The ground level was higher than the foundation of the fence. Basic rules for leveling the fence on uneven areas
Plots come in different shapes and sizes: small and large, square and rectangular, or in general, which are based on a polygon. On some of them you can build a house and live in peace (IZHS), while on others it is necessary to without fail to work, as, for example, in the case of agricultural land. Some of them cost "sky-high" money, and some are given almost for free. On some of them you can safely break a football field, and on some due to the large bias only the attraction "extreme slide" to arrange.
All of these parameters are taken into account when buying land. But still, the fundamental of them (not counting the purpose of the earth) is the slope. Since too large a height difference within one site can be a boon for some, since the price in this case is lower compared to a similar site, but with a lower slope. For others, this fact may be the main obstacle to the acquisition of land. After all, they have no desire to engage in leveling the surface or erect various structures, adjusted for the slope.
What are these structures? First of all, these include a residential building and a fence due to their often not small dimensions in terms of. Therefore, if you are suddenly lucky enough to acquire a plot with a significant slope, then it is possible four further options:
- level the surface;
- bring the foundation to one mark;
- leave everything unchanged;
- make step transitions.
Moreover, in relation to residential buildings, most often this list is limited to only the first two points, since few people want their residential building to be tilted to the horizon, or to have to use stairs when moving between rooms within one floor. But for the fence, all these four points are relevant. Therefore, further we will talk only about him. Moreover, the article is devoted to how to put up a fence on uneven ground.
1 option. Surface leveling
The first solution that comes to mind when building on a site with a slope is to carry out work to level it. That is, with the help of various manipulations with the soil, shovels and not infrequently with heavy equipment, make one mark on the site.
In its turn There are three ways to do this:
1. Cut all soil to the lowest mark.
This method consists in cutting off all the soil above the lowest mark on the site and taking it somewhere else.
A big plus of such leveling of the surface is the absence of work on soil compaction, if a strip foundation is supposed for the fence. And the disadvantage is the bare soil along the boundaries of the site, which needs to be closed somehow. In addition, in this case, it is desirable to make a drainage system in the place where the highest point used to be. Otherwise, small waterfalls are only the smallest trouble that can happen during a downpour or snowmelt.
There are no special requirements for the arrangement of such a layout of the site. That is, you can make a fence with pillars simply buried in the ground to a depth of 500 mm, or you can build reinforced concrete around the perimeter of the site strip foundation with a laying depth of at least 300 mm. Moreover, the latter option is more preferable. Since such a foundation will serve not only as a reliable basis for the overlying fence structures, but also act as a retaining wall, which will both prevent the collapse of the soil at the cut point and hide it. True, I must immediately say that it will not be cheap.
2. Add soil to the highest mark.
A large amount of soil may be required here, since this method involves leveling at the highest elevation of the land. Moreover, for this it is desirable to use not just any soil, but medium-sized sand, which during the work is compacted (by rammers, by pouring water) every 20 cm. Without compaction, all structures on the site, including the fence, will sag.
The advantage of such soil filling is the elevation of the entire area above the adjacent territory. In other words, by building a house in the place where the lowest point of the plot used to be, on the 1st floor of this house it will seem that the 2nd floor. True, it all depends on how much sand was added. The disadvantages here include the fact that in the vast majority of cases it will be necessary to make a retaining wall already for bulk soil. Moreover, its dimensions at comparable heights are often larger than in the previous case. Adding this fact to the fact that additional soil will have to be obtained somewhere and, most likely, for money, we can conclude that this method of leveling the surface is more expensive than cutting the soil to the lowest mark.
As for the fence, it is usually placed on a retaining wall. That is, here either pillars are laid in the design of the selection wall before the concrete is poured, and after the latter has gained strength, for example, corrugated board is attached to them. Or after the device of such a wall, it is laid out on it brickwork fence.
The erection of a fence with such a layout of the soil without a retaining wall (strip foundation) is possible only in the case of a slight slope of the site and only if the pillars are buried in the bedrock by 500 mm or more. Otherwise, the fence may slightly change its orientation in space.
3. Bring the earth to the middle mark.
Bringing the elevation of the earth to the average value is the "golden" mean between the two previous methods. After all, here the retaining walls are 2 times smaller and soil (sand) does not need to be conceived. And, therefore, money, time and effort are saved.
