Social tourism as a kind of tourism and its state regulation. The emergence of social and folk tourism The first mention of social tourism
By the beginning of the twentieth century, two main directions for the development of tourism were actually formed. This is commercial tourism, organized by travel companies and travel agencies that did business on needs, and a social Movement with the aim of using tourism to cultivate the necessary social qualities, which was supported by various voluntary social clubs and organizations.
Accordingly, the "opposition" of the two directions of tourism development was determined: at one "pole" was commercial tourism, the organizers of which were travel agencies that did business on the needs of travel; on the other - tourism as a means of educating certain social qualities. Such tourism developed on a non-commercial basis as component activities of voluntary public unions of societies and clubs. In the future, this created opportunities for the use of tourism for the purposes of various socio-political movements.
By the beginning of the century, virtually all industrial countries were covered in one form or another. popular tourism movements, which, in fact, stood at the origins of modern social tourism. The difference between the first and second is as follows: folk tourism involves the participation in tourism of representatives of the less affluent segments of the population, who choose the cheapest types of tourism that correspond to their financial capabilities; social tourism is organized travel (cognitive, educational or recreational) subsidized from state budget or other sources for people with limited financial resources, representatives of "socially vulnerable" segments of society (students, the unemployed, low-paid categories of workers, etc.).
Historically, social tourism was addressed primarily to workers and was associated with the labor movement of the late 19th-early. 20th century The need for tourism as a recreational and educational activity in their free time was of an objective nature for the industrial urban proletariat. The problem of the worker's free time was one of the priorities for workers' organizations and trade unions. At the same time, workers' tourism as a type of recreational activity and workers' tourism are not the same thing. Working tourism here refers to those types of tourism that were considered by their organizers as part of the international labor movement, served its goals and objectives and focused on organized groups of workers (trade unions and workers' parties).
At the end of 19 - early. 20th century in a number of European countries, a group of workers' unions arose, which set as their goal educational activities among workers and the socially useful organization of their free time. Many of these associations, in addition to cutting and sewing courses and distributing literature, also organized excursions, including for children, as well as educational trips not only around the country, but also abroad.
In 1895, in Vienna, the capital of Austria, with the participation of a prominent figure in the social democratic movement, Karl Renner (1870 - 1950, the first president of the Republic of Austria after World War II), one of the most massive tourist unions was founded, connected with the goals of the labor movement, the union " Friends of nature"(Naturfreunde). Since 1905, the "friends of nature" movement has spread to Germany and Switzerland, and later covers France, Belgium and Holland, a number of countries in Eastern Europe and even Spain. The goals of this union, which organized educational weekend excursions, picnics in nature, and later multi-day trips, in which hundreds of people took part, echoed the tasks of the labor movement, which was gaining strength throughout Europe.It is from here that the tradition of workers' "May Days" began, which eventually became an organic part of the socialist movement.
In Germany, in 1901, a youth movement " Migratory birds”, the purpose of which is to attract to active types of tourism, which are understood as a means of physical hardening and self-affirmation in the spirit of certain moral principles. Members of this society were fond of long hiking trips with the educational goals of studying German folklore.
International work tourism, even if it was about vacation trips, was seen not only as a form of recreation, but primarily as a means of strengthening peace and mutual understanding between peoples, as well as a means of spiritual and intellectual development of workers. It must be said that at that time the ideas about the pacifist potential of international tourism were shared by representatives of the most diverse strata of society and carriers of the most diverse political views. Thus, the famous statement was attributed to the British Minister of War Thomas Shaw: "War in the past arose due to the fact that the workers of different countries were not personally acquainted with their colleagues on the other side of the border." Many workers' tourist unions considered the organization of communication between workers from different countries to be the most important direction of their activity. For this, foreign language courses were opened, correspondence was organized; trips necessarily included meetings between members of the workers' unions.
At the same time, such tourism had a number of significant features that distinguished it from the commercial tourism of that time, both in terms of the cognitive interests of its subjects, and in terms of preferred forms of tourist services, the choice of which was predetermined by the requirement of cheapness.
Poverty and the lack of paid holidays were a serious obstacle to the involvement of the broad masses of the population in tourism. Almost until the 30s. In the 20th century, none of the countries had legislation on holidays for employees or government employees. Vacation issues were regulated on the basis of established traditions or by agreement between the employer and the employee. This explains the predominance of short-term trips and excursions at first (on weekends, Easter or Christmas holidays). In addition, the vast majority of manual workers in European countries lived in extremely cramped material conditions, and free time was often used not for recreation, but for additional earnings. Another reason hindering the involvement of the general population in tourism was the lack of travel habits, indifference to tourism due to lack of education or information.
The most favorable prerequisites for the development of a broad social tourism existed in England, where a stable tradition of holidays ("holidays") developed quite early. As the German Social Democrat magazine Soziale Praxis wrote enviously in 1903, “From the factory owner and his wife down to the lowest laborer, maid and servant, everyone has their holidays; everyone goes out of town or by sea, on short trips or long trips, as far as his means allow." In some counties of Great Britain there was a system of contributions to the "holiday fund", which made it possible to collect sums sufficient to finance vacation trips for workers and employees of large enterprises. Factories were closed for 1-2 weeks during the holidays. Since 1908 civil servants have been granted leave of 6 days after 3 years of service.
The most important problem of labor tourism was the need to maintain a low level of cost for tours acceptable to workers. Any working tourist organization had to achieve, in one way or another, the reduction in the cost of tourist services without a significant decrease in their quality. As a rule, these were collective trips using transport discounts, with accommodation in families and payment for accommodation and meals at the expense of the inviting party.
Accommodation in families was the best solution, it significantly reduced the cost of the trip (participants had to pay only for transport services, and the foreign exchange costs of the travel agency were reduced to the issuance of very modest amounts for pocket expenses). In addition, this form of accommodation corresponded to the ideological goals of the international working prism - the rapprochement of peoples through interpersonal communication. But most importantly, this form of tourism turned out to be the most acceptable for the trip participants themselves. Many participants in organized tourist trips as part of groups, having established personal contacts with colleagues abroad, then preferred to travel on an individual basis (family to family).
Another way to reduce the cost of tourist services was the purchase or rental of cheap premises with their subsequent conversion into accommodation facilities. Thus, in Vienna already in 1900 the so-called shelter of the friends of nature was built, and in 1930 the friends of nature in Germany alone had more than 200 "shelters".
True, such accommodation facilities could not be located in the most attractive areas from the point of view of recreational and educational tourism, but this rather corresponded to the political goals of the working tourist movement, which was conceived as part of the international labor movement and opposed to bourgeois tourism as part of the bourgeois way of life.
In 1910, at the initiative of the society " Migratory birds» the simplest and cheapest youth rooming house was opened - hostel, which became widespread in European countries after World War I.
Statistics characterizes the direct economic effect of the functioning of the global tourism industry. The movement of people, both internationally and nationally, makes a significant contribution to solving employment issues, generates income for national and regional parties, enterprises, etc. A developed tourism industry contributes to an increase in foreign exchange earnings in the country, as well as income through taxes.
At the same time, in any type of tourism, one can single out not only the commercial beginning, but also its social side, where the main object is a person and the satisfaction of his needs for recreation, in maintaining and restoring strength and health, in spiritual and physical development. The role of tourism in the rational use of free time and recreation is increasing. Its cognitive and educational functions are of great importance.
All this suggests that tourism, as an industry market economy must have a social orientation. And the market of tourist services should be socially oriented. In this sense, tourism in general can be called social tourism.
At the same time, social tourism in the narrow sense of the word is also distinguished as a kind of tourism.
The Federal Law “On Social Tourism”, developed by the Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation on Tourism and Sports, provides the following definition: “Social tourism is the sphere of creation, promotion and implementation of a social tourism product to meet the needs for travel, other types of tourism that are socially vulnerable citizens." This definition is also not complete, since it is not clear from what funds the social tourism product is subsidized, and what categories belong to “socially vulnerable citizens”. An addition to this definition can be the definition given in another draft of the Federal Law “On Social Tourism”, proposed by the Russian Association of Social Tourism and the Moscow Center of the Academy of Tourism: “Social tourism is travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs and other sources funding to meet the rights and needs of citizens Russian Federation».
We should agree with the definition formulated by a specialist in the field of tourism M.B. Birzhakov and others: “Social tourism is a type of tourism subsidized from funds allocated for social needs in order to create conditions for travel for schoolchildren, youth, pensioners, veterans of war and labor and other citizens who need the state, state and non-state funds and other charitable organizations provide social support.
Based on the foregoing, we can formulate a definition of social tourism: Social tourism is a type of tourism that covers all social strata and age groups of the population, whose trips are subsidized from various budgets based on the social category of a citizen.
Social tourism, as a kind of tourism, has its own characteristics, characteristic features.
The main feature of social tourism is its concern for low-income people, taking into account their age, health, and social status. This is the real embodiment of the obligation of society to provide its citizens with effective and dignified access to tourism.
The sphere of social tourism covers various categories of citizens from pupils, students to pensioners, disabled people, war and labor veterans. Low-income families constitute a special group of tourism participants. However, benefits here are provided not only for the age limit and for material insolvency. As experience shows, the benefits provided by social tourism can serve as an encouragement to the most active employees for their personal contribution to the success of an enterprise, organization, institution, and to stimulate effective work.
Allocate these groups in connection with social status and financial situation - disadvantage own funds for recreation.
The sources of financing of social tourism are made up of state and municipal funds for social needs, such as social insurance and social security funds, the compulsory health insurance fund, as well as from bank tourist deposits of an accumulative nature, from the corresponding funds of private, corporate, state, mixed enterprises and organizations, charities.
Despite the fact that social tourism can be carried out on the basis of an individual approach, collective and organized forms still prevail in it. Among its main tasks are not only the restoration of strength and health, but also the replenishment of the cultural baggage of vacationers, the expansion of their knowledge in history, local history, and the life of nature.
At the level of a specific consumer of a tourist product, social tourism is free and preferential vouchers to rest houses, sanatoriums, camp sites, free and preferential travel, special transport tariffs, tax and customs benefits.
The development of social tourism contributes to the creation of infrastructure in undeveloped territories, i.e. development of territories and their sustainable development.
The following groups of tourists of social tourism are distinguished (Table 1)
Table 1 - groups of social tourism tourists
The main forms of social tourism are traditionally called the following: children's tourism, family tourism, tourism for the disabled, for the elderly (pensioners), sports tourism. In addition, the following types of social tourism are distinguished: children and youth, medical and recreational, amateur, ecological, cultural and educational.
In the countries of the European Union, social tourism is associated with a clientele with low incomes, which do not allow receiving high-quality tourism services. This category of citizens needs social benefits. First of all, it includes large families, orphans, pupils of orphanages and boarding schools, students and working youth, pensioners, the disabled and poor citizens. According to local experts, there are about 35 million pensioners and disabled people in the Russian Federation. The main sources of funds for providing targeted assistance to the most vulnerable segments of the population are the federal and local budgets.
According to some expert data, in 1996 about 160,000 pensioners and disabled people received social assistance in Russia for rest and treatment.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that all people have the right to rest, free time, limited hours of work and paid holidays. Its main goal has always been to provide opportunities for everyone to travel and relax. Thus, in accordance with the Montreal Declaration, adopted by the General Assembly of the International Bureau of Social Tourism on September 12, 1996, all tourism development initiatives should be aimed at the full realization of the potential of each person, both as an individual and as a citizen. Making tourism accessible to all, including families, young people and the elderly, necessarily means participating in the fight against inequality and against the exclusion of persons with disabilities or disabilities.
To this end, specific measures should be developed and implemented: the definition of a socio-tourism policy, the creation of an appropriate infrastructure, the provision of support systems for the low-income segments of the population, training, information work, etc.
Holidays and travel are also provided to improve the cultural level of the tourist through the discovery of new places; through physical, artistic, sports and recreational activities.
Organizers of social tourism wish to contribute to the improvement of human relationships through their professional training and cultural and entertainment activities. Therefore, social tourism is a means of social cohesion.
social tourism medical Kislovodsk
In most countries of the world, tourism is one of the largest, highly profitable and most dynamic sectors of the economy, plays an important role in stimulating the social culture, political and physical environment, helps to increase the economic well-being of the citizens of their country, subordinating this goal to the allocation of resources to attract various segments of the tourism market. The tourism sector accounts for about 7% of global investment, every 16th job, 11% of global consumer spending, 5% of all tax revenues. Popova R.Yu. Regional marketing research as a basis for developing a strategy for the development of the tourism industry in the Russian Federation / R.Yu. Popova //Marketing and marketing research in the Russian Federation. - 1998. - No. 1. - S. 28.
This statistic characterizes the direct economic effect of the functioning of the global tourism industry. The movement of people, both internationally and nationally, makes a significant contribution to solving employment issues, generates income for national and regional parties, enterprises, etc. A developed tourism industry contributes to an increase in foreign exchange earnings in the country, as well as income through taxes.
At the same time, in any type of tourism, one can single out not only the commercial beginning, but also its social side, where the main object is a person and the satisfaction of his needs for recreation, in maintaining and restoring strength and health, in spiritual and physical development. The role of tourism in the rational use of free time and recreation is increasing. Its cognitive and educational functions are of great importance.
