What is an intermediary bank. Banks - as financial intermediaries
Currency regulation is carried out by holding foreign exchange interventions Bank of Russia, i.e. Foreign currency sale on foreign exchange market For the impact on the ruble exchange rate and the total demand and the offer of money.
Reserve requirements
Minimum reserves perform the following functions:
- They as liquid reserves serve as providing the obligations of the CB on deposits of their clients. By periodically changing the required reserve ratio, the Central Bank maintains the degree of liquidity of CBs at the minimum allowable level, depending on economic situation;
– minimum reserves are a tool used by the Central Bank to regulate the volume money supply in the country. By changing the standard of reserve funds, the Central Bank regulates the scale of active operations of CBs, and, consequently, the possibility of their deposit issue. Credit institutions can expand loan operations if their mandatory reserves in the Central Bank exceed the established standard. When the amount of money in circulation exceeds the necessary need, the Central Bank pursues a policy credit restriction by increasing the rate of deductions. Thus, he forces banks to reduce the amount of active operations.
Operations on open market(open market operation)
Operations of purchase and sale by the Bank of Russia of securities government papers, primarily in commercial banks, leading to a change in the volume of money supply. Buying (or selling) an additional amount of bonds, such as GKO, the government, with the mediation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, establishes such prices (nominal bonds) and the yield on them (interest rate), which should stimulate participants money market buy GKOs at high yields and reduce demand for them at low ones. In the first case, the amount of money in circulation decreases, in the second it increases. In theory, lower interest rates should boost investment ( real investment), however, there is no direct correlation here, there should be many other stimulating factors (taxes, risks, etc.).
If there is a shortage of hard currency in the country Central bank may impose restrictions on its purchase and sale - currency control, which allows to increase the external and internal stability of the National currency.
Currently, the Bank of Russia uses the following currency regulatory and control methods:
- Establishment of currency oversight - boundaries of possible change exchange rate;
– maintaining official gold and foreign exchange reserves at the level of minimum sufficiency (in the amount approximately equal to import financing for 3 months);
- regulation of operations with currency in the CB by establishing a limit of currency position (see: "Currency Operations Bank" section) and raising the level of reserve requirements for current currency accounts.
Modern commercial banks - banks directly serving enterprises and organizations, as well as the population - their customers. Commercial banks are the main link banking system. Regardless of the property, commercial banks are independent economic entities. Their relationship with clients is commercial in nature. The main purpose of the functioning of commercial banks is to maximize profits.
Commercial Bank is a credit institution that has the exclusive right to carry out certain banking operations. Commercial banks carry out comprehensive customer service, which distinguishes them from Special Credit Organizations of non-banking type performing a limited circle financial transactions and services.
Among functions commercial bank Especially allocated four, which underlie the determination of the bank and determine its essence:
1) accumulation function and mobilization of temporarily free Money is one of the most important functions of the bank. Commercial banks play a leading role in attracting free funds of all economic agents and turning them into capital in order to attract profit. In performing this function, banks act as borrowers;
2) credit intermediation function. The implementation of this function contributes to the expansion of production, industry financing, facilitating the creation of stocks, expand consumer demand, relief financial activities government, reducing distribution costs;
3) intermediary function in making payments and settlements;
4) Payment Form Creation Function.
In addition to the four fundamental functions, an additional function of a commercial bank is often singled out - the function of organizing the issuance and placement valuable papers. It is carried out through investment transactions and is of great importance in an elastic credit system, which is necessary condition to maintain relatively stable economic growth rates. Expanding the significance of this function led to the fact that banks become direct competitors stock exchanges through which the bulk of retail sales of securities are realized.
Operations of a commercial bank represent a concrete manifestation of banking functions in practice. According to the Law of the Russian Federation No. 17-FZ “On banks and banking»To banking operations include:
- attraction of funds of individuals and legal entities in demand deposits and for a certain period;
– granting loans on its own behalf and at its own expense;
– opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities;
– making settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;
– collection of funds, bills of exchange, payment and settlement documents and cash service individuals and legal entities;
- purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms;
– attracting deposits and placement of precious metals;
- issuance of bank guarantees;
– implementation of money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts (except for postal orders). In addition to the above, banks have the right to carry out the following transactions:
– issuance of guarantees for third parties, providing for the fulfillment of obligations in cash;
– trust management cash and other property under a contract with legal entities and individuals;
- carrying out transactions with precious metals and precious stones;
- leasing to individuals and legal entities of special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables;
- providing consulting and information services. The credit organization is entitled to carry out other transactions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
All banking operations and other transactions are carried out in rubles, and in the presence of an appropriate license from the Bank of Russia - in foreign currency. The rules for the implementation of banking operations, their material and technical support are established by the Bank of Russia in accordance with federal laws.
