Creation of small enterprises at universities. Who needs small innovative enterprises in universities
Alexander Sergeev, Head of the Department for Commercialization of Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer at St Petersburg University, told how young researchers can start their own business and how the university can help.
What is a small innovative enterprise and why is it needed?
A small innovative enterprise, or SIE, in which the University is a co-founder, is an economic company created with the aim of introducing the result of intellectual activity, the exclusive rights to which belong to the University. The creation of an SIE with the participation of the University is one of the mechanisms for technology transfer - the transfer of technology from one entity to another for the purpose of its implementation, as a rule, on a commercial basis.
Usually an MIP is a limited liability company or joint-stock company, where one of the co-founders is a university or a research institute, in a word, a center where an intellectual product is created.
Today, universities are becoming an important part of economic system and must show that their intellectual products can turn into real products.
For example, these are medicines for previously incurable diseases, new methods for the safe processing of waste, equipment and various devices with new characteristics, etc. MIPs are needed precisely in order to introduce this or that scientific development into production, which will ultimately improve the quality of life people or the use of resources in society.
Are there many MIPs working at St Petersburg University today? Are there young scientists among their employees?
We have 12 such enterprises. One of the most successful examples is Geological Center of St. Petersburg State University, established at the end of 2011. The Center provides services in the field of geological study of the subsoil of various profiles. The company has a lot of orders and a good turnover, it is widely known in Russia.
Another successful SIE is LLC Center for Information and Diagnostic Systems of St. Petersburg State University, where they develop software(PO) for nuclear medicine. For example, special programs for tomographs and other devices that "see through" the human body. The software has no analogues in the country, therefore it is popular with medical institutions, research institutes related to medicine, as well as manufacturers of radio electronics products. This is a vivid example of import substitution. There are enterprises where young scientists also work: Non-Local Plasma Technologies LLC, Laser Chemistry LLC and others.
How can St Petersburg University help aspiring businessmen to create an IIP?
First of all, it should be noted that the legal possibility The creation of an IIP occurs when the university is ready to grant the right to use the intellectual property of which it is the copyright holder.
Help is always the provision of some resources.
One of the significant intangible advantages is the brand, image and reputation of the St. state university, after all, a small enterprise was created with the participation of St. Petersburg State University and, of course, is associated with the University. This is noted by all MIP directors. The university takes full responsibility for the registration of the enterprise, so that the initiators of the IIP do not understand how to fill out the registration form, what documents are needed, how to write a charter, when to go to tax office etc.
MIPs have access to the equipment of the Science Park, and since these are our enterprises, certain preferential conditions are possible here, which can be specified in the contract. Thanks to the creation of MIPs, employees and students of the University have additional sources income. For students, a small innovative enterprise is an opportunity, without leaving their desks, to begin to apply the knowledge that they are given in lectures. For researchers involved in applied research, this is an opportunity to test their developments, to find out how effectively their developments solve practical problems.
I would also note that for SIEs there are benefits provided by the state. One of the most significant is the reduced amount of payments for insurance premiums. For ordinary enterprises, in general, it is about 30%, but for SIEs created at universities, at the moment it is 14%. There are also benefits for renting premises in the state educational institution: in the first year, the IIP can pay 40% of the amount rent, in the second - 60%, in the third - 80%. In a word, the status of the IIP gives certain preferences.
Is it possible to combine work at a small enterprise and study at St Petersburg University?
Candidates for general directors are discussed at the commission for the creation of SIEs and are agreed with the leadership of the University. For other positions, it is generally allowed for students, graduate students and young scientists to be employees of small innovative enterprises.
Where can a small innovative enterprise find funds to implement its project?
Today, the state offers a lot of ways to raise financing for companies that are at the initial stage of development. For example, the Innovation Promotion Fund implements a number of such programs, the most popular of which is Start. Small businesses apply to this program to raise funds and master the production and sale of products based on their development. Enterprises at St Petersburg University often work immediately with industrial customers. But there are also precedents for receiving grants: we have two SIEs that are recipients of grants from the same Innovation Promotion Fund - LLC Geological Center of St. Petersburg State University and LLC Scientific Research Center information technologies St. Petersburg State University.
