The residual value of the asset is zero: is there any reason for revaluation. What are fixed assets
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On the balance sheet of the institution, a building is taken into account, which is depreciated in the amount of 100% Tell me, should we somehow change the cost of such a building? In particular, is it necessary to re-evaluate such an object? What is the algorithm of actions in this case? Do I have to contact an expert for this?
The situation when fixed assets are taken into account on the balance sheet of budgetary institutions, which are depreciated in the amount of 100%, that is, if their initial cost is equal to the amount of depreciation charged, is very common. And although we have already considered such situations on the pages of our newspaper, it turns out that this issue still continues to concern our readers. Therefore, let's look at how budget institutions need to act in 2017 in such cases.
First of all, let's find out how this issue is settled from the normative-right side.
Currently, the methodological foundations for the formation in accounting of information on fixed assets, other non-current tangible assets and unfinished capital investments in non-current tangible assets are defined in National regulation (standard) of accounting in the public sector 121 "Fixed assets", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance dated 12.10.2010 No. 1202(Further - NP (S) BU 121).
Attention! The determination of the residual value should not be equated with such a concept as revaluation.
If a particular item of fixed assets is depreciated in the amount of 100%, but it is suitable for further use, then:
First, a budgetary institution does not necessarily revalue such objects;
Secondly, this fact is not the basis for the write-off (disposal) of such property.
The liquidation value is determined by commission created by by order of the head budgetary institution, when the object is put into operation or in the case when the residual value of the object of fixed assets is equal to zero.
Taking this into account, if the residual value of an item of property, plant and equipment that continues to be used is zero, and it is impossible or impractical to determine the fair value, the residual value is determined for such an item. In this case, the initial value of the item of fixed assets is increased by the amount of the residual value.
Attention! In this case, the cost of the object, which is depreciated, is equal to zero. I.e the residual value is not depreciated.
So, we will give an algorithm of actions in determining the residual value.
Step 1. By order of the head of a budgetary institution, a commission is created to determine the liquidation value. As a rule, such a commission is permanent, therefore such an order does not require a mandatory annual update.
Step 2. Within the framework of the powers granted, the institution's commission establishes the liquidation value for fixed assets, which are depreciated in the amount of 100%.
Based on the results of the work, the commission draws up an Act on the determination of the liquidation value (hereinafter - the Act), in which it indicates:
The name of each item of fixed assets on which 100% depreciation is charged, its inventory (serial) number, year of issue and date of commissioning;
The list of material values that can be obtained during the liquidation of the asset, their quantity, price and value;
The total residual value for each asset.
Such an Act is drawn up in any form. As a benchmark, you can take the form of the Statement of Revaluation of Fixed Assets, approved by by order of the Ministry of Finance dated September 13, 2016 No. 818, supplementing it with the necessary data.
Step 3. The act is submitted for approval to the head of the institution. After that, the head issues an order to amend the registers. accounting budgetary organization.
Step 4. At this stage, the accounting service makes changes to the accounting registers, and also reflects such results in the budget and financial statements for the appropriate reporting period.
In accounting, an increase in the initial value of an item of fixed assets, which continues to be used, by the amount of the residual value is reflected by an entry in the debit of the corresponding sub-account of account 10 and the credit of sub-account 5111. At the same time, after such a procedure, the amount of depreciation is not adjusted.
Also, do not forget to indicate the amount of the residual value in the Inventory card of the object of fixed assets.
Many businesses use fixed assets with zero residual value. This means that the accumulated depreciation (depreciation) of such objects has reached their original cost. However, according to the norms of national and international standards accounting so it is incorrect to keep records of OS. Residual value can be zero only if the residual value is zero. Pay attention to this and tax authorities , who believe that if from the sale (liquidation) of a fixed asset the enterprise expects to receive cash or other assets, the residual value cannot be zero.
Increase it by a certain reporting date it is possible using two options that are suitable for both income tax payers and payers of the FSN, namely:
- underestimate the OS object- the enterprise has the right, but not the obligation to revalue an item of fixed assets if its residual value differs significantly from the fair (i.e. market) value at the balance sheet date. Such a possibility should be enshrined in an order on accounting policy... This order also specifies the materiality threshold - the value upon reaching which the company will conduct a revaluation. Typically, this threshold is set at 10% deviation of the residual value of the property from its fair value.