All this suggests that tourism, as a branch of the market economy, should have a social orientation. And the market of tourist services should be socially oriented. In this sense, tourism in general can be called social tourism.
At the same time, social tourism in the narrow sense of the word is also distinguished as a kind of tourism. Since there is no single definition of social tourism in the literature (including legislation), its category requires research and clarification. Several definitions can be distinguished.
According to the conclusions of the Declaration of the Manila World Tourism Conference (1990), "Social tourism is a goal that society should strive for in the interests of less well-off citizens when exercising their right to rest." Tourism in many countries has ceased to be a luxury, the property of only an elite, wealthy stratum of the population, has become a necessary social need of people, which is part of their way of life. Kvartalnov V.A. Foreign tourism / V.A. Kvartalnov - M.: Finance and statistics, 1999. - 270 p.
In the Law "On the Fundamentals tourism activities in the Russian Federation”, adopted by the State Duma on October 4, 1996, social tourism is defined as “travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs”. the federal law"On the basics of tourism activities in the Russian Federation"// Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 1996. -3 Dec.- p.7 This interpretation is incomplete. And, despite the fact that Article 8 of the Law clarifies that “ certain categories Russian tourists, the state, in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, provides benefits of a social nature, ”after all, the categories of tourists as potential participants in social tourism are not specifically defined here. It is also not specified what refers to "benefits of a social nature". It is important to note the underestimation of the importance of social tourism, which, when considering the priority areas of state regulation of tourism activities in the Law, is in importance after domestic and inbound tourism. . http://www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/productID/13178/
The draft Federal Law “On Social Tourism”, developed by the Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation on Tourism and Sports, provides the following definition: “Social tourism is the sphere of creation, promotion and implementation of a social tourism product to meet the needs for travel, other types of tourism that are poorly protected in social regard to citizens." This definition is also not complete, since it is not clear from what funds the social tourism product is subsidized, and what categories belong to “socially vulnerable citizens”. An addition to this definition can be the definition given in another draft of the Federal Law “On Social Tourism”, proposed by the Russian Association of Social Tourism and the Moscow Center of the Academy of Tourism: “Social tourism is travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs and other sources financing in order to meet the rights and needs of citizens of the Russian Federation”. http://www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/productID/13178/
We should agree with the definition formulated by M.B. Birzhakov and others: “Social tourism is a type of tourism subsidized from funds allocated for social needs in order to create conditions for travel for schoolchildren, youth, pensioners, veterans of war and labor and other citizens who need the state, state and non-state funds and other charitable organizations provide social support.” The authors of this definition distinguish the main categories of persons participating in the process of social tourism, which include people with limited means.
Based on the foregoing, we can formulate a definition of social tourism: Social tourism is a type of tourism that covers all social strata and age groups of the population, whose trips are subsidized from various budgets based on the social category of a citizen. http://www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/productID/13178/
Social tourism, as a kind of tourism, has its own characteristics, characteristic features.
1. The main feature of social tourism is its concern for low-income people, taking into account their age, health, and social status. This is the real embodiment of the obligation of society to provide its citizens with effective and dignified access to tourism.
2. The sphere of social tourism covers various categories of citizens - from students, students to pensioners, disabled people, war and labor veterans. Low-income families constitute a special group of tourism participants. However, benefits here are provided not only for the age limit and for material insolvency. As experience shows, the benefits provided by social tourism can serve as an encouragement to the most active employees for their personal contribution to the success of an enterprise, organization, institution, and to stimulate effective work.
3. Sources of financing social tourism are made up of state and municipal funds for social needs, such as social insurance and social security funds, the compulsory medical insurance fund, as well as from bank tourist deposits of an accumulative nature, from the corresponding funds of private, corporate, state, mixed enterprises and organizations, charitable foundations.
4. Despite the fact that social tourism can be carried out on the basis of an individual approach, collective and organized forms still prevail in it. Among its main tasks are not only the restoration of strength and health, but also the replenishment of the cultural baggage of vacationers, the expansion of their knowledge in history, local history, and the life of nature.
5. At the level of a specific consumer of a tourist product, social tourism is free and preferential vouchers to rest houses, sanatoriums, camp sites, free and preferential travel, special transport tariffs, tax and customs benefits.
6. The development of social tourism contributes to the creation of infrastructure in undeveloped territories, i.e. development of territories and their sustainable development.
7. Historically, social tourism in the Russian Federation was implemented through a sanatorium-resort complex and was inextricably linked with the recreational activities of people, which are presented as human activities in their free time, carried out with the aim of restoring physical strength, as well as for its comprehensive development and characterized in comparison with others areas of activity relative diversity of human behavior. http://andrewefimov2.narod.ru/23.htm
The main forms of social tourism are traditionally called the following: children's tourism, family tourism, tourism for the disabled, for the elderly (pensioners), sports tourism. In addition, the following types of social tourism are distinguished: children and youth, medical and recreational, amateur, ecological, cultural and educational.
In the countries of the European Union, social tourism is associated with a clientele with low incomes, which do not allow receiving high-quality tourism services. This category of citizens needs social benefits. First of all, it includes large families, orphans, pupils of orphanages and boarding schools, students and working youth, pensioners, the disabled and poor citizens. According to local experts, there are about 35 million pensioners and disabled people in the Russian Federation. The main sources of funds for providing targeted assistance to the most vulnerable segments of the population are the federal and local budgets. According to some expert data, in 1996 about 160,000 pensioners and disabled people received social assistance in Russia for rest and treatment. Sergienko L.V. Organizational and economic mechanism of functioning of social tourism, abstract of Candidate of Diss. / L.V. Sergienko. - M.: MGU, 1999. - 10 p.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that all people have the right to rest, free time, limited hours of work and paid holidays. Considering that this right is far from universally recognized, it is necessary to fight for the use of recreation and tourism to meet human needs on the basis already laid by social tourism. Its main goal has always been to provide opportunities for everyone to travel and relax. Thus, in accordance with the Montreal Declaration, adopted by the General Assembly of the International Bureau of Social Tourism on September 12, 1996, all tourism development initiatives should be aimed at the full realization of the potential of each person, both as an individual and as a citizen. Making tourism accessible to all, including families, young people and the elderly, necessarily means participating in the fight against inequality and against the exclusion of persons with disabilities or disabilities.
To this end, specific measures should be developed and implemented: the definition of a socio-tourism policy, the creation of an appropriate infrastructure, the provision of support systems for the low-income segments of the population, training, information work, etc. Vacations and travel are also provided to increase the cultural level of tourists through the discovery of new places; through physical, artistic, sports and recreational activities. Organizers of social tourism wish to contribute to the improvement of human relationships through their professional training and cultural and entertainment activities. Therefore, social tourism is a means of social cohesion. http://www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/productID/13178/
Currently, there is no single definition of the concept of "social tourism". Social tourism is the type of tourism that creates the opportunity to use tourism to the maximum majority of the country's population. The main forms of social tourism are traditionally called the following: children's tourism, family tourism, tourism for the disabled, for the elderly (pensioners), sports tourism. The role of social tourism in society - the need of almost all categories of the population for recreation and recuperation is realized. It should be noted the importance of social tourism, because thanks to it, society is restored in the physical and spiritual sense.
COURSE WORK
THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL TOURISM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: HISTORY AND MODERNITY
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
Relevance of the research topic.
The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ says: “social tourism is tourism, fully or partially carried out at the expense of budgetary funds, state funds off-budget funds(including funds allocated within the framework of state social assistance), as well as funds from employers.
In the countries of the European Union, social tourism is associated with a clientele with low incomes, which do not allow receiving high-quality tourism services. This category of citizens needs social benefits. First of all, it includes large families, orphans, pupils of orphanages and boarding schools, students and working youth, pensioners, the disabled and poor citizens. According to local experts, there are about 35 million pensioners and disabled people in the Russian Federation. The main sources of funds for providing targeted assistance to the most vulnerable segments of the population are the federal and local budgets.
The practice of conducting social tours in Russia and abroad shows that their organization has its own specifics. This is especially expressed in work with people with limited capacity, including people with disabilities. The effectiveness of this work directly depends on the availability and development of the appropriate infrastructure. It must be admitted that in Russia there is no infrastructure for organizing disabled tourism. The ramps available in some public places do not remove the problem of uncomfortable, and often impossible, movement of people, for example, with disorders of the musculoskeletal system. As a result, the constitutional rights and interests of these people in their desire to travel and comprehend the Motherland are infringed.
Another problem is specialized personnel. Many years of "downtime" in the training of specialists in the field of social tourism affected here, which naturally led to a lack of professional tourism experience, as an example - servicing tourists and sightseers with visual or hearing impairments.
Turning to world experience, we see a demonstration of examples of caring for citizens in meeting their spiritual needs. People always strive to see, to know their native land, their country. They want it to become accessible, so that travel enriches them spiritually, makes them happy, fills them with vivid impressions. This is a normal universal need, and it must be socially satisfied. Despite the fact that in Russia social tourism is not legally defined (the draft law on social tourism was rejected), the state task of creating cost-effective conditions for the work of tour operators in the formation and implementation of public tours in the domestic market remains.
So, all of the above indicates the relevance of the topic of this course work.
The object of research is the system of social tourism in the Russian Federation.
The subject of the study is the historical aspects of social tourism, as well as the legal framework and issues of regulating social tourism at the present stage.
The purpose of the course work is to consider the system of social tourism in the Russian Federation, its historical aspects and the current stage.
Objectives of the course work:
1) consider the development of social tourism in Russia at the federal and regional levels;
2) analyze the legal framework for social tourism in Russia;
3) characterize the regulation of social tourism at the regional and municipal levels.
Research hypothesis: social tourism is any type of tourism (educational, resort, ecological, rural, etc.), the costs of which are fully or partially paid to the tourist from financial sources intended for social needs.
Research methods used in this work: study and analysis of scientific and special literature, study and generalization of domestic and foreign practice, comparison.
CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL TOURISM
1.1 Development of social tourism in Russia
In the Soviet Union, the organization of social tourism was carried out by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (CSTE) and the Bureau of International Youth Tourism (BMMT Sputnik) of the Komsomol Central Committee. In 1989, the volume of service provided by the CSTE was 42 million tourists and 226.1 million sightseers, and the volume of services rendered over the same period reached 3 billion rubles. with the number of employees in the system 170 thousand people.
The volume of tourist services of BMMT "Sputnik" in the same year amounted to 6.2 million people, and the volume of services - 365 million rubles. (in 1989 prices) with the number of employees about 7 thousand people.
Various kinds of discounts and benefits for tourist vouchers provided in some cases exceeded 50-70% of their cost and were subsidized by trade unions and other public organizations.
Under market relations, the above mentioned systems of social tourism collapsed, and their elements turned into commercial structures, mainly engaged in international tourism. Only the Russian Association of Social Tourism (PACT), which is a member of the International Bureau of Social Tourism (BITS), organized on June 7, 1963 in Brussels, declared its commitment to social tourism.
BITS is one of the affiliated members of the World Tourism Organization. Seminars and conferences devoted to the problems of social tourism are regularly held within the framework of the WTO and BITS. The WTO officially affirmed the goals of social tourism in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980): "Social tourism is a goal towards which society should strive for the benefit of less well-off citizens in their enjoyment of leisure rights."
The Montreal Declaration “Towards a Humane and Social Management of Tourism”, adopted by the BITS General Assembly on September 12, 1996, is entirely devoted to the problems of social tourism, which is called there “the designer of society and the engine of economic development”.
Ensuring the availability of tourist recreation for everyone, including families with many children, young people and the elderly, requires the development and implementation of a number of specific measures, which include the definition of the social tourism policy of the state, the adoption of its own laws and regulations, the creation of social infrastructure, the provision of systems and support mechanisms low-income segments of the population, training of employees of the social tourism system, including its organizers, information work and much more. Hundreds of millions of people around the world travel thanks to social tourism. Article 13 of the BITS Montreal Declaration defines the formal categories of tourism organizations that can engage in social tourism: “Any tourism organization can belong to the social tourism movement, which, in its charter or regulations, clearly sets out tasks of a social nature and the goal of ensuring the availability of travel and tourism for the maximum number of people, without limiting yourself to the sole purpose of making a profit.”
Belonging to social tourism organizations must be confirmed by the conditions set out below:
· The proposed activities are aimed at the joint solution of social, educational and cultural tasks that contribute to the respect and development of the person.
· The target clientele is clearly defined and there is no discrimination based on racial, cultural, religious, political, philosophical or social grounds.
· An integral element of the proposed tourist product is the added value of a non-economic nature.
· Aspirations to ensure the harmonious integration of social tourism into the local environment are clearly indicated.
· The type of activity and the price of the tourist product of social tourism are indicated in specific documents. Prices correspond to the stated social goals. Profits are fully or partially reinvested in improving the quality of tourism services offered to the public.
· Personnel management meets the requirements of social legislation and is aimed at ensuring job satisfaction and continuous professional development of personnel.
In spite of progress made, social tourism can strengthen its position only if there is a long-term well-thought-out social policy in the field of tourism at the national, regional and international levels.