How many startups become successful businesses? And how can we help young entrepreneurs who want to develop knowledge-intensive technologies?
It is believed that the standard percentage of "survival" of startups, not only in science-intensive business, but also among innovative enterprises in general, does not exceed 10%.
There is always a chance to "shoot", but this work requires a lot of enthusiasm and knowledge, and in order for novice entrepreneurs to get them, they need an innovative infrastructure.
At St Petersburg University, we are currently working on the development of a business incubator, a structure that will help a young enterprise get on its feet faster with the help of three basic things: teaching the basics of enterprise economics and innovation management, advising on applied business issues, including mentoring by experts from business environment, and establishing business contacts.
At the first stage, we plan to discuss the most basic issues and guide those who are just beginning to be interested in entrepreneurship. For example, how to segment the market? How to build a pricing policy? How to link pricing and sales volume? How to write a business plan and why? Where to attract financial resources and how to do it? For such questions. It is important to learn not only from theorists, but also from entrepreneurs who have achieved success and can give advice, including in individually how not to fill cones. In addition, business contacts are made in the business incubator, which help to attract finance and customers.
I think that for the guys taking part in the SPbU Start-up competition, the incubator will become the main resource that will help them turn from a startup into a rapidly growing business.
ITMO University and the NeuroNet Accelerator held an open seminar on the theme “University SIEs. Barriers of existing legislation on the way of technology transfer and recommendations for their elimination”. Lawyers and representatives of technology parks, business incubators and acceleration programs of St. Petersburg State University, Moscow State University, Polytechnic University. Peter the Great, Ingria Technopark and ITMO University met to discuss the problems and prospects of small innovative enterprises created on the basis of higher education.
Source: depositpotos.com
Why were MIPs invented?
Small innovative enterprises- this is one of the ways to commercialize the developments of the university, which provide additional jobs for teachers, students and graduate students of the university. MIP employees put into practice the knowledge gained at the university, learn to communicate with business not as representatives of a state institution, but as entrepreneurs.
“MIPs contribute to increasing the competitiveness and development of the innovative infrastructure of the university, since the university staff, in addition to research competencies, develop entrepreneurial skills”,- says the head of the department for working with SIEs at ITMO University Alexander Ostroukhov.
Foreign universities have formed a system of MIPs in order to motivate their employees to earn extra money within the institution by doing business, and the universities themselves thus form new sources of funding. In addition, an atmosphere of innovation is being formed at the university, in which new technologies are developed and new personnel “grow” – students can get a job in one of the SIEs.
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The ancestor of SIEs in Russia, director of the Analytical Consulting Center of the Department of Economics of Innovation, Lomonosov Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov Andrey Kolesnikov, has been promoting the concept of innovative entrepreneurship for many years. He thinks that without practical application research results development is impossible. In his opinion, education cannot be completed if there is no module on innovation activities.
Innovative Business at ITMO University
Currently, ITMO University encourages SIE directors and provides support to companies. The department of project and innovation activities of the university provides free consulting assistance from lawyers, marketing and fundraising specialists. MIPs can use the umbrella brand of the university, positioning themselves as a company with a good work experience. Employees of such an enterprise have access to experts and high-tech equipment. In addition, such an innovative business receives benefits for insurance premiums(14% instead of 30% as for conventional companies) and is exempt from value added tax (VAT) of the final product, which can range from 9% to 18%.
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The last most successful small innovative projects of ITMO University were "", "Food Technologies and Equipment", and. Behind Last year they have reached self-sufficiency and no longer need support, while remaining university SIEs.
Barriers at MIPs
The main obstacles in the creation of SIEs were identified by experts as the amount of documentation, distrust between university administration and teachers, determining the university's share in the company, difficulties in providing premises for work on projects, and the difficulty of closing idle SIEs.
To solve these problems, the participants of the meeting proposed to use regulations at the university to resolve conflicts, simplify rent and access to business incubators, as well as pay bonuses for the creation and successful maintenance of the IIP on the basis of the university.