However, if a decision is made to revalue an asset, then on the same date all other objects of the asset group to which this object belongs will have to be revalued. If the OS group has been reevaluated at least once, then the objects of this group are reevaluated in the future. mandatory if the deviation of the residual value from the fair value exceeds the materiality threshold (usually every two to three years).
- repair the OS- the procedure for increasing the zero residual value of fixed assets due to their repair depends on how the repair costs are taken into account. Reflection of expenses for the repair of fixed assets in accounting is regulated by clauses 14, 15 P (C) BU and clauses 28–33 of Methodology No. At the same time, the initial cost of the object increases by the amount of expenses associated with its improvement (modernization, modification, completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, etc.), which leads to an increase in future economic benefits from the use of this object. However, the same rule allows the enterprise to increase the initial cost of the object (capitalize the cost of repairs and improvements) in the manner determined by the Tax Code. The chosen approach (method) should be recorded in the order on the accounting policy of the enterprise.
Agricultural enterprises that have determined the liquidation value at the time of commissioning of facilities, but for some reason did not take it into account when calculating depreciation can fix this error. To do this, it is necessary to recalculate the previously accrued depreciation, draw up an accounting statement and reflect the difference in accounting (for periods before the beginning of the reporting year - Dt 13 - Kt 44, for the months of the reporting year - Dt 23, 91–93 - Kt 13 using the "reversal" method) ... On the one hand, this will lead to an increase in the residual value of the object at the balance sheet date, on the other hand, the monthly depreciation amount will decrease.
Completelydepreciated fixed assetsa large number of enterprises have. What if they continue to be used? How to correctly reflect operations for the modernization, liquidation or sale of such facilities? You will learn the answers to these questions from our article.
How to account for fully depreciated fixed assets
In practice, it is not uncommon for the initial book value of a fixed asset to be fully repaid by depreciation, but the asset itself continues to be used and participate in the formation of the company's income.
According to the rules of PBU 6/01, it is possible to write off an asset from the accounting records only in case of its disposal or loss of the ability to generate income. If the asset continues to be used, it should continue to be taken into account for accounting purposes and, if necessary, disclose information about it in accounting statements.
Why is a certificate issued book value organization assets, see this.
The tax authorities also adhere to a similar point of view on this issue: if 100% of depreciation has been mastered for a fixed asset, but it is used, it must be continued to be taken into account (letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated 08.12.2010 No. 3-3-05 / 128).
In this case, the residual value of fixed assets, reflected in the balance sheet and determined as the difference between initial cost(Dt 01) and depreciation (Kt 02), will be equal to 0.
For more details, see the article "We reflect fixed assets in the balance sheet" .
Nuances of calculating property tax for fixed assets with one hundred percent depreciation
To calculate the property tax, the residual value of the property is included in the tax base (Article 375 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
When movable property exempt from property tax, this will tell.
In this case, it is equal to 0, that is, there will be no tax to be paid. But before the write-off of depreciated fixed assets from the register, the organization must include information about them in the declaration or tax calculation of advance payments for property tax (letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated 08.12.2010 No. 3-3-05 / 128).
Read about all the news related to filling out and filing a property tax return in the heading "Tax declaration for tax on property of organizations" .
Repair and modernization of self-depreciated OS
Fully depreciated OS objects may need repair or modernization.
If you upgrade such funds, then in accounting, the cost of it will increase the current value. For tax calculations, the term useful use such OS does not change. The costs will be written off according to the same standards that were adopted when the OS was put into operation.
For accounting purposes, an organization has a choice: whether to extend the useful life of the OS or not. The decision is made based on how much time will be used or how much production still needs to be released on this upgraded OS.
You will learn about modernization accounting and tax accounting from the article .
If you are repairing a fully depreciated OS, then the costs are taken into account immediately in the period in which the repair was carried out. For tax purposes, these costs must be accounted for as other costs, and in accounting, repair costs are related to common types activities.