Since social tourism organizations do not set profit as a goal, and the general trend in the development of international tourism is aimed at providing tourist services of ever higher quality, social tourism institutions have recently faced significant difficulties, which include phenomena of a different order:
· problems of creating a new or adapting to modern requirements of the existing material base of social tourism;
Lack of proper legislative and regulatory framework;
Informational and psychological problems faced by vacationers in the system of social tourism;
· growing quality standards of social tourism service;
· forms of providing material assistance to clients of social tourism and a number of other problems.
As for the forms of providing material assistance to persons using the services of social tourism, one of them is vacation checks that can be used when buying a tourist product. They are widely used in some European countries. For example, the system of vacation checks in France is handled by the French National Association of Vacation Checks, in Switzerland - by the Swiss Travel Fund.
Vacation check is a payment document with a high degree of protection against forgery. In their execution, they are like a checkbook and have a certain nominal value.
For the successful functioning of the system of vacation checks, the presence and interaction of the following entities is necessary:
1. the presence of an agency authorized to carry out unnecessary operations on checks (issue, sale and payment);
2. wholesale buyers of holiday checks (enterprises, trade unions);
3. carriers and users of checks (individual individuals);
4. service enterprises on vacation checks.
The basic principles of the functioning of this system are as follows:
1. a certain agency issues checks for the required amount.
2. The wholesale buyer pays their cost in advance and distributes them among the company's employees with discounts (different discounts).
3. an employee of the enterprise paying for the check at a time or in installments.
4. Checks received by the servicing company (hotels, shops, etc.) are cashed in the agency where the issue was made.
This system makes it possible to ensure targeted spending of funds, reduce taxes, and improve the system of discounts in service enterprises.
Thus, social tourism is understood as a sector of the tourism market, where buyers receive subsidies from funds allocated by the state for social needs, or other sources of coverage, in order to create conditions for travel and recreation for schoolchildren, working and studying youth from low-income families, pensioners, veterans and the disabled, i.e. persons who are provided with social support by state and other organizations. It is interesting to note that in highly developed countries, such as the USA and Germany, there is no social tourism as a type of subsidized tourism. Thus, the central problem of social tourism, the most complex and intractable, is to find sources of its financing, and if there are any, in the system of conscientious distribution of financial resources among the poor categories of persons who, according to certain criteria, have a preferential right to benefits in it.
1.2 Development of social tourism at the regional level
In the modern world, the tourism industry is one of the most profitable and dynamically developing sectors of the world economy.
Emphasizing the importance of tourism as economic category, it is impossible to underestimate its social component, the growing role in the development of a person, the formation of the level and quality of his life.
According to foreign studies, Russia ranks 55th in the world in terms of real income, 101st in the world in terms of quality of life. Tourism on a commercial, market basis is not available to the majority of the population. This trend is spreading at the regional level as well.
In socio-economic terms, the Trans-Baikal Territory is one of the disadvantaged territorial units of the Russian Federation. According to a study conducted in 2007 by the travel company Vokrug Sveta, the number of tourists entering the Trans-Baikal Territory is increasing (mainly residents of regions with a high standard of living, foreign tourists), and the number of residents of the Trans-Baikal Territory using tourism services is decreasing. According to researchers, this trend is associated with the low standard of living of the population of the region, the increase in prices for tourist services and the decrease in incomes of the majority of the population.
Particularly disadvantaged in this situation are socially vulnerable categories of residents of the region: pensioners, youth, families with children, etc. To significantly change the current situation, it is necessary to develop social tourism, both in Russia as a whole and at the regional level.
At this stage of development of scientific knowledge, the concept of "social tourism" does not have an unambiguous interpretation in scientific and specialized literature, as well as in legal documents. Two approaches to the interpretation of this concept are most widely used - broad and narrow.
The following documents were used as the basis for the definition of social tourism: declarations of the World Tourism Organization adopted at international conferences in Brussels (1963), Manila (1980), Acapulco (1982), Sofia (1985), The Hague (1989), Montreal (1996), St. Petersburg (1997).
Social tourism in a broad sense reflects the mass nature of the consumption of tourist services. Its essence is to make tourism accessible to as many people as possible.
According to a narrow approach, social tourism is an activity carried out by state and non-state organizations in the interests of socially vulnerable segments of the population, in order to realize their rights to rest, to some extent subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs and / or other sources of financing.
The revival and development of social tourism at the regional level allows solving both social and economic problems region. Today, travel companies are mainly focused on highly profitable foreign tourism, a significant part of the capital remains outside the country, the focus on the development of domestic tourism, according to a number of researchers, will significantly increase revenues to the region's budget.
It is worth emphasizing the positive impact of social tourism on the state of the social sphere. Social tourism helps to reduce unemployment, improve the demographic situation, combat homelessness, develop the education system, solve the problem of employment in the region, etc. At the same time, over the past decade, social tourism in Russia has practically ceased to exist. The basic constitutional provision that the Russian Federation is a social state cannot be implemented if we consider the rights of citizens related to the field of tourism. If in 1989 about 89% of the volume of tourist services provided was subsidized by social insurance bodies, trade unions, enterprises and organizations, at present such social support is provided by the social insurance fund only to certain categories of the population using vouchers to sanatorium organizations and health-improving institutions, located on the territory of the Russian Federation.
Today, the development of social tourism in Russia and its regions is constrained by the almost complete lack of legal support for this area. There is an obvious need for reorganization and improvement of the social tourism management system, both at the federal and regional levels. There is practically no theoretical development of forms of providing social tourism in the new economic conditions. The theory and forms of social tourism developed within the framework of the Soviet system are outdated and not suitable for application in the current socio-economic situation. They require radical revision and comprehension in order to develop methods that adequately correspond to the new model of the social and state system.
In this regard, today the theoretical and practical research of social tourism, both in Russia as a whole and at the regional level, is especially relevant.
CHAPTER II. THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL TOURISM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE
2.1 Legal framework for social tourism in Russia
According to the World Tourism Conference, convened by the World Tourism Organization in Acapulco (Mexico) in 1982, proclaims "the right to rest, leisure, holidays with pay and to establish legislative provisions to facilitate access to holidays by all segments of the population." This paper also highlights the need for States to recognize, not as a luxury, but as a normal need, the right of all their citizens to take holidays. To this end, appropriate administrative, legislative and financial measures must be taken to ensure that more and more sections of the population have access to travel. The document says about the need to reorient tourism investments to create more preferential pricing structures, to involve people with medium and low incomes in tourism.
Describing the importance of tourism as a branch of the market economy, it is necessary to note its social significance, the growing role in the spiritual and physical development of the individual, the formation of the level and quality of life. Tourism in many countries has become a necessary social need of people, part of their way of life.
In the Russian Federation, the modern independent development of the industry without state support has led to the survival of predominantly commercial forms and types of tourism.
Not only the target function of tourism is not being realized - the reproduction of the biosocial potential of a person, but also the economic functions of tourism on a national and regional scale, which has led to a decrease in the availability of tourism services for the majority of the population. Most of the tourist organizations in the process of privatization have become purely commercial enterprises, for which the main purpose of their activities is to make a profit. As a result, the role of tourism and the volume of its services have fallen significantly over the years of reform. Russia accounts for less than 1% of world tourism production. The material base of tourism is deteriorating, over 80% of it needs major repairs and modernization. Social tourism, as a factor in the development of society, is not given due attention, which carries a lot of negative social aspects. People's need for rest is the least satisfied among the main range of social needs. About 80% of the population are potential clients of social forms of tourism, but in practice they realize their vacation only in some amateur way, without even thinking about the services of travel companies.
An objective analysis allows us to conclude that the spontaneous development of tourism in Russia over several “transitional years” not only does not bring benefits to anyone except entrepreneurs, but also harms society, since the currency goes abroad, the domestic tourism product is not formed and is being destroyed, new jobs are created only at enterprises serving outgoing Russian travelers.
General dissatisfaction in the rest entails other problems. These are the issues of preserving and preventing the health of the population, the rational use of free time, meeting educational and cultural needs, the problems of reducing vital activity and interpersonal contacts, and many others.
The development of the social tourism system can be considered one of the priority areas of the state's social policy. One of the initial stages of policy development and implementation is the creation of adequate legislation. Analysis of regulatory legal framework, regulating the industry of social tourism, allows us to conclude that it is imperfect. The main disadvantage is that the legal acts do not contain specific approaches to the development of complex mechanisms for creating a system of social tourism in the Russian Federation.
The main legal document is the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In the field of state social policy, this document establishes the following areas of state activity: in the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support is provided for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, the disabled and the elderly, a system of social services is being developed, state pensions, allowances and other guarantees of social protection are established.
Every citizen has the right to rest [Article 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation]. In addition, the Russian Federation encourages the creation of additional forms of social security and charity [Article 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation].
The federal regulations governing relations in the field of social tourism include:
Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ "On the basics of tourism activities in the Russian Federation" .
This law defines social tourism, and also proclaims the support of social tourism as a priority direction of state regulation of tourism activities.
Federal Law No. 2-FZ of January 9, 1996 “On Protection of Consumer Rights”, which regulates relations between consumers and manufacturers, performers, sellers in the sale of goods (performance of work, provision of services), incl. and tourist product, establishes the rights of consumers to purchase goods (works, services) of adequate quality and safe for life, health, property of consumers and the environment, obtaining information about goods (works, services) and their manufacturers (performers, sellers), education , state and public protection of their interests, and also determines the mechanism for the implementation of these rights.
Federal Law No. 94-FZ of July 21, 2005 “On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs”. This law regulates relations related to placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state or municipal needs, establishes a unified procedure for placing orders, incl. in the field of social tourism.
Federal Law No. 135-FZ of August 11, 1995 “On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations”, which establishes the basis for the legal regulation of charitable activities, determines the possible forms of its support by state authorities and local governments.
Federal Law No. 178-FZ of July 17, 1999 “On State Social Assistance”, which establishes the legal and organizational framework for the provision of state social assistance to low-income families or low-income citizens living alone. The law introduces the concept of a “set of social services”, defined as a list of social services provided to certain categories of citizens, one of which is the provision of vouchers for sanatorium treatment to the above-mentioned categories of citizens if there are medical indications.
Federal Law of July 24, 1998 No. 125 “On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation”. This Federal Law defines the state policy in the field of social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation, the purpose of which is to provide disabled people with equal opportunities with other citizens in exercising civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The Law states that the Government of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, create conditions for people with disabilities for free access to social infrastructure facilities, incl. rest places.
The Law guarantees state support (including the provision of tax and other benefits) to enterprises and organizations providing health resort treatment.
Disabled people and children with disabilities, according to the Law, have the right to sanatorium treatment in accordance with an individual program for the rehabilitation of a disabled person on preferential terms. Disabled people of group I and disabled children in need of sanatorium treatment are entitled to receive a second voucher for the person accompanying them under the same conditions.
Non-working disabled people, including those in stationary social service institutions, are given sanatorium-resort vouchers free of charge by the social protection authorities.
Working invalids are provided with sanatorium and resort vouchers at the place of work on preferential terms at the expense of social insurance funds.
Disabled people are provided with a 50% discount from the cost of travel on intercity lines of air, rail, river and road transport from October 1 to May 15 and once (round trip) at other times of the year. Disabled people of groups I and II and children with disabilities are granted the right to travel free of charge once a year to the place of treatment and back, unless more favorable conditions are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Federal Law of July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1 "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens." This law proclaims that citizens of the Russian Federation have an inalienable right to health care. This right is ensured by the protection of the natural environment, the creation of favorable conditions for work, life, recreation, and guarantees that the state provides citizens with health protection regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, social origin, official position, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, belonging to public associations, as well as other circumstances.
In addition, legal documents regulating relations in the field of social tourism include legal acts that establish the structure of the executive authorities of the Russian Federation, such as:
Federal Constitutional Law of December 17, 1997 No. 2-FKZ "On the Government of the Russian Federation";
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 9, 2004 No. 314 “On the system and structure of federal executive bodies”;
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 18, 2004 No. 1453 “On the Federal Agency for Tourism and the Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sports” (as amended on September 24, 2007);
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2004 No. 901 "Regulations on the Federal Agency for Tourism";
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 30.06.2004 No. 321 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation”;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 6, 2004 No. 153 “Issues of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation”;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 6, 2004 No. 158 “Issues of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation”;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 6, 2004 No. 165 “Issues of the Federal Agency for Health and Social Development”;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 No. 325 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Federal Agency for Health and Social Development”;
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15.06.2004 No. 280 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation”.
If we talk about regional legislation, then today none of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has adopted a law “On social tourism”. As a rule, the regulatory framework is limited to various targeted programs.
The exception is St. Petersburg, where the Law of July 9, 2003 No. 409-52 “On St. Petersburg's support for the development of tourism in St. Petersburg” is in force, in which support for social tourism is proclaimed one of the priority areas of the city authorities' policy.
The Law states that financial support for social tourism at the expense of the budget of St. Petersburg is provided in the form of subsidies from the budget of St. Petersburg for partial payment for travel of the following categories of residents of St. care of parents, children from large and single-parent families; disabled and pensioners; - persons exposed to radiation as a result of the catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and other radiation accidents and disasters; students of educational institutions of St. Petersburg.
