basis investment activity enterprise constitutes real investment. In most businesses, this investment is modern conditions the only direction of investment activity. This determines the high role of real investment management in the system of investment activity of the enterprise.

The implementation of real investments is characterized by a number of features, the main of which are:

• 1. Real investment is the main form of strategy implementation economic development enterprises. The main goal of this development is ensured by the implementation of highly effective real investment projects, and the process of strategic development of an enterprise is nothing more than a set of these investment projects implemented over time. It is this form of investment that allows the company to successfully penetrate new product and regional markets, to ensure a constant increase in its market value.
• 2. Real investment is closely related to the operating activities of the enterprise. The tasks of increasing the volume of production and sales of products, expanding the range of manufactured products and improving their quality, reducing current operating costs are usually solved as a result of real investment. In turn, the parameters of the future operating process, the potential for increasing the volume of its operating activities, largely depend on the real investment projects implemented by the enterprise.
• 3. Real investments provide, as a rule, a higher level of profitability in comparison with financial investments. This ability to generate a large rate of return is one of the motivations for entrepreneurial activity in the real sector of the economy.
• 4. Realized real investments provide the company with a stable net cash flow. This net cash flow comes from depreciation charges from fixed assets and intangible assets even in those periods when the operation of implemented investment projects does not bring profit to the enterprise.
• 5. Real investments are subject to a high level of obsolescence risk. This risk accompanies investment activities both at the stage of implementation of real investment projects and at the stage of their post-investment exploitation. Rapid technological progress has formed a tendency to increase the level of this risk in the process of real investment.
• 6. Real investments have a high degree of anti-inflationary protection. Experience shows that in an inflationary economy, the growth rates of prices for many objects of real investment not only correspond, but in many cases even outstrip the inflation growth rates, realizing the rush inflationary demand of entrepreneurs for materialized objects of entrepreneurial activity.
• 7. Real investments are the least liquid. This is due to the narrow target orientation of most forms of these investments, which practically do not have an alternative economic application in an unfinished form. In this regard, compensate for financially unfaithful management decisions associated with the start of real investment is extremely difficult.

Real investments are made by enterprises in various forms, the main of which are.

• 1. Acquisition of integral property complexes. It is an investment operation of large enterprises, providing industry, commodity or regional diversification of their activities.
• 2. New construction. It is an investment operation associated with the construction of a new facility with a complete technological cycle according to an individually developed or standard project in specially designated areas. The enterprise resorts to new construction with a cardinal increase in the volume of its operating activities in the coming period, its branch, product or regional diversification (creation of branches, subsidiaries, etc.).
• 3. Reprofiling. It is an investment operation that provides a complete change in the technology of the production process for the release of new products.
• 4. Reconstruction. It is an investment operation associated with a significant transformation of the entire production process based on modern scientific and technological achievements. It is carried out in accordance with a comprehensive plan for the reconstruction of the enterprise in order to radically increase its production potential, a significant improvement in the quality of products, the introduction of resource-saving technologies, etc. In the process of reconstruction, individual production buildings and premises may be expanded (if new technological equipment cannot be placed in existing premises); construction of new buildings and structures of the same purpose instead of those being liquidated on the territory of the operating enterprise, the further operation of which according to technological or economic reasons deemed inappropriate.
• 5. Modernization. It is an investment operation related to the improvement and bringing the active part of production fixed assets into a state corresponding to state of the art implementation of technological processes, through constructive changes in the main fleet of machines, mechanisms and equipment used by the enterprise in the process of operating activities.
• 6. Update certain types equipment. It is an investment operation associated with the replacement (due to physical wear and tear) or addition (due to an increase in the volume of activities or the need to increase labor productivity) of the existing fleet of equipment with separate new types of equipment that do not change the general scheme of the technological process. The renewal of certain types of equipment mainly characterizes the process of simple reproduction of the active part of production fixed assets.
• 7. Innovative investment in intangible assets. It is an investment operation aimed at using new scientific and technological knowledge in the operating and other activities of the enterprise in order to achieve commercial success. Innovative investments in intangible assets are carried out in two main forms: a) through the acquisition of finished scientific and technical products and other rights (acquisition of patents for scientific discoveries, inventions, industrial designs and trademarks; acquisition of know-how; acquisition of franchising licenses, etc.); b) by developing new scientific and technical products (both within the enterprise itself and by its order by the relevant engineering firms). The implementation of innovative investment in intangible assets can significantly increase the technological potential of the enterprise in all areas of its economic activity.
• 8. Investing in the growth of inventories of tangible current assets. It is an investment operation aimed at expanding the volume of operating current assets of the enterprise used, thereby ensuring the necessary proportionality (balance) in the development of non-current and current operating assets as a result of investment activities. The need for this form of investment is due to the fact that any expansion of the production potential, provided by the previously considered forms of real investment, determines the possibility of producing additional output. However, this possibility can be realized only with a corresponding expansion of the volume of use of certain types of material current assets (stocks of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, low-value and wearing items, etc.).

