CO2 equivalent calculation. Calculation of greenhouse gases in a new way
Good afternoon, dear subscribers! We are doing the calculation of greenhouse gases correctly!
Once again, the legislators are doing another "trick" with us. Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia No. 554 dated December 23, 2015 approved the application form for registering objects that have a negative impact on the environment (NVOS) on state registration. The document contains the information necessary for entering into State Register, including in the form of electronic documents signed by an enhanced qualified electronic signature(EDS).
Calculation of greenhouse gases in a new way
By order of the Ministry of Natural Resources dated September 27, 2016 No. 499, the content of some information has been changed.
There are not many changes, which is good news:
1. In paragraph 2 of Section II "Information on the impact of the facility on the environment" the words "actual mass of carbon dioxide emissions" shall be replaced by the words "actual mass of greenhouse gas emissions in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2-equivalent)".
2. After footnote 1 to paragraph 4 of Section I, add footnote 2 to paragraph 2 of Section II as follows:
"In accordance with the methodological guidelines and guidelines for quantifying the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by organizations carrying out economic and other activities in Russian Federation approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated June 30, 2015 No. 300 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 15, 2015, registration number 40098), the actual mass of greenhouse gas emissions is determined in terms of carbon dioxide. "
Who is now busy with filing applications for state registration, please keep in mind recent changes... Always a site for you!
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Client: Ministry of Environmental Protection
environment of the Republic of Kazakhstan Astana 2010
1. General Provisions
2. Purpose and objectives
3. Settlement procedure
3.1. Theoretical basis
3.2. Calculation of CO emissions
3.3 Calculation of emissions of other greenhouse gases
4. Calculation example
5. Estimation of uncertainties
6. Reporting and documentation
7. List of sources used
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by energy enterprises are decisive in the national emission inventory of any country. For Kazakhstan, these emissions also account for the bulk of GHG emissions among all spheres. economic activity... Therefore, it is natural that the accounting of GHG emissions by energy enterprises should be especially careful, and the uncertainty in the estimates should be minimal.
These guidelines are intended to estimate GHG emissions only from thermal power plants and boiler houses, i.e. enterprises for which the production of electricity or heat, as well as electricity and heat is at the same time the main goal. The guidelines are intended for calculating GHG emissions at all thermal power plants and boiler houses, regardless of the form of ownership. At the same time, all other enterprises in which fuel is also burned, but for which the generation of electricity and heat is not the main output product, are not covered by these guidelines.
Depending on the completeness of the information, it is possible to estimate (calculate) GHG emissions at three levels. The more information about the applied fuel combustion technology, the higher the level of assessment can be. So, if only the data on the amount of fuel burned per year are known, then calculations are possible only at level 1. In this case, it will also be necessary to use the GHG emission factors per unit of fuel burned, obtained for Europe and the USA, the so-called. default emission factors.
If national data on specific emission factors are available for the given emission sources and fuel type and, in addition, the carbon content of the fuels used is known, then the calculations can be performed at Tier 2. In this case, the default GHG emission factors for Tier 1 are replaced with country-specific emission factors. Such factors can be calculated based on country-specific data on carbon content, the state of combustion technology, carbon remaining in ash, which may also change over time. It is good practice to compare country specific emission factors with default factors. The difference should be small, around 5%. However, such a comparison is carried out by the corresponding research institutes of the country. The task of the enterprise is to use national coefficients, if any.
Level 3, the most preferred, as giving minimum errors, can be used if the following data are available:
Information about the quality of the fuel used;
Combustion technology;
Operating conditions;
Combustion control technologies;
Maintenance quality;
The age of the equipment used to burn the fuel.
In the appendix to level 3, all this is taken into account by breaking down the entire procedure of fuel consumption into sections that are uniform in terms of operating mode and type of fuel and using its own specific emission factors for each of them.
This is especially important when assessing CH4 and N2O emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission factors are less dependent on the factors listed above, since CO2 emissions are almost independent of combustion technology.
Accordingly, the use of level 3 for its calculations is not required.