Moscow is implementing the "Program for the development of tourism in Moscow for the period up to 2010", approved by the Decree of the Government of Moscow dated August 8, 2000 No. 602, in which the development of social tourism is named one of the priority tasks. However, no specific activities have been developed in the program.
In addition, tourism, incl. and social, being a sphere of the economy, fully perceives the regulatory impact of the norms of various branches of law: administrative, environmental, insurance, customs, consumer protection and others that belong to an indefinite range of legal and individuals. In this series, special importance is given to civil law.
Tourist activity, the provision of tourist services is an entrepreneurial activity, which is regulated by civil law.
According to Article 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, entrepreneurial activity is an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law. Obligatory legal relations between a company and a tourist arise on the basis of an agreement as a legal fact aimed at establishing civil rights and obligations of the parties.
Article 128 of the Civil Code considers services as one of the objects of civil rights, and articles 779-783, combined into Chapter 39 of the Civil Code, are devoted to the contract for the provision of services for compensation. Under a contract for the provision of services for a fee, the contractor undertakes, on the instructions of the customer, to provide services (perform certain actions or carry out certain activities), and the customer undertakes to pay for these services (Article 779 of the Civil Code).
Further in this article it is said that the rules of chapter 39 of the Civil Code "apply to contracts for the provision of communication services, medical, veterinary, auditing, consulting, information services, training services, tourist services and others ...".
In conclusion, it should be emphasized that all legal acts relating to social tourism in the Russian Federation are general, i.e. they simply contain separate norms regulating relations in the area under study. The special law "On social tourism", developed since the mid-1990s by various state and public institutions, has not yet been adopted. This fact undoubtedly hinders the development of social tourism, since most of the issues that arise in this area have not yet been resolved.
social tourism municipal regional
2.2 Regulation of social tourism at the regional and municipal levels
The federal law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation" defines social tourism as "travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs", while certain categories of Russian tourists the state provides social benefits in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Managing this tourism industry is a very difficult task, as it is a non-profit activity. Despite the fact that this is a very important area, not every tour operator will take the risk of providing an orphanage. For example, free tours. This is the minimum that can be provided.
As for the regulation of social tourism at the regional and municipal levels, here we will talk about how this regulation is expressed and what results it leads to.
For example, consider the Rostov region as a whole and a single project in the Astrakhan region.
The Rostov region has become the first subject of the Southern Federal District in which the organization of social tours is carried out at the expense of budgetary funds as part of the implementation of the regional target program for the development of tourism. In 2009, 800 thousand rubles were allocated for these purposes from the regional budget.
Excursions for the disabled, veterans, orphans, children from low-income families and other socially vulnerable categories of citizens are carried out by travel agencies under the state order of the Ministry of Economy of the Rostov Region. The joint activity of the executive authorities of the Rostov region and representatives of the tourist industry is not just to help socially unprotected categories of citizens, but to provide them with equal opportunities with other citizens, provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and generally recognized norms of international law.
When developing programs, not only the wishes of the tourists are taken into account, but also various aspects of their life that affect the specifics of the preparation and conduct of social tours. Thus, the excursion programs offered by the Reina-Air travel agency are developed using technologies for the socio-cultural rehabilitation of people with disabilities, taking into account the characteristics of citizens with hearing, vision, general diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders. At the same time, these programs are universal. This is expressed in the fact that they are also suitable for other socially unprotected categories of citizens - pensioners and veterans, and are not only educational, but also health-improving.
In order to achieve the most efficient in the application of technologies for the socio-cultural rehabilitation of disabled people, the tourism development department of the Ministry of Economy of the region in 2009 organized social tours in the summer. The proposed measures allow people with disabilities to combine educational routes with a recreational holiday on the coast of the Don and the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.
The issue of the development of social tourism and the introduction of socio-cultural rehabilitation of disabled people into the activities of the tourism industry subjects was considered in 2008 at a regular meeting of the Interdepartmental Coordinating Council for Tourism (ICST) on November 7, 2008, at the initiative of a member of the ICST, First Vice-President of the Russian Association of Social Tourism Yu. FROM. Ponomarev. In accordance with the decision of the ICLS, the subjects of the tourism industry that carry out work on the organization and conduct of social tours are provided with comprehensive information support. In addition, in 2009 it is planned to develop a methodological manual for organizing tours aimed at the social and cultural rehabilitation of disabled people.
Let's consider the results of organizing and conducting tours for socially unprotected citizens in the Rostov region in 2008.
As part of the implementation of the regional target program for the development of tourism in the Rostov region for 2008 - 2010, excursions were organized and conducted for socially unprotected citizens. The executors of the state order of the Ministry of Economy, Trade, International and Foreign Economic Relations of the Rostov Region were Reina-Air Travel Commercial Agency LLC and Elena-Tour LLC.
In total, 26 excursions were carried out along 12 tourist routes with visits to 7 cultural and historical centers of the Rostov region. The sightseers got acquainted with the sights of the cities of Azov, Aksai, Novocherkassk, Rostov-on-Don, Semikarakorsk, Mines and the village of Starocherkasskaya. 800 people, including 133 disabled children, took part in excursions for orphans and children from low-income families living in mining areas (Shakhty, Zverevo, Gukovo, Novoshakhtinsk, Krasny Sulin, Kamenolomni).
173 people from the adult population took part in the excursion programs organized for other socially unprotected citizens, of which:
Visually impaired - 34 people;
Hearing impaired - 34 people;
Retirees and veterans - 13.
The total number of sightseers of social tours organized in 2008 at the expense of the regional budget in the Rostov region amounted to 973 people.
The tours were organized with the assistance of public organizations, taking into account the wishes of the veterans and the disabled themselves. On each route, next to the excursionists, there were persons accompanying them, who coordinated actions, helped and monitored their well-being. Tourists were provided with: insurance, meals, additional services according to the programs of tours and excursions.
1) Rostov-on-Don. During a sightseeing tour of the city of Rostov-on-Don, the sightseers took a walk along the old Pushkinskaya street and visited the Museum of Fine Arts, where they got acquainted with the unique collections of paintings.
2) Azov. The excursion participants visited objects of military glory and the main repository of the city's history - the Azov Historical, Archaeological and Paleontological Museum-Reserve, the main exposition of which is located in the building of the former City Council (1892).
Here they were presented with unique collections and exhibits, including the only ones in the country - the skeleton of an elephant trogontherium (600 thousand years) and a proboscis animal dinoterium (5.5 million years).
3) Semikarakorsk. The tour participants visited the Aksinya folk art craft enterprise, where they not only got acquainted with the production of faience products, but also tried their hand at faience painting. Also, the temple of the Holy Trinity with a unique iconostasis was presented to the attention of the tourists.
4) Aksai district. The route to the village of Starocherkasskaya was fascinating. Having visited the Starocherkassky Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve, the participants of the excursion got acquainted with the history and culture of the Don Cossacks, learned about their way of life and traditions. The program was supplemented by a sightseeing tour of the city of Aksai, where the participants stopped on their way back.
5) Novocherkassk. The program of the excursion tour to the city of Novocherkassk included a visit to the museum of the Don Cossacks and the Military Ascension Cathedral - the third largest church in Russia. The sightseers got acquainted with the architectural and sculptural structures of the world Cossack capital and laid flowers at the monument to Ataman M.I. Platov.
School teachers, employees of city and district departments of school education, teachers of orphanages and boarding schools took an active part in organizing excursion tours for children. All of them supported the initiative of the Tourism Development Department of the Ministry of Economy of the Rostov Region in the implementation of the project as part of the development of social tourism on the Don.
1) Azov. In the city of Azov, 3 excursions were made, during which the children got acquainted with the heroic past of the city by visiting the Azov Historical, Archaeological and Paleontological Museum-Reserve, including the powder cellar of the bastion of St. Anna of the 18th century. and the Fortress.
2) Starocherkassk. The excursionists got acquainted with the expositions of the Starocherkassk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. Rest in the Cossack village was remembered by children with stories about the Don Cossacks - S.T. Razine, K. Bulavine, M.I. Platov, D.E. Efremov and others, about the Military Resurrection Cathedral (1719), the Ataman Compound (XVII century), about the trophies of the Azov siege seat (1637-1641) and other objects of the architectural complex of the village of Starocherkasskaya.
3) Novocherkassk. Sightseeing tours of the city included visiting the monuments on the Cathedral Square (Ermak Square), visiting the Museum of the History of the Don Cossacks, the Military Cathedral of the Ascension Cathedral and its lower part - the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary with the tomb of the heroes of the Don and Russia (M.I. Platova, V. V. Orlova-Denisova, I.E. Efremova, Ya.P. Baklanova).
The children were especially interested in the firefighting museum and the ASTRON All-Russian Space Simulator Center, where the children were given the opportunity to take a virtual tour of the MSK manned orbital station, getting acquainted with the multifunctionality of the space research complex.
4) Rostov-on-Don. The central place of the visit was the regional museum of local lore, where they got acquainted with the unique archaeological collection "Scythian Gold" (Fig. 6), after which the children took part in a lesson in ancient crafts.
During excursions to Rostov, the children visited the musical theater to watch the ballet in two acts "Don Quixote", the private museum "Puppet Gallery" and the soft toy factory. During the visit to the latter, a sightseeing tour of the workshops took place with a visit to the warehouse of finished products, where each child received a soft toy as a gift.
5) Mines. The final route of the project was a trip to the city of Shakhty, where the participants of the excursion got acquainted with many historical and cultural objects, the list of which includes: the city museum of local lore and the coal industry museum of the Eastern Donbass, the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, a memorial complex dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.
The participants of the tourist routes were satisfied with the excursions and expressed their deep gratitude to the organizers of social tours and the Ministry of Economy of the Rostov Region, which was reflected in the letters of thanks.
The project "Social tourism" was launched in the Trusovsky district of the Astrakhan region. The project "Social tourism" developed by specialists of the Department of the Ministry of Social Development and Labor of the Astrakhan Region in the Trusovsky District is aimed at a certain category - children in difficult life situations, this information was provided by the press service of the Ministry of Social Development and Labor of the Astrakhan Region.
Since the beginning of the year, specialists of the Department, together with employees of the regional complex center for social services for the population "Family", have identified 45 families with 171 children. These families are under the patronage of social services.
The project provides for city tours, swimming in the city bath and lunch. A group of 15 children travel to the event once a week. It is planned that by the end of the summer holidays the project will cover 140 children from socially dangerous families.
In conclusion, it should be said that ensuring the availability of tourist recreation for everyone, including large families, young people and the elderly, requires the development and implementation of a number of specific measures, which include the definition of the social tourism policy of the state, the adoption of its own laws and regulations, the creation of social infrastructure , providing systems and mechanisms to support low-income strata of the population, training workers in the social tourism system, including its organizers, information work and much more.
And if we take into account that all this requires large investments from the state at all levels, then these projects can cover small groups from the total number.
It makes no sense to say that it is possible to borrow the system and reproduce it in the conditions of Russian reality, since at the moment there are no sufficient funds that could be allocated for the implementation of these goals.
Those results that are reflected on the websites of the administrations of various regions of Russia can be called positive. But no more. Since it is impossible to consider social tourism separately from the system of social protection of citizens in need of support, whether they are children or adults, the costs of it are also included in overall budget. The activities of third-party, commercial organizations, of course, need to be publicized, perhaps this will become an incentive for others.
CONCLUSION
Social tourism in the narrow sense is a kind of tourism. As such, it has its own characteristics, characteristic features.
1. Social tourism as a type of tourism has its own target orientation, arising from the "obligation of society to provide its citizens with real, effective and non-discriminatory opportunities for access to tourism." This is tourism, accessible to every citizen, taking into account his age, health, social status, carried out primarily in the interests of less well-to-do people.
2. Its main participants are certain categories of the population, primarily pupils, students, pensioners, the disabled, war and labor veterans, low-income families. At the same time, social tourism can also be a compensation for hard work, stimulation of effective work; may include the relevant categories of employees of enterprises, organizations, institutions.
3. Social tourism differs in funding sources. They are state and municipal funds for social needs, the corresponding funds of private, corporate, state, mixed enterprises and organizations, charitable foundations.
4. This is predominantly organized, collective tourism. It has its own priority types, and is primarily of a cultural, educational, restorative, and health-improving nature.
5. Forms and tools that mediate the consumption of a tourist product in this area have significant features. It comes to citizens in the form of free and discounted vouchers to rest homes, sanatoriums, camp sites, free and discounted travel, transport tariffs, tax and customs benefits.
There is a certain originality in geography, seasons. Many Western countries highly appreciate the prospects for the development of social tourism and are actively working in this direction.
Russia needs social tourism as a social phenomenon, as a form of rehabilitation and integration of disabled people into society. This is an excellent method of medical, social and psychological rehabilitation of disabled people with physical disabilities and, especially, for people moving in wheelchairs.