Sale and liquidation of fixed assets with a residual value of 0
The sale price of fully depreciated property is the contractual price (Article 105.3 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The sold or liquidated fixed asset is written off from the register (clause 76 of the Methodological Instructions for the accounting of fixed assets, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 13.10.2003 No. 91n).
When selling fixed assets with a residual value of 0, you need to charge VAT on the full amount of the sale.
For tax purposes, proceeds from the sale of fixed assets are considered as income from sales (clause 1 of article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Since the residual value of a depreciated asset is 0, the income from sales can be reduced only by those costs that are associated with securing a transaction for this asset (clause 1 of article 268 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Liquidation expenses for calculating profit tax are included in non-operating expenses (clause 1 of article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) at a time in full in the period when they were actually incurred (clause 7 of article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
It is not necessary to restore VAT (which was previously accepted for deduction) on a liquidated object with one hundred percent depreciation (Article 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
More about Art. 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, find out.
Gift of a fully depreciated OS object
Donation of property worth over 3,000 rubles. between 2 commercial organizations is prohibited by law (Article 575 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
For the nuances of gratuitous contracts between legal entities, see.
Since there is no separate procedure for determining the price of a fixed asset with a zero accounting value transferred as a gift, the calculation should be made by analogy with other legal norms, in particular Art. 105.3 and 154 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (at the market value of the object).
NOTE! The zero residual book value of the asset does not mean at all that the market value of this asset is equal to 0. For the donation, an expert assessment of the object will be required.
Free transfer to non-profit organizations and institutions is allowed, as well as individuals... Wherein:
- With regard to income tax in accordance with the content of Art. 39 and 41 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the transferring enterprise does not have an object of taxation (income) for income tax upon donation. At the same time, according to the norms of Art. 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the enterprise does not have the right to take into account for tax accounting and donation costs. Thus, the transfer of fixed assets as a gift should not affect the calculations of income tax in any way.
- With regard to VAT, the donation of any fixed asset will be recognized as a sale for taxation purposes (clause 1 of article 39 and clause 1 of article 146 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The tax will need to be calculated and paid from the market value of the transferred asset (clause 2 of article 154 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The amount of VAT paid as a gift should not reduce the income tax base (clause 16 of article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
IMPORTANT! Donation of fixed assets is not subject to VAT in the event that fixed assets are transferred to state or local government(Clause 2, Article 146 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In this case, the donor should recover the input VAT on the transferred objects. The amount of tax to be restored is determined in proportion to the residual value of fixed assets (clause 3 of article 170 of the Tax Code). That is, for fully depreciated fixed assets (whose residual value is equal to 0), VAT to restoration will also be equal to 0.
In accounting, all expenses related to the gift are accounted for as other expenses in the period in which the fixed asset is written off from the accounting.
Outcomes
If depreciated fixed assets are used, then they continue to be recorded on the balance sheet at a residual value equal to 0. There is no property tax for such fixed assets, but a declaration or calculation of tax advances to the tax authorities is submitted.
An asset upgrade with a residual value of 0 results in an increase in the carrying amount. The increase in value is reflected on account 01 and is written off in the form of depreciation according to the norms adopted when the fixed asset was put into operation.
The cost of repairing fixed assets is written off in the period when it was carried out, the initial cost does not increase.
Upon sale, donation and liquidation, the fixed asset is written off from the register.
Residual value is intended to reflect the real price of an asset in the current time frame. The indicator is necessary for the correct preparation of financial statements and formation tax base... The financial result, which will be obtained after the sale of the used object of fixed assets, directly depends on its value.
The essence of the concept of residual value
The residual value is displayed for. It is the original purchase price adjusted for the depreciation value of the property. The level of wear is adjustable through depreciation deductions, which are determined cumulatively for the period of operation of the fixed asset.
REFERENCE! Residual value is the amount that will be expensed when the asset is written off the balance sheet.