The design of the fence with such a layout of the land directly depends on how uneven the plot was before. That is, if the slope was small, then it is possible to simply install the pillars around the perimeter of the site with a penetration into the bedrock to a depth of at least 500 mm and fill the space between them with boards, profiled sheets or other materials. In the event that the height difference within one section was large, the installation of retaining walls cannot be avoided.
Fence posts or a strip foundation for it can also be supported on bulk soil, but, however, it is advisable to take care of additional measures to strengthen these structures. For example, it is not easy to dig or drive pillars into the ground, but to make a concrete cushion at their base (put a pillar in the dug hole, pour concrete to a height of at least 20 cm, wait until it hardens) followed by backfilling the remaining space with soil. In the case of a strip foundation, you can increase its base by installing a reinforced concrete pad, or you can make the section trapezoidal. This will increase the bearing capacity and protect the fence from tipping over.
Option 2. Removal of the foundation by one mark
This option is possible only in the case of a strip foundation for a fence. It involves the construction of a fence on an uneven area by bringing the foundation to the same height. In other words, the lower mark changes in proportion to the slope of the earth, deepening into it by one value, for example, by 500 mm. But the top mark remains unchanged. For example, foundation tape at the highest point of the site was raised by 300 mm. The mark of the earth at this point is taken as the mark of 0.000 m. This means that the upper mark of the foundation is +0.300 m. This mark remains throughout the entire length of the fence.
The main disadvantages this method erecting a fence is its high cost and laboriousness, as well as some inconvenience that may arise during the installation process. Moreover, the degree of shortcomings directly depends on the level of the slope - the greater the slope, the more work on the foundation, as it becomes higher, and the more it becomes necessary to use scaffolding or ladders during the installation of pillars and filler between them. Indeed, with a significant height of the entire fence from the ground, this will be problematic. Therefore, this exit option is more suitable for areas with a slight slope - the height difference between the extreme points of the section is 300-500 mm.
If we talk about the merits, then they primarily include no need to calculate the distance between steps and calculation of the amount of filler (profiled sheet, picket fence, etc.) taking into account the unevenness of the land, i.e. this material is bought in the same way as for a flat area. In addition, in the case of a slope of not more than 5%, the aesthetics of the structure can also be attributed here.
3 option. Leave everything unchanged
Some people consider it pointless to waste their time, effort and money on leveling the entire site or bringing the foundation to one mark. Indeed, in their opinion, it is much easier and cheaper to put a fence at an angle, without changing anything. But is it really so?
Cheaper is probably true! Since there is no need to order a service for leveling the surface of your land plot and spend money on building materials necessary for the construction of a bulky strip foundation. Wherein the number of posts and materials for the filler of the fence will not increase much- by a maximum of 40% at an angle of inclination of 45º (100 cm per 1 meter or 100%). But this, as is already clear, is a rarity, because in this case we are talking about a slope.
Another thing is the amount of time and effort spent. Indeed, in this case, at least on the 2 sides of the fence structure, you will have to lead under a slope. And this means that all or almost all elements of the fence will have a slope (the foundation and load-bearing beams will definitely be tilted), which in turn will make it difficult to use some common materials and structures, for example, a profiled sheet and a monolithic strip foundation. A brick fence under such conditions is generally rarely erected.
The most suitable option under these conditions is a fence of pillars located perpendicular to the ground or horizon, which are immersed to the same depth in the ground (with or without a concrete pad), and the aggregate, whose role is played by picket fence or mesh netting.
4 option. Make step transitions
Step transitions are the most common option in the case of a fence device on an uneven area. Especially when it comes to areas with a significant slope.
Such popularity is connected with a number of undeniable advantages. Firstly, there is no need to lead the structure at an angle, and this has a positive effect on labor intensity. Secondly, the same or slightly more materials are consumed than if the site were flat, which in turn saves money. Thirdly, there are practically no restrictions on the choice of materials and structures themselves - it can be installed from wooden poles with a picket fence to reinforced concrete tape with prefabricated reinforced concrete panels or brickwork.