To organize social tourism, money is needed and not small:
1. Purchasing specialized vehicles with wheelchair lifts
2. Accompanying the disabled
3. Organization and service of disabled people on the way and at the place of travel
4. Medical control over the state of health of disabled people
5. Additional equipment for excursion routes and places of residence
As can be seen from the above, the implementation of this project requires the support of the state and private charitable investments.
Thus, the purpose of this course work - consideration of the system of social tourism in the Russian Federation, its historical aspects and the current stage of development - has been achieved. The tasks set in the work are fulfilled, the hypothesis is proved. Course work can be considered completed.
LITERATURE
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M.: Legal literature, 1993.
2. Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ "On the basics of tourism activities in the Russian Federation" // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of December 2, 1996 - No. 49. - Art. 5491.
3. Federal Law of August 11, 1995 No. 135-FZ "On charitable activities and charitable organizations" // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of August 14, 1995 No. 33, art. 3334.
4. Federal Law of November 30, 1994 No. 52-FZ "Civil Code of the Russian Federation" (as amended on December 1, 2006). - M.: Gnom-press, 2006.
5. Federal Law of January 9, 1996 No. 2-FZ “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 1996. -16 Jan.
6. Federal Law of July 21, 2005 No. 94-FZ “On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 2005. - July 28.
7. Federal Law of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ “On State Social Assistance” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 1999. - No. 43. - 21 July.
8. Federal Law of July 24, 1998 No. 125 "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation". // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation dated 27 1995. - No. 48. - Art. 4563.
9. Federal Law of July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1 "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens" // Vedomosti RF. -1993. - No. 33. - Art. 1318.
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19. Sergienko, L.V. Organizational and economic mechanism of functioning of social tourism / L.V. Sergienko. - M., 2000. - 95 p.
"Social tourism"
Introduction …………………………………………………………………..……... 3
1. Theoretical basis social tourism ………………………………. five
1.1. The concept and development of social tourism ………………………………... 5
1.2. Features of the development of social tourism in the Russian Federation ………………………. 8
2. Analysis of the development of social tourism ………………………………………… 15
3. Prospects for the development of social tourism in the Russian Federation ……………………….… 26
3.1. Federal program of social tourism …………………………… 28
3.2. Proposals for the organization of social tourism ……………………... 30
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. 37
List of used literature …………………………………………… 40
Introduction
Tourism is considered as one of the profitable and intensively developing sectors of the world economy. This is evidenced by the fact that tourism accounts for about 10% of the world's gross national income.
Currently, international tourism accounts for 8% of total world exports and 30-35% of world trade in services. General expenses for internal and international tourism account for 12% of the world's gross national product1.
Tourism development plays an important role in solving social problems. In many countries, tourism creates new jobs, maintains the standard of living of the population, and creates prerequisites for improving the country's balance of payments. The need to develop the tourism sector contributes to raising the level of education, improving the system of medical care for the population, introducing new means of disseminating information, etc.
Tourism has an impact on the preservation and development of cultural potential, contributes to the harmonization of relations between countries and peoples, forces the authorities, public organizations and commercial structures to actively participate in the conservation and improvement of the environment.
Travel, excursions, and other types of tourism activities are a wide sphere for the implementation of the constitutional rights of Russian citizens: to rest and freedom of movement, to restore and improve health, to use cultural institutions and access to cultural and natural heritage, to knowledge and free access to information, to social protection. The Constitution of the Russian Federation states that Russia is welfare state(Art. 7)2.
Tourism is a complex, multilateral socio-economic system that has a number of components that are in organic unity3. Tourism - economic category, form entrepreneurial activity, business, branch of market economy. However, tourism has a different, social component, it is a social category. These aspects - components of tourism, are organically interconnected, presuppose each other, and cannot be opposed to each other.
Tourism as a category of business is primarily associated with the offer of tourist services, their production and sale. But the supply of goods and services does not exist on its own, in isolation from the demand for them, which is inextricably linked with the needs, incomes of the population, their structure, the duration of vacations, and social benefits from the state. This is another, social component of tourism.
The supply of tourist services cannot exist without demand, therefore, tourism as an economic category cannot exist without tourism as a social category, cannot have any priorities. Regulations on tourism - primarily as an economic category - appeared in Russia not by chance. It establishes as a rule the situation that developed in the Russian economy, including tourism, in the 1990s. The domestic economy in these years lost its social orientation, the transition to the market did not have a social orientation. In the economy as a whole, including tourism, purely commercial, market principles began to prevail.
The purpose of this work is to describe the problem of social tourism in the Russian Federation in the context of its development as a public, self-developing and self-governing legally stimulated tourism business with clearly defined social guidelines.
1. Theoretical foundations of social tourism
1.1. The concept and development of social tourism
At the end of the twentieth century, in the process of transition to a post-industrial society, in the leading countries of the world, there has been a transition to a new stage in the development of tourism. During this period, in particular, there was a transition from the “society of working time” to the “society of free time”, from the “market of producers of tourist services” to the “market of consumers of tourist services”4. Therefore, in the leading countries of the world, there has clearly been an increase in the social side, the social component of tourism.
Recently, certain initiatives in the field of social tourism have been implemented in the world. The purpose of the development of this sphere is to provide the greatest number of people with the opportunity to spend their holidays within their own country or abroad and restore their health and ability to work at minimal cost. Recently, this type of tourism has become available to people of various socio-professional categories. Its services are used by both elderly and young people with various health problems. Social tourism is characterized by:
active connection of various kinds social organizations(pension funds, labor councils, trade unions, etc.);
variety of financial support (loans with low interest rates, subsidies, tax incentives and etc.);
using advances in social sphere that improve living standards and health care standards.
Modern man has become susceptible to new diseases caused by industrial development (metabolic diseases, disorders of the cardiovestibular apparatus, various mental disorders). Traveling to places different from the usual habitat, vacations in resorts by the sea, in the mountains or in countryside have a very strong physical effect and can cure or prevent various ailments. Group trips can provide social therapy to socially isolated people.
The Committee of Affiliated Members of the World Tourism Organization (hereinafter - the WTO), in order to adapt health and social tourism to the new needs of an industrial society, created a working group called "Health Tourism", which is designed to determine the programs of this type of tourism around the world.
In the development of social tourism, an important place, in addition to the WTO, is occupied by the International Bureau of Social Tourism (IBST), established in Brussels in 1963. It unites national tourism organizations involved in social tourism, mainly from industrialized countries. The charter of this organization, adopted at the General Assembly in Vienna in 1972, proclaimed the fundamental principles of social tourism. These principles were later reflected in the Manila Declaration of the WTO (1980) and the Acapulco Charter of the WTO (1982).
Theorists and practitioners of social tourism in Europe and America seek to take into account the development trends of the modern economy, tourism, due to the transition to the so-called post-industrial, information society (or a society with a new economy). In this society, the role of humanization, sociologization of the economy and public life as a whole is growing significantly.
In Russia, the problems of organizing and regulating social tourism, ways to improve it are also the subject of research and discussion (V.A. Kvartalnov, I.O. Serdobolskaya, I.D. Chernikova, etc.).
Activities for the organization of social tourism in the Russian Federation are regulated by the provisions of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ “On the basics of tourism activities in the Russian Federation”5.
According to the provisions of the Law, social tourism is travel, other tourist trips for the purpose of recreation, recreation, familiarization with the natural and cultural and historical heritage, sold to citizens of the Russian Federation at the price of a social tour or carried out independently and subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs..6
The main types of social tourism include:
Children and youth tourism (covers tourism and local history activities among children and adolescents);
Amateur (sports and health) tourism - travel carried out by tourists at their own expense, as well as with the support of the state and the public, using active modes of movement of varying complexity;
Medical tourism - tourist travel of citizens in dire need of recreation and treatment;
Ecological and cultural tourism - tourist visits to natural, historical and cultural monuments, protected natural areas, tourist areas, natural and cultural heritage sites;
Family travel, tourism for youth and veterans;
Tourism for the disabled, persons with limited legal capacity;
Tourist trips of foreign compatriots.
Support for social tourism is one of the priority areas of state regulation of tourism activities.
Article 8 of Federal Law No. 132 indicates that the state provides social benefits to certain categories of Russian tourists in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation7.
There are a number of definitions that reveal the specifics of the provision of tourist services to the target audience (target market) of social tourism:
A social tour is a minimum required set of tourist services that does not exceed the basic standard of accessibility for citizens of the Russian Federation.
The basic standard for the accessibility of a social tour is a set of calculated indicators of the minimum required set of tourist services; is established by the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the provisions of this Federal Law.
A participant in social tourism is a tourist who is a consumer of a social tour; organization of social tourism, public association, social movement as a set of public associations of participants in social tourism, an educational institution for the training of specialists for the field of social tourism, a research institution on the problems of social tourism.
A social tourism organization is a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur that forms, promotes and sells social tours on the basis of a license, provided that their implementation in the aggregate is at least 70% of all tourist services and the profitability rate when forming the price of a social tour does not exceed 10%.
1.2. Features of the development of social tourism in the Russian Federation
Objective and subjective economic and political circumstances in the past few years have caused a reduction in the influx of tourists to Russia. To this should be added the instability of the development of domestic tourism. In particular, there is a demand for sanatorium-resort and tourist-excursion services in the Russian Federation, and the supply of these services has sharply decreased in recent years. It should also be noted that the modern network of tourist establishments (1.4 million places), together with sanatorium and resort establishments, boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, is largely in need of reconstruction. The price level prevailing in the domestic tourism market is so high that it practically does not differ from the foreign offer. This largely determines the choice of consumers not in favor of domestic supply.
Targeted social tourism, carried out in the interests of people with low incomes, is practically disappearing. It involves providing state aid and flourishes in many foreign countries. In particular, the clients of social tourism include, for example, schoolchildren, young people, pensioners, the disabled. According to domestic experts, over 80% of the country's population are potential consumers of social tourism in the Russian Federation.
The organization of tourism in a planned economy had its undeniable advantages. This entire industry actually had a pronounced social orientation. Targeted tourism activities covered various social, age and professional groups of the population; more than 3/4 of them received vouchers at the expense of social insurance funds free of charge or at a reduced price - 30-50% of the cost of the voucher. However, in connection with this, the implementation of a significant part of the tourist product went beyond the limits of market relations. In the conditions of the residual principle of financing, difficulties arose with the restoration of the material and technical base, which led to a high degree of depreciation of fixed assets.
In 1991 in the USSR, 300 million tourists traveled around the country; in 1997 - 15 million. Thus, there was a 20-fold reduction. In 1991, 1.5 thousand travel and excursion agencies, 1.5 million trade union and Komsomol committees were engaged in the implementation of tourism programs within the country. Every year several dozens of new objects of social tourism were introduced8.
Among a number of specialists in the industry, there is a point of view that social tourism in Russia is its third-rate sector.
Rising prices for food, transport, various services, as well as the cessation of subsidies to tourism institutions and their insufficient funding, rather a complete cessation by various departments, have made tourism services inaccessible to most of the population. Domestic tourism has declined due to the lack or low development of tourism infrastructure, sharply increased prices, especially for transport, the discrepancy between the quality of tourist services compared to Western countries, poor organization, lack of security and stability. The number of travelers on domestic routes has dropped sharply. So, total number sanatoriums and recreation facilities decreased by 40%. A significant reduction in the structure of accommodation facilities affected tourist bases, total amount which decreased by 51%, respectively, the decrease in beds occurred on average by 2 times.9
The needs of the population in active tourism, therapeutic recreation, cultural and educational events and services are satisfied only by 5-6%, as a result, most of the enterprises serve tourists traveling abroad, and, accordingly, withdraw financial resources abroad.
As a result of all this, significant resources of social tourism turned out to be dead, the geography of tourist and recreational routes is narrowing, and the number of sightseeing objects is decreasing.
All this indicates that many recreation facilities during the period of market transformations could not adapt to the changes, as a result, many were closed and ceased to exist. The situation continues to deteriorate. This is also due to a significant decrease since 2003 in the rate tax payments to the social insurance fund, from 5.4% of the payroll to 3.6%. Also of concern is the impact on the relevant segment of social tourism, the replacement of benefits for many categories of the population from January 1, 2005 to monetary compensation.
According to the English magazine The Economist, Russia ranks 55th in the world in terms of real incomes, and 101st in terms of quality of life.1011 Tourism on a purely commercial, market basis is inaccessible to the majority of the population. The need of the population for normal rest, health promotion, treatment has become one of the least satisfied among the basic needs. In order to significantly change the current situation, the rise of social tourism is necessary.
The recommendations of the WTO, as well as the International Bureau of Social Tourism, indicate that it is in the national interest to maintain an optimal ratio of 4:1. That is, for one person who travels abroad, there should be four travelers on domestic tourist routes. Among other things, this helps to improve the conditions for low-cost inbound tourism, i.e. for additional inflow of currency. In Russia, Professor I. Zorin recalled, speaking at parliamentary hearings, the ratio is 1:15. There are 15 of our citizens serving on tourist trips abroad for one departing along the Russian route. Compared to the optimal indicator - a negative discrepancy of 60 times.