A credit organization is prohibited from engaging in production, trade and insurance activities.
A commercial bank has the right to issue, buy, sell, record, store securities, transactions with which do not require a special license in accordance with federal laws, and also have the right to exercise trust management of these securities under an agreement with individuals and legal entities.
There are three groups of operations of commercial banks: passive, active and commission-intermediary.
The division of banking operations into passive and active is based on their influence on the formation and placement of banking resources.
The bank's resources are the amount of money that is at its disposal and can be used by it to carry out active operations.
As a result of passive operations, cash balances increase on passive bank balance accounts. Active transactions lead to an increase in funds in active accounts. There is a close relationship between passive and active operations of the commercial bank. For successful activities, the Bank must ensure the coordination of passive and active operations.
15.04.16 Money transfers and payments Money Translation Bank Questions-Answers Sberbank RussiaQuestion: Please tell me how to find out if there will be an intermediary bank when transferring money in Swiss francs from Switzerland to my Visa card in Russia? I can not achieve this information from Sberbank. They refer to a site where there is a sign "selection of an intermediary bank at will" but whose desire should it be? And on the site this refers to transfers from Russia, but I am interested in transfers from abroad to Russia.
Answer: Let's start with the fact that the intermediary bank appears only when there is no direct correspondent relationship between the sending bank and the receiving bank of the transfer, i.e. no accounts for each other. And the intermediary bank has correspondent accounts with both banks, it is a connected bank. Such information The reception worker cannot determine the name of the cities of the world, as it is hardly on Sberbank customer service groups full list all correspondent banks (foreign banks) by city of their location, and you probably did not tell her the name of the sender's bank. Such information can be suggested in the Monetary Department of the Sberbank or in the correspondent relationship department (the department may not be called) Sberbank. Let's say that contact with the bank employees did not work out, then the problem is up to you and the sender.
So, if there are direct correspondent relations between banks, then the transfer will go from the sender's bank to the recipient's bank. If there are no correspondent relations between banks, then the transfer from the sender's bank will go first to the intermediary bank, and from there to the recipient's bank. There may be several intermediary banks. Tariffs for intermediary transfer services are different for each of them (i.e., different), and the transfer speed depends on the number of intermediary banks. Therefore, so that you do not have any complaints about the rates of intermediary banks (if there are any), Sberbank offers to choose a correspondent bank on your own (optional), but this is quite difficult to do and requires well-coordinated work of the recipient and sender of the transfer.
On the Sberbank website, the "External Translations" section specified the data list that you must transfer the sender of the translation to get a translation to Russia. There is an item in this list - "The name of the Cberbank Corresponding Bank of Russia (optional) - and reference. Go through this link to - "List of basic corresponding banks on NOSTRO accounts in foreign currency." This is a list of banks where Sberbank of Russia has correspondent accounts. You pass this information to the sender, and part of the work is done. The sender must see the list and determine whether his bank is among the banks or not.
If the sender's bank does not appear in the list of correspondent banks for NOSTRO accounts, then there will be an intermediary bank. The sender remains only to get an identical list in its bank and on two lists to calculate a connected bank. Or just find out from your bank which bank from the list you submitted is possible to make a transfer, and how much it will cost.
The first bank was created as a commercial organization that served a trade and market infrastructure. At that time, it seemed to be quite simple to open a bank account, through which all market transactions were carried out.
But as demand and suggestions increase, banks also began to develop and became a full component modern economy as intermediaries.
What is a financial intermediary with simple words?
They allow suppliers and consumers to collaborate without unnecessary risks. There are several classifications of the intermediary activities of banks: deposit and not deposit.
Signs of banks as financial intermediaries:
- they have the ability to produce their own debentures, which include bills and bonds, certificates of deposit and acceptances. This is their distinguishing feature compared to brokers who do not have the right to issue their debt;
- each bank forms its obligations by receiving from citizens fixed amounts(deposits), which are posted on bank accounts. Such obligations are characterized by a high degree of risk, because in any case it is necessary to return the money and pay the deposit in full;
- For their help, they receive a fee. The commission of the intermediary bank is a fee that he receives for opening and servicing various kinds of current accounts. Its size in each organization is determined individually;
- banks in the course of their activities are able to attract borrowed funds, while their size is usually equity equals no more than 10% of the balance. This feature makes them too susceptible to negative processes taking place in the economy.
Functions of modern banks
The brokerage (intermediary) function in this case is one of the main ones. In other words, banks simply reduce lenders and borrowers, because they have complementary needs.
