Accounting, analysis and audit are the actual components of the profession. Accounting, analysis and audit Audit of accounting work
Accounting and audit
Definition 1
Term audit implies different meanings depending on the general meaning and industry. Generally speaking, auditing is an industry economic activity and the discipline being studied. In a narrow view, the audit refers exclusively to the activity of conducting verification activities of the financial ( financial statements) and accounting data, as well as the expression of the auditor's opinion on the compliance of the reporting submitted for verification in the form of a written audit report.
Definition 2
Auditing- a synonym for the concept of audit - is a procedure for independent verification and evaluation of reporting, reporting data, economic and commercial activities of an organization, as well as a system, process, project or product. Term auditing most often used in the aspect of checking the financial statements of organizations in order to express the auditor's opinion about their authenticity and reliability.
Also in business practice, the concepts of "operational audit", "industrial audit", quality audit, etc. are used.
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Definition 3
Accounting is a systematized process of collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms.
Accounting reflects the state of the property, capital of the company, liabilities and their changes by a line of continuous, continuous and documentary reflection of all business transactions, therefore, the objects of accounting are:
- enterprise property;
- enterprise obligation;
- business operations of the enterprise.
In accordance with the law on accounting, it is conducted:
- chief accountant;
- the general director in the absence of the chief accountant;
- accountant (not being the chief);
- third-party organization (called accounting support).
The main task of accounting becomes the organization of complete, reliable information (accounting reports) on the activities carried out by the enterprise and its property status. Research and analysis of this information helps prevent negative results economic activity enterprises and identify internal resources to ensure the financial sustainability of the enterprise. These and other actions carried out in the course of the preparation of financial statements must be carried out in compliance with the law. Accounting is closely related to tax and management accounting.
Audit and audit activity
Definition 4
Audit is an entrepreneurial activity of independent verification of accounting and financial activities. The ever-increasing need for a reliable and independent expert assessment of the reliability of financial and accounting statements determines the demand for audit and audit with the involvement of specialists in audit activity. Main Users financial reporting are investors, creditors, suppliers and contractors, buyers and customers, authorities, the general public. Auditing in modern times is becoming increasingly important, and the opinion of a specialist auditor contributes to a much greater level of confidence in reporting by stakeholders.
The types of audit are (Fig. 1):
Figure 1. Types of audit
AT Russian practice it is customary to classify the types of audit into the following (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Types of audit in Russian practice
The audit is also classified into independent audit, state audit and internal audit.
The main audit methods, that is, methods of theoretical research or practical implementation, determined by internal rules or standards, as well as corresponding to the goals and objectives that are defined by the agreement, are:
- Methods of actual control (inventory, observations, expert assessments).
- documentary methods.
- Calculation and analytical methods.
Methods of actual or organoleptic control are concluded in the presence of the auditor during the verification activities of audits, inventories) before drawing up the report (usually annual report). According to Federal Rule No. 6 "Auditor's Report on Financial Statements", it is desirable for the auditor to be present during the inventory before the preparation of the annual report in order to obtain audit evidence by observing the "existence" premise.
Group documentary methods covers document research, information modeling and desk audits. Information modeling includes cross checks, mutual control of operations, analytical checks of documents, comparison of benchmarks (balance sheet interconnections), etc. Desk checks are carried out as a study of the correspondence of information in accounting registers with data from the General Ledger, financial and other reporting.
Group calculation and analytical methods contains economic analysis, statistical methods and economic-mathematical methods. These methods are most often used in economic analysis, and are due to the use of analytical procedures. The main stages of the audit are:
- Organization and planning of the audit, including an official proposal from the customer to conduct an audit, familiarization with the financial and economic activities of the organization, development of an audit plan, coordination of the audit plan with the customer, sending a letter to the customer about the audit, signing an audit contract.
- Gathering audit evidence, including testing of facilities and performing substantive procedures.
- Conclusion on the results of the audit and completion of the audit.