The problems of development of domestic tourism began to be brought up for discussion at economic forums. These are the St. Petersburg Economic Forum, the Baikal Economic Forum. In June 2004, within the framework of the eighth St. Petersburg Economic Forum, a round table "Tourism: economy, culture, ecology" was held. The meeting participants discussed the state and problems of tourism in modern Russia and developed proposals aimed at its development. According to Vladimir Katenev, President of the St. Petersburg Chamber of Commerce and Industry, tourism in Russia is currently not a "serious component of business", moreover, "it does not work well." According to Viktor Pahomkov, First Deputy Chairman of the International Relations and Tourism Committee of the St. Petersburg Administration, there are not even statistics in the field of tourism in Russia today. Talking about the problems of tourism, most of the participants of the meeting agreed that in Russia, first of all, it is necessary to develop domestic tourism, because. today only 1.5 million Russians can afford to travel abroad. The development of domestic tourism, participants believe round table, it is necessary to start with the development of children's tourism, as "less costly, requiring less comfort." The participants of the round table called for the development of a draft federal target program for the development of tourism for 2006-2010, in which special attention should be paid to solving the problems of social and ecological tourism.
The state, pace and development trends of the tourism industry do not fully correspond to the formation of a welfare state.
The state policy in the field of tourism involves, first of all, the creation of a legal framework that allows tourism to function normally as an equal industry in the market.
Since the beginning of the 90s, as market relations were formed in the Russian economy, the state made a number of attempts to regulate the tourism industry, which resulted in the creation and adoption of a number of federal laws and other legal acts, which specified the issues of domestic tourism (mainly sports, ecological, as well as tourist events in the system of health-improving recreation)12.
The most important event in the field of tourism was the adoption in 1996 of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation". This law was of great importance, as it was intended to eliminate "white spots" in the legal tourism space. This law for the first time determined the principles of state policy aimed at establishing legal framework a single tourist market in the Russian Federation, which regulates relations arising from the exercise of the right of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons to rest, freedom of movement and other rights when traveling, and also determines the procedure for the rational use of tourist resources of the Russian Federation. In the norm of the law, it was stated that tourism is a sector of the economy, which is given one of the leading values; the goals and principles of state regulation of tourism activities are formulated13.
A year later, everyday practice showed that this law cannot work effectively due to its imperfection. For example, according to the full member of the Academy of Tourism M. I. Marinin, “... in the Russian law there are neither goals nor objectives for the development of tourism, but there are many declarative and formal articles. In fact, these are nothing more than populist slogans about imaginary state support for abstract tourism activities as “one of the main sectors of the Russian economy”14. By the way, this was not denied by the government officials themselves, who were involved in the adoption of the law. So, for example, A. Sokolov, who headed the State Duma Committee on Tourism and Sports, said: “Yes, this is still a declaration, but it was worth fighting for this declaration. Now we have the next stage - to bring to the consciousness of everyone on whom the functioning of the industry depends (including, unfortunately, high government officials, that tourism is a serious and prestigious area that can provide large and quick revenues to the budget) ” 15.
In essence, the types of tourism declared by the federal law, especially social tourism, have not received any development of legal norms and real support (neither organizational nor financial). On the contrary, the introduction of the new Tax Code in 2001 gave tangible priorities to outbound tourism, since services provided abroad are not subject to VAT.
The system of state standards proposed in the law was developed on the basis of tourism traditions of pre-perestroika times and does not meet the principles of modern tourism, the terminological and subject base of standards is outdated. Specialists of the tourism business also note other shortcomings of this law, which significantly hinder the development of this industry.
A significant drawback of the Law is that it does not protect the domestic tourism market well from foreign tourism companies that create their representative offices in our country, but taxes in Russian budget do not pay, create additional competition for Russian travel agencies, offering directly their tourist product at lower prices. This situation can be significantly aggravated if Russia joins the WTO (World Trade Organization), when some regulations of this organization will also apply to our country, as is customary in international practice.
This law needs serious revision and significant additions. Many experts believe that the Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities ..." cannot be fundamental, and a new Law "On the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation" should be developed and adopted, which will clearly formulate the goals and objectives of the development of tourism as a complex intersectoral social economic complex, in which all sectors of the country's economy and multimillion-dollar masses of Russian and foreign citizens participate16.
2. Analysis of the development of social tourism
According to preliminary data, more than 24 thousand tourist enterprises operate in Russia17.
After the well-known crisis of 1998, which seriously hit all sectors of the economy, including the tourism industry, in the Russian Federation there were 9.2 thousand resort and tourist accommodation facilities with a total number of rooms - 398.5 thousand and a capacity of 1,143 thousand places, of which about 40% were hotel accommodation facilities. At the same time, the average annual load factor was 36%.
In 2000, hotels in Russia served 16.6 million citizens of the country, sanatorium and resort institutions and recreation facilities - 8.5 million people.18 In total, in the Russian Federation in 2000 there were 9.1 thousand number of rooms - 472.1 thousand and a capacity of 1,100 thousand beds, of which about 40% were hotel accommodation facilities. At the same time, the average annual load factor was 42%.19
The main trends in demand in the domestic market consisted in maintaining priorities for traditional types of recreation - beach in the South of Russia, cruising in the Volga region, health and skiing. At the same time, it is noticeable how interest in cultural and educational tourism and varieties of specialized tourism, such as hunting, fishing, as well as event and ecological tourism, gradually returned.
At present, in our country, a significant part of the material base of tourism is in need of major repairs, modernization or functional reconstruction. At the same time, measures to develop tourism infrastructure cannot be limited only to the restoration of the hotel fund. With the annual allocation of federal funds for the formation of a basic package of investment projects in the field of tourism infrastructure development, the problem of developing the required number of investment projects can be solved within four years, which will require approximately 66.0 million rubles.20
The successful development of social tourism in Russia requires an influx of investments, both Russian and foreign, primarily for the development of infrastructure for the formation of a network of tourist-class hotels and, in particular, small hotels, as well as motels located on federal roads, providing comfortable living conditions at low prices.
Features of the development of tourism in Russia are largely due to the socio-cultural changes that have taken place in the country since 1990. Foreign citizens were given the opportunity to move freely within the territory of Russia, and Russian citizens to travel abroad. Small private tourist firms began to appear in large numbers in the largest cities and in the distant provinces. The general economic crisis of these years significantly affected the structure and dynamics of Russian tourism. As a result, the demand for travel and recreation within the country (social tourism), which previously dominated, has sharply decreased, and the demand for previously very few trips to foreign tourism centers has also sharply increased (see Fig. 2.4.).
The dynamics of the development of tourism enterprises shows that there is a reduction in the number of accommodation places (see Fig. 2.1.)21. Thus, the total number of sanatoriums and recreation facilities decreased by 40%. A significant reduction in the structure of accommodation facilities affected tourist bases, the total number of which decreased by 51%, the decrease in beds occurred by 11,000. All this indicates that many recreation facilities during the period of market transformations could not adapt to changes, as a result, many were closed and ceased to exist.
Rice. 2.1. Dynamics of the main indicators of hotels and similar accommodation facilities in the Russian Federation in 1999-2003 (room fund).
Rice. 2.2. Dynamics of the main indicators of hotels and similar accommodation facilities in the Russian Federation in 1999-2003 (one-time capacity).
Rice. 2.3. Dynamics of the main indicators of hotels and similar accommodation facilities in the Russian Federation in 1999-2003 (use of the number fund).
Rice. 2.4. Dynamics of the main indicators of inbound and outbound tourism in the Russian Federation in 1999-2004.
The modern development of tourism in Russia is characterized by the presence of contradictions in its organizational structure, in the direction of development, in the state of qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
The situation in the all-Russian tourism market is characterized by the following trends:
the demand for group trips is decreasing and individual tourism is being activated;
bus routes are in high demand;
the offer for family tourists in the amount of 5-6 people is growing;
the offer of specialized tours is growing;
The entertainment component in incentive tourism has recently been replaced by an educational one.
The following factors mainly influence the conjuncture of the domestic tourism market:
A large share of the transport component in the total cost of tours, which makes the offer in the domestic market uncompetitive compared to foreign trips;
Insufficient use of the system of discounts for transport and accommodation directs the attention of Russian tour operators to foreign markets;
A significant increase in the cost of supply in the domestic market, reaching an international level with a lower quality of service, which also stimulates a reorientation of demand for foreign travel;
Decreased overall mobility of the population; more than doubled the share of the population spending their holidays at the dacha, with relatives and friends; up to 60% of the population spends their holidays at home;
The destruction of the management system of the tourism industry, which led to its disintegration into separate links, the loss of coordination of the activities of objects, the elimination of regional routes;
Lack of qualified managers capable of working in the new economic conditions.
To date, there are several non-governmental organizations in Russia that are professionally involved in the development of social tourism:
VNTO. In order to expand the sphere of social tourism, in the Russian Federation in 1997 the All-Russian National Tourist Society (VNTO) was created.
VNTO was created to solve urgent professional tourism problems, including:
expansion of the sphere of social tourism, which is based on affordable recreation, free movement, rational leisure, cognitive activity of workers, poorly protected sections of the population;
the use of state and non-budgetary insurance funds for the organization of recreation and tourism for schoolchildren, workers, war and labor veterans, and low-income citizens;
formation of a unified methodology of folk tourism, implemented through programs of local history and education, practical projects on the development of the tourist space of Russia, the revival of tourist routes, the creation of new jobs;
promotion of the legislative base of national tourism - preparation and submission in the prescribed manner for consideration by the State Duma of projects, laws regulating tourism activities.
Within the framework of the VNTO, there is a system of professional associations (guild of guides, associations of museums, tourist clubs, guilds of local historians), which conclude collective agreements with the association of tour operators for the formation of a tourist product and the conditions for its distribution on the market, as well as contracts for subscription services with consumer associations (children's funds, youth clubs, veterans, student associations) in the mode of social partnership. VNTO provides discounts and guarantees to the participants of agreements and associations.
Funds from membership in the society are used for the revival of hotel, restaurant, sanatorium chains, interregional tourist routes, travel and expeditions, especially heroic-patriotic and cultural-historical orientation: heroic-patriotic expedition "Russia is my Motherland"; national routes: "Pushkin Meridian", "Siberian Cossack Way", "The Way from the Varangians to the Greeks", "Great Rivers of Russia", "National Tourist Trail"; national programs: "Golden heritage of Russia", "Slavic writing", "Russian monasteries".
On the basis of the Russian International Academy of Tourism (RMAT) and the All-Russian National Tourism Society, the Alma Mater Tour Animation Agency was created, which develops and implements a program of on-site training sessions that allows students of the Academy to visually study the tourism industry using the example of various enterprises operating in the field of tourism. In addition, this system of education is designed to improve the intellectual and cultural level of RMAT students, organize their leisure time, and broaden their horizons. From the point of view of the revival of Russian tourism, the system of on-site training sessions can increase the level of development of social tourism, which is currently receiving much attention.
Russian Association of Social Tourism. The Russian Association of Social Tourism (RAST) is the assignee of the Russian Republican Council for Tourism and Excursions. The Association was founded in 1990 by tourist and excursion associations and firms from almost all regions of the Russian Federation. The association works on the principle of non-commercial mass tourism, its activities are aimed at social protection of the population, and above all socially disadvantaged groups - pensioners, pupils, students, people with disabilities and others.
RAST implements its program to fully meet the needs of the population in good rest and health promotion, development of family and youth tourism in close cooperation with central and local legislative and executive authorities, the government, and regional trade unions.
Tourism Commission for people with disabilities. Since 2002, within the framework of social tourism in Russia, the direction of tourist services for people with disabilities (PLLW) has been actively developing. The Commission on Tourism for People with Disabilities was created within the framework of the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia (TSSR). The term "people with disabilities" means persons with disabilities, as well as persons who do not have disabilities, but have certain deviations, reduce their functionality and adaptive resources in sports tourism (deviations in physical, intellectual development, etc.). .d.). At present, the status of the tourism commission for PLHIV within the TSSR is identical to the status of the commission for youth tourism, which is interspecific (that is, it develops several types of tourism - hiking, water, etc.). Today, within the TSSR, there are 9 specific commissions, 2 interspecific and 3 general specific commissions. The main directions of tourism:
hiking,
mountain tourism,
Speleo tourism,
Auto-moto tourism,
bicycle tourism,
equestrian tourism,
ski tourism,
water tourism,
Sailing tourism.
Currently, the types of social tourism cultivated in Russia by various categories of PLHIV are:
Table 2.1.
Type of tourism
Qty
regions
The main form of events
Hiking
Gatherings, competitions, hikes, tours
Auto-moto tourism
Competitions, travel, runs, rallies
Water tourism
Hiking, competitions, tours
Bicycle tourism
Travel, competitions, runs
Cycling tourism
Competitions, trips
From 2000 to 2004 9 All-Russian tourism events were held:
Table 3
Location
Type of tourism
Events
Number of commands
Republic of Bashkortostan
Water
On foot
Rock climbing
Competitions
Moscow region
Bicycle wheelchair
Bicycle
Festival
Republic of Karelia
Water
Turiada
7
Moscow region
Bicycle
Festival
Perm region
Water
Competitions
Western Caucasus
On foot
Turiada
20 people from 5 regions
Moscow region
Bicycle
Competitions
Tyumen region
Competitions
Moscow
Speleo technique
Trail orientation
Festival
In late 2003 - early 2004, preliminary negotiations were held on the entry of the tourism commission for PLHIV into the international tourism organization for people with disabilities (Society for Accessible Hospitality (SATH). The entry of the commission into the above organization will give access to information resources and "high" technologies in the field of tourism for "special categories of the population" abroad, will allow to establish horizontal tourist exchanges, etc.
