax.
Tax base the monetary value of income is recognized, reduced by the amount of expenses. In this case, expenses are considered reasonable (economically justified) and documented expenses incurred by the taxpayer. Art. 346 8 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation defines a fixed amount tax rate at the rate of 6% of the tax base.
Accounting for tax settlements carried out on account 68 "Calculations of taxes and fees". Account 68 can have an expanded balance. TO this account subaccounts are opened by types of taxes and fees, in particular:
"Income tax";
"Value Added Tax";
Personal Income Tax.
The accrued taxes and fees (federal, regional and local) are reflected in tax returns for the credit of account 68 and the debit of various accounts, depending on the sources of refund of taxes and fees. The debit of account 68 reflects the amounts actually transferred to the budget, as well as the amount of VAT written off from account 19 “Value added tax on acquired values”.
Analytical accounting for account 68 is carried out by types of taxes. The construction of analytical accounting should ensure the ability to obtain the necessary data on the current tax payments, late tax payments, penalties, deferred and deferred amounts for the payment of taxes and fees.
Accounting for settlements obligatory payments in extrabudgetary funds carried out on account 69 "Settlements for social insurance and security". This account is designed to accumulate information on the calculations of social insurance, pension benefits and compulsory health insurance of employees of the enterprise. This account summarizes information on the accrual and withholding of UST amounts.
Sub-accounts are opened to account 69 "Settlements for social insurance and security":
1 "Calculations for social insurance";
2 "Calculations for retirement benefits";
3 "Calculations for compulsory health insurance".
If the enterprise has settlements for other types of social insurance and security, additional sub-accounts may be opened for account 69.
Account 69 is credited for the amount of payments for social insurance and the provision of workers, as well as for the amount of payments for compulsory health insurance. In this case, records are made in correspondence:
With accounts that reflect the calculation of wages - in terms of deductions made at the expense of the enterprise;
With account 70 “Payments with personnel for labor remuneration” - in terms of deductions made at the expense of employees of the enterprise.
In addition, on the credit of account 69 in correspondence with the profit and loss account or settlements with employees for other operations (in terms of settlements with guilty persons) is reflected
the accrued amount of interest for late payment of payments; in correspondence with account 51 "Settlement accounts" - the amounts received in cases of excess of the corresponding expenses over payments.
The debit of account 69 reflects the transferred amounts of payments, as well as the amounts paid from payments for social insurance, pensions, compulsory medical insurance.
Analytical accounting of settlements for UST is kept in statements No. 55-APK and No. 56-APK for subaccounts, the final data at the end of the month are transferred to the journal-order No. 10-APK. In the journal-order No. 10-APK, turnover amounts are systematized by account 69 in the context of corresponding accounts. For the credit, the accounts record the amounts accrued in favor of the social insurance and security authorities, with a subdivision by objects to which social expenses are attributed. Monthly, after cross-verification with the data of other accounting registers, the totals data as a whole and for the offsetting accounts are transferred to the general ledger.
9.7. Accounting for settlements with accountable persons AND with personnel for other operations
One of the types of internal settlements in farms are settlements for accountable amounts. Agricultural enterprises can report money for operating, economic and travel expenses.
An advance payment for economic needs is issued by a materially responsible person with whom a material liability agreement has been concluded. The list of persons entitled to receive such an advance is approved by order of the head of the enterprise.
An advance payment for travel expenses is made in accordance with the instructions of the head of the organization. Business trip a trip of an employee of an enterprise for a certain period of time to carry out a service assignment outside the place of permanent work is recognized. The duration of the business trip is determined by the head of the enterprise, the actual time of stay is according to the marks in the travel certificate.
In expenses for business trip include:
Daily allowance;
Housing rental costs (apartment);
Travel expenses and other actual expenses associated with a business trip (telegraph expenses, etc.).
For accounting of settlements with accountable persons, account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" is intended. The debit of this account reflects the amounts issued for the report, as well as the amounts issued to reimburse overruns, in correspondence with accounts on which costs and acquired values are recorded, or other accounts, depending on the nature of the costs incurred; for the loan - the amounts spent by the accountable persons in accordance with the approved advance reports, as well as the amount of unused advances.
Advance report the accountable person is obliged to hand over to the accounting department within three days after completing the assigned task. Next time, an advance payment to the accountable person can be issued only if he does not have debts on previously received advances.
Synthetic and analytical accounting for account 71 is kept in the journal-order No. 7-APK for each amount issued for the report. Before recording the results of the journal-order No. 7-APK in the General Ledger, they are checked against the entries on the corresponding accounts in other accounting registers.
In addition to those considered, other settlements of the enterprise with its employees are possible. These settlement transactions are taken into account on account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", which is designed to summarize information on all types of settlements with employees of the enterprise, except for payments for wages and settlements with accountable persons.
1 "Calculations on loans granted";
2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage";
3 "Other payments to personnel".
Subaccount 73-1 "Settlements on loans granted" reflects settlements with employees of the enterprise on loans provided to them. The debit of account 73 reflects the amount of the loan provided to the employee of the enterprise in correspondence with account 50 "Settlement accounts" or 51 "Currency accounts".
If the employee is a borrower, then for the amount of payments received from the employee-borrower, account 73 is credited in correspondence with accounts 50, 51, 70 "Payments with staff on remuneration."
Subaccount 73-2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage" is intended to record payments with material responsible persons on identified shortages, waste, embezzlement, as well as settlements with individuals to compensate for losses from damage to inventories, on invoices and other types of compensation for damage caused to the economy (losses from marriage, downtime, etc.).
In this case, the following postings are made:
Dt 73-2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage" (amounts to be recovered from the perpetrators) CT accounts 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" and 98 "Deferred income" (for missing inventory items), 28 "Marriage in production "(for losses from product defects), etc.
For the credit of account 73-2, entries are made in correspondence with accounts:
Cash accounting - for the amount of payments made;
70 "Payments to personnel on remuneration" - for the amount of deductions from remuneration;
94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" - for the amount of the written off shortages in case of refusal to collect due to the groundlessness of the claim.