Remark 1
Before starting the audit, it is necessary to determine which method will be used to perform the audit. This can be a continuous check, during which a thorough and detailed study of the primary accounting documentation and its totality takes place, the content of the financial statements is examined, etc.
Sample testing provides an opportunity to find definitely accurate data about the population being tested from a relatively small part of it. A random check can be carried out by one of the following methods:
- random selection (table of random numbers);
- systematic selection (selection of elements at a stable interval, starting from a randomly selected number);
- combined selection (a combination of various methods of random and systematic selection.)
Combined verification is characterized by a combination of continuous and selective verification methods. Desk, it is also a documentary audit, limited to the study of accounting documents and accounting and / or tax reporting business entity.
The actual check carried out with access to the object of the audit.
An accounting audit is a verification of the reliability and correctness of accounting and the compliance of the submitted tax and financial statements with the actual indicators of the economic and financial activities of the organization. The purpose of an accounting audit is to identify weaknesses in the activities of an enterprise and develop a system to improve its efficiency, as well as to protect against risks associated with tax audits. The auditor compares the results of the financial and economic activities of the company with the current legislation Russian Federation, checks the relevance of accounting and reporting in accordance with the amendments to the law. Among other things, the audit of financial statements is intended to certify the data contained in the documentation, the correctness of its execution.
An audit of financial statements involves a complete study of all financial data and indicators in detail. Accounting audit can be external and internal. The external one is carried out by an independent audit company, and the internal one is carried out by the employees of the audited organization, the owner, founders, and so on.
An audit may be mandatory, in which cases and when it is carried out, its regulations are specified in the relevant law. If the audit is carried out at the request of the customer, it is called initiative. As a rule, a professional audit team is invited for an initiative audit, with which a contract for the provision of services is concluded. The organization acts as a client. The contractor and the client in the contract indicate the goals, procedure, objects of verification and other details, after which the document is signed by both parties, and the verification begins.
What is accounting reporting? These are documents that contain information about the property on the balance sheet of the organization, financial flows and economic activity of the enterprise, which are formed at a given frequency. Typically, reports on current activities within the company are generated monthly, sometimes weekly. It depends both on the type of activity of the organization, and on the policy set by the owner or management. An annual mandatory audit is carried out with verification of all documents.
What is accounting
What reporting is provided during the audit? Documents vary in frequency and content. Here are the main types of reporting:
- Internal documentation - documents that are in circulation exclusively within the company or enterprise.
- External documents are papers provided for reporting and control to inspection bodies, investors, clients.
- Annual reports are documents reflecting all the economic and financial activities of the organization carried out during one calendar year.
- Interim reports, as a rule, are compiled periodically: weekly, monthly, quarterly, and contain data on movements for the corresponding period.
- Private reporting reflects the activities of any department or area of the company.
- General reporting includes data on all activities of the enterprise as a whole.
An audit of accounting may include an audit of specific documents for a certain period of time, an annual audit is mandatory and involves an audit of all company documentation.
Subject to audit are: a report on the results of the financial activities of the enterprise, balance sheet, statement of changes in equity and statement of movements financial flows. Accounting explanations or additional reports may be attached.
What is revealed during the audit
During the audit of the accounting of the enterprise, the following indicators are checked:
- Availability, composition and content of the submitted documents
- Correspondence of data from different reports to each other
- Logical and hereditary connection of financial statements
- Correct control of reporting items
- The correctness of the preparation of consolidated financial statements
As a result of the audit, a number of violations in the organization's reporting may be identified. The auditors draw up a conclusion on the identified violations and recommendations. This conclusion is provided to the regulatory authorities and management of the organization.
Audit in accounting
In the conditions of formation market relations and a variety of forms of ownership, it became necessary to improve the functions of managing the production process, which led to the creation of self-supporting bodies financial control i.e. audit.