Currently, in Russia, social support programs for the population through tourism are carried out by the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (FSS). The regulatory document that determines the amount of FSS expenditures for the implementation of programs related to the field of social tourism is the Law "On the Budget of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation for 2005", adopted by the State Duma on December 17, 2004 and approved by the Federation Council on December 24, 2004.
The law "On the budget of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation for 2005" provides for the approval of the fund's budget for 2005 in terms of expenses in the amount of 190 billion 798 million 598 thousand 700 rubles. / of which for compulsory social insurance 155 billion 680 million 972 thousand 900 rubles.
This year, the fund pays for the cost of vouchers with a stay of no more than 21 days to sanatorium and resort institutions located on the territory of Russia, the cost of intercity transport to the place of treatment and back for certain categories of citizens eligible for social support measures, financing the costs of providing disabled people with rehabilitation measures, technical means of rehabilitation and services within the limits of the funds provided for by the law "On the federal budget for 2005" and transferred to the fund in the amount of 14 billion 223 million 448 thousand 900 rubles, including administrative expenses in the amount of 375 million 306 thousand rubles
Certain positive aspects are noted in the development of children's social tourism. Children's tourism today is one of the most stable segments of the social tourism market in Russia. This trend is explained by the fact that in Russia, as in no other country in the world, it is children's tourism that has a social status, which means full or partial financing of this type of activity at the expense of the state budget.
The largest structure that finances social children's tourism is the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (FSS), in the budget of which, from year to year, an item of expenses for the rehabilitation and sanatorium treatment of children is laid.
The financing of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation has one important feature: the allocated monetary allocations always remain within the Russian Federation, i.e. vouchers are paid only to their own health resorts and camps. And this suggests that domestic tourism is in greatest demand.
The children's tourism market is characterized by such areas as recreation, health improvement and treatment, sightseeing tours for school groups in Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Golden Ring, etc.) and abroad (Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy and other European countries), as well as holidays and study abroad (Turkey, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Great Britain). Users of foreign tourism, as a rule, are individuals who purchase tours for their children, and enterprises that have the opportunity to pay for tours for the children of their employees from their own profits.
Today, a fairly significant number of travel companies operate in the children's tourism market, organizing summer children's holidays both in Russia and abroad.
As experts note, doing this kind of business, it is difficult to count on a high rate of return. Normal profitability can only be achieved through high sales volumes or running your own camps. Therefore, recently, many tour operators for domestic tourism, as a rule, when calculating the price of a tour, provide for a minimum unit profit, and the total profit is ensured by large sales volumes. Tour operators, investing in the restoration and modernization of fixed assets for children's recreation, are trying to acquire ownership of these camps or rent them for a long time. But at the same time, the demand for children's recreation is the most stable. According to the statistics of travel companies involved in children's, family and youth tourism, approximately 80% of their clients are children, 15% are families, and 5% are young people.
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Coursework "Social tourism" icon Coursework topic "System"
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3. Prospects for the development of social tourism in the Russian Federation
Social tourism should play a priority role in the development of domestic tourism. A significant increase in social tourism will also increase the overall demand for tourist services, loading, occupancy of sanatoriums, houses and recreation centers, boarding houses, camp sites, thereby significantly increasing their income. One of the most authoritative specialists in the field of tourism, V. Kvartalnov, rightly asserts: “... of course, tourism is a market, and diversified market relations are its economic component. But at the same time, we must not forget that its main goal is social. It is important to make tourism accessible to every person from childhood to old age. Such a setting does not at all contradict its profitability. On the contrary, world practice shows that the closer a country is to the mentioned goal, the higher the profitability of tourism in it.”22
The development of social tourism is a necessary prerequisite for the rise of domestic tourism, including changes in its relationship with outbound tourism. In industrialized countries, as a rule, the ratio of the number of tourists traveling within the country and those who travel to other countries is on average 4:1, and in the future, according to forecasts - 5 - 6:1. In Russia, the ratio is reversed. The number of tourists traveling outside the country exceeds the number traveling within the country. The ratio of the total cost of the corresponding tourist packages is the same.23
The experience of various countries shows that the success of tourism development directly depends on how state level this industry is perceived, to what extent it enjoys state support. Documents of international conferences on tourism indicate that "tourism should be planned by state authorities, as well as by local administration and tourism organizations on an integrated and consistent basis"24. Today it is impossible to do without a single national mechanism that ensures the coordination of tourism policy at the national and regional levels. At present, it is impossible to do without a single national mechanism that ensures the coordination of tourism policy at the national and regional levels.
In its recommendations, the World Tourism Organization notes that at the current stage of tourism development, only the state and the government play the most important, if not the only role in it, and the private sector is only partially involved in this. The latter will never be able to cover the need for large investments for the development of resort, hotel and other tourism enterprises, as well as the main elements of tourism infrastructure.
The private sector is not capable of fulfilling the functions of a national tourism administration. In all major tourism powers there are such organizations, usually subordinate to ministries, which are involved in the development of national programs for the development of tourism. It is they who maintain tourism offices in other countries, they develop programs that attract tourists and ensure the flow of tourist information25. With their help, in a number of countries, state programs are being developed to stimulate outbound tourism, which provide for tax benefits, an exercise in the border and customs regime, the creation of favorable conditions for investment, an increase in budget allocations for infrastructure development, advertising in foreign markets, and training.
State tourism development programs exist in many countries of the world, which consider tourism to be one of the main sectors of economic development. The revenues received by the state in the form of taxes from tourism activities are also very impressive: in the United States, the amount of taxes from tourism is 130 billion dollars. per year, in Japan - 70, in Germany - 5726.
Revenues from domestic tourism are estimated by a number of experts at about 20-25 billion dollars, but this figure is not confirmed by any serious sources27. This situation in domestic tourism is a consequence of the fact that in Russia there is no state comprehensive policy for the development of tourism. As noted by V.V. Matvienko when he was Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation: “In Russia, the management of this industry was limited to minor functions of licensing and, so to speak, monitoring what is happening in this area”28.
3.1. Federal program of social tourism
A particularly important period in the development of national tourism, according to most experts, is the middle of the last decade, when a number of Presidential Decrees and Government Decrees for the first time tourism in Russia was officially introduced into the sphere of state interests. The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation stated: “1. To recognize as one of the priorities of the state all-round support for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation”29. Subsequently, this idea found its approval in the Federal Target Program "Tourism Development in the Russian Federation". The program was supposed to be implemented in two stages.
The first stage (1995–1997) included the development of a system of program activities aimed at creating a regulatory framework for the development of tourism, mechanisms for state regulation, advertising and information, personnel and scientific support, and also assumed the development of a material base as part of the reconstruction and completion of construction tourist facilities located in areas with the greatest tourism potential. The implementation of the first stage of the Program was supposed to lead to stabilization and the beginning of a gradual increase in domestic (including social tourism).
The second stage (1998–2005) involved the completion of work on the creation of a modern system of training personnel for the tourism sector, the modernization of the existing material base and the construction of new accommodation facilities and tourism infrastructure, the deployment of a large-scale advertising campaign to promote the domestic tourism product on the world market30.
However, this did not happen. On February 27, 2003, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 528 “On the termination of the implementation of certain federal targeted programs and the recognition in connection with this of acts of the Government of the Russian Federation that have become invalid” was issued. The Government of the Russian Federation decided to accept the proposals of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, agreed with the federal executive authorities on the termination, starting from 2004, of the implementation of the Federal Target Program "Tourism Development in the Russian Federation".
In 2003, the Program was prematurely terminated by the appropriate order of the Government. The reasons are known: the lack of adequate funding in its budgetary part and the inadequacy of the relevant substances in creating the necessary mechanism for extra-budgetary replenishment. Thus, this Program was only an unsuccessful attempt to return national tourism to the fold state planning as a powerful branch of the national economic complex.
In a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (in the Tver, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions, in the Primorsky and Krasnodar territories, the Tatar, Buryat and other Russian republics), documents were adopted that provide for the development of tourism - both national and outbound, taking into account programs for socio-economic and cultural development regions, as well as attracting additional capital and investment in these areas. But these intentions were not destined to come true: all plans, basically, remained on paper for the reasons already mentioned.
A notable event in the life of the domestic tourism industry is the adoption by the Government of the Russian Federation on July 12, 2002 of the "Concept for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2005", which is aimed at providing the country with a legal organizational and economic environment for the formation of a modern tourism industry31. This document provides a fairly objective assessment of the current state of tourism in the Russian Federation and identifies the main factors hindering the development of inbound tourism. The concept also defined the main tasks for the development of domestic tourism and formulated modern ways of their implementation, which theoretically should significantly advance domestic tourism.
3.2. Proposals for the organization of social tourism
In Russia, attempts were made to improve the regulatory framework for social tourism. In 1998, State Duma Deputy Konstantin Savelyev introduced a draft law "On social tourism", which defines the legal and organizational foundations of social tourism and establishes the sources of its financing.
The most radical thing in the draft law is the rejection of the additional burden on the budget of the country and regions, the rejection of the idea of social guarantees as a budgetary cover, and nothing more. The emphasis is on self-development and self-management of legally stimulated tourism business with social guidelines clearly defined in the bill. And all this - with the active participation and support, first of all, of the state and the most interested executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The priority types of social tourism in the draft law included children and youth tourism, amateur (sports and health) tourism, medical and health, environmental and cultural tourism, family travel, tourism for youth, veterans and the disabled, as well as tourist trips to Russian foreign compatriots. For the interaction of tourist organizations with the authorities, it was planned to create special commissions for social tourism. A basic standard for the availability of a social tour was proposed, including accommodation (overnight stay in a hotel enterprise, the cost is not more than 0.4 of the minimum monthly wage at the time of calculating the price of the tour), food (daily ration costing not more than 0.3 of the minimum wage) and related services under the service program at the rate of not more than 0.4 of the minimum wage. To finance social tourism, it was planned to create funds for the development of social tourism. According to the developers, funds should be formed at the expense of funds received from the use of intangible assets of social tourism commissions, tourist organizations (patents, know-how, trademark), interest income from soft loans allocated to small businesses in social tourism, as well as voluntary contributions of legal entities and individuals, including foreign ones, in support of social tourism. The project determined the procedure for spending financial resources. It was proposed that in case of misuse, the funds of the Social Tourism Development Fund would be credited to the revenue side of the corresponding budget. The bill contained norms regulating the training of specialists for the sphere of social tourism. According to the author of the legislative initiative, the draft law would provide recreation for 30 million tourists and 300 million sightseers a year, create 500,000 jobs, and expand the tax base. The implementation of the law, according to K. Savelyev's forecasts, would make it possible to increase the revenue side of the budget in 2000 by 164.4 billion rubles.
The desire to build the established practice into a rule is also manifested when considering the issue of subjects, consumers of social tourism services in Russia. Thus, the authors of the article about the draft model law “On Social Tourism” write: “In the classical model of a democratic society, the methods and benefits of social tourism apply to all categories of citizens for whom such benefits are established by law, and not only to the poor. Social benefits in all countries, including Russia, are enjoyed by all citizens, including starting with the president of the country, the presidential administration, members of the government of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Federation, deputies of all levels, persons with awards, etc. Representation of social benefits, including social tourism, does not depend on the well-being of the individual, they are received according to the law”32.
The authors of the article do not provide the necessary and sufficient factual materials that would confirm that the “classical model of a democratic society” implies laws according to which “methods and benefits of social tourism apply to all categories of citizens”, that their presentation does not depend on the level of income, material security individual. It is known, for example, that the system of vacation vouchers - the leading form of social tourism in France - provides for the possibility and size of discounts on vacation vouchers (social travel services) in strict dependence on income and family size. The salary of the President of the United States includes, along with the basic salary, additional allowances, through which he must pay for his personal rest, trips on personal business.
The authors of the article are right that in Russia social benefits, including those for social tourism, are widely used by the President of the Russian Federation, his administration, the government of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, deputies of all levels, etc. This is also evidenced by the presence of numerous government, departmental sanatoriums, houses and recreation centers. But one cannot agree with the statement of the authors of the article that in Russia all citizens use social tourism, regardless of their income, material security. Tens of millions of low-income families, disabled people, pensioners, large families deprived of the opportunity to have a normal rest, to maintain health, to be treated. They do not receive free and preferential vouchers to rest houses, boarding houses, especially in sanatoriums. Obviously, in the conditions of modern Russia, the subjects, consumers of social tourism services should be, first of all, precisely these categories of the population, as well as average-paid employees of enterprises and organizations in accordance with the principles of social partnership, social harmony. The same categories of the population that have earnings of 50-70, 100 or more thousand rubles. per month, act immorally, immorally, if they claim preferential and free social tourist services. As for the president, his administration, ministers, governors, deputies of all levels, if social tourism services are provided to them, then it is necessary to legislate unambiguously determine the maximum amount of budgetary funds for these purposes, subject to strict public control over their use. It may be more expedient to use a special allowance for wages before vacation for this. This is already being applied when remunerating a number of categories of leading state officials and deputies.