Subaccount 73-3 "Other payments to personnel" reflects settlements with employees on transactions that are not accounted for in other sub-accounts (for example, settlements for redeemed by participants own shares (shares) upon their resale; settlements for sold residential buildings, per uniforms if certain categories of workers are required to wear it, purchasing it for a fee with payment by installments). On debit sub-accounts 73-3 show the value of the resold joint stock companies own shares (shares) in the valuation at the resale price. Sub-account 73-3 is debited at the par value and account 81 "Own shares (shares)" is credited. The resulting difference between the actual costs of redemption of shares (stakes) and their par value is charged to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
The register of analytical accounting for account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” is statement No. 38 – APK, the accounting of settlements in which is kept for each employee of the enterprise. Synthetic accounting for this account is kept in the journal-order No. 8-APK.
9.8. Accounting for settlements with different debtors and creditors
To account for settlements with different debtors and creditors, agricultural enterprises use active-passive account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors".
This account summarizes information on settlements on transactions with debtors and creditors not mentioned when considering the accounting procedure for accounts 60-75:
Property and personal insurance;
For claims;
For the amounts withheld from the remuneration of employees of the enterprise in favor of other organizations and persons on the basis of executive documents or court orders, etc.
The following sub-accounts are opened for account 76:
1 "Calculations for property and personal insurance";
2 “Settlements on claims”;
3 “Settlements of dividends and other income due”;
4 "Settlements on deposited amounts";
5 "Settlements with tenants";
6 "Settlements with parents for the maintenance of their children in child care";
7 "Settlements with citizens for agricultural products received from them, livestock and poultry for sale";
8 "Settlements for leasing and rental obligations";
9 “Settlements for other transactions”.
On subaccount 76-1 "Settlements for property and personal insurance" reflect the calculations for insurance of property and personnel (except for settlements for social insurance and compulsory health insurance) of the organization in which the company acts as the policyholder.
The calculated amounts of insurance payments are shown on the credit of sub-account 76-1 in correspondence with accounts for accounting for production costs (sales costs) or other sources of insurance payments. The transfer of the amounts of insurance payments to insurance organizations is accounted for in the debit of account 76-1 in correspondence with the accounts of funds.
The debit of sub-account 76-1 is written off losses on insured events (destruction and damage production stocks, finished goods and other material values, etc.) from the credit of accounts for accounting of inventories, fixed assets, etc. On the debit of sub-account 76-1, the amount is also reflected insurance compensation, due under the insurance contract of an employee of the enterprise in correspondence with account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations." The amounts of insurance claims received by the company from insurance organizations in accordance with insurance contracts are reflected in the debit of account 51 "Current accounts" or 52 "Currency accounts" and the credit of sub-account 76-1. Losses from insured events not reimbursed by insurance indemnities are written off from the credit of account 76-1 to account 99 “Profits and losses”.
Analytical accounting for subaccount 76-1 is maintained for insurers and individual insurance contracts.
On subaccount 76-2, “Settlements for claims” reflect the calculations for claims against suppliers, contractors, transport and other organizations, as well as for the presented and recognized (or awarded) fines, penalties and forfeits.
On debit, sub-accounts 76-2 reflect, in particular, settlements for claims:
To suppliers, contractors and transport organizations on the discrepancy between prices and tariffs revealed during the verification of their accounts (after acceptance), which are stipulated by contracts, as well as if arithmetic errors are detected - in correspondence with account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" or with accounting accounts production inventories, goods and related costs, when overpricing or arithmetic errors in invoices presented by suppliers and contractors are discovered after entries in the invoices of inventory or costs have been made (based on prices and calculations invoiced by suppliers and contractors);
To suppliers of materials and goods (works, services) for discovered non-compliance with quality standards, technical specifications, order; as well as to suppliers, transport and other organizations for shortages of cargo in transit in excess of the values provided for in the contract - in correspondence with an account of 60;
For marriage and downtime caused by the fault of suppliers or contractors, in amounts recognized by the payers or awarded by the court - in correspondence with accounts for accounting for production costs;
To credit institutions for the amounts erroneously written off (transferred) from the accounts of the enterprise - in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for monetary funds, loans;
For fines, penalties, forfeits collected from suppliers, contractors, buyers, customers, consumers of transport and other services for non-compliance with contractual obligations, in amounts recognized by payers or awarded by a court (amounts of claims made that are not recognized by payers are not taken into account), - in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses".
Subaccount 76-2 is credited for the amount of payments received in correspondence with cash accounts. The amounts that are not subject to collection, as a rule, are referred to the accounts from which they were registered on the debit of sub-account 76-2.
Analytical accounting for subaccount 76-2 is maintained for each debtor and individual claims.
On subaccount 76-3 "Calculations of dividends and other income due" take into account calculations of dividends and other income due to the enterprise, including profit, loss and other results under a simple partnership agreement.
The income to be received (distributed) is reflected in the debit of account 76-3 and the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses". Assets received by the enterprise on account of income are credited to the debit of the asset accounting accounts and the credit of sub-account 76-3.
On subaccount 76-4 "Settlements on deposited amounts" take into account settlements with employees of the enterprise for amounts accrued but not paid on time (due to the absence of recipients). The deposited amounts are reflected on the credit of sub-account 76-4 and the debit of account 70 "Payments with personnel for wages". When these amounts are paid to the recipient, an entry is made on the debit of the sub-account 76-4 and the credit of the accounts for the accounting of funds.
Analytical accounting of the deposited wages is carried out in the statement No. 38 – APK for employees who did not receive their wages on time. Synthetic accounting is carried out in the journal-order No. 8-APK.
On subaccount 76-5 "Settlements with tenants", settlements with tenants of apartments and persons living in hostels of the housing and communal services of the enterprise are taken into account, according to the statement of calculating the rent. Entries are made as follows:
Dt 76-5 Kt 29 "Auxiliary production" - the amount of payments for the rent has been calculated;
Dt 50, 51, 70 Kt 76–5 - rent arrears have been repaid.
Analytical accounting of settlements with employees - residents of apartments and hostels is kept in the statement No. 40-APK, which contains information on the types of targeted fees, accrual of debt and its repayment.
On subaccount 76-6 "Settlements with parents for the maintenance of their children in child care" settlements are made for child care facilities on the balance sheet of the enterprise:
Дт 76–6 Кт 86 "Target financing" - the amounts of payments for the maintenance of children in child care have been calculated;
Дт 50, 70 Кт 76–6 - the debt on this type of payments has been repaid.
Analytical accounting is kept in statement No. 41 – APK by type of payment.