The residual value is the basis for determining property tax liabilities. In management accounting, the value of the current price of an asset is required to calculate the level of operational efficiency of the fixed assets available to the company. The residual value is required:
- when concluding transactions on exchange operations, if the subject of the agreement is property assets;
- when selling equipment and other types of fixed assets;
- when registering a loan for which the property of the enterprise acts as a pledge;
- in the case of using fixed assets in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital;
- to determine the amount of the insured amount, if necessary, insure the property of the organization;
- to provide judicial authorities as reference information when proceeding on a property dispute;
- at the beginning of activities for the establishment.
Distinguishing Features of Residual Valuation
When characterizing non-circulating funds, several types of value estimates are used. Among them are the initial and residual. The first type is the amount that an entity pays for an asset when it purchases it. This indicator includes the actually incurred costs associated with the transaction:
- payment of the cost of the object of the contract;
- transportation costs to the destination;
- repayment of customs fees, duties, registration fees;
- the estimated cost of the services received for installation, assembly, commissioning, revision of the purchased equipment.
The initial value is characterized by the constancy of its monetary measurement. From year to year, this figure remains unchanged in the credentials. Adjustments are possible in cases of revaluation or depreciation of an asset, equipment modernization, partial destruction and liquidation.
Residual value is not consistent. Its meaning is systematically changing. The basis for its calculation is the initial estimate. The residual value of the price becomes lower every month. According to the residual value, the owners of the property determine the moment when it is necessary to decommission the non-current asset. The initial estimate is formed at the time the asset is accepted for accounting, and the residual estimate is formed during operation.
Calculation method
Total value residual score non-circulating funds are displayed as of a specific date. Such a threshold date can be the day of reporting or the end of the reporting interval, the date of the inventory. IN accounting registers there are two types of cost:
- original variety;
- restorative look.
The residual must always be determined by calculation. The basic formula for calculating it can be as follows:
- Initial measurement - The amount of accumulated depreciation and amortization over the entire period that the asset is in use.
- Replacement Price Amount - Amortization accumulated at the time of settlement.
NOTE! The method of calculation based on the replacement cost is relevant for objects for which a revaluation was carried out at the reporting date.
A more complex calculation methodology involves the participation of the indicator. It is used in tax accounting. In this case, the algorithm of actions will be as follows:
- the total monetary value of the amortization type of premium is subtracted from the value of the initial estimate;
- from the resulting difference, the amount of depreciation deductions is deducted, derived for one monthly interval;
- the remainder of the amount is multiplied with a number equal to the total number of months that the object in question has been in operation.
Depreciation deductions are typical for fixed assets, the procedure for their calculation is regulated by PBU 6/01, and for - the regulation of operations belongs to the sphere of influence of PBU 14/2007.
Residual price estimate
Legislation allows commercial entities to revalue their assets. The frequency of such manipulations should not be more than once per annual interval. This operation is carried out at the end of the reporting year. For overestimating, groups of similar objects are formed. The current value is taken as a basis.
If the revaluation of property assets was carried out once, then in the future it will be carried out on a regular basis. This is necessary to create conditions for the correspondence of the price of the object in the accounting data to the cost estimate of the restoration type. Scheme of an accountant's actions when revaluing property:
- recalculation of the asset value;
- recalculation of depreciation for the object;
- reflection of updated data in the accounting separately from other indicators;
- the amount of the revaluation is entered in;
- the amount of the markdown is equal to other costs that are used to withdraw financial result activities of the enterprise.
In the balance sheet, the revaluation totals are shown on a separate line.
IMPORTANT! A revaluation can only be initiated in relation to assets that the entity owns by right of ownership.
The methods of changing the appraised value are used by enterprises to bring the accounting price to market value. This is necessary to make the accounting data reality in the face of current market trends. For example, a year ago a company bought a computer:
- it has an initial cost of 87,000 rubles;
- depreciation on it was accrued in the total amount of 7,500 rubles;
- the estimated residual value is RUB 79,500. (87000-7500);
- the forecast price at which the company could sell the equipment at the current moment does not exceed the threshold of 66,000 rubles;
- to bring the book price into line with the realities of the market situation, a revaluation is carried out in the accounting;
- the result of the change in value at the end of the reporting period was a markdown in the amount of 13,500 rubles;
- the replacement appraised value is equal to the market price of used computer equipment.