Continuous monitoring of combustion technology is essential to accurately estimate CH4 and N2O emissions. It is especially justified when burning solid fuel or if the fuel is distinguished by a noticeable variety of its characteristics.
It is known from foreign sources that in some cases biomass is used for the production of energy or heat. These guidelines do not provide for the calculation of GHG emissions from combustion of biofuels due to their low use, as well as the specifics of accounting for emissions from biofuels.
At some thermal power plants and boiler houses from far abroad, carbon dioxide capture systems are used. Taking into account the fact that in Kazakhstan the possibilities of such capture have not yet been realized, such a combustion option is not yet considered in the guidelines.
2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
This regulatory document, also called Methodological Guidelines, is intended for use at thermal power plants and boiler houses for self-calculation of greenhouse gas emissions based on the results of work for a calendar year.
The purpose of this regulatory document is the development of a scientifically grounded and structurally similar method to the International and European approaches for assessing the volume of greenhouse gas emissions from thermal power plants and boiler houses, which would be acceptable for the conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:
Studied scientific information from near and far abroad on modern GHG emission factors depending on the type of fuel, technology and combustion mode;
The structure of energy enterprises in Kazakhstan, existing technologies and available data were studied;
A methodology for accounting (calculation) of GHG emissions by enterprises in Kazakhstan has been developed;
A sample of calculations of GHG emissions for energy companies has been prepared, following which it is possible to perform calculations for a real enterprise.
3. PAYMENT PROCEDURE.
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
12 + 2 16 = 12 + 16 2 = 4 Therefore, for 12 molar masses of carbon there are 44 masses of carbon dioxide. Accordingly, one molar mass of carbon accounts for
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
thrown out The theory is easily implemented in relation to the combustion of coal, which after the separation of all kinds of impurities is pure carbon. True, solid fuels do not always burn 100%, however, in the latest Guidelines, it is recommended to calculate emissions based on this very condition, which we also follow.
The specific amount of emissions of each of them is determined by the peculiarities of the combustion process, such as the combustion temperature and its distribution over the chamber volume, the amount of air supplied, etc.
Accordingly, the uncertainty of the calculations is greater. At the same time, the technological processes of thermal stations and large boiler houses are characterized by high stability and control over them, which contributes to keeping the level of uncertainty within acceptable limits.
Regardless of the type of fuel, the scheme of approach to estimating GHG emissions (decision tree) is the same, Fig. 1.
In any case, it is necessary to know the amount of fuel burned per year or types of fuels.
If only these data are available, then according to the diagram in Fig. 1. to calculate GHG emissions from each of the fuels used (coal, fuel oil, etc.), it is necessary to use the “default” specific GHG emission factors. These factors are shown in Table 1. The specific emission factors for СН4 and N2O are shown in Table 2.
Start
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
Most of the gas-fueled reciprocating engines are used in the gas industry, in the 3 compressor plants for pipelines and storage facilities, and in gas processing plants.
Values were originally based on gross calorific value; they have been converted to 4 net calorific values, assuming the LTV values for dry wood are 20 percent lower than the LTV values (Timber Laboratory, 2004).
NA = no data available n indicates a new emission factor that was not presented in the Guidelines r indicates r.
1996 IPCC emission factor, which was revised following the 1996 IPCC Guidelines.
3.2. Calculation of CO2 emissions.
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
where mk is the amount of this type of fuel burned, in tons;
k is the coefficient for converting fuel from thousand tons. in terraJoules, according to table 1;
kPG - specific emission factor of a given greenhouse gas taken from Table 1 "by default" (kg / 1Tj). For CO2, it is equal to the content in the fuel
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
coefficients already multiplied by this value;
Ф - oxidation fraction, currently it is assumed that Ф = 1. This coefficient is needed for better agreement with theory and understanding the physical essence of calculations;
N is the number of fuels that have been used. For each type, calculations are performed independently, and the amounts of one or another GHG are then added.
As can be seen from Table 3, Kazakhstan also uses its own coefficients for converting fuel from thousand tons. in terraJouleys. These factors take into account the fuel capacity of national fuels, which should reduce the uncertainty in the calculations.