The goal of state policy should be to determine the federal strategy and the main areas of activity for protectionism, the formation and development of social tourism in the Russian Federation, reflecting the policy of state authorities in this area. Here, the introduction of a system of vacation checks seems to be very effective, stimulating employers, thanks to tax mechanisms, to support and develop the rest of their employees. Such systems work very successfully in some countries (for example, in France). Taking into account these positions, the activities of the Federal Agency for Tourism should be built.
To recreate mass tourism in the country with wide accessibility, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Clearly classify the types of tourism and tourists, rank their priority. According to certain priorities, financial support should be provided.
The distribution of funds allocated for social tourism should be carried out in interdepartmental commissions under government bodies on physical culture and tourism, as the main curators of tourism in the country. At the same time, real participation in budget planning of representatives of the main types of social tourism (ecological, health, cultural, educational, etc.) should be ensured.
The mechanism of targeted assistance to social tourism organizations requires a clear and unambiguous definition. The main social funds of tourist organizations should be provided with reliable legal protection, guaranteeing them from the possibility of illegal ....
eliminate urgent contradictions in the functioning and development of social (mainly socio-cultural, sports and health-improving orientation) and commercial tourism;
bring into line with the law "On Education" preferential taxation for institutions of additional education for children of the tourist and local history profile;
introduce year-round discounts on rail travel for organized tourist groups of children and young people (students);
promote the introduction of a set of specific regulatory and legal measures that increase the responsibility of society and the state for the state and degree of development of social tourism. Strengthen the unity of state and public forms of tourism management in the Russian Federation;
promote the introduction of sports and recreational and youth tourism in the system of educational institutions of any type, in sports and recreation camps, on bases of a recreational and rehabilitation type, institutions of a sanatorium and resort profile, at enterprises and organizations, at the place of residence of the population;
promote the development of the material and technical base, the creation and reconstruction of existing bases, complexes, centers of social tourism;
to promote the formation of a modern, balanced, civilized tourist market of social orientation, increase its revenue;
to prevent the liquidation and reorganization of institutions of additional education of the tourism and local history profile.
The development of social tourism in the Russian Federation is closely related to developments aimed at developing and reviving the tourism potential of the Russian regions.
It is necessary to adopt new legislative norms for the regulation of sports and health and youth tourism. The "core" of these norms should be the establishment of a basic standard for the availability of social tours, including in children's and youth and sports and health tourism, which economically stimulates tourist entrepreneurs to create and sell a tourist product that is as affordable as possible for all segments of the population, including those who are poorly protected. in the social relation of citizens, moreover, in a wide range.
The issue of conducting state statistical reporting on tourism in accordance with the recommendations of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) requires a decision at the federal level.
In the field of personnel and scientific and methodological support, it is necessary to train qualified personnel on the principles of continuity, starting with the system of lyceum programs, additional education, professional classes and schools, and ending with postgraduate education and regular advanced training in international standards and methods, taking into account the national and cultural characteristics of Russia.
Conclusion
In the conditions of a regulated market economy in Russia, the former scope of social tourism can not only be achieved, but also significantly surpassed.
To do this, it is necessary, first of all, to stimulate the tourist market in the country by law in such a way that, along with the rise in outbound tourism that has occurred, domestic tourism can rise on a social basis. Otherwise, the imbalance that is growing in the tourism sector cannot be stopped. Already 85% of tourist operations in Russia are carried out by foreign and mixed companies that are very active and Russian companies connected to them. Through tourism channels, tens of billions of dollars are annually exported, not taxed by the state. As a result, the turnover of the foreign tourism business is growing, achieved in this case by the effective efforts of the tourism business itself, the market, without the cost of the state.
In Russia today, support for domestic, especially social tourism, has been reduced to a minimum. Due to the careless state policy, they unjustifiably fell out of the tourist turnover, economically impoverished large territories with their population not involved in tourist services.
In 1996, the State Duma adopted the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation". However, under pressure from representatives of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Tourism, contrary to the insistence of professionals, the section on social tourism was excluded from the law. As a result, the adopted Law - with all its significance as the first, basic legislative act about tourism in Russia - unleashed the hands of commercialization as an end in itself by suppressing social principles. In a short time, this made it possible to finally level the previously established system of social tourism, without offering anything adequate in return. There was an excommunication from social tourism of a huge mass of Russian citizens.
Participants of parliamentary hearings in the Russian State Duma, including opponents, stated that the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation" does not contain legal prerequisites for the revival and rise of social tourism. In 1998, the State Duma Committee on Tourism and Sports created a working group on the draft law “On Social Tourism” headed by the chairman of the subcommittee on tourism, deputy K. Savelyev, and submitted the document prepared by it for hearings. The bill in the bill was made on the self-development and self-government of legally stimulated tourism business with clearly defined social guidelines in the bill. The development of tourism business was to be carried out with the active participation and support, first of all, of the state and the most interested executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Thus, the essence of the draft law was the idea of abandoning the additional burden on the budget of the country, regions, adjusting the idea of social guarantees as exclusively budgetary coverage. Prior to the parliamentary hearings, the project was tested at four scientific and practical forums, in which 4,500 tourism specialists took part. However, the bill did not receive support in the Duma. Opponents considered that social guarantees that are not supported by the state budget are unrealistic, that the market, even regulated by law in the social direction, as well as socially oriented tourism business, will never create such guarantees.
The approach to solving the problems of social tourism in Russia at the present stage requires legislative measures. First of all, it is necessary to adopt a law on social tourism. With the adoption of the law, the whole industry will develop. It will be precisely a self-governing entity, because otherwise it would come into conflict with the market essence of the social tourist movement. That is, the rights that the legislation gives to social tourism stem from its essential obligations for society and the state.
It is necessary to provide for the functioning of a collegiate, coordinating public body (Council, Bureau, etc.) to manage the industry. The Law "On Public Associations" allows you to use this option when there is no need to build a hierarchy with founders - local cells in the subjects of the Federation, to hold elections at all levels, etc. As part of a collegiate body for managing social tourism (in national, regional, territorial entities ) may include representatives of all-Russian public associations of tourism, trade unions, veterans, youth and other similar organizations, as well as state authorities and management of the tourism sector in the center and locally.
It is necessary to hold an all-Russian congress of supporters of social tourism in order to rely on a wide range of decisions, opinions, and wishes of the public when making decisions.
The collegial public body governing the sphere of social tourism should be given the right to recommend its technologies, methods, introduce its own competitive service and training standards, certify the social tourism product, etc.
The main thing is to enable amateur tourism organizations to independently achieve the necessary levels of efficiency of competitive professionalism, to regulate them themselves, anticipating the emerging problems of the industry. That is, partnership relations with the state should be formed, and not direct bureaucratic subordination, which fetters the market initiative.
List of used literature
Constitution of the Russian Federation.
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Federal target program "Development of tourism in the Russian Federation". In the book: Voloshin N. M. Legal regulation of tourist activity. Appendix: Proc. settlement M.: Almatra, 1997.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 25, 1994 No. 813 "On additional measures for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation and on streamlining the use of state property in the field of tourism." "Tourism: A Review of Materials (TOM)". Issue. 3. "Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation on tourism." Moscow: ON-LINE Tourism Information Bureau, 1996.
Azar V.V. Tourism industry is an independent governing body // Russian tourist newspaper. 1999. Sep 26–Oct 3 No. 24.
Birzhakov M. Introduction to tourism. M.; SPb., 2004.
Gordin V.A., Khoreva L.S. Tourism in post-industrial economy// Proceedings of the Academy of Tourism. Issue. 4. St. Petersburg, 2003.
Gulyaev V.G. Tourism: economics and social development / V.G. Gulyaev. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2003. - 303 p.
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Kuznetsov Y. Tourism as a social phenomenon of the late XX - early XXI century // Topical issues of theory and practice of tourism. Issue. 2. St. Petersburg, 1997.
Marinin M.V. What measures are needed to protect domestic tourism // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects, 1998. No. 2.
Marinin M.I. Russia needs the Law “On the development of tourism” // Tourist business newspaper. 1999. September. No. 9/67.
Saprunova V. Tourism: evolution, structure, marketing. M., 1997.
Serdobolskaya I.O. State regulation of social tourism and ways to improve it in the Russian Federation. St. Petersburg. state un-t. - St. Petersburg, 2003. - 203p.
Chernikova I.D. Formation of the organizational and economic mechanism of social tourism in Russia. St. Petersburg. state University of Economics and Finance. - SPb., 2004. - 199p.
Statistical collection of the Department of Tourism of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation No. 2-2001 // Tourist business. - 2001. No. 6.
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1 Gordin V.A., Khoreva L.S. Tourism in the post-industrial economy // Proceedings of the Academy of Tourism. Issue. 4. St. Petersburg, 2003, p.9.
2 Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. 7.
3 Kuznetsov Yu.S. Tourism as a social phenomenon of the late XX - early XXI century // Actual issues of theory and practice of tourism. Issue. 2. St. Petersburg, 1997. P. 7.
5 Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourist Activities in the Russian Federation" dated October 4, 1996; No. 132 - F 3. "Tourist legislation of Russia." Part 1. "Laws of the Russian Federation". "Bureau of information on tourism ON-LINE". M., 1997.
6 Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourist Activities in the Russian Federation" dated October 4, 1996; No. 132 - F 3. "Tourist legislation of Russia." Part 1. "Laws of the Russian Federation". "Bureau of information on tourism ON-LINE". M., 1997. S. 2.
7 Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" dated October 4, 1996; No. 132 - F 3. "Tourist legislation of Russia." Part 1. "Laws of the Russian Federation". "Bureau of information on tourism ON-LINE". M., 1997. S. 3.
8 Marinin M.V. What measures are needed to protect domestic tourism // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects, 1998. No. 2. P. 11.
9 Economics of modern tourism, ed. Karpova T. A. - Moscow: "Gerda", 1998. - S. 48-53.
10 Marinin M.I. Russia needs the Law “On the development of tourism” // Tourist business newspaper. 1999. September. No. 9/67. S. 16.
11 Proceedings of the Academy of Tourism. Issue. 3. St. Petersburg, 2000. P. 195.
12 Law of the Russian Federation “On payment for land” of October 11, 1991; Law of the Russian Federation "On value added tax" of December 6, 1991; Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Environment" of December 19, 1991; Law of the Russian Federation "On natural healing resources, health-improving areas and resorts" dated February 23, 1995, etc.
13 Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" dated October 4, 1996; No. 132 - F 3. "Tourist legislation of Russia." Part 1. "Laws of the Russian Federation". "Bureau of information on tourism ON-LINE". M., 1997. S. 8.
14 Marinin M.I. Russia needs the Law “On the development of tourism” // Tourist business newspaper. 1999. September. No. 9/67. S. 17.
15 Law “On the fundamentals…” (Materials of the round table) // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. 1998. No. 3. S. 9.
16 Marinin M.I. Decree Art. S. 17.
17 Birzhakov M.S. Introduction to tourism. M.; SPb., 2004. S. 37.
18 Statistical collection of the Department of Tourism of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation No. 2-2001 // Turbiznes. - 2001. No. 6. - P. 12.
19 Statistical data of the Federal Tourism Agency of the Russian Federation (www.russiatourism.ru).
20 Statistical collection of the Department of Tourism of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation No. 3-2004 // Turbiznes. - 2004. No. 9. - P. 17.
21 Statistical collection of the Department of Tourism of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation No. 5-2004 // Turbiznes. - 2004. No. 11. - P. 9.
22 Proceedings of the Academy of Tourism. Issue. 3. St. Petersburg, 2000. P. 195.
23 Tourism in figures-2003: Statistics of Russia. M., 2004. S. 35.
24 Marinin M.V. What measures are needed to protect domestic tourism // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects, 1998. No. 2. P. 12.
25 Azar V.V. Tourist industry - an independent governing body // Russian tourist newspaper. 1999. Sep 26–Oct 3 No. 24. P. 2.
26 Azar V.V. Tourist industry - an independent governing body // Russian tourist newspaper. 1999. Sep 26–Oct 3 No. 24. P. 2.
29 Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 25, 1994 No. 813 “On additional measures to develop tourism in the Russian Federation and to streamline the use of state property in the field of tourism.” "Tourism: A Review of Materials (TOM)". Issue. 3. "Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation on tourism." M .: Bureau of information on tourism ON-LINE, 1996. S. 6.
30 Federal Target Program "Tourism Development in the Russian Federation". In the book: Voloshin N. M. Legal regulation of tourist activity. Appendix: Proc. settlement M., 1997. S. 55–57.
32 Azar V., Baynazarov Yu., Birzhakov M. et al. The law on tourism for the poor. Critical remarks to the materials of the draft model law "On social tourism" // Tourist firms. Issue. 23. St. Petersburg, 2001, pp. 148, 149.