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“What needs to be done to motivate a professor to do business? It is necessary to provide him with access to the necessary infrastructure,- says the director of the technopark "Polytechnic" Mikhail Rayak. — But, unfortunately, now IIPs occur mostly by chance, and reporting previously followed the principle “the more IIPs, the better”. Now, on the contrary, there is a tendency to reduce the number of small innovative enterprises and to improve the quality of SIEs.”
As a result of the meeting, the experts formulated a package of proposals and amendments to current legislature. The participants plan to promote it with the support of ASI.
Arseny Tretyakov,
Department of design and innovation activities
A small innovative enterprise or company is usually called a science-intensive enterprise, the profile of which belongs to the so-called high-tech, high technologies, and which produces goods or services that are competitive in the technical innovation market.The creation of an SIP is envisagedFederal Law No. 217 FZ.
Scientific institutions and universities can create small enterprises to commercialize their developments and contribute the results of intellectual property to the authorized capital of this enterprise.If in the course of your work or study you have invented something useful and new in the field of technology, be it computer programs, databases, breeding achievements, and so on, you can patent it.
Since you are using the scientific and experimental base of a university or scientific enterprise, the intellectual property rights will belong to the university or scientific enterprise.
To commercialize your developments, you need to create a small business that will own intellectual property.
8 steps to create an IIP:
- STEP 1.Come to the rector or head of a scientific enterprise. Tell about the development that can be sold as a product or service. On this basis, create an MIP.
- STEP 2.Patent or register your intellectual property. The university should help with this.
- STEP 3.Conduct an intellectual property valuation. According to the law, the assessment is approved by the decision of the general meeting of founders (if its value is up to 500 thousand rubles). If the cost is higher- need an independent appraiser.
- STEP 4.Prepare documents for registration of IIP:
- Charter. Examples of IIP Statutesis available online . Look through a few of them and make your own according to the example. The share of the university or scientific institution in the authorized capitallimited liability companiesshould be more than one third, and the remaining participants pay the remaining share in cash.
- Memorandum of association. A document that defines the procedure for joint activities to create an LLC. The conditions for the transfer of their property and participation in the activities of the LLC are also indicated. In particular, the agreement determines the conditions and procedure for the distribution of profits and losses among the participants, management of the activities of a legal entity, withdrawal of founders (participants) from its composition.
- License agreement. A document in which one party grants or undertakes to grant the other party the right to use the result of an exclusive right to a result of intellectual activity.
- Minutes of the general meeting. For this, it convenes general meeting founders of LLC Small innovative enterprise"your name". There can be only two founders: you and the head of the organization or university.
- STEP 5.The following is the standard registration of an LLC. You can contact a notary public or arrange everything yourself by submitting the above documents to the tax office and paying state duty in the amount of 4000 rubles:
STEP 6.Attention! Even before visiting the tax office, you must open a savings bank account to deposit authorized capital. Therefore, the following additional documents also got into the tax office: - Notification letter from the bank on opening a savings account for a small innovative enterprise.
- Certificates confirming the deposit of the required amounts of the authorized capital to the savings account of the enterprise.
- STEP 7.Go to the statistics department, where they will give you OKVED type of activity of the organization. For example 73.10 is Scientific research and development) there can be several codes.
- STEP 8.Now you need throughspecialized site notify the Ministry of Education and Science of the establishment of the SIE.
Why not just open an LLC?Because you continue to use the property of a university or scientific institution, of course, if this is provided for in the contract. Also a plus are tax incentives for small innovative enterprises in terms of payroll taxes.
The creation of a small innovative enterprise ends with its state registration. After-
the enterprise receives the status of a legal entity, is included in the register and is registered in tax authorities, local branch Federal Service state statistics, pension fund RF.
Do you still have questions about creating an MIP? Contact our experts for advice on your specific case.
You can sign up:
- by free phone hotline 8 800 500 38 59
— Personal Area on the website of the Crimean Entrepreneurship Support Fund
associated initially with one specific innovative idea or product. The spatial organization of the SIE is determined by the nature of the ongoing processes, the composition of contractors, cooperation, division of labor processes, and the structure of suppliers. The location of the SIE and its structural links affects the construction of communication systems and the management structure of the SIE.