If coal from Kazakhstani basins is used at a thermal station or boiler house and there are conversion factors for converting thousand tons. coal to terraJoules, then these factors should be used. Table 3 shows the characteristics of Kazakhstani coals.
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
CH4 and N2O emissions are calculated using the same formula 1, and in the simplest case, when calculating at Tier 1, the CH4 and N2O specific emission factors are taken from the same table 1 by default. However, CH4 and N2O emissions are highly dependent on the combustion technology, so it is advisable to use additional information in this regard in order to perform calculations at Tier 2.
It is good practice for this tier to obtain and then use their specific emission factors for specific combustion technologies. Such coefficients are developed within the framework of national programs or within the framework of regional studies for the same purpose. Unfortunately, in Kazakhstan, national CH4 and N2O emission factors are not yet available.
4. EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION.
Suppose there is a boiler house in which 32,000 coal from the Shubarkol deposit and 1,700 tons of fuel oil have been burned per year. Find greenhouse gas emissions СO2, СН4 and N2O.
Since there is no data on the mode of fuel combustion, except for its 1.
quantities, then the calculations will have to be performed at level 1.
Let us first estimate CO2 emissions from coal combustion, for which, based on formula 1, for convenience, we will compile Table 4.
Table 4. Results of calculating CO2 emissions from coal combustion
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
Thus, CO2 emissions from coal combustion amounted to 60 thousand 396.9 tons. In this case, we took the national coefficient for conversion to terraJoules from Table 3, and the specific emission factor from Table 2.
Let us now estimate CO2 emissions from fuel oil combustion. Let's use for 2.
calculations with the same equation 1 and construct table 5 similarly to table 4.
Table 5. Results of calculating CO2 emissions from fuel oil combustion
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
3. Emissions of СН4 and N2O.
Emissions from coal combustion.
Since CH4 and N2O emissions are carried out from the same amount of fuel as for CO2, we will use the already recalculated fuel data from tons to terraJoules, taking them from tables 3 and 4, respectively.
The calculations will be performed according to the same equation 1, for which we will compile table 6.
Table 6. Values of СН4 and N2O emissions from coal combustion
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
In this case, the specific emission factors for СН4 and N2O are taken from table 2 “by default”.
Emissions from fuel oil combustion.
Our actions are similar, but the type of fuel is fuel oil.
Table 7. Values of СН4 and N2O emissions from fuel oil combustion
- & nbsp– & nbsp–
The total or total emissions for the boiler house were:
CO2 - 60905.6 t.
CH4 - 0.84 t.
N2O - 0.98 t.
In this case, to convert CH4 and N2O to CO2 eq. must be multiplied by 21 and 310, respectively.
All obtained data with intermediate results of emissions for each type of fuel (with initial data) must be submitted to the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Calculations are carried out in exactly the same way if the boiler house runs on liquid fuel.
5. ASSESSMENT OF UNCERTAINTIES
Estimates of uncertainties in calculating CO2 emissions are relatively small if the amount of fuel burned is calculated correctly. It is the amount of fuel burned that is the source of uncertainty.
Therefore, its constant accounting is required, especially if part of the fuel is imported.
In terms of their characteristics, petroleum products fall within a narrow range and, due to their heterogeneity, uncertainties in estimating CO2 emissions are small.
Coal can be a source of uncertainty more than oil or gas products. Its carbon content can vary greatly.
The specific emission factors for CH4 and N2O (Table 6) are less certain. Their values, depending on the combustion technology, can fluctuate by 50% on both sides of the average. It is difficult to calculate or take them into account.
In the sum, the uncertainties in CO2 emissions due to all factors are within 10%. At the same time, uncertainties in СН4 and N2O emissions can amount to 50% of the “default” calculations. Participation of experts and Scientific research accompanied by measurements of СН4 and N2O emissions at different modes boiler operation is a way to reduce uncertainties.
6. REPORTING AND DOCUMENTATION
Complete archiving of all documentation on the fuel consumed, incl. and over the past years. This will make it easier to monitor the results of the GHG emissions calculations.