Information on subaccount 76-7 "Settlements with citizens for agricultural products, livestock and poultry for sale received from them" is reflected in the following entries:
Dt 43.11 Kt 76-7;
Dt 76-7 Kt 50, 51, 52.
Analytical accounting is carried out in the statement No. 38-APK by the names of the workers who handed over livestock and poultry for sale.
Subaccount 76-8 "Settlements for leasing and rental obligations" take into account the movement of amounts rent and lease payments.
On subaccount 76-9 "Settlements for other operations" take into account settlements with other debtors and creditors for operations, the reflection of which is not provided for in other subaccounts.
Synthetic accounting for account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" is kept in the journal-order No. 8-APK on the basis of the above statements.
9.9. Accounting for intercompany settlements
In some cases, agricultural enterprises can use account 79 "Intra-farm settlements", which takes into account settlements with branches, representative offices, departments and their other separate subdivisions on separate balance sheets (intra-balance sheet settlements). In particular, account 79 takes into account settlements for allocated property, mutual release of material assets, sales of products, transfer of expenses for general management activities, payment wages employees of these departments, according to consumption funds and at their expense (if the funds are not transferred to departments, but are recorded on the balance sheet of the organization), etc.
Accounting at agricultural enterprises with branches (representative offices) or other structural units, is possible in different forms, depending on the purpose of units, sources of funding for their costs, their management structure, territorial location and other features. The accounting procedure at the head office also depends on the presence or absence of a bank account at the branches and on a separate balance sheet.
If branches, representative offices and other separate subdivisions are allocated to a separate balance sheet, then for settlements of the parent company with separate subdivisions, account 79 "Intra-business settlements" is used.
Account 79 can be opened, in particular, the following sub-accounts:
1 "Settlements for the allocated property";
2 "Calculations for current operations»;
3 “Settlements under a property trust agreement”.
Let's consider the order of reflection of transactions on the first two sub-accounts.
On subaccount 79-1 "Settlements for allocated property" take into account the state of settlements with separate divisions of the enterprise allocated to independent balance, for the non-current and circulating assets transferred to them. The transferred property is written off from the credit of the respective accounts (01 "Fixed assets", 10 "Materials", etc.) to the debit of subaccount 79-1. Accepted property subdivisions of the enterprise come on the debit of the corresponding accounts (01, 10, etc.) from the credit of sub-account 79-1.
On subaccount 79-2 "Settlements for current operations" take into account the state of all other settlements of the enterprise with divisions allocated to a separate balance sheet: for the mutual release of material assets, the sale of products, the transfer of expenses for general management activities, payment of wages to employees of divisions, etc.
On the balance sheet of the enterprise, on-farm settlements are not reflected, i.e. in the reporting of the enterprise, the balances on the pegged balance sheets are added to the balances on the corresponding accounts of the parent enterprise.
Branches and other separate subdivisions reflect the property received from the head enterprise on the debit of property accounts and credit of account 79 "Intra-business settlements". The property returned to the head enterprise is written off from the credit of the property accounting accounts to the debit of account 79. Business transactions for the acquisition of property, accounting for production costs, sale of products, etc. are made out by separate divisions with ordinary accounting records.
If separate subdivisions do not have a separate balance sheet, then to account for their operations, they open sub-accounts to accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 29 "Service production and economy".
Analytical accounting for account 79 is carried out for each a separate subdivision the enterprise, allocated to an independent balance sheet, and by type of payment. Synthetic accounting for this account is carried out in the journal-order No. 8-APK.
Typical correspondence of accounts for accounting of settlements
Keywords
Advance report. Debtor. Receivables. Discount. Debtor. Loan. Borrower. Lender. Customer. Surplus. Apartment. Credit. Creditor. Accounts payable. Tax. Tax return. Tax regime... Lack. Commitment. Accountable person... Contractor. Customer. Provider. Claim. Percent. Collection. Daily allowance. Calculations.
Test questions and tasks
1. What is settlement?
2. When and how is creditor and receivables?
3. List the accounts on which the calculations for taxes and duties are taken into account?
4. What documents serve primary documents to reflect settlements with accountable persons?
5. How are the transactions related to the execution and repayment of bank loans reflected in the accounting records?
6. How is the analytical and synthetic accounting of loans and borrowings carried out?
7. What taxes are paid by the agricultural organization?
8. How are settlements for intrafarm transactions reflected in the accounting?
9. What is UST?
10. What mutual settlements are reflected on account 76 "Settlements with debtors and creditors"?
11. What documents serve as primary documents for reflecting settlements with suppliers and customers?
12. How are claims settled?
Tests
1. Accounting for liabilities in accounting and in the balance sheet for bank loans is carried out:
a) at market value;
b) in amounts determined by the terms of credit agreements and loan agreements;
c) in amounts including debt and accrued interest;
d) at the residual value.
2. When writing off interest on a bill for work performed and services rendered, an entry is made in the accounting:
a) Dt 20 (44) CT 60;
b) Dt 10 Kt 60;
c) Dt 76 Kt 60;
d) Dt 91-2 Kt 60.
3. When reflected in the accounting for the repayment of interest on overdue loans, the amounts are written off due to:
a) gross profit;
b) other expenses;
c) cost price;
d) reserve fund.
4. Upon receipt of the goods, a shortage was revealed due to the fault of the supplier to whom the claim was presented. Arbitration court refused the claim, as the deadline for filing a claim had expired. What are accounting entries in this case:
a) Dt 94 Kt 60; Dt 91–2 Kt 94;
b) Dt 76–2 Kt 60; Dt 94 Kt 76-2; Dt 91–2 Kt 94;
c) Dt 76–2 Kt 60; Dt 91-2 Kt 76-2.
5. What are the timing of the inventory of settlements with buyers and suppliers the company should have provided:
a) as required;
b) according to the accounting policy;
c) quarterly.
6. If VAT accrued is reflected in the accounting, the correct posting will be:
a) Dt 20 Kt 68;
b) Dt 90 Kt 68;
c) Dt 62 Kt 68.
7. When selling products, the cost of goods sold is written off by writing:
a) Dt 40 Kt 43;
b) Dt 62 Kt 90;
c) Dt 90 Kt 43.