All the listed forms of real investment can be reduced to its three main areas: capital investment or capital investment (the first six forms); innovative investment (seventh form) and investment in the growth of current assets (eighth form).

The choice of specific forms of real investment of an enterprise is determined by the tasks of sectoral, commodity and regional diversification of its activities (aimed at expanding the volume operating income), the possibility of introducing new resource and labor-saving technologies (aimed at reducing the level of operating costs), as well as the potential for the formation of investment resources (capital in cash and other forms, attracted to invest in real investment objects).

Real investments - investment in tangible and intangible real assets.

Due to real investments, the main and working capital enterprises .

Tangible assets - means embodied in new industrial buildings and structures, machines, components, finished products.

TO intangible assets include patents, licenses, trademarks.

Financial investments - investing in various financial instruments.

Such instruments include savings accounts and deposits, deposit and savings certificates, promissory notes, securities governments, shares, bonds, etc. Financial instruments can be bought and sold on the primary and secondary markets.

As a rule, it is not always possible to draw a clear line between real and financial investments. By acquiring, for example, shares in the primary securities market, the investor finances a real investment project, according to which a new enterprise is created or an existing one is modernized. This investor becomes a co-owner of the issuing company. The investment of such an investor is called real. If an investor wants to get his money back, he sells shares, for example, on a secondary securities market. In addition, the buyer of a small stake in the secondary market also becomes a co-owner of the enterprise. This buyer's investment is called financial. How to distinguish between these investors? It is customary to distinguish such investors from each other by the volume of the block of shares and the ability to influence the process of managing the enterprise. Consider investment real, if they control at least 10% of the share capital. This, as a rule, allows you to influence the process of enterprise management. The purchase of shares on the secondary market is generally less than 10%, and this does not give the right to influence the management process.

Direct and indirect investments are also considered. In progress direct investment investor deposits vaet funds to the project. When investor acquires a unit investment fund share, then carries out indirect investment. The specific direction of investment in this case is determined by the specialists of the fund.

Stages of a real investment project

The implementation of a real investment project goes through three stages:

• pre-investment;
• investment;
• operational.

IN pre-investment the stage includes the analysis of investment opportunities, the development of a preliminary and final feasibility study (business plan), the development of a report on investment opportunities.

Analysis investment opportunities carried out in order to identify the possibility of further continuation of the work on the project. In progress preliminary analysis reveal:

• the availability of the necessary financial, labor and natural resources;
• future demand for the product being developed;
• the possibility of environmental pollution;
• links with other industries;
• investment climate.

Investment opportunity studies are based on general assessments. Detailed analysis is deferred to later stages. Cost data are taken from similar completed projects.

The pre-feasibility study is recognized as a more detailed step than the analysis of investment opportunities. Identification and analysis of possible alternatives is carried out at this stage. Alternatives include, for example:

• sources of supply of raw materials, components, materials;
• location investment object;
• types of costs and overheads;
• payment methods, types of vocational training;
• project implementation schedules.

A feasibility study (business plan) is considered the main document of an investment project. It contains the main technical and economic characteristics, in particular the implementation plan for the project, as well as the commercial, technical, financial, economic and environmental prerequisites for this project. It also gives the final assessment of investment and production costs, calculations of financial and economic profitability.

Preliminary and final feasibility studies are similar in content, but the latter is performed with higher accuracy, and therefore is significantly more expensive.

The development of a feasibility study begins only when the necessary financial resources for the implementation of the project are identified. Otherwise, the funds spent on its development may be wasted. Therefore, possible sources and forms of project financing should be identified at an earlier stage.