As for the shortcomings, they include modest aesthetic qualities (although this is a matter of taste) and little visual protection, since from some angles at least half of the site will be visible. True, in fairness it should be noted that the degree of visibility depends on the height of the fence and the percentage of slope - the smaller it is, the more likely it is that the area behind the fence is reliably protected from the "stray eye".
The installation of a fence with stepped transitions is as follows. First, the slope is calculated. For this purpose it is necessary to use a level. By the way, this device will not hurt in the previous three cases. Next, it is determined through what distance and what size the steps will be (it is desirable that they be the same). Here everything depends on type of foundation, section length and maximum gap which you can afford. And only after that the required amount of building materials is calculated and a fence is erected.
An example of calculating the steps of the fence
It is necessary to determine the length and height of the height difference (step) of the fence in the area with a slope of 2% (2 cm per 1 running meter).
- The length of the section in the direction of the slope is 30 m.
- Pillar spacing - 2000 mm.
- Filler - corrugated board with a working width of 1000 mm.
- The maximum allowable distance from the corrugated board to the ground is 150 mm.
Calculation
Determination of the maximum height difference (from the highest point of the site to the lowest point):
H \u003d 30000 20 / 1000 \u003d 600 mm.
Determination of the maximum length of steps depending on the limit of 150 mm:
L1 = 30000 150/600 = 7500 mm.
Conclusion: this length does not suit us, since we need a multiple of 1 meta so as not to cut sheets of corrugated board. We cannot take more due to the fact that the maximum allowable clearance of 150 mm will be exceeded. But as for the smaller values, they need to be selected.
Determining the number of steps:
Here it is necessary to choose such a step length so that by dividing the length of the entire section by it, you get an integer, and so that when you divide the step length itself by the width of the corrugated board, you get an integer.
N1.1 = 30000/7500 = 4 pcs; N1.2 = 7500/1000 = 7.5 pcs - the condition is not met;
N1.1 = 30000/7000 = 4.3 pcs; N1.2 = 7000/1000 = 7 pcs - the condition is not met;
N1.1 = 30000/6000 = 5 pcs; N1.2 = 6000/1000 = 6 pcs - the condition is met.
Determining the height of steps:
H1 = 6000 20/1000 = 120 mm.
Conclusion: the fence every 6 meters will be lowered 4 times by 120 mm.
Ideally flat area on residential or summer cottages is very rare. Therefore, during the construction of various structures, attention has to be paid to leveling the ground or to the competent process of erecting structures.
Fences are integral elements in private areas, as they are designed to protect the territory from a possible intrusion of uninvited guests or simply do not allow people to look at what is happening near the house or cottage.
A fence on a slope must be created carefully and correctly, because if the work is carried out correctly, the resulting structure will not only be durable and attractive, but will also act as a full-fledged fortification.
Surface leveling
Leveling scheme embankment for installation of a fence
If you have to deal with uneven ground, then construction can be carried out using several technologies, each of which is used in certain cases.
For example, preliminary leveling of the surface using an embankment. It is considered the most optimal to level the very surface on which the construction works, after which it will be possible in a standard way build a fence.
As a result, it is possible to achieve that the lower part of the structure will be exactly the same along its entire length. The slope will be corrected with an appropriate embankment created from the ground.
The disadvantages of this method include significant laboriousness, since in order to correctly and perfectly align the space, a lot of effort must be made. Additionally, labor costs will be significantly increased.
The advantages of the method include the ability to get a perfectly even fence, so you don’t have to pay much attention to the competent joining of its sections so that they look beautiful, although they have different heights.
Specific laying of the base
Many large and heavy fences made of brick or concrete need a foundation, and if you make a competent and complex bookmark on an uneven foundation, you can compensate for all the problems of the landscape.
It must necessarily be formed with a concrete base, which will have different heights in different places. In this case, you get a foundation with a slight slope, but the upper part of the fence will be flat.
The resulting fence will be reliable and durable, but this method is suitable only for those areas where there are small problems on the surface.
Fence with sections and stepped installation
The method of forming a fence with sections that are installed at different heights, but the upper level of the fence remains the same, is used quite often. As a rule, this option is suitable for structures formed from profiled sheets. It is important here to correctly straighten all sections at the same level.