8. The term "unbilled deliveries" means deliveries for which:
a) an invoice has not been received from the supplier;
b) settlement documents have not been received;
c) the invoice has not been issued to the buyer.
9. The company purchased inventory items and, as a guarantee of payment, issued a promissory note in par for the delivery amount with payment of 10% per annum. The amount of debt on this bill of exchange is reflected in the credit of the account:
10. The joint venturer reflects the share of the profit due to him in the composition:
a) revenue;
b) income from participation in other organizations;
c) other income;
d) extraordinary income.
11. In the accounting of the enterprise, one counterparty simultaneously lists both receivables and payables. When reporting in balance sheet such debt should be reflected:
a) collapsed;
b) minimized, but with disclosure of information in the explanatory note;
The fulfillment of obligations must be stipulated in the contracts of the organization concluded with other legal entities and individuals. Accounts receivable and payable with a maturity of not more than 12 months are related to the organization's short-term liabilities, and more than 12 months - to long-term liabilities.
Dt 70 Kt 76-4 - the deposited amount of remuneration was taken into account;
Dt 76-4 Kt 50, 51 - the deposited amount of wages was paid to the employee.
Accounting for settlements with different debtors and creditors within the framework of interconnected organizations is also kept on account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors".
Synthetic accounting register - order journal No. 8.
Analytical register - statement No. 7 (or several statements), where analytical accounts are opened for each debtor and creditor.
When used by an organization automated form accounting using software product"1C: Enterprise" synthetic accounting registers are the turnovers of account 76 (General ledger), analysis of account 76, balance sheet, etc. The analytical accounting registers are the turnover balance sheet for account 76, analysis of account 76 by sub-account, turnovers between sub-accounts , account 76 card, account 76 card for subconto, etc.
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Cash settlements are carried out by the organization either in cash or in the form of non-cash payments.
- for the goods supplied, work performed, services rendered;
- to budgets of all levels and to off-budget funds;
- in order to return the placement of loans and borrowings, deposits and payment of interest on them;
- by order of individuals or in favor of individuals;
- for other purposes provided by law or contract.
In accordance with the terms of the main agreement, payment orders can be used for prepayment for goods, works, services, or for making periodic payments. Payment orders are accepted by the bank regardless of the availability of funds to the payer's account. In the absence or insufficiency of funds on the payer's account, payment orders are paid as the funds are received in the order established by law.
In accordance with Regulation (37), checks issued by credit institutions can be used to carry out non-cash payments. These checks can be used by customers of this credit institution, as well as in interbank settlements in the presence of correspondent relations. At the same time, they cannot be used for settlements through subdivisions of the settlement network of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
Upon receipt of goods (provision of services), the payer writes a check from the book and hands it over to the representative of the supplier or contractor, who becomes the check holder. The check holder submits the drawn check to his bank institution, as a rule, on the next day from the date of the statement to credit the money to his bank account.
Depositing funds when issuing checkbooks with the payer is recorded on account 55 "Special accounts in banks", subaccount 2 "Checkbooks", from the credit of accounts 51 "Current accounts", 66 "Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings" and other similar accounts. As the debt is paid by checks, they are debited from the credit of account 55 to the debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" and other similar accounts.
The concept of receivables and payables Settlement periods and limitation of actions
Receivables and payables concept. Accounts receivable are understood as debts of other organizations, employees and individuals of this organization (debts of buyers for purchased products, accountable persons for reports issued to them sums of money and etc.). Organizations and persons who owe this organization are called debtors.
Accounts payable is the debt of a given organization to other organizations, employees and persons who are called creditors.
Creditors whose debt arose in connection with the purchase of tangible assets from them are called suppliers. Arrears in accrued wages to employees of the organization, in the amounts of accrued payments to the budget, extra-budgetary funds, social funds and other similar charges are called distribution obligations. Creditors who are indebted for other transactions are called other creditors.
In the balance sheet, accounts receivable and payable are reflected by their types.
Accounts receivable are mainly reflected on accounts 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", and accounts payable - on accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".
When selling depreciable property, i.e. fixed assets and Intangible assets, as well as other property (except finished products and goods) the value of the property at the selling prices is written off to the debit of account 62 from the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses". The receipt of payments for the sold property is reflected in the debit of accounts for accounting for monetary funds (51.52, 50, 55) and the credit of account 62.
Account 62 reflects the amount of advances received and prepayment for the delivered products (work, services), as well as the arising amount and exchange rate differences.
The amounts of advances and prepayment received are accounted for on the debit of the accounts of cash accounting and the credit of account 62. In this case, the amounts of advances and prepayment received are accounted for on account 62 separately.
Positive sum differences arising from ordinary activities are reflected on the debit of account 62 and credit of account 90 "Sales". Negative amount differences are drawn up on echets accounts with a reversal entry.
Positive exchange rate differences are taken into account on the debit of account 62 and credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", and negative - on the debit of account 91 and credit of account 62.
The unclaimed debt of buyers and customers is written off from the credit of account 62 to the debit of account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" or account 91 "Other income and expenses".
Analytical accounting for account 62 is carried out for each invoice presented by the buyer or customer, and for calculations in the order of planned payments - for each buyer or customer. The construction of analytical accounting should ensure the receipt of data on buyers and customers according to settlement documents, the due date of which has not come; buyers and customers on unpaid settlement documents; advances received; bills of exchange, the date of receipt of funds for which has not come; bills discounted (recorded) in banks; promissory notes for which funds were not received on time.
Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers within a group of interconnected organizations, about whose activities consolidated financial statements are drawn up, is kept on account 62 separately.
In organizations performing work of a long-term nature (construction, design, scientific, geological, etc.), account 46 "Completed stages of work in progress" can be used to account for settlements with customers.
Analytical accounting but account 46 is carried out by type of work.
Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors
Suppliers and contractors include organizations that supply raw materials and other inventory items, as well as provide various types of services (supply of electricity, steam, water, gas, etc.) and perform various works (overhaul and maintenance of fixed assets, etc.) ...
Settlements with suppliers and contractors are carried out after they have shipped inventory items, performed work or provided services, or simultaneously with them with the consent of the organization or on its behalf.
Currently, organizations themselves choose the form of payment for the products delivered or services rendered.
Account 60 "settlements with suppliers and contractors" is credited to the suppliers' bills presented for payment, and the corresponding material accounts (10, 11, 15, etc.) or accounts for recording the corresponding expenses (20, 26, 97, etc.) are debited.