In world practice, audit has become widespread. The main prerequisite for the audit is the mutual interest of the enterprise, represented by its owners, and the state, represented by the tax administration, in ensuring the reality and reliability of accounting and reporting.
Auditing activity is an entrepreneurial activity that includes organizational and methodological support of the audit, the practical implementation of an audit (audit) and the provision of other audit services. Audit - verification of accounting data and indicators of the financial statements of a business entity in order to express an independent opinion of the auditor on its reliability in all significant aspects and compliance with the requirements of the laws of Ukraine, regulations (standards) of accounting or other rules (internal regulations of business entities), according to the requirements of users . Material information is information the omission or misrepresentation of which could affect economic decisions users accepted based on financial statements. The audit is carried out by independent persons (auditors), an audit firm who are authorized by business entities to conduct it. An audit can be carried out at the initiative of business entities, as well as in cases provided for by law (mandatory audit). Auditors (audit firm) may provide other audit services related to their professional activities, in particular, on the maintenance and renewal of accounting, in the form of advice on accounting and financial reporting, examination and assessment of the state, financial and economic activities and other types of economic activity. -legal support of economic activities of business entities. The list of services that auditors (audit firms) can provide are determined by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine in accordance with audit standards. An auditor can be an individual who has a certificate that determines his qualification suitability to engage in auditing activities on the territory of Ukraine. The auditor has the right to engage in audit activities as an individual entrepreneur or as part of an audit firm in compliance with the requirements of this Law and other regulatory legal acts. However, he receives this right only after his inclusion in the Register of audit firms and auditors. Auditors are prohibited from directly engaging in other types of entrepreneurial activity, which do not exclude their right to receive dividends from shares and income from other corporate rights. An auditor cannot be a person who has a criminal record for acquisitive crimes.
Audit firm - a legal entity established in accordance with the law, which carries out exclusively auditing activities. The audit firm included in the Register of Audit Firms and Auditors has the right to carry out audit activities. Overall size the part of the founders (participants) of an audit firm who are not auditors in the authorized capital cannot exceed 30 percent.
An auditor's report is a document that is drawn up in accordance with auditing standards and is intended to provide assurance to users about the consistency of financial statements or other information on the conceptual basis that was used in their preparation. The conceptual basis can be laws and other regulatory legal acts of Ukraine, accounting regulations (standards), internal requirements and regulations of business entities, and other sources. Audit services in the form of consultations can be provided orally or in writing with the execution of a certificate and other official documents. An audit service in the form of an examination is issued by an expert opinion or act. The results of the provision of other audit services are documented in accordance with auditing standards. The auditor's report of an auditor of a foreign state, upon its official presentation to an institution, organization or economic entity of Ukraine, is subject to confirmation by the auditor of Ukraine, unless otherwise established by an international treaty of Ukraine.
An audit is mandatory for:
- 1) confirmation of the reliability and completeness of the annual financial statements and consolidated financial statements of open joint stock companies, enterprises - issuers of bonds, professional participants market valuable papers, financial institutions and other business entities whose reporting, in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine, is subject to official publication, with the exception of institutions and organizations that are fully supported by the state budget;
- 2) checks financial condition founders of banks, enterprises, foreign investment, open joint-stock companies (except for individuals), insurance and holding companies, general investment institutions, trust companies and other financial intermediaries;
- 3) issuers of securities when obtaining a license to carry out professional activities in the securities market. An audit is also mandatory in other cases provided for by the laws of Ukraine.
The management bodies of a business entity are obliged to create the appropriate conditions for the auditor (audit firm) for the quality performance of the audit. The management bodies of a business entity are responsible for the completeness and reliability of documents and other information that are provided to the auditor (audit firm) for conducting an audit or providing other audit services. The financial statements of a business entity, which, in accordance with the law, is subject to mandatory audit, must be checked by an auditor and made public in accordance with the requirements of the laws of Ukraine.