NOTE! Revaluation is always voluntary. Legislative norms do not oblige property owners to make a markdown or revaluation; by the rules of accounting, the management of enterprises is empowered to independently make decisions in the matter of adjusting the value.
Accounting features
The residual value can be calculated by comparing the balances across multiple accounts. To do this, you need to know the results of turnovers for a specific date on synthetic accounts 01 and 02. Account 01 is used to indicate the initial assessment of property assets in the form of fixed assets. On it, all expenses incurred by the company when buying or creating an object are accumulated in debit turnovers. To calculate the residual valuation, you only need to consider the debit balance for this account.
Account 02 systematizes data on the accrued depreciation for fixed assets. Depreciation deductions made on a regular basis are credited to the account. They accumulate until the asset is written off the company's balance sheet. The credit balance reflects the total amount of depreciation formed during the period of operation.
When calculating the residual value from the debit balance on account 01, the credit balance on account 02 is deducted. If depreciation deductions were made not only in relation to assets listed in account 01, but also on objects from the number of profitable investments in material values, it is necessary to separate such charges from total amount... This approach is implemented in order to determine the residual value of not only a group of fixed assets, but also profitable investments. Such categories of indicators are reflected in the balance sheet separately from each other:
- in the line of the balance sheet under number 1150, the value of the residual appraised value formed on account 01 is displayed;
- in a cell with code 1160, the size of the residual value for income investments made in relation to a number of material assets is shown.
If it is required to determine the residual value for a group of intangible assets, the data on accounts 04 and 05 are taken as the basis. Debit 04 of account contains amounts at the cost of the initial type of intangible assets, and credit 05 reflects the accumulated depreciation. The calculation is carried out by subtracting the credit balance for account 05 from the debit balance 04 of the account.
When property assets are sold, the residual value must be recorded. It should be written off separately from depreciation. As a result, it turns out that the entire initial cost attributable to the sold object will also be written off. Correspondences when transferring to third parties the ownership of fixed assets will be as follows:
- D91-K01, the record fixes the fact of writing off the residual value;
- D02 – K01, the accumulated depreciation charges in relation to the individual asset are written off the balance sheet.
For transactions characterizing the disposal of fixed assets, the analytical subaccount "Disposal" is entered to account 01. This is necessary to distinguish between the initial cost and the selling price of the property.
Simplifiers in the sale of fixed assets can show the income in accounting by the date of the actual receipt of the proceeds on the current account. When common system taxation, the write-off of assets can result in profit or loss. In the latter case, the accountant, when conducting a transaction for the sale of property, shows the result obtained by debit account 99 and crediting account 91.
According to the rules of tax accounting, a loss should be indicated in expenses in equal parts throughout the calculation interval. This period of time is determined in months. To derive it, it is necessary to subtract the actual indicator of the useful life from the estimated useful life of the asset (in months). This calculated value can be adjusted if, in the process of applying the depreciation premium, decreasing or increasing coefficient values were introduced.
Nuances also arise when using the accelerated method of calculating depreciation deductions. Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated 04.08.2009. No. 03-03-06 / 1/511 recommends in such situations to reduce settlement period... In situations where a reduction factor has been applied, the calculated rate of the design interval must be adjusted upward. The rationale is the text of the Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated 23.11.2011. No. 03-03-06 / 2/180.
An example of accounting for the sale of an asset
The enterprise has made the purchase of new printers. For this reason, the company's management decided to sell one printer, which had been operated by the accounting department for 2 years. The initial cost of the technical means in the accounting is fixed at the level of 55,050 rubles. Over the period of using the equipment, it was depreciated in the amount of 28,000 rubles. The estimated selling price is RUB 34,220. The accountant, after the sale of the used printer is completed, makes the following entries:
- D62 – K91, 34,220 rubles, shows the proceeds from the sale of the printer;
- D91 – K68 / VAT, 5220 rubles, VAT was charged at a rate of 18%;
- D01 / Disposal-K01, RUB 55050, the initial valuation recorded on the account was written off;
- D02 – K01 / Disposal, 28,000 rubles, depreciation is written off, accumulated over 2 years of actual operation;
- D91 – K01 / Disposal, 27050 rub. (55050 - 28000), the residual value was written off in accounting transactions as expenses.