In a report on investment opportunities in short form the results of the analysis of technical, commercial, managerial, organizational, financial, economic aspects are given.

The investment stage is dedicated to the creation of the object. At this stage, the object is manufactured, put into operation and prepared for operation.

Often an investor is unwilling to spend too much time and money developing a well-founded business plan. In this case, failures may occur during the manufacture and commissioning of the investment object, which will lead to a significant increase in the cost of the project. Therefore, the costs of creating a good business plan usually pay off many times over.

The operational phase includes:

• acceptance and start-up of the enterprise;
• production and profit;
• equipment replacement, expansion, innovation.

What are real and financial investment? What investments are real investments? What are the forms of gross investment?

Hi all! Denis Kuderin is in touch with you!

Statistics show - 60% the richest people the planets have earned their millions through successful investing. If an entrepreneur does not invest in new projects and directions, he will face stagnation and regression. It is eaten by competitors and ignored by consumers. His business is rotting away.

The investment theory says: if you didn't buy, you sold. This means that if you do not invest in business development today, you will lose it tomorrow. Most promising for entrepreneurs financial instrument are real investments. I will talk about them in a new article.

Those who have read to the end are waiting for an overview of the most reliable companies in Russia that assist in real investment, plus tips on how to avoid the main risks when investing.

Go ahead, friends!

1. What is real investment

The company's free money that collects dust in bank accounts is lost profits.

First, they are eaten up by inflation, which in Russia averages 12-15% per year. Secondly, an enterprise that does not invest in its own development is doomed to an inevitable lag behind more efficient and enterprising competitors.

Conclusion: finances need to be invested. The most profitable direction of such investments is real investment.

The economic concept of “real investment” does not mean that there are “unreal” investments. A simple scientific classification according to the objects of the premises of funds divides contributions into real and financial. Financial investments are investments in securities for the purpose of their subsequent sale.

- investments Money into assets directly related to the production of goods and services for subsequent profit. Real contributions are aimed at increasing the company's fixed assets, as well as their reorganization, restructuring and modernization.

Typical example

The Russian Potato company, which produces chips, wants to increase the volume of production of its main products. For this purpose, the company purchases new generation equipment from Germany, which will increase the annual number of units by 5-10 times.

This is a direct (it is also real) investment in production, which - subject to a competent marketing plan and the presence of market prospects - guarantees the company an increase in profits.

Real investments are carried out by enterprises of large, medium, sometimes small businesses, state organizations, less often investment funds. Private investors almost do not make such investments. Not because they don't want to, it's just that the amount of investment is too large for one person.

Real investments involve operations with millions and billions of dollars, aimed at extracting corresponding profits in the long term.

There are many forms of real investment:

• purchase of integral property complexes - factories, factories, workshops, agricultural farms;
• construction of new facilities;
• opening of branches, regional offices, subsidiaries;
• reconstruction with the aim of a radical transformation of production based on innovative technological developments;
• modernization of an existing enterprise - a radical renewal of the production assets of an enterprise;
• investments in intangible assets - promising start-ups, new brands, inventions and patents;
• acquisition of a new business;
• purchase of deposits for the extraction of natural resources;
• investment in research and development.

Since investments are always associated with risk, investments are possible only after a comprehensive study and consideration of all factors that may affect future profits.

How are real investments different from financial investments?

Compared to financial investments, real investments, by definition, have more high yield and resilience to market fluctuations. Stocks and bonds bring in a good scenario of 15-25% profit per year, and real production facilities pay off by 100% or even more.

Therefore, the risks of such investments are lower, since the money is invested mainly in material instruments. The same equipment or construction objects can always be sold. However, in comparison with securities, the liquidity of such objects will, of course, be lower.

Another difference between direct investments and financial investments is that the former are real investments in the country's economy, creating gross product. Ultimately, such investments lead to an improvement in the well-being of the population, an increase in the number of jobs and other positive effects.

For this reason, the state promotes real investments and welcomes them in every possible way. A real investor is an owner who has come for a long time: to work and develop production. A financial investor is, in fact, a stock speculator who makes money on fluctuations in the securities market. Financial investments do not produce anything and do not directly benefit the economy.