The use of staggered section mounting assumes that each section is installed in such a way that it is slightly lower than the previous element. In this case, slope and unevenness are compensated.
If a fence is formed using an available chain-link mesh, then for such a fence it is enough to simply stretch the mesh so that it is fixed parallel to the ground.
The result is an even fence relative to the landscape, but there will be drops in it. The disadvantages of this option include the unattractiveness of the result, and you can easily view through the grid everything that happens near the house or cottage.
Proper foundation building
Thus, you can choose any suitable option that allows you to get a fence that is characterized by increased strength and fits well into the existing landscape. It is important to properly create a foundation on uneven ground.
If you have to work on an uneven area, then it is important to know how to properly equip the foundation so that it can easily compensate for unevenness. The base in this situation can be implemented to obtain an even fence in the following ways:
- deepening in different places may be different;
- the height of the base will be different, but the sections of the fence will be on the same level.
It is with the help of a well-equipped foundation that you can get an even fence on very difficult ground, with significant irregularities.
Features of creating a fence in areas with different slopes
The territory can have a small, medium or significant slope, and for each option, optimal solution:
- On a site with a small slope, you can simply level the area in order to eliminate all the shortcomings. Due to small irregularities, this will not have to spend a lot of money and effort. It is enough to purchase the necessary bulk material, which fills up surface defects. Another possibility is the formation of a foundation in which the plinth in different places of the fence will have different heights. The depth remains the same for the base.
- It is almost impossible to level a plot with an average slope, and if you take up this particular job, you may encounter significant difficulties. It is much easier to choose another optimal option for an attractive fence. As a rule, in such areas there are drops of the earth by about 20 cm. When developing the soil, it is necessary to choose the territory as the base, which will be the lowest. Best Choice the formation of a foundation is considered, which will have a different depth of penetration and height of the base. It is also allowed to create a fence in such a way that its sections are mounted with an offset, which compensates for landscape defects.
- On a site with a large slope, there may be a difference between different parts of the earth equal to 1 m. In this case, a stepped laying of the base of the fence is carried out. Such work is considered quite complex and also expensive, but there is no other way out in such cases. difficult situations simply no. Leveling the surface in other ways will be even harder, and this will require specialized construction equipment, so the costs will be high.
Thus, in almost every area there are certain irregularities and problems. For each specific type of unique landscape, you should apply your own methods of forming a fence that will be even and attractive. At the same time, it is important to determine what kind of slope is available on the territory, in accordance with which the optimal solution for the problem that has arisen is chosen.
under the fence will depend on the service life of the fence.
What should be taken into account in such cases?
How to build a foundation correctly so that it is strong and at the same time prevents overspending of building materials?
Many owners of private housing construction want to get advice from experienced professionals. Here's what they advise about it.
Every building needs a solid foundation, which is the foundation.
How long the entire structure will last will depend on its quality.
Without it, or if it is weak, then most likely the building will crack or even tilt and collapse.
Only a reliable support, fixed in the ground, will firmly hold the fence.
Combined foundation
The structure of such a base includes two types of fence, combined into one - this is a tape and columnar options. Such a bottom of the building exceeds the strength of the strip foundation, so it is applicable for fences from very heavy and massive spans.
On the one hand, the poles will hold on tighter if their base goes deep into the ground. On the other hand, combining the concrete poured in the wells into a single unit with a strip foundation will create a more durable structure that will evenly distribute the weight of the spans and prevent the pillars from moving away from the vertical axis.
rubble stone
Natural stone is not only a durable building stone, but also a beautiful element of the decoration of the fence. Designers most successfully use it in combination with forged gratings. Rubble stone perfectly emphasizes the creativity laid down by the artistic skill of the blacksmith, and adequately ennobles it.
At the same time, massive cobblestones remarkably provide the reliability of fastening supports, on which forged ones are hung. They make beautiful monolithic foundation, which does not require additional plastering and can stand without repair for many years.
pile foundation
In places where the soil cover has unstable properties and expands during frost and pushes out the foundation, it is best to build a fence on screw piles. They will help to maintain the stability of the fence for a long period of time.
Note. The pile type of foundation can only be installed under light materials.
The pile itself consists of a metal pipe with internal concrete pouring. The support is screwed into the ground thanks to a special blade located at the end of the pipe.