For lenders, this is an opportunity to increase their fortune a little, and for borrowers - to receive one or another amount of capital. Such cooperation avoids risks for both the borrower and the lender. After all responsible person for a particular case, it will be a bank.
In the process of providing intermediary services, banks have the right to additionally certify their clients (for example, charge them credit rating), advise borrowers and lenders to perform intermediaries in the turnover of securities in the market and much more.
For each execution of a particular operation, the mediator receives profit in the form of commissions.
A banking organization must be able not only to act as an intermediary, but must know how to properly transform assets. This means that in collaboration with the two parties, the bank simply changes in its favor. financial requirements deals.
In other words, lower interest rates than on loan funds which will be issued to the borrower as part of the lending program.
This is called a qualitative transformation of assets, which brings considerable profit to the intermediary.
This system is successfully in demand, because if there were no banks or other credit organizations, the borrower would have to independently seek financing for their projects.
This is not only inconvenient, but also exposes the parties to additional financial risks. For both sides, this can be disastrously unacceptable.
One of the functions of banking organizations is also the issue of means of payment, which ensures the functioning payment system. Thanks to it, many consider banks the basis of such financial intermediation, but the introduction of modern technologies makes it possible to reduce the number of participating banks to a minimum.
Automation of the processing process of payment non-cash payment allows you to instantly make transactions with a minimum number of intermediaries.
There are such types of intermediary banks:
- universal.
- special.
Banks of the second category are specialized only in a particular direction. In some countries banking organizations It is prohibited to provide a wide range of financial services. In such situations, there is usually more than enough profit from one area of financial services and the need for others simply disappears.
Intermediation of banks in carrying out foreign exchange transactions
One of additional services mediation is the fulfillment currency transactions in the domestic and foreign currency markets. According to the law "On currency regulation and currency control»There are several types of currency transactions:
- transactions that involve the transfer of ownership of currency values. This also applies to transactions in which the currency is used as a means of payment;
- receiving and sending currency outside the Russian Federation;
- making international transfers;
- conducting settlement transactions between residents and non-residents of Russia.
There is also a division of foreign exchange transactions into current and those associated with the movement of capital.
The bank has the right to carry out transactions for the purchase and sale of currency only if there is a license for this. It may apply only to the domestic market or cover both foreign and domestic markets.
Intermediary banks in foreign exchange transactions must have an extended license to carry out foreign exchange transactions in the domestic market. But for the purchase and sale of currency in the foreign market necessarily the availability of a general license.
Otherwise, the activity of the intermediary bank in the foreign exchange market and not only will depend on its size, number of branches and reputation.
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A loan broker is an intermediary between a bank or another credit institution and the borrower. Broker works for remuneration and assists in obtaining a loan / loan on favorable conditions for the client. In the conditions of the crisis and tightening the requirements for potential borrowers, banks are more loyal to clients who are "brought" by partner brokers. This is understood by the borrowers themselves, so the market for intermediary services continues to grow. It is quite difficult to choose a suitable and honest broker in such a variety. We made a selection of Moscow brokerage companies that enjoy the greatest trust among customers.
Trusted credit brokers in Moscow:
MBK - brokerage company, which provides assistance in obtaining a loan to legal and individuals. The main activity of the organization is to consult borrowers and the selection of optimal loan products:
- Cash loans
- Refinancing
- Credit cards
- Auto loans
- secured loans
- Mortgage
- Credit history check
The specifics of the organization's work lies in the "rebranding" of the client. That is, the broker fully checks the client (CI, documents, work experience, credit load, employer organization, etc.) If any problems are identified, the broker advises and suggests what needs to be improved and what to fix % get a loan.
If we talk about remuneration, it varies from 1-3% and depends on the complexity of the problem. The commission is paid upon receipt of cash by the client.
Broker Credit laboratory.
Credit Laboratory is the oldest credit broker in the Moscow market. Thanks to its own automated system customer checks, Credit Laboratory specialists can assess the chances of obtaining a loan online, or by phone. If you plan to get a loan urgently, you should contact exactly here, since it is this credit broker that offers a unique lending program: a cash loan from 1,000,000 rubles for 21% per annum in rubles on the day of circulation. The second line of activity is a mortgage brokerage, thanks to the discounts at the bank's bet, they offer a mortgage to the primary at 8% and secondary at 10% per annum in rubles without confirmation of income and with a bad credit history.Credit broker Credit Center Moscow
Credit Center Moscow - loan broker Assistance in obtaining a loan in Moscow and major cities Russia
In the brokerage market since 2016. Provides professional assistance in choosing credit products. To do this, first of all, he conducts high-quality consultations for his clients. Never, under any circumstances, does not require an advance payment from its customers. Operates strictly according to the law. Ready to help each who will turn. The main directions: express lending to individuals, pledge and mortgage. Commission after completed work!