5.2. General order creation of a new IIP
The creation of a new SIE is the content of the first phase of its life cycle. Its success depends on the quality and depth of elaboration of the decisions made at this stage. It is known from international practice that half of the established SIEs stop their activities in the first four years due to wrong decisions made during its creation. The most common reasons for the closure of young SIEs are the following: lack of entrepreneurial experience and economic knowledge of the innovator; wrong commercial valuation innovative goal; errors in the assessment of the market or in the behavior on it; incorrect assessment of the competitiveness of an idea, the scientific and technical level of an innovative product; errors in planning the required investments, in financial accounting; reassessment of one's own capabilities; mistakes in recruitment; a lack of own funds, the impossibility of obtaining (repaying) a loan; high costs for management and maintenance of personnel; wrong organization, outdated equipment.
Depending on the nature of the emergence and level of development of an innovative idea in international practice, there are three types of SIE creation: systemic, interactive and spontaneous.
The most promising and competitive of them is the system type, which is characterized by an ideal project elaboration, an objective assessment of risks and chances, a detailed design study of the organization of activities, financial sources and Money. This type is based on technical or manufacturing know-how, patent or acquired license and is characterized by high professionalism. It is focused on long-term goals.
interactive type The emergence of SIP is characterized by the progressive development of the entrepreneurial concept. It is usually associated with an insufficiently defined innovative idea that has various aspects of commercial use. The entrepreneurial concept is constantly refined, changes as new conditions arise, the market situation becomes clearer and the entrepreneur acquires economic experience. This type is associated with higher costs and riskier decisions.
The most dangerous, risky and expensive is the spontaneous type of SIE, created according to the principle “the main thing is to start, and success will come with experience”. The increased costs in this case are associated not only with erroneous decisions, but also with the need to correct their consequences. For a successful function
SIE regulation requires a systematic study of many interrelated issues.
The general procedure for creating a new SIE usually includes three main stages: preparatory, founding and organizational (Fig. 2.3.3).
Marketing research at the stage of creating a new SIE is always limited due to the lack of necessary experience, skills and necessary information, as well as lack of funds.
1. Preparatory stage
2. Constituent stage
3. Organizational | |||
1.1. Subject definition | 2.1. Preparation of the | 3.1. Network formation |
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and scope | body documents | implementation of innovative |
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1.2. The choice of organizational | 2.2. Approval of documents | product |
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legal form | Comrade and state re- | 3.2. Formation of a network |
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1.3. Location identification | hystration | suppliers of raw materials, materials |
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location of the enterprise | 2.3. Making an obligation | fishing, semi-finished products |
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1.4. Business development | telny attributes pre- | 3.3. Recruitment |
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parental concept | acceptance (printing, billing, | 3.4. Organization of scientific |
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rank, forms, etc.) | production process |
||
3.5. Management organization |
Rice. 2.3.3. Stages of creation of SIP
The primary marketing research of an innovative idea should provide answers to five sets of questions:
9 Who can be a consumer of a new product? What are their needs and what motives do they have for purchasing a new product?
9 Which competitors are already operating in established markets and what are their capabilities?
9 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed new product?
9 What is the significance for the markets of their own efforts aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the product, reducing its delivery time, reducing costs, etc.?
9 What volume of sales and scale of activity of the enterprise will ensure its commercial success?
Assessment of the market situation is the main factor determining the volume and structure production program MIP, as well as the scale of its activities.
The choice of the organizational and legal form of SIP is important for building a management system, the procedure for making strategic decisions, determining the method of profit distribution, the nature of the liability of the founders, motivational levers and many other factors of the enterprise. The composition of the organizational and legal forms of SIE as a variety of innovative organizations is regulated Civil Code RF. When comparing and choosing them, the following criteria should be borne in mind first of all:
restrictions in management (the decision-making process should be clear and fast, control - according to the final results);
distribution of profits (if possible under the innovator's own responsibility) in accordance with the objectives of the IIP;
tax pressure (as simple as possible and favorable for business purposes);
liability (if possible - only property
investment opportunities (possibly wider).
The founder-innovator makes an assessment of each of the listed criteria when choosing the organizational and legal form of the SIE on the basis of the planned scale of activity, the need for investment and the complexity of the ongoing production processes.