Sale at residual value
When selling new or used equipment and other types of property assets of non-circulating funds, a standard set of documentation is prepared. To justify the transaction, you will need:
- a waybill in the form;
- an invoice issued within 5 days after the emergence of grounds for calculating VAT;
- the act of acceptance and transfer of property, the form of the act can be based on a template or OS-1a.
In the acts, the parties put down the day when the buyer actually received the asset transferred to him. This form confirms the fact of the transfer of ownership from one person to another business entity. After the sale of the property in inventory card notes are made describing the movement of the object and its disposal.
REMEMBER! The moment when income should be reflected does not coincide according to accounting and tax accounting data.
In accounting, you need to focus on the date that was made by the buyer state registration property ownership rights. The norm is disclosed in PBU 9/99. In tax accounting, income is recognized upon signing the acceptance certificate. The rationale is given in Art. 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Due to the resulting temporary differences, the selling party is given the opportunity to exclude the object transferred to third parties from taxable base when calculating property tax. The norm applies to assets that, in fact, have already been given away, but the buyer did not have time to register the property. In this situation, the seller's property should be excluded in order to prevent distortion. tax liabilities for property tax. The rule was approved by the Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated March 22, 2011. No. 07-02-10 / 20.
In the accounting of correspondence in case of a delay in state registration of the transfer of ownership will be as follows:
- D01 / Disposal-K01, the disposal of the property object from the seller is recorded;
- D02 – K01 / Disposal, write-off of amortization amounts;
- D45-K01 / Disposal, the actual disposal of property is indicated;
- D62 – K91, the amount of proceeds is shown;
- D91 – K68, VAT;
- D91 – K45, the buyer re-registered the ownership rights to himself, the seller has grounds to write off the asset from the balance sheet as an expense in the amount of residual value.
Sale of assets at a value below the residual
It is legally allowed to put up property assets for sale at a price that is lower than the residual value recorded in the accounting records. This situation is associated with the occurrence of a loss as a result of the transaction. The resulting damage is recorded in full in the composition of expenses with reference to the month when the sale of the object was carried out. The norm is confirmed by the provisions of PBU 10/99.
In tax accounting, damage begins to be written off from the month in which the property alienation transaction was completed. But you cannot recognize the entire amount of damage at once. The amount of the loss is divided into equal parts and is recorded monthly in the accounting registers. The result of differences in tax and accounting is the formation of a deferred tax asset. Its reflection in the accounting is regulated by the norms of PBU 18/02.
For simplified people, nuances arise if the object of taxation "income minus costs" is applied. At the time of purchase of the asset, the business entity does not show the price paid as an expense in full. When the object is resold later, costs cannot be incurred again. All proceeds are credited to income. The amount of damage cannot be attributed to the group of costs, it is not in the tax list of allowed expenses.
The Tax Code allows taxpayers to reduce income from the sale of depreciable property by the amount of its residual value. How this is calculated primarily depends on the depreciation method applied to the asset. Moreover, if it comes about an item of fixed assets, you will also have to take into account the fact whether it was applied to it or not.
According to paragraphs. 1 p. 1 of Art. 268 Tax Code when selling depreciable property, the taxpayer has the right to reduce the income from such an operation by the residual value of the sold asset. It is determined in the manner prescribed by clause 1 of Art. 257 of the Code. At the same time, the rules for calculating the residual value for assets depreciated using the straight-line and non-linear methods will differ.
Linear depreciation method
The straight-line depreciation method assumes a straight-line write-off of the expense for the depreciable property over its useful life. Monthly amount depreciation in this case for each of the objects is calculated as the product of its initial (replacement) cost and the depreciation rate established for this asset (clause 2 of article 259.1 of the Tax Code). In turn, the latter is determined on the basis of the useful life of the asset, which, in the general case, in relation to fixed assets is established on the basis of the Classification of fixed assets, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1 of January 1, 2002 (hereinafter referred to as Classification of fixed assets).