It is important to know the depth of soil freezing. The blade plays the role of an anchor in the foundation of the fence. It must be strengthened below the freezing level of the soil so that the structure is not squeezed out of the frozen ground and this does not lead to destruction.
So, whatever type of foundation is chosen, it must fulfill the main function: to firmly hold the above-ground for many years, which can only be ensured by the correct depth of its laying.
How deep do you need to dig a pit for a future fence
The foundation of any building is laid future basis, which affects the general direction of construction in its subsequent stages. Therefore, it is so important to correctly perform the calculations so that the result is a reliable and durable fence.
At the same time, it is necessary to rationally and economically approach financial costs to create a solid foundation and avoid overspending.
In addition, every owner wants his fence to look aesthetically pleasing and provide long-term and reliable protection of his personal territory from thieves, and simply prying eyes of neighbors or passers-by. Such guarantees can only be provided by a very strong structure built at the border of the site.
Its stability, first of all, will be influenced by the correct depth of laying the foundation, thanks to which the fence can last for more than a dozen years.
A foundation can provide good stability to the structure, in which total area will not be less than the value obtained in the calculations. All required parameters for calculations, you need to look in the reference or construction literature.
What nuances can still affect the depth of laying the foundation
Sometimes the strip foundation may not be very deep.
It all depends on the weight and properties of the materials, as well as the design of the fence itself.
In each case, you need to approach individually and general rules for the construction of even the same type of buildings can hardly be made.
For example, if the fence will be made of light spans on poles and the structure provides for above-ground masonry between vertical supporting elements, then the foundation depth can be laid higher.
The bottom of the pit under such conditions can be arranged at a distance of not half a meter from the surface of the earth, and not less than 0.3 m.
This will save money on the purchase of building materials. However, erecting a fence directly on the ground is not recommended, because this will lead to the fact that it will quickly collapse.
With regard to massive fences on soft soils and with a high level of groundwater, it is better to provide for an increased depth of foundation, because in such places the soil can sag a lot. But if the site is located on shale rocks or other hard layers of soil, then the bottom of the foundation can be placed higher.
The strength in such places is very high and stability is ensured due to the mechanical properties of the rock. In addition, it is very difficult to create a foundation pit in such a place, so it is permissible to choose its depth at the level of 20 - 25 cm.
When calculating the depth of the base, experienced specialists always analyze the following factors:
- what type of building will be built
- design features
- terrain and slope
- properties of soil layers
- groundwater occurrence
- how much does the area freeze
If the site is located in an area with a strong slope, then the depth of the foundation may be different as the height of the surface of the site decreases. The base for the construction is performed in a stepped way, breaking the tape from into several sections of different levels.
In this case, the protrusions of the foundation above the ground must be provided for at least 10 cm, which will not allow dirt to accumulate on its surface during precipitation.
The option of installing a fence with spans of corrugated board can also have a different base thickness in a combined foundation. In the places of construction of supporting pillars, it should be larger than under the sheet elements. Such a base allows you to significantly save labor costs on building materials and ensure sufficient stability.
The strength of the fence structure is very much dependent on the foundation laid under it. Properly defined foundation depth will ensure a long service life of the erected fence.
When determining the parameters, do not be too lazy to find out all the characteristics of the land. This will not only provide good protection for your estate, but also save you from repeated costs for it. overhaul or new.
If all calculations are made correctly and taking into account all the features of the area, as well as materials of good quality, then the strength of the fence will not make the owners worry after the first winter. In such cases, you need to save wisely so that later you do not have to pay much more than was saved. Moreover, it should be, first of all, in your own interests.
And how to fill the foundation under the fence, you can watch the video:
It is quite rare in practice to meet a perfectly even land plot. Very often, such areas with slopes need to be strengthened to prevent shedding, and this can be done in several ways: plant vegetation, make a mound of stones, or else. With regards to vegetation and embankment, there are no questions. Plant roots hold the soil, stone embankment compacts it. But with a fence, everything is not so simple, because not everyone knows that the fence can also serve as a strengthening of a site with a slope.
In order for the fence on a site with difficult terrain to be reliable and have a presentable appearance, it is necessary to carefully weigh all possible options its installation.