Henry Ford said: “Old people always advise to be frugal and save money. As for me, until the age of 40 I did not save a cent by investing all available funds in the development of my business.

From what sources can real investments be financed - 3 main sources

Where to get money for all these economically viable and, of course, necessary and useful things?

There are 3 types of investment sources.

1) Own funds

The company's working finances are formed from profits and depreciation of fixed assets. The money that does not go to pay salaries to employees, tax deductions, maintenance of production and other urgent needs is invested in the development and growth of production.

This is the economic law. Free money must create other money. It's like in physics - the body, while it is moving, cannot fall.

2) Borrowed sources

Not enough own funds - loans are attracted. Banks are willing to give large loans to enterprises to expand and modernize existing businesses.

And if to startups and aspiring entrepreneurs financial institutions attitude, rather wary than benevolent, then operating enterprises credit organizations almost always give the green light.

3. How to manage real investments - 7 main steps

Real investment management is a science combined with experience, sober calculation, forecasting and intuition of a businessman. Decisions to invest company assets are rarely made by the head of the company alone, even if he is Henry Ford.

To raise funds, it is necessary to justify the need for investment, develop a phased plan, and constantly monitor the project.

Stage 1. Funding Analysis

The evaluation of an investment undertaking involves a preliminary study of market conditions and other economic parameters. It is impossible, for example, to start issuing new category product without knowing the market demand for it.

Example

Construction company in full swing economic crisis decides to expand production and opens new divisions in several cities in central Russia. The company builds apartments of improved planning and corresponding cost.

Meanwhile, no one is in a hurry to acquire the erected objects due to a decrease in financial resources from average buyers. Investments "hang" for an indefinite time, when they pay off, no one knows.

Stage 2. Definition of forms of financing

Each market participant independently determines the instruments and forms of investment. For large production facilities, the main directions are the expansion and construction of new facilities.

For enterprises that occupy a local business niche, the most optimal option is the modernization and / or automation of production in order to reduce costs.

Stage 3. Clarification of the full volume of real investments

Money, as you know, loves an account. Investments especially. All reputable enterprises have financial departments that deal with economic calculations.

If there is no such department in the company, it is worth inviting third-party consultants from a reputable consulting firm. There is a detailed article on our website about what it is.

Stage 4. Selection of specific investment projects

Investment projects are selected depending on the purpose of investments and the specifics of the company's activities. Each direction has its own economic feasibility, its implementation and payback periods.

An investment project is not an abstraction.

This is a document that must indicate the following indicators:

• the purpose and timing of the investment;
• main idea of ​​the project;
• parameters;
• the amount of resources required for implementation;
• calculation of performance indicators.

The development of the project is entrusted to people with experience and relevant education.

Stage 5. Evaluation of the effectiveness of projects

Methodological recommendations and computational technologies, which are operated by professional specialists, will help to evaluate the effectiveness.

The investment costs and resources necessary for their implementation, as well as the amount and timing of the planned profit, are taken into account. Based on them, a performance indicator is derived.

Stage 6. Formation of a real investment program

The next stage is the development of a specific real investment program. It is necessary to draw up step by step algorithm implementation of the investment project and estimate the costs at each stage.

Stage 7. Control over the implementation of the investment program

Competent monitoring of the investment program is the basis of success. Real investments, unlike financial ones, require the investor to be directly involved in the process. This is no longer passive income, but quite active.

It takes time to manage a project. Responsible person you will have to negotiate, control the implementation of the project on the ground, make sure that the money is not stolen. It won't be boring - it's not bank deposits and not investing in stocks.

In addition, in the process of fulfilling investment tasks, it is necessary to manage the work of personnel - after all, new equipment and new facilities will be assembled by people, not mechanisms.

4. Professional assistance in real investment - an overview of the TOP-3 companies providing services

If the company's management is unable to manage investment projects on their own, they can delegate the task to professional performers.

There are firms that will help you manage free funds competently and with guaranteed profits.

Our expert review presents the most competent investment profile firms. These companies work with private and corporate investors and in without fail insure customer deposits.

1) Investment Project

The financial analytical center "Invest Project" has been operating in the investment market since 2010. During this time, the company has been able to achieve the status of Russia's leading institution in the field of finance and lending. Profitability on key investments of the project is up to 70% per annum. Minimum amount investments - 50,000 rubles. This means that the company can use the services individual entrepreneurs and individuals with a small amount of initial capital.