According to par. 7 and 8, clause 1 of Art. 257 of the Code, the residual value of fixed assets is determined as the difference between the initial (replacement) value of an asset and the amount accrued over the period of operation of the property. In other words, we are talking about undercharged depreciation... Moreover, it is obvious that this takes place only upon disposal of an asset before the expiration of its useful life.
Example 1.
LLC "Buttercup" in November 2010 acquired for use in activities and put into operation a jackhammer with an initial cost of 120,000 rubles. According to the Classification of fixed assets, such equipment belongs to the first depreciation group with a useful life (SPI) from one year to two years. LLC "Buttercup" has set the SPI for the "bump stop" equal to 20 months. The depreciation rate was 5% (1: 20 x 100%), and the amount of monthly depreciation charges using the straight-line method was RUB 6,000. (120,000 rubles x 5%). In December 2011, the company sold a jackhammer for 70,000 rubles.
When using the straight-line method, depreciation begins on the 1st day of the month following the month in which the asset was put into operation and ends on the 1st day of the month following the one in which the value was fully written off or the item was disposed of depreciable property (clauses 4, 5, article 259.1 of the Tax Code). Thus, for the period of operation of the asset, the amount of accrued depreciation amounted to 78,000 rubles. (6000 rubles x 13 months). Consequently, the residual value of the fixed asset will be equal to:
RUB 120,000 - 78,000 rubles. = 42,000 rubles.
Accordingly, in December 2011 the actual society will be increased by only 28,000 rubles. (70,000 rubles - 42,000 rubles).
Expedited
When using the non-linear method, depreciation is charged not on a per-object basis, but on a particular depreciation group. At the same time, fixed assets are also distributed by groups based on their useful life, established on the basis of the OS Classification when the object is put into operation (clause 1 of article 258 of the Tax Code). The monthly amount of depreciation deductions in this case is calculated based on the total balance of the group, that is, from the total cost of all objects included in the depreciation group, and the fixed depreciation rate established for it by the Tax Code (clauses 4, 5 of article 259.2 of the Tax Code). In other words, the useful life of a particular item of fixed assets in this case plays a lesser role than when using the linear method. In this regard, when calculating depreciation using a non-linear method, the fact that the asset's SPI has not expired does not mean that the cost of the fixed asset has not been fully written off. Moreover, it will not be possible to determine this otherwise than when calculating the residual value of the OS. After all, when property is depreciated as part of a group, as is the case when applying the non-linear method, it is quite problematic to isolate the amount of depreciation charged in relation to an asset separately.
According to par. 11 p. 1 art. 257 of the Tax Code, the residual value of a "non-linear" fixed asset should be determined by the following formula:
n
Sn = S x (1 - 0.01 x k),
where Sn is the residual value of the object after n months;
S is the initial (replacement) cost of the asset;
n - number full months that have passed from the day the asset was included in the depreciation group (subgroup) until the day it was excluded from it (except for the periods when the property was removed from the depreciable group);
k is the depreciation rate (including taking into account the increasing (decreasing) coefficient) applied to the corresponding depreciation group (subgroup).
At the same time, in the most recent explanations, the specialists of the Ministry of Finance of Russia indicate that the indicator n should be understood as the number of months that have passed since the 1st day of the month following when the object was included in the group, until the 1st day of the month following the month disposal of this asset from the group (Letter dated March 16, 2010 N 03-03-06 / 2/47). Meanwhile, earlier in the Letter of August 19, 2009 N 03-03-06 / 1/537, financiers expressed the opinion that the month of exclusion of property from the depreciation group is not taken into account in the calculation, even if the asset was retired on the last day of it. However, the latest clarifications of the financial department seem to be more reasonable. After all, depreciation begins to accrue from the 1st day of the month following the month of putting the property into operation (clause 4 of article 259 of the Tax Code). The Tax Code does not contain direct instructions on what to consider as the date of termination of depreciation when applying the non-linear method. However, the provisions of clauses 10 - 12 of Art. 259.2 of the Code allow us to conclude that depreciation is charged up to the 1st day of the month following the disposal of the depreciable property (liquidation of the depreciation group).