To build a high-quality fencing of the territory, it is necessary to build a fence on a site with a slope, taking into account this feature landscape.
How does the fence affect the strengthening of the slope?
Each fence first of all needs a solid foundation. It gives the fence not only strength and stability, but also affects the strengthening of the area with a slope in the place where the fence is installed.
The best option for strengthening a site with a slope would be a stone fence. As a rule, sandstone or limestone is used for. In addition, fences for this purpose are made of brick, concrete, concrete slabs. They are characterized by durability, strength, high resistance to various environmental factors. And also stone, concrete or brick fence do not need such care as, for example, a wooden or metal fence.
In order for the fence erected on the terrain with an unusual relief to be reliable and presentable, you need to carefully consider all possible situations for its installation.
Construction of the fence: leveling the embankment and laying the foundation
The scheme for leveling the embankment and concreting the foundation: 1. Ground level 2. Strip foundation 3. Logs 4. Metal pole 5. Profiled sheet
The easiest way to install a fence on a site with a slope is by leveling the surface. In this case, the lower level of the fence will be the same along its entire length, since the slope angle will be compensated for by the required height by an embankment of soil. After carefully weighing everything, it becomes obvious that this method of solving the problem is very laborious, and such a fence will cost a pretty penny. In addition, the fertile soil layer will be disturbed by a soil embankment. But this method has positive sides: the new fence will be perfectly flat, and you will save yourself from having to think about joining sections of different heights.
Along with the earth embankment, pouring a concrete base is popular. A fence with such a bottom will have a minimum gap, and the top level will be parallel to the foundation. A fence with a slope built in this way is characterized by a high level of reliability and a long service life. But if the site has large differences in height, it will be necessary to pay special attention to the careful docking of the individual sections.
Other Options for Building Fences on Rough Terrain
There is another way to install a fence on sloping terrain - installing sections of different heights with a single top level. This applies to fences made of profiled sheets, the lower level of which is adjusted parallel to the ground.
You should also remember about the "stepped" installation option, which consists in the fact that each subsequent section is located slightly lower than the previous one, thus compensating for the slope of the construction site.
If you have chosen a chain-link mesh as the material for your fence, then remember that it must be pulled parallel to the ground. This option will give an even fence, but accompanied by a height difference. This method is the cheapest of all and at the same time it is the least laborious. The main disadvantage of such a fence is an unpresentable view.
How does the slope of the site affect the nature of the foundation for the fence?
Schemes for the construction of foundations in areas with a slope: a - with a small slope; b - with an average slope; c - with a large slope; φ - angle of internal friction of the soil.
To find out how irregularities on the construction site affect the nature of the foundation and the technical side of the work, you need to understand the structure of the height of the foundation - the base as unified system. In most cases, the base consists of the following components:
- the size of the foundation deepening;
- layout height;
- the height of the blind area at the base;
- distance from the top edge of the base to the blind area.
blind area and vertical layout arranged to divert flood and storm water from the structure. At the base, their total height should be at least 20 cm (10 cm - the height of the vertical layout and 10 cm - the thickness of the blind area). The blind area with a width of 0.8-1.0 m should be with a slope of 5%.
Construction of fences at different slopes of the terrain
Plots with a slope - the concept is very loose, since the angle of the slope of the terrain can vary greatly. Consider all possible situations different features landscape.
Foundation installation on a site with a small slope
Stepped method of installing fences: 1. Ground level 2. Concreting or backfilling 3. Logs 4. Metal pole 5. Profiled sheet.
If the differences in the height of the earth's surface between the extreme ones are less than their design depth, then the overall slope of the construction site can be considered small.
In some cases, developers, wanting to cut funds for geodetic works, as well as low-skilled builders, in order not to bother with the need for extra measurements, they consider the terrain to be horizontal within the construction site. In fact, bumps and grass cover can hide some slope of 10-20 cm. This seemingly insignificant difference may come to light during the development of trenches. If you continue to ignore it, then at the end of the construction of the foundation it will turn out that the height of the basement from the soil level in the lower and upper parts of the site is significantly different. In this situation, it is necessary to increase the height of the base, and then the volumes of excavated soil, sand and poured concrete may be greater than calculated.