On account 60, the debt is reflected within the amount of acceptance. If there are shortages in the received inventory, discrepancies in prices stipulated by the contract, and arithmetic errors, account 60 is credited for the corresponding amount in correspondence with account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", subaccount 2 "Settlements for claims".
The amount of VAT is included by suppliers and contractors in invoices for payment and is reflected by the buyer on the debit of account 19 "Value added tax on purchased values" and the credit of account 60.
The repayment of debt to suppliers is reflected in the debit of account 60 and the credit of accounts for accounting for cash (51, 52, 55) or bank loans (66, 67). Order accounting records when paying off debts to suppliers depends on the forms of payment used.
The advances issued are taken into account in the debit of account 60 from the credit of the accounts for accounting for monetary funds (51, 52, etc.).
The sum differences on the acquired property after its arrival or on the works (services) performed are taken into account in accounts 60 and 91 "Other income and expenses" as operating income or expenses depending on the value of the sum differences.
Exchange rate differences on the acquired property (work, services) are also reflected in accounts 60 and 91 as operating income and expenses, depending on the value of exchange rate differences.
A promissory note is a written promissory note of a monetary obligation of one party (the drawer) to pay a certain amount of money upon maturity to the other party (the holder of a bill) for completed trade transactions or in payment for work performed or services rendered.
It indicates the place and date of issue, the amount of the obligation as a whole or with the allocation of the obligation to pay interest, the date and place of payment, the name of the recipient, the signature of the drawer.
A bill of exchange (draft) is issued by the creditor (drawer) and contains a written order to the debtor (drawer) to pay the amount specified in the bill to a third party (payee) or bearer. This document turns into promissory note after its acceptance by the drawee. With the help of a transfer inscription (endorsement), a bill of exchange can be used repeatedly, thereby performing the function of a universal credit and settlement document. Accounting (discounting) of bills in banks significantly accelerates the turnover of funds.
In this case, the holder by means of endorsement transfers the bill to the bank before the due date and receives the bill of exchange minus the discount interest in favor of the bank, called the discount.
Accounting for settlements by bills of exchange with recipients. At present, it is recommended to record settlements using bills of exchange according to a simplified scheme on the same accounts that reflect settlements without using bills. The allocation of settlements using bills of exchange is carried out in analytical accounting.
Issued bills of exchange for the purchase of goods and materials are reflected on the credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" or other similar accounts. On these accounts, the debt secured by a bill of exchange is recorded until it is repaid. As the debt on bills is repaid, it is written off to the debit of account 60 from the credit of accounts for accounting for cash (50, 51, 52, etc.). Overdue promissory notes are shown separately in the analytical accounting. When issuing bills of exchange, providing for the payment of interest for the use of the goods received without payment for a certain period, the amount of interest paid is attributed to an increase in operating expenses. In this case, if the accrued interest is paid in the current reporting period, then they are reflected in account 91 "Other income and expenses".
Example. A promissory note was issued in payment for the goods received (for 60,000 rubles) in the amount of 65,000 rubles. The amount of interest on the promissory note is 5,000 rubles. (65,000 - 60,000).
When issuing a bill of exchange, an accounting entry will be made:
The debit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - 60,000 rubles. The debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" - 5000 rubles.
When paying a bill in the amount of 65,000 rubles. account 60 is debited from the accounts of funds (51, 52), subaccount "Bills issued".
If payment on promissory notes will be made in the next year, then the accrued interest on the promissory note should be taken into account on account 97 "Deferred expenses". In this case, an accounting entry will be made on the issued promissory note:
The debit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - 60,000 rubles. The debit of account 97 "Deferred expenses" - 5000 rubles.
Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", subaccount "Bills issued" - 65,000 rubles.
Payment of a bill in the amount of RUB 65,000. in the next reporting year will be reflected in the debit of account 60, subaccount "Bills issued", and the credit of accounts 51 and 52. At the same time, the amount of interest paid on the bill is debited from the credit of account 97 to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".
Accounting for promissory notes at the supplier. Organizations that have received bills of exchange from buyers take into account the received bills of exchange on account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, subaccount “Bills of exchange received”. Account 62 is debited with the amounts indicated in the bills from the credit of accounts for accounting for the sale of finished goods (90) or other type of property (91).
Paid promissory notes are reflected in the debit of cash accounts and credit of account 62.
In accordance with PBU 9/99 (clause 6.2), when selling products (works, services) on the terms of a commercial loan provided in the form of a deferral and payment by installments, the proceeds are accepted for accounting in the full amount of receivables.
This innovation means that from 01/01/2000 (from the date of entry of PBU 9/99 into force) the amount of interest on the promissory note should be reflected as part of the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services).
Example. Products shipped for 3 million rubles. with a Deferred payment for 6 months. A promissory note for 3.75 million rubles was accepted from the buyer. (the products were leased out at the rate of 50% per annum). After 6 months, the bill was paid.
Accounting records: 1) Account debit 62
Account 90 credit
2) The debit of account 51
Credit account 62
It should be noted that the Instruction to the new Chart of Accounts (according to ET 62) provides for the accounting of interest on the bill of exchange on the pair 91 "Other income and expenses". When paying off indebtedness-L on the received bill of exchange for the total amount of debt, it is recommended to debit the accounts for accounting funds (51, 52, etc.) and credit account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" (for the amount of debt repayment) and account 91 "Other income and expenses "(by percentage).
Bills not paid on time are considered to be waived. For official certification of non-receipt of payment on a bill of exchange within the specified time period, the bill of exchange is protested at the notary's office at the location of the payer before 12 noon, one day after the expiration of the payment deadline.
After the bill is protested, a lawsuit is filed for the repayment of debt obligations by the drawers and endorsements, who are jointly and severally liable for the obligations.
The nominal amount of a rejected bill with interest is debited from account 62, subaccount "Bills received", to the debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", subaccount 2 "Settlements for claims".
Before the due date for payment of the bill, the organization-holder of the bill can receive loans from the banks against the bill. Received loans are reflected in the credit of accounts 66 "Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings" or 67 "Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings" and the debit of accounts for accounting monetary funds (50, 51, 52, etc.) in the amounts actually received. At the same time, the debt on settlements with buyers, secured by promissory notes, continues to be recorded on accounts receivable (62, etc.).