Interest on income is calculated monthly. The main areas of investment are construction, transport, Agriculture, travel and trade services. Employees of the company will help clients form an investment portfolio and assist in obtaining a loan.

2) FMC

The company specializes in financial investments. The company's field of activity is consulting and real help citizens and legal entities on the issues of profitable financial investments. FMC clients are always aware of what they can earn right now. The income received from the proceeds is successfully moving forward - they are placed in real instruments - production, business expansion.

The main area of ​​interest of the company is direct investment in real estate. E3 Investment is a professional operator of investments in construction and ready-made objects for beginners and experienced investors. For 7 years of work, the company has already helped its clients earn more than 150 million rubles.

Each asset is protected by three types of insurance. Free consultations on the most profitable and safe investment of financial assets are available to users.

5. What are the risks of real investment projects - an overview of the main risks

Real investments are associated with many risks that cannot be ignored at the stage of developing an investment plan.

Knowing the main risks, you will be able to control them.

1) Financial risk

This type is associated with a shortage of investment resources needed to translate the project into reality, untimely receipt of money from borrowed sources, increased costs at the implementation stage.

How to avoid: calculate the amount of investment accurate to the ruble.

2) Risk of insolvency

The level of liquidity of current assets tends to decrease. As a result, the investment project has an imbalance in time between positive and negative financial flows.

TEST

Subject "Economic evaluation of investments"

On the topic « The essence of investment in real assets. Their types and economic importance »

Introduction

1 Essence and types of investments in real assets.

1.1 Essence of investments in real assets.

Speaking about the essence of investment, one cannot ignore such a concept as the value of the company. The value of the firm and its increase is the most universal motive for the behavior of firm managers.
The value of the company can be represented as a kind of system consisting of two parts, the first is market value the company's own capital; second ? market value of liabilities
firms.
Thus, the value of the firm ? this is the real wealth that the owners of the firm have and that they can receive in cash if they sell their property. The size of this real wealth depends on two main groups of factors:
- investments of all types, i.e. investments in real and portfolio assets;
- other factors, including financial and production management.
Obviously, the value of a firm is not really determined by how large its capital is (with the possible exception of capital in the form of the most liquidassets), but by the position this capital provides to the firm in the market of goods and services.
Meanwhile, this situation is precisely determined by the directions of firm investments: if they increase the competitiveness of the firm and ensure the growth of the profitability of its capital, then the value of the firm increases and its owners become richer. Otherwise, investments, formally increasing the liabilities of the firm's balance sheet (by investing equity capital or attractingborrowed funds that increaseliabilities) will lead to a decrease in the value of the firm, since the market value of its capital will fall following a decrease in its competitiveness and profitability.
From this follows a simple, but extremely fundamental conclusion: any investment, including investment in real assets, should be considered primarily from the point of view of how they affect the value of the firm.
Meanwhile, there is another definition of the value of the firm from the standpoint of economic theory: the value of the firm at any point in time is equal to the present value of all its future receipts.
Therefore, only if all investment suitability calculations are made on the basis of information on cash receipts, investors and owners of the firm get an adequate idea of ​​​​whether the implementation of the project will increase the value of the firm and, accordingly, the wealth of its owners.

1.2 Types of investments in real assets.

In a market economy, investment cannot be consideredas an "arbitrary" form of activity of the firm in the sense that the firm canto carry out or not to carry out such operations. Failure to invest inevitably leads to loss of competitive positions. Therefore, all possible investments can be divided into two groups:
- passive investments, i.e. those that provide, at best, no deterioration in the profitability of investments in the operations of this company due to the replacement of obsolete equipment, the training of new personnel to replace those who have left, etc.
- active investments, i.e. those that provide an increasethe competitiveness of the firm and its profitability compared to before
achieved through the introduction of new technology, organization of production
best-selling goods, capturing new markets, or acquisitions
competing firms.
Investments made in the foundation or purchase of a business are calledbe an initial investment or net ? investments. In turn gross? investments consist of net? investment and reinvestment, the latter representing
is the binding of newly free investment funds by directing them toacquisition or manufacture of new fundsproduction in order to maintain the composition of the fixed assets of the enterprise (investments for replacement, rationalization, diversification, etc.).
Investments that go to expansion, that is, to increase productive capacity, are extensive investments.