To avoid such troubles and unnecessary waste, it is necessary to carry out a geodetic survey within the planned fence before excavating the soil (if this procedure has not been completed during the engineering and geological surveys).
It is better to start digging trenches and pits in the highest part of the construction site, making all the excavations at the same level.
The height and depth of the foundation do not change, but in the case when the boundary of the fertile soil layer in any place of the construction site is deeper, it is necessary to deepen the trench (pit) until it is completely removed.
To determine the depth at the highest point of construction, use a simple formula:
l T \u003d l pv + l p,
where l T is the depth of the trench (pit), l pv denotes the height difference of the area, and l p denotes the thickness of the vegetation layer.
Upon completion of the installation of the foundation and removal of the formwork, backfilling is done and the soil surface of the site is leveled so that the blind area and the vertical layout around the structure are in a horizontal plane.
If the construction site has an average slope
The slope of the site can be called average in the case when the difference in the height of the soil surface between the extreme foundation parts is equal to or slightly exceeds (no more than 20 cm) their calculated depth. In such a situation, the highest surface of the construction site during excavation cannot be taken as the base, since the lower part of the foundation in the lower areas of the site is on the surface or even above it.
Plan for building a fence on a slope.
When you are working on a plot that has a medium slope, the base will be the lowest surface within the construction. The right decision would be to build a foundation in a lower part at the level of the ground surface. In this case, the pillow is limited to the sides of the trench, which ensures its compaction.
In the low part of the site, trenches are dug to the depth of the designed anti-heaving cushion, but at the same time, the depth should not be less than the depth of the fertile soil layer.
All other developments are done at the same level. When the height difference of the site is equal to the planned depth of the foundations, their height does not change, and the required depth in the lower level of the site is provided by backfilling. In the case when the height difference exceeds the depth of the foundation, then the latter must be taken equal to this difference. Moreover, the dimensions of the soles of the foundations can be reduced, taking into account the greater depth.
Vertical dumping of the soil is carried out immediately after the foundation is erected. In trenches, for this purpose, well-compacted, non-porous soil is used. Outside the trench, filling can be done with any soil, including previously extracted from workings.
With such variants of the foundation device, the volumes earthworks and the consumption of concrete will be minimal, and the foundations themselves will be reliable and durable.
If you perform a blind area and planning with a downward slope of the site, then in this way you can slightly reduce the amount of earthwork, but for some reason the stability of the foundation will decrease with a simultaneous increase in its cost. The consumption of concrete is increased by deepening the foundation in the lower level of the site. It is necessary to expand the trenches, which will entail the need to remove the developed soil, and these are additional costs. Keep in mind that laying the soil is always easier than taking it out.
Construction of a fence on a site with a large slope
Conventionally, the slope of the site is called large if the height difference between the extreme parts of the foundation is much greater than the rational depth of its foundation (more than 1 meter). In such a situation, the stepwise laying of the foundation will be the most profitable solution. This method has its positive and negative sides, it makes the work more expensive and more difficult, so it is advisable to use it only with large slopes of the terrain.
The foundation in the lower place of the construction site is made to the level of the soil surface, and in the upper places - according to the calculated depth. The transition from one level to the next is carried out through one or more ledges. The length of the latter should exceed their height at least twice, while the height is no more than 60 cm.
Features of the drainage system
Sometimes a drain device may be required. Its presence depends on geological conditions construction site. As drainage system filtration holes may protrude along with underground or surface drainage. In addition to the filtration holes, it is also desirable to leave an unfilled seam in every third row in increments of 2 m. Ground drainage is a mound of brick chips, crushed stone or gravel behind the fence. Underground drainage is a perforated drainage pipe wrapped in geotextile material and a drainage well. The material absorbs water, it penetrates through the perforation into the middle of the pipe, and from there directly into the well.
Ultimately, the option of a fence on an uneven area and, in fact, its cost depend on the landscape features of a particular area. You just need to carefully consider all stages of construction, taking into account the operating conditions of your future fence.
- Economic security of the Russian Federation Political economic security of the Russian Federation
- Antimonopoly policy, its goals and methods The main direction of the antimonopoly policy of the state is
- What reforms did Witte make briefly
- Okun's law and the theory of "full employment" of the population