If the drawer or other payer of the promissory note fails, the holder of the bill is obliged to return the funds received as a result of discounting the promissory notes to the banks. The transferred funds are debited from the credit of cash accounts to the debit of account 66 or 67. Overdue obligations on promissory notes remain on accounts receivable.
Accounting for settlements on intermediary transactions
Intermediary operations can be formalized by ordinary sales contracts or intermediary contracts for the commission sale of goods.
When buying and selling, the organization keeps records in the manner prescribed for wholesale organizations.
Recorded goods are reflected on the debit of account 41 "Goods" and the credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors." The amount of VAT on capitalized goods is reflected in the debit of account 19 "Value added tax on acquired values" and the credit of account 60.
When selling the goods, the proceeds (including the amount of VAT) are reflected on the credit of account 90 and the debit of the accounts for accounting funds or account 62. After that, the cost of the goods sold is written off from the credit of accounts 41 and 45 "Goods shipped" (depending on the terms of the contract for the supply of goods) in debit account 90.
The costs associated with the delivery, storage and sale of goods are first recorded on the active account 44, and then debited from this account to the debit of account 90.
The amount of VAT calculated from the turnover of the sale of goods is reflected on the debit of account 90 "Sales" and the credit of account 68. The amount of VAT on the purchased and paid goods is debited from the credit of account 19 to the debit of account 68. The amounts of VAT paid by the organization are debited from the credit of the accounts of accounting for funds in debit account 68.
In the case of a commission sale of goods with the principal, accounting is carried out in the following order.
To account for goods or finished products transferred to the agent, account 45 "Goods shipped" is used. The goods or finished products transferred to the commission agent are written off from accounts 43 "Finished goods" or 41 "Goods" to the debit of account 45.
The sale of goods (according to the commission agent's report) is reflected in the debit of accounts 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" and the credit of account 90 "Sales".
The funds received from the commission agent for the goods sold by him (finished products) are reflected in the debit of the accounts for accounting funds (50, 51, etc.) and the credit of account 76. The sold goods are debited from the credit of account 45 to the debit of account 90. sales of goods are reflected on the debit of account 90 and credit of account 68 (or 76).
The amount of remuneration paid by the consignor for the intermediary services rendered is charged by the consignor to the distribution costs (account 44 debit, account 76 credit). The accrued amount of VAT on interest is applied to the debit of account 19 and credit of account 76.
The amount of VAT accrued on the commission is taken into account for VAT for the intermediary service provided and is debited from the credit of account 19 to the debit of account 68. The costs of circulation are debited from the credit of account 44 to the debit of account 90.
After the reflection of these business transactions, the financial result from the sale of finished products or goods on a commission basis is determined and written off from account 90 to account 99 “Profits and losses”.
The accounting of intermediary transactions with the commission agent is carried out using the off-balance sheet account 004 "Goods accepted for commission".
The goods accepted for commission are recorded on account 004 at the prices stipulated by the acceptance certificates. Analytical accounting of accepted goods is carried out by types of goods and consignors. The sold goods are written off from account 004. At the same time, the sold goods are reflected in the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and the credit of account 76 (for the amount owed to the consignor).
The receipt of funds for the specified commission goods is reflected in the debit of the accounts for accounting for funds (50, 51, etc.) and the credit of account 62.
The commission for the service rendered by the commission agent is attributed to the reduction of accounts payable (account 76 debit, account 90 credit), from which VAT is charged (account 90 debit, account 68 credit).
The transferred funds are written off from the credit of the accounts of accounting of funds to the debit of account 76, and the paid amounts of VAT from the remuneration are debited from the credit of cash accounts to the debit of account 68.
The financial result of the intermediary activity of the commission agent is determined by account 90 and debited to account 99.
Features of accounting for import transactions
An import transaction dossier is a collection of documents formed for each passport of an import transaction.
The payment card contains information about payments made in accordance with the contract against the obligations of the importer under the contract.
The accounting card for imported goods contains information from the cargo customs declaration on the total actual value of the goods imported under the contract.
Bulletin bank control contains data on transactions under the contract, and the report on transactions under import contracts - information on payments, on goods, structure of payments for reporting period and the quantitative composition of the information database.
Synthetic accounting of settlements with suppliers for payment of imported goods is carried out on account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors". Analytical accounting of these calculations is kept separately for each delivery and each issued advance.
To generate information on the purchase value of imported goods, it is advisable to use synthetic account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" by opening subaccount 2 "Purchase of imported goods" to it. Analytical accounting for this sub-account is carried out by consignments and types of goods.
Accounting for settlements for the delivery of goods should be carried out on account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" by opening subaccounts 1 "Settlements in rubles" and 2 "Settlements in foreign currency" to it.
The procedure for the issuance and repayment of loans is determined by legislation and the loan agreements drawn up on its basis. The contracts indicate the objects of lending, the conditions and procedure for granting a loan, the timing of its repayment, interest rates the procedure for their payment, the rights and responsibilities of the parties, the forms of mutual security of obligations, the list and frequency of submission of the relevant documents, etc.
A short-term loan is issued for the needs of the organization's current activities (necessary to fulfill the plan) and is provided, as a rule, for a period of up to one year.
A long-term loan is used for the purposes of production and social development of the organization (for the construction and acquisition of fixed assets, expansion and improvement of production, etc.) and is issued for a period of more than one year.
To obtain a loan, an organization sends an application to the bank with copies of constituent documents, calculations, accounting and statistical reports and other data confirming the security of the loan and the reality of its return.
Banks and others credit institutions determine interest rates for a loan for organizations in a differentiated manner - depending on the period of use of the loan, as well as taking into account the emerging demand and supply for credit resources.
Specific interest rates for the use of loans, the procedure for payment of interest and other lending conditions are stipulated in the loan agreement.
On a contractual basis between the bank and organizations on balances on settlement, current and other accounts (except for budgetary and depository) organizations may be paid interest for keeping funds in the bank.
To account for operations to obtain and repay loans, passive accounts 66 "Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings" and 67 "Settlements on long-term loans and borrowings" are used. Received loans are reflected on the credit of these accounts in correspondence with accounts for accounting for cash and settlements, and repayment of loans - on the debit of accounts in correspondence with cash accounts.