The preparation and analysis of investments in real assets essentially depend on what kind of these investments, i.e. which of the tasks facing the enterprise needs to be solved with their help. From these positions, all possible types of investments can be reduced to the following main groups:
Investments in real assets can also be presented in terms of interdependence.
Independent investments. Investments are carried out independently of each other, i.e. the choice of one investment project does not exclude the choice of any other.
Alternative investments. Investments are linked in such a way that the choice of one of them will exclude the other. This usually occurs when there are two alternative ways to solve the same problem. Such investment projects are mutually exclusive. This circumstance is important in conditions of limited sources of financing of capital investments.
Consistent investment. Large investments in a plant or equipment usually generate subsequent investments over several years, which must be taken into account when making an investment decision.
Making investments is sometimes seen as an "arbitrary" form of activity of the firm in the sense that the latter may or may not carry out such operations. In fact, this view of the problem is far from the truth, since the life of any enterprise is swimming against the flow of time and competition. And in this sense, not making an investment leads to a result similar to that found by a swimmer who does not row hard enough to even stay in one place (he will be blown back)

Types of investments in real assets are shown in Figure 1, it also shows an approximate dependence of the type of investment on the degree of risk associated with them, let's consider in more detail the types of investments shown in the figure;

Figure 1 - Classification of investments in real assets

1. "Forced investments" necessary to comply with legislative norms on environmental protection, labor protection, product safety or other operating conditions. This type of investment practically does not lead to an increase in the efficiency and profitability of enterprises, on the contrary, many experts tend to refer to it as special kind costs. In fact, this type of investment is mandatory, which is due to the need to comply with legal and legislative acts established for the operation of this type of production or industry as a whole. At the same time, these investments are not always amenable to forecasting and planning, since the legislative and normative base states are constantly changing.
2.Investments to improve efficiency. Their goal is primarily to create conditions for reducing the company's costs by replacing equipment, training personnel or moving production facilities to regions with more favorable production conditions. At the moment, this is a very popular type of investment, especially in terms of transferring production to places with more favorable production conditions, it is most often used by large transatlantic corporations and is due to the fact that there is a strong stratification of labor costs in the global economy, and the choice of this solution may be due to high competition in the market and, as a result, the desire of the company to gain competitive advantages over competitors in terms of cost reduction and increase in the efficiency of the company.
An important factor in this is the replacement of equipment and the modernization of technology with the use of energy and resource-saving technologies, in this aspect, investments lead to a direct reduction in costs associated with excessive consumption of energy and material resources in the production cycle.
3.Investments in the expansion of production. The objective of such investment is to expand the opportunities for the production of goods for previously formed markets within the framework of existing industries.
Investments in the expansion of production are the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures on new land plots (construction sites) according to the original project established in the approved order. Construction is considered new until it is completed and the facility is put into operation.
These investments are the basis for expanded production, reproduction and renewal of fixed assets of enterprises, structural restructuring of social production and balanced development of sectors of the national economy. They contribute to the creation of the necessary raw material base for industry, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the improvement of product quality, the development of new commodity markets. They increase the profitability and market value of enterprises, regulate unemployment problems.
4. Investments in the creation of new industries. Such investments ensure the creation of new enterprises that will produce goods that were not previously manufactured by the enterprise (or provide a new type of service) or allow the enterprise to attempt to enter new markets with previously produced goods; this type of investment is used when the life cycle of a product is coming to an end or the competition in the occupied market is too great, as well as when the company is about to enter a new market for goods or services.
5.Investments in research and innovation. This type of investment is considered the most risky and pays off for a long time, as it creates the basis for making profits in the future and does not affect this time period at all. As for innovations, the payback is faster, but the likelihood that these innovations will not bring the expectations placed on them is also high.

The economic significance of investments in real assets.

The value of investments for the overall economic development of the country is very high. Investments are involved not only in the country's microeconomic activity, at the level of interaction with production, but are also considered in macroeconomics. From a macroeconomic point of view, investments contribute to its rapid development and increase in productivity levels. This is due to renewal through committed financial investments all tangible assets of production.