The location of the SIE should not be associated only with the place of residence of the entrepreneur-innovator. It is determined by two groups of factors: determining the choice legal address SIP and determining the geographical location of the SIP and its structural units.
The first group of factors determining the place state registration enterprises, focuses on the search for regions with the most favorable conditions for entrepreneurial activity(the level of taxes, the availability of state or regional support, customs and other benefits, etc.).
When determining the geographical location of the SIP, the following characteristics should be taken into account:
the nature of the innovative product, the conditions of its transportation;
the nature of the technological process and its spatial conditions;
the composition of the markets for the sale of products and their geographical location;
composition of suppliers of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components and their geographical location;
logistic characteristics of SIE (external material flows, their intensity, rhythm, seasonality);
comparative assessments of energy, economic, demographic, social, climatic and other conditions in possible locations of SIP.
The choice of the most favorable location for the SIE, taking into account the above factors, is carried out, as a rule, based on the criterion of minimizing costs and the timing of satisfying the consumer's order.
The preparatory stage for the creation of an SIE should end with the development of an entrepreneurial concept for a new SIE. The entrepreneurial concept is an absolutely obligatory element of the process of creating an SIE, necessary for both internal and external purposes. As an internal document, it is used in the form of a consolidated rationale for an innovative project at the stage of creating an SIE and as a control tool in assessing the development of an enterprise. As an external document, the entrepreneurial concept is used to obtain external loans and investments, create various business associations and unions, to receive state or regional orders, international contract. The most common and internationally accepted form of preparing an entrepreneurial IIP concept is the preparation of business plans. On fig. 2.3.4 presents the organizational and legal forms of the LEB.
INNOVATIVE ORGANIZATIONS
commercial | non-commercial | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Consumer | Public | Associations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cooperative (union, ob- | organizations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(associations) | (associations and unions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Household | Industrial | State | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
partnerships | cooperative (artel) | and municipal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
and society | enterprises | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Household | Household | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
commodities of the community (HT) | society (CS) | economic | operational | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
management | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Full XT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(federal treasury | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
enterprise) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HT on faith | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(limited) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Joint Stock | Society with limited | Society with additional |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
society (JSC) | no response | thread responsible |
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Open JSC | Closed JSC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rice. 2.3.4. Organizational and legal forms
small innovative organizations
5.3. The founding stage of the creation of SIP
The founding stage of the creation of an SIE is generally regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and specified by regional norms for state registration of entrepreneurial activity. It was after the state
registration new organizational structure becomes a primary economic link and acquires the status of a legal entity. In the process of establishing an IIP, there is a need to adopt a number of important management decisions. We list the composition of the decisions of the founding stage:
1. Determination of the composition of the founders of the SIP.
2. Establishment of the size of the authorized capital.
3. Determining the nature of the participation of the founders and the amount of the equity contribution to the authorized capital.
4. Drafting of the memorandum of association.
5. Definition of the company name.
6. Preparation of the charter of the IIP.
7. Determination of the legal address.
8. Selection and appointment of senior management (director, deputy director and chief accountant).
9. Preparation of agreed and permitting documents.
10. Payment of state duty and other fees.
11. Choosing a bank and opening a current account.
12. Preparation of letterheads, production and registration of seals
The most responsible decision of the founding stage of the creation of an SIE is to determine the composition of the founders. Individuals can act as founders individuals, groups of individuals or legal entities. Collective foundation - in comparison with the individual - has a number of advantages. The main ones are:
expansion of areas of know-how through the exchange of experience and the rights of the founders;
joint decision-making and reduction in connection with this level of risk;
the possibility of division of labor and increase due to this productivity
increase in joint initial capital;
separation financial risk and reducing personal liability.
The main advantage of an individual foundation is the complete freedom to make all decisions, the absence of the need for approvals. This form is preferred for innovative projects with low risk, relatively simple processes and low initial costs.
test questions
1. Organizational forms of innovative entrepreneurship.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of IDP and MIP.
3. Conditions for registering an IDP.
4. MIP registration conditions.
5. Classification of MIP types.
6. The composition of the stages of creating an MIP.
7. Organizational and legal forms of small innovative organizations.
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