Accrued interest on loans received is for the borrower in accordance with PBU 15/01 (20) and PBU 10/99 (15) its operating expenses and is reflected in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" and the credit of accounts 66 and 67.
There are two exceptions to this general rule. When using borrowed funds for prepayment, the issuance of advances and deposits related to the purchase of inventories, the upcoming performance of work and the provision of services, interest accrued by the borrower for the use of borrowed funds is attributed to the increase in accounts receivable and is reflected in the debit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" or 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" and the credit of accounts 66 and 67.
When inventories arrive, work is performed and services are rendered, their value increases by the amount of accrued receivables (accounts 10.15, etc. are debited and accounts 60 and 76 are credited).
Subsequent accruals of interest on loans received for these objects are accounted for in the general order, i.e. included in operating expenses.
The second exception from general rules is the procedure for calculating interest on loans received for financing investment assets(fixed assets, property complexes and other similar assets).
Accrued interest on loans received for investment assets is included in their initial cost and reflected in the debit of accounts 07 "Equipment for installation" and 08 "Investments in non-current assets".
After accepting fixed assets, property complex and other similar objects for accounting for accounting, as well as if these objects are used for serial production of products, performance of work and provision of services, accrued interest on loans received are included in operating expenses (account 91 is debited and credit accounts 66 and 67).
If construction is stopped for a long period (more than three months), interest accrued during this period is included in operating expenses. After resuming construction works accrued interest is again included in the initial cost of the object, up to their acceptance for accounting or their use.
Interest accrued to organizations for keeping funds in banks is reflected in the debit of account 51 "Settlement accounts" and the credit of account 91.
Accounting for additional costs associated with obtaining a loan (market research costs credit services, payment for notarial services, communication services, etc.) are carried out on the debit of account 91 as operating expenses from the credit of accounts for accounting for cash or settlements. If these additional costs are significant, then the borrower can take them into account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" and then evenly write off from the credit of this account to the debit of account 91.
Exchange rate differences on the principal amount of debt on loans and accrued interest arising from the mismatch of the time of receipt and repayment of the loan and the accrual and transfer of interest amounts are reflected in accounts 91, 66 and 67. In this case, positive exchange rate differences are reflected in the debit of accounts 66 and 67 and the credit of account 91, and negative - on the debit of account 91 and the credit of accounts 66 and 67.
Loan accounting
If the bonds are placed at a price lower than their par value, then the difference between the offering price and the par value of the bonds is additionally charged evenly during the bonds circulation period. Account 91 "Other Incomes and Expenses" is debited for the amount of additional charges and account 66 or 67 is credited.
The interest due on the loans received is reflected in the unit of account 66 or 67 and the debit of accounts for accounting for sources of payments in the same way as for bank loans:
- in the general order - on the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses";
- when using loans for prepayment, the issuance of advances and deposits related to the acquisition of inventories, the upcoming performance of work and the provision of services - to increase accounts receivable (accounts 60, 76), which is debited to accounts 10, 15, etc .;
- when using loans to finance investment assets - to accounts 07 and 08 (before registering the relevant objects or starting their use).
Incremental costs associated with obtaining loans, resulting exchange rate and amount differences are recognized for loans in the same way as for loans.
The costs associated with the issue and distribution of securities are recorded on the debit of account 91 from the credit of the corresponding settlement, cash and material accounts.
When securities are redeemed and returned, they are debited to account 66 or 67 from the credit of cash accounts.
The received cash or other property under the loan agreement of cash or things is reflected in the debit of accounts for accounting for cash or related property (07 "Equipment for installation", 10 "Materials", etc.) from the credit of accounts 66 and 67. Return of funds or other property is drawn up on the debit of accounts 66 and 67 from the credit of accounts 50, 51, 52, 07, 10, etc.
The interest received by the lender is his operating income and are subject to income taxes and VAT. The accrued VAT on interest is reflected in the debit of account 91 and the credit of account 68.
Accounting for settlements with the budget for taxes and fees
Accounting for excise taxes is carried out in the same way as for accounting for VAT using accounts 19 and 68.
The accrual of income from participation in the organization is reflected in cr-xr, accounts 75-2 and the debit of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".
The accrual of income from participation in the organization to the employees of the organization is reflected on the credit of account 70 "Payments with personnel for labor" and the debit of account 84.
When calculating dividends, income tax is withheld from legal entities and individuals. The accrued tax amounts are reflected on the debit of accounts 75 or 70 and credit of account 68 "Calculations of taxes and duties".
The amounts of income paid to the organization's participants are debited from the credit of accounts 50 "Cashier", 51 "Current accounts" or 52 "Currency accounts" to the debit of accounts 75 or 70. When income is paid by the products (works, services) of the organization, they are debited from the credit of account 90 "Sales "In the debit of accounts 75 or 70.
The damage caused to the organization due to the fault of suppliers of material resources, contractors, bank institutions and other organizations from the credit of the following accounts is written off to the debit of this account:
- 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - for the amount of discrepancy between prices and tariffs, quality, arithmetic errors, etc. for already capitalized values;
- 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production” and other cost accounting accounts - for defects and losses caused by the fault of suppliers and contractors;
- accounting of cash and bank loans (51, 52, 66, 67, etc.) - according to the amounts mistakenly debited from the accounts! organizations;
- 91 "Other income and expenses" - on fines, penalties, forfeits collected from suppliers, contractors, buyers, customers, consumers of services for non-compliance with contractual obligations.
The amounts of satisfied claims are debited from the credit of account 76-2 to the debit of cash accounts (51, 52, etc.). The amounts of unsatisfied claims, as a rule, are debited from the credit of account 76-2 to the debit of those accounts from which they were debited to account 76-2 (60, 10, 20, 23, etc.).
The various fines, penalties and penalties paid by the organization are debited from the credit of the accounts of accounting for funds to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".
On subaccount 3 "Calculations of dividends and other income" take into account calculations of dividends and other income due to the organization, including profit, loss and other results under a simple partnership agreement.
The income to be received is reflected in the debit of account 76-3 and the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses". The income received is recorded on the debit of the asset accounting accounts (51, 52, etc.) and the credit of account 76-3.
On subaccount 4 "Settlements on deposited amounts" of account 76 take into account settlements with employees of the organization for unpaid amounts due due to the absence of recipients.