Certification (determination of qualification suitability to engage in audit activities) of auditors is carried out by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine. The procedure for certification of auditors who will audit banks is approved by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine in agreement with the National Bank of Ukraine. The right to receive a certificate is individuals who have a higher economic or legal education, the document on receipt of which is recognized in Ukraine, necessary knowledge on issues of audit, finance, economics and commercial law, work experience of at least three years in a row as an auditor, accountant, lawyer, financier, economist, auditor's assistant (assistant). The presence of the necessary amount of knowledge to obtain a certificate is determined by conducting a written qualification exam according to the program approved by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine. The validity period of the certificate cannot exceed five years. The validity of the certificate is renewed after five years based on the results of a control test in the specialty in the manner prescribed by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine. For certification, a fee is paid in the amount established by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine, based on the cost estimate for the maintenance of the Audit Chamber of Ukraine.
Register of audit firms and auditors - a database that contains information about an audit firm and auditors who are engaged in audit activities individually, as individuals - entrepreneurs (hereinafter referred to as the Register). The procedure for maintaining the Register is determined and provided by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine. The register is published at least once a year in a professional publication of the Audit Chamber of Ukraine. Auditing firms and auditors, which are registered as natural persons - entrepreneurs, have the right to carry out audit activities only after they are included in the Register. The audit firms and auditors included in the Register, noted in the fourth part of this article, are issued a certificate of the appropriate form. For inclusion in the Register, a fee is paid in the amount established by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine.
Conducting an audit and providing other audit services is carried out by auditors and audit firms that have the right to carry out audit activities in accordance with this Law. General terms conducting an audit and providing other audit services are determined by the audit standards approved by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine.
The audit is carried out on the basis of an agreement between the auditor (audit firm) and the customer. Other audit services may be provided on the basis of an agreement, a written or oral request from the customer to the auditor (audit firm). The customer has the right to freely choose an auditor (audit firm) in compliance with the requirements of this Law. The contract for the audit and provision of other audit services provides for the subject and period of the audit, the scope of the audit service, the amount and terms of payment, and the responsibility of the party. The audit standards may also provide for other essential terms of the contract for the conduct of an audit and the provision of other audit services. Any provisions of the contract aimed at the complete release of the auditor (audit firm) from property liability established by law for the unreliability of the audit report or other document in which the results of the audit are displayed are invalid. Documents handed over by the customer to the auditor (audit firm) for the audit are not subject to disclosure or seizure without the consent of the customer.
The auditors of Ukraine have the right to unite in public organization on professional grounds, adhering to the requirements of this Law and other laws. The Professional Organization of Auditors of Ukraine contributes to the professional development of auditors, protects social and professional rights auditors, makes proposals for the subsequent improvement of audit activities, perform other powers provided for by their charters and regulations. Auditors and audit firms during the implementation of audit activities have the right to:
- 1) independently determine the form and methods of conducting an audit and providing other audit services based on current legislation, auditing standards and terms of the contract with the customer;
- 2) receive Required documents, which are related to the subject of verification and are located both with the customer and with third parties. Third parties who have at their disposal documents regarding the subject of verification are obliged to provide them at the request of the auditor (audit firm). The noted requirement must be officially certified by the customer;
- 3) receive the necessary explanations in writing or orally from the management and employees of the customer;
- 4) check the availability of property, money, valuables, require the management of a business entity to conduct control reviews, measurements of the work performed, determine the quality of products, in relation to which documents are checked;
- 5) involve on contractual principles to participate in the verification of specialists of various profiles.
Auditors and an audit firm are required to:
- 1) in audit activities, adhere to the requirements of this Law and other regulatory legal acts, audit standards, principles of auditor independence and relevant decisions of the Audit Chamber of Ukraine;
- 2) properly conduct an audit and provide other audit services;
- 3) inform the owners, persons authorized by them, customers about the shortcomings of accounting and financial reporting discovered during the audit;
- 4) keep secret information obtained during the audit and performance of other audit services, not disclose information that is the subject of a commercial secret, and not use it in their own interests or in the interests of third parties;
- 5) be liable to the customer for violation of the terms of the contract in accordance with the contract and the law;
- 6) limit their activities to the provision of audit services and other types of work that are directly related to the provision of audit services, in the form of consultations, audits or examinations;
- 7) timely submit to the Audit Chamber of Ukraine a report on their audit activities.