Modernization of the enterprise, purchase of new equipment, expansion of the scope of activities leads to an increase in the number of jobs provided, and, therefore, as a consequence, to a decrease total interest unemployment in the labor market. Increasing the resource base, contributing to human capital, accelerating the development of innovative technical processes, engaging in the development of all industries and the national economy - all this is the importance of investing in real assets for developing the economic situation in the country and bringing it to stability. That is, by investing in fixed social capital (construction and reconstruction of buildings, new equipment and training of employees, development and use of new production technologies, improving product quality), there is an increase in production potential and a general increase in the national capital of a single country.

The importance of investments at the level of microeconomics is manifested in the timely modernization of equipment, which prevents its premature physical and obsolescence, and this affects the quantity and quality of products. Due to the investment in the production process, the scope of the enterprise's activities is expanded, the level of labor safety is increased, and the wealth of shareholders is increased. Investments allow you to use funds not only to expand and improve your own production, but also to acquire financial assets of similar enterprises in order to merge companies. Also, this type of investment contributes to scientific and technological progress and scientific developments that provide the basis for further dynamic development. Any of these actions taken with investments are ultimately aimed at ensuring the successful functioning of production activities.
Thus, investments in real assets play a crucial role at the micro level, primarily for simple and expanded reproduction, structural transformations, profit maximization and, on this basis, the solution of many problems.
From this, conclusions can be drawn about the importance of investing in real assets for the overall economic condition of the country, expanding potential productivity and solving social problems.

Conclusion

Bibliography

Material on the course "Investments" /Terekhova E.Yu. , Razorenova M.A., Kertanova S.A. ? GOU DPO "MIPK REA them. G.V. Plekhanov" Moscow, 2008. ? 48s.
Investments: textbook. allowance / L.L. Igonina: ed. Dr. Econ. sciences, prof. V.A. Slepova. - M.: Economist, 2006 - 478 p.
Economic theory. / Under the editorship of A. I. Dobrynin - St. Petersburg, 2006. - 384 p.

Good afternoon dear friends! I am sure that investment is an option passive income got you all interested. That is why I decided not to stop halfway and continue our excursion into the world of wealth and abundance. The topic of today's article is investing in real assets. If you are wondering how to make making money useful for the whole society, your country and its people, then you have come to the right place. Get ready to learn all about investments that you can see and touch.

Characteristics

The existence of the term “real investment” is by no means a reason to believe in the existence of unreal investments. Everything is much simpler: the existence of a classification by investment objects divides investors' contributions into real and financial investments. Since we have already dealt with one of the previous articles, I think it would be very appropriate to discuss the second type of classification with you.

TO real investment accept attributing investments in fixed capital, which can be presented in one of the following forms:

• as production capital– both fixed and working capital of the enterprise, construction and overhaul;
• as land and other natural resources– purchase of deposits for the subsequent extraction of minerals;
• as intangible assets– purchases of brands, licenses, patents, know-how, trademarks;
• as investments in science and education;
• purchase ready business.

In other words, all these investments are aimed at real sector of the economy- material production of goods and services that create the gross domestic product of the state. In order to succeed in this area of ​​investment, in addition to money, an investor will need specific knowledge and qualifications in the manufacturing industry, the ability to manage a workforce, finances, and understand market processes. That is, the management of real investments should be carried out exclusively by first-class professionals. Otherwise, the risks of losing capital soar to unprecedented heights.

Comparison with other types of investments

High profitability, stability and resistance to market fluctuations are the main differences between investments in real assets and financial investments. Based on this, we can draw a completely logical conclusion - the degree of risk of such deposits is much lower. That is, you, being in the role of an investor in a bankrupt enterprise, will be able to minimize your losses by selling all the property and material values"burnt" company.

However, I cannot keep silent about the fact that this medal has two sides. Therefore, we should not forget that liquidity investment in real assets is an order of magnitude lower than that of financial ones. Indeed, in the case of the latter, it is high liquidity that acts as the main instrument that manages the entire investment portfolio.

Perhaps the brightest hallmark investment in real assets from financial is that real investments are contributions to the real economy. They are aimed at developing its potential and improving the quality of life of the population. Exactly because of this reason state prefers this type of investment.