What is absolutely certain is the need to exclude from the indicator n the number of full months during which the fixed asset was not depreciated on the basis of clause 3 of Art. 256 of the Code (it was transferred for free use, transferred to conservation, reconstruction and modernization, etc.).
Example 2.
LLC "Buttercup" acquired in June 2011 for use in business and put into operation two jackhammers with an initial cost of 120,000 rubles. each and a mobile diesel compressor with an initial cost of 460,000 rubles. The organization set the useful life of the hammers as 20 months, and the useful life of the compressor as 24 months. All objects, according to the Classification of Fixed Assets, belong to the first depreciation group with a useful life of one to two years. The depreciation rate established by clause 5 of Art. 259.2 NK for this group is equal to 14.3. The total balance in the first depreciation group in the company's accounting as of June 1, 2011 was 320,000 rubles. In December 2011, one of the jackhammers was sold by the company for 70,000 rubles.
The initial cost of the depreciable property increases the total balance of the corresponding depreciation group (subgroup) from the 1st day of the month following when it was put into operation (clause 3 of article 259.2 of the Tax Code). Thus, as of July 1, 2011, the total balance of the group in the accounting of LLC "Buttercup" was:
RUB 120,000 + 120,000 rubles. + 460,000 rubles. + 320,000 rubles. = 1,020,000 rubles.
Monthly depreciation charges using the non-linear method were calculated in the amount of:
RUB 1,020,000 x 14.3% = 145,860 rubles.
Thus, for the first depreciation group, the following data are reflected in the organization's accounting:
Total balance |
Amount of depreciation |
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December 2010 |
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January 2011 |
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February 2011 |
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March 2011 |
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April 2011 |
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June 2011 |
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July 2011 |
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August 2011 |
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September 2011 |
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October 2011 |
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November 2011 |
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December 2011 |
The residual value of the jackhammer sold in December 2011 is:
RUB 120,000 x (1 - 0.01 x 0.143) 13 = 16 141.06 rubles.
Accordingly, in December 2011, the actual base for the corporate income tax will be increased by only 53,858.94 rubles. (70,000 rubles - 16,141.06 rubles).
New introductory for early sale
The taxpayer has the right to write off up to 10 percent of the initial cost of fixed assets in tax accounting at a time in the expenses of the current reporting (tax) period. Such an opportunity is provided by para. 2 p. 9 art. 258 of the Tax Code. Moreover, in relation to fixed assets belonging to the third - seventh depreciation groups, the amount of the depreciation bonus can reach 30 percent of their initial cost.
Should the amount of such depreciation premium be deducted from the original cost of the asset when calculating its residual value?
In paragraph 9 of Art. 258 of the Tax Code stipulates that if the taxpayer uses the right established by this article, the corresponding fixed assets after their commissioning are included in depreciation groups at its initial cost minus no more than 10 (30) percent of it, included in the expenses of the reporting (tax) period. However, according to paragraph 2 of Art. 257 of the Code, the initial cost of fixed assets changes only in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, technical re-equipment, partial liquidation of the relevant facilities and on other similar grounds. In other words, there is no reason to reduce it by the amount of the depreciation bonus.
However, tax authorities regard the amortization premium as component part depreciation recognized as an expense (Letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated June 10, 2009 No. ShS-22-3 / [email protected]). Thus, it turns out that the residual value of fixed assets must be determined on the basis of the "original" less the amount of the depreciation premium. The Ministry of Finance of Russia came to similar conclusions in Letter No. 03-03-06 / 1/737 of November 11, 2011. The residual value of the object of depreciable property, the financiers pointed out, is determined as the difference between the initial cost of the object minus expenses in the form capital investments(10% or 30%) and the amount of amortization accrued for the period of operation.
However, in fairness, it should be noted that the procedure for determining the residual value of fixed assets would not raise questions if it were not for the taxpayer's obligation to restore in income the depreciation premium on assets sold before the expiration of five years from the date of commissioning (paragraph 4, clause 9 of Art. 258 NK). In this situation, it turns out that the notorious 10 (30) percent of capital investments will remain unacceptable for profit tax purposes, since they cannot be taken into account either as a depreciation bonus or in the residual value of an asset.