- Express credit on passport for 1 hour
- Credit secured by real estate for 1 day
- Urgent redemption on the same day
- Mortgage in 7 days in Moscow and Mo
- Credit for legal entities within 3 days
- Car loans on the day of circulation
First loan broker
The 1st Credit Broker provides a professional level of lending services for more than 10 years. Throughout the entire period of activity, it demonstrates stability and a high level of professionalism. Our motto is continuous development. We never stand still and find a way out of any difficult situation That is why we are reliable partners.
Specializes in assisting in obtaining a loan of any kind. With us, you can not worry about the purity of the transaction. Each application for a loan is fixed by the contract, prepayment and hidden commissions are completely absent. Is an official credit broker, assists in obtaining a loan in Moscow and the Moscow region for individuals, for various purposes in a short time
We will select the best loan product for you:
- cash loan from 9.9% per annum
- mortgage lending from 9% per annum
- refinancing
- loan for encumbrances of real estate
- credit history check
Finance Credit
Finance Credit - "experienced" brokerage company in this market, offers individuals and legal entities assistance in obtaining a loan on favorable terms (mortgage, express loans, customer credit Without certificates and confirmation, car loan, dedication, mortgage loans). Broker is more likely to assist in obtaining a loan, knocking out more profitable terms than fully leads a deal from A to Ya.
For its services, the company takes a fee upon receipt of money by the client, the minimum cost of services starts from 7% of the loan amount and depends on the complexity.
Royal Finans.
Royal Finance (Royal Finans) - provides consulting services, assistance in the selection of more profitable loan and paperwork. This broker does not have a specific specialization and specialists are ready to help with any type of loan, from an express loan on the 1st document to a mortgage.
The broker's website has an interesting test-scoring, which defines the credit rating of a potential borrower with detailed explanations. The company also provides consulting services to bank debtors, assumes the powers of the representative of the borrower in communicating with collectors and a bank, even in court, if necessary. A kind of anti-collection agency and broker all rolled into one. Remuneration is paid by the client only after receiving the loan.
MSK Credit
MSK Credit is a brokerage company providing consulting services, selection of profitable credit programs assistance in preparing documents and submitting them to the bank. Individuals and legal entities who want to get a consumer loan, mortgage, cash loan without reference, loan secured, car loan, refinancing.
A distinctive feature of this broker is assistance in obtaining money in debt to borrowers with a damaged CI, the unemployed, and people who find themselves in a difficult situation. The site has an interesting online questionnaire by filling out which, you can find out the probability of loan approval for each client.
Capital lending center
The Capital Credit Center is a relatively new broker on the market, offering its clients assistance in obtaining a loan in the amount of 100 thousand to 50 million rubles. CCS provides assistance in obtaining cash loans, business development loans, secured loans, and mortgages. Collaborate with major regional banks and highly specialized Moscow financial institutions (Alfa-Bank, BZHF, Uralsib, ITB, RosEvroBank, etc.)
The help of a broker consists in the selection of several programs that meet the conditions of the client and his CI, personal data; correct completion of documents, consultations on different stages, transfer of documents to the bank.
The broker's remuneration varies depending on the complexity of the task and starts from 1.5% of the loan amount, but not less than 10,000 rubles.
Proffinance
Profinance (proffinans) is a financial group that provides consulting services and assistance in obtaining loans of various kinds:
- Commercial, residential mortgage
- Business loans
- tender lending, bank guarantees without collateral
- Consumer loans, car loans, pawnshop loans, mortgage loans, etc.
In addition, Proffinance provides assistance with leasing, factoring, buyout of distressed assets, real estate services, appraisal and insurance, etc.
Premium Finance
Premium Finance, one of the oldest players in the intermediary services market, offers potential borrowers assistance in obtaining the following loan products:
- Large consumer credit up to 3 million rubles.
- Loan for small business without collateral and secured loans for medium-large businesses
- Overdraft, factoring
The list is not large, but it is enough to meet the needs of their borrowers. The company does not work with clients with poor credit history, indebted borrowers, the unemployed. The specifics of the work lies in the full conduct of the transaction, from the selection optimal loan before the borrower receives cash. Payment upon approval of the application.
Credit Assistance Service (LSC)
SSK is the largest federal broker in Russia with offices in Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk and Krasnoyarsk. The broker provides not only consulting and intermediary services, but also accompanies the entire process of obtaining a loan (selection of options, recommendations for raising the status of the borrower, contacting the bank, filling out paperwork, collecting documents, transferring them to the bank).
Assistance through the CSC can be obtained if it is necessary to obtain a consumer loan, an express loan or a cash loan, or a card with a limit. The company also provides credit check services.