Investors who choose actual investments make deposits on several decades, starting from the fact that production will develop and increase its potential. Therefore, they need to be prepared for the fact that the amount of investment will need to be constantly increased and replenished. Continuous scientific and technological progress leads to the emergence of new progressive technologies, alternative materials and management methods. It is very important not to ignore all these innovations, but to introduce them into production. Otherwise, you can forget about the competitiveness of manufactured products and maintaining a high position in the market.

Investment Principles

If you want to start mastering the actual ones, be sure to thoroughly study their basic principles:

1. Unlike growth national currency, real investment multiply several times faster.
2. Compared to financial investments, these investments greater returns and less risk.
3. Investing in real assets is an opportunity to provide an organization with intensive development, improve product quality, and help develop new markets.
4. Real capital investments are provided by enterprises stable cash flow , which is achieved through depreciation deductions accrued even in the case when the implementation of the project does not bring profit.
5. Rapid technological progress is making actual investments obsolete.
6. For actual investment low level liquidity.

Forms of real investment

I cannot but draw your attention to the classification of forms of real capital investment. Familiarity with it will allow you to better understand the features of such deposits and, perhaps, find the most interesting and promising option to invest your money. So to main forms of investment in real assets should include:

Real investments in fixed and working capital

For the most complete understanding of what kind of investments we can still call real, I suggest you divide them into investments in fixed and working capital. If you are interested in the former, then you should consider investing in land, construction, machinery and other productive assets.

Special attention deserves the category of funds for production purposes with vehicles, working inventory and equipment with a service life of one year, and funds construction purposes with building mechanisms and machinery, vehicles and power equipment.

As for investments in working capital, here you can invest in raw materials, fuel and various kinds of constructions. Their main task is to ensure the release of products and maintain the normal functioning of production.

Investment appraisal

To prevent your investment career from going to waste, I advise you to select the projects in which you plan to invest your funds very carefully. To save yourself from the migraine caused by huge losses, before you make an investment, evaluate it efficiency. The best place to start is with a preliminary assessment.

Efficiency mark

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the investments made, I suggest that you calculate the main indicators that will help you draw conclusions about how correct your decision was to allocate your funds to a particular project. So, arm yourself with a calculator and do the following:

• rate profitability their investments using the yield index;
• compute payback period;
• find out what it will be net present value from the operation performed;
• find internal norm profitability investments.

Risk assessment

After you decide on the profitability of your venture, do not be too lazy to spend risk assessment future investment. This can be done by modeling changes in the main indicators of the project and determining the sensitivity of the latter. Personally, I advise you not to reinvent the wheel, but simply draw up several business plans:

• based on pessimistic scenario(take as a basis the situation with the most unfavorable conditions for the implementation and operation of the project);
• based on optimistic scenario(based on the most favorable conditions);
• based on scenarios with averaged data as close to reality as possible.

In the resulting range of project efficiencies, you will be able to identify clear boundaries of risk that you will face when you decide to invest in this activity.

Real investment

I want to note that investments in real business have a number of restrictions for investors who are physical persons. Legislatively, for this category of investors, the following options for investing in real assets are prescribed:

1. Purchase real estate for its subsequent lease;
2. Purchase of vehicles and technical means for subsequent letting;
3. Registration of rights to intellectual property;
4. registration own business.

With the first three positions, everything is quite simple: they received the status of a private entrepreneur, completed the documents and started earning. As for the creation of a company, then in this case you, as an individual, get a significant investment opportunity. Therefore, you have to take care of finding an accountant who would cope with maintaining strict tax documentation. Most often, for such purposes, companies are formalized in the form OOO.

As for the investments made legal entities, then it is worth saying that sooner or later, but every company in the real investment market has to face a shortage of money for investment activities. The reason for this may be the need to expand, modernize or update the existing technical base.

You can even make a small classification of causes, which necessitate investment by legal entities:

1. Mandatory investments;
2. Investments in order to update the material and technical base of the enterprise;
3. Expansion of production volumes;
4. Search and development of new sales markets.

Conclusion

Remember, real investment is an important basis for the growth of both the production and economic potential of the country. That is why I strongly recommend that you conduct a detailed assessment of the effectiveness of these investments and the risks they involve. Not only the well-being of your investment capital, but also the entire economy of the state will depend on each of your decisions. I wish you sobriety and prudence in accepting financial solutions. Subscribe to blog updates and see you soon!

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