The deposited amounts are reflected on the credit of account 76-4 and the debit of account 70 "Payments with personnel for wages". When the deposited amounts are paid, the recipient is credited with the account of funds and debit account 76-4.
Analytical accounting for account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" is conducted for each debtor and creditor. The balance of account 76 is determined by turnover sheet for analytical accounts of account 76.
Accounting for settlements with various debtors and creditors within a group of interconnected organizations, about whose activities consolidated financial statements are drawn up, is kept on account 76 separately.
Accounting for settlements with accountable persons
Accountable amounts are cash advances given to employees of the organization from the cash desk for minor business expenses and for travel expenses. The procedure for issuing money against a report, the amount of advances and the terms for which they can be issued are established by the rules for conducting cash transactions.
In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 08.02.2002, No. 93, from 01.01.2002, daily allowance payments are made in the amount of 100 rubles. for every day of being on a business trip.
Travel expenses to the place of business trip and back and payment for renting accommodation are paid according to the actual expenses, confirmed by the relevant documents (taking into account the established restrictions on the use of the relevant transport).
Leaders of organizations may, as an exception, allow additional payments related to business trips in excess of the established norms. Additional payments are charged to the cost of production. However, for tax purposes, travel costs are accepted within the established limits.
The reporting amounts are recorded on the active synthetic account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons". The issuance of cash advances to accountable persons is reflected in the debit of account 71 and the credit of account 50 "Cashier".
The expenses paid from the reported amounts are debited from the credit of account 71 to the debit of accounts 10 "Materials", 26 " General running costs"And others, depending on the nature of the costs. The balances of unused amounts returned to the cashier are debited from the accountable persons to the debit of account 50 “Cashier”. Analytical accounting of expenses by the accountable persons is carried out for each advance issue.
The amounts of advances not returned by the accountable persons are written off from account 71 to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to values”. From account 94, the amounts of advances are written off to the debit of account 70 "settlements with personnel for wages" or 73 "settlements with personnel for other operations" (if they cannot be deducted from the amount of wages of employees).
Features of accounting for reporting amounts when employees travel abroad. When employees travel abroad, they are given an advance payment in the currency of the country of assignment based on the established daily allowance and room rates.
The currency received in the bank is received on account 50 "Cashier" from the credit of account 52 "Currency accounts". The currency issued for the report is debited from account 50 to the debit of account 71 and is recorded in the payment currency and its ruble equivalent at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the time of issue.
When returning from a business trip and submitting an advance report with supporting documents attached, the debt of accountable persons is written off from account 71 credit to the debit of account 26 "General business expenses" and other accounts depending on the type of expenses at the rate on the day of the report submission. When the exchange rate changes during the business trip, the exchange rate difference is written off to account 91 "Other income and expenses": positive - to income (debit of account 71, credit of account 91), negative - to expenses (debit of account 91, credit of account 71).
Analytical accounting for account 71 is carried out for each amount issued for the report.
Accounting for settlements with personnel for other operations
To summarize information on all types of settlements with employees of the organization, except for payments for wages, with accountable persons and depositors, use the synthetic account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations." The following sub-accounts can be opened to this account:
- "Calculations on loans granted";
- "Calculations for compensation for material damage", etc.
On subaccount 1 "Settlements on loans granted" take into account settlements with employees on loans provided to them (for individual housing construction, purchase of a garden house, etc.).
The amount of the loan provided to the employee is reflected in debit 73-1 from the credit of the accounts for accounting for monetary funds (50, 51, etc.).
When the loan is repaid, account 73 is credited and accounts for accounting for unclear funds (50, 51, etc.) or account 70 are debited, depending on the accepted payment procedure.
If the employee does not return the loan issued to him, the debt is written off from the credit of account 73-1 to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".
On subaccount 2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage" take into account calculations for compensation for material damage caused by an employee of the organization as a result of theft and shortages of inventory, marriage, as well as compensation for other types of damage.
The amounts to be collected from the employees of the organization are written off to the debit of account 73-2 from the credit of accounts 94 "Shortages from loss and damage to values", 98 "Deferred income", 28 "Marriage in production", etc. The amounts of deductions collected from employees are attributed on credit accounts 73-2 and debit accounts 70 (for the amount of deductions from wages), 91 (in case of refusal to collect due to an unjustified claim), etc.
A subaccount “Payments for goods sold on credit” can be opened to account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations”. This subaccount takes into account settlements with the organization's personnel for purchased on credit specific categories goods.
The operation of obtaining a loan to an employee is reflected in the debit of account 73, subaccount “Settlements for goods sold on credit”, and credit of account 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” or account 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”.
Deductions from wages of employees in repayment of debt on loans are taken into account on the debit of account 70 "Settlements with personnel for other operations" and credit of account 73, subaccount "Settlements for goods sold on credit". When repaying debt on loans, accounts 66 or 67 are debited and account 51 "Current accounts" is credited.
Analytical accounting for account 73 is carried out by employees of the organization.
Accounting for asset management transactions
».Based on the data from the inventory, accounts receivable for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic for collection are written off to reduce reserves for doubtful debts or to the financial results of the organization.
Accounts payable for which the limitation period has expired are debited to financial results organizations.
Accounting records for the write-off of receivables and payables after the statute of limitations have expired are provided in this chapter.
Disclosure of information about calculations in financial statements
Information about the movement of accounts receivable and payable (the balance at the beginning of the reporting year, the occurrence of obligations, their repayment and the balance at the end of the year) are given in section 2 "Accounts receivable and payable" of the Appendix to the balance sheet (Form No. 5).
Out of the total amounts of receivables and payables, overdue debt is allocated, and from it - debt with a duration of more than three months.
The reference to section 2 contains data on the presence and movement of bills (issued and received). In addition, the certificate contains a list of debtor organizations and creditor organizations that have the largest debt at the end of the year, including those with a duration of more than three months.
The balance sheet at the beginning and end of the reporting period provides data on the total amount of long-term and short-term debt with the allocation of debts to buyers and customers, bills receivable, subsidiaries and dependent companies, advances issued and other debtors.
The liabilities of the balance sheet show total amount accounts payable and its types (by suppliers and contractors, bills of exchange, etc.).
Disclosure of information related to on-farm settlements, as part of explanatory note To annual report carried out in accordance with the rules established by PBU 12/2000.