Auditing is prohibited:
- 1) an auditor who has direct family relations with members of the management bodies of the audited business entity;
- 2) an auditor who has personal property interests of the audited business entity;
- 3) an auditor - a member of management bodies, a founder or owner of an audited business entity;
- 4) an auditor - an employee of the audited business entity;
- 5) an auditor - an employee, co-owner of a subsidiary, branch or representative office of the audited business entity;
- 6) if the amount of remuneration for the provision of audit services does not take into account the time necessary for the quality performance of such a service, appropriate skills, knowledge, professional qualifications, and the degree of responsibility of the auditor;
- 7) by the auditor in other cases, in which the requirements regarding his independence are not provided. Members of the administrative, governing and supervisory bodies of the audit firm who are not auditors; as well as the founders, owners, participants of the audit firm, are prohibited from interfering with the practical implementation of the audit in a way that violates the independence of the auditors who carry out the audit.
For improper fulfillment of its obligations, the auditor (audit firm) bears property and other civil liability in accordance with the contract and the law. The amount of property liability of auditors (audit firms) cannot exceed the losses actually caused to the customer through their fault. All disputes regarding non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract, as well as disputes property nature between the auditor (audit firm) and the customer is resolved in the manner prescribed by law.
For improper performance of professional duties to the auditor (audit firm) by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine, penalties may be applied in the form of a warning, suspension of the certificate, for up to one year or cancellation of the certificate, exclusion from the Register. The procedure for applying penalties to auditors (audit firms) is determined by the Audit Chamber of Ukraine. Decisions of the Audit Chamber of Ukraine regarding the application of penalties to auditors (audit firms) may be appealed in court. Other types of liability may be applied to auditors in accordance with the law.
standard audit ukraine
The portal contains prices and phone numbers of outsourcing companies offering clients an analysis of financial statements and balance sheets in Moscow. The audit is intended to check and evaluate the accounting activities of the organization. It can be performed both independently by the company's specialists, and by third-party companies in combination with other checks.
The procedure involves the restoration and compilation of the necessary schemes and documents for further accounting, checking the correctness of the preparation of related documentation and reporting for its further submission to the relevant authorities.
Easy-to-compare tables show prices for accounting audit in Moscow. This will allow you to study many offers on the market at once and choose the best cost option for auditing the company's financial statements.
Feedback from clients who have already applied for an analysis of the balance sheet and shared their impressions on the pages of the portal will be useful.
Features of the audit and analysis of accounting in Moscow
Accounting includes all economic activities of legal entities and requires its correct reflection. Each document must exactly comply with the legal requirements for its execution. It is difficult to keep records correctly without delving into the terms of contracts, forgetting about acts and other documents. Most business transactions are typical, however, among them there will be transactions that are not included in the general template.
The analysis of financial statements allows you to identify deviations in reporting, incorrectly issued or missing documents.
What types of audit are ready to offer accounting companies?
- Mandatory audit accounting documents and financial reporting - in this case, the performers issue an official audit report, exactly corresponding to the standards of the Russian Federation.
- Initiative audit of financial and accounting reports - experts provide recommendations for improving tax and accounting.
- Express audit and assessment of reporting - determines the current status of reports and predicts the results of a probable tax audit.
- A quarterly audit of accounting is a kind of prevention for the timely detection and correction of errors.
- Special due diligence - usually performed to identify legal and tax risks.
When an audit firm in Moscow performs an audit of an organization, it sets itself the task of reducing the negative consequences tax audits and increase the efficiency of economic activity of the enterprise.
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