The report should include:
Brief description of fuel sources;
The calculation results should be presented in the form of intermediate tables, which are given in the example, as well as tables with the summary results for the enterprise based on intermediate ones.
List of sources used.
1. FCCC / CP / 1999/7. Review of the implementation of commitments and of other provisions of the Convention. UNFCCC guidelines on reporting and review.
UNFCC Conference of the Parties, Marrakech, Fifth session, Bonn, 25 October - 5 November 1999.
2. FCCC / CP / 2001/20. Guidelines for national systems under Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Kyoto Protocol. UNFCC Conference of the Parties, Seventh session, 10 November 2001.
3. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1999. U.S.
4. Web-site Food and Agriculture Organization: http://apps.fao.org.
5. Web-site of the Agency on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan: http: / www.statbase.kz
6. Guidance "Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry" (GPG-LULUCF 2003),
7. Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC, 1996: v. 1. Reference manual.
8. Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC, 1996: vol. 2. Working book.
9. Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC, 1996: v. 3. Guidelines for reporting.
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The enterprise emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. How to calculate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions for reporting period(year), in accordance with the “Methodological guidelines and guidelines for quantifying the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by organizations carrying out economic and other activities in the Russian Federation” approved by the “Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated June 30, 2015 N 300” (hereinafter - the Methodology)? The calculation of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions is carried out when creating a report on greenhouse gas emissions.
1. In the main menu of the program, select the item "Greenhouse gases" and in it the sub-item "Report on GHG emissions". The log of the document "Report on GHG emissions" will open.
2. In the journal of the document "Report on GHG emissions" press the "Insert" key on the keyboard or click on the (Add document) button. A screen form for a new document will open.
3. In the "Organization" field, click on the button and select the name of the organization. In the field "Object HBOS" click on the button and select the name of the object HBOS. If the object is not selected, then the report will be generated for the organization as a whole, as shown in the figure below.
4. On the Emissions Calculation tab, enter the name of the emission source or emission source group. Column "No. пп" (line number) is filled in automatically with a serial number as you enter emission sources. This column is used to sort the emission sources. The sequence number can be changed manually. After saving the document and reopening it, the program will sort and renumber the sources according to the manually entered line numbers. Next, you need to select a source category. To do this, click on the button in the "Source category (method)" column. A window with a list of methods will open.
5. In the window that opens, select a method for calculating the volume of greenhouse gas emissions. V this example choose the most frequently used method "01 Stationary fuel combustion". To do this, double-click on the name of the technique. A screen will open for a new calculation of the greenhouse gas emissions of the source of the selected category.
6. Before starting the calculation, you can see the description of the selected method. To do this, you need to click on the button. You can leave the description open and look into it as needed when entering a calculation. And so, go to the window with the screen form of the selected method and select the type of fuel. To do this, click on the button located in the right corner of the "Fuel type" column. The "Types of fuel" directory will open, the contents of which correspond to the table. 1.1 Techniques.
7. In our example, we will look at how to calculate greenhouse gas emissions for two different fuels: solid and gaseous. First, let's make a calculation for solid fuel. Find "Coking coal" in the directory and double-click on it or click the button.
8. After selecting the fuel in the columns "Unit", "Coeff. Conversion to standard fuel "," CO2 emission coefficient "and" Coeff. Oxidation ”are automatically filled with values from the reference book in accordance with the selected fuel. Enter the fuel consumption for the reporting period in the specified units and press the key< Enter >... The volume of CO2 emissions is calculated based on the reference data given in Table 1.1 of the Methodology.
9. If there is data on the carbon content in 1 ton of fuel (in our example, it is 0.87 tC / t), enter them in the appropriate field and press the button
10. In our example, we chose coking coal as a fuel, therefore, according to the Methodology (formula 1.6), the carbon content in coke can be calculated by the percentage of ash, volatiles and sulfur in the coke. Turn on the sign "Calculated for coke (dry)" (click on it with the mouse). Three fields become available for entering the percentage of ash, volatiles and sulfur. Please fill in these fields. The software will calculate the carbon content of the fuel and recalculate the CO2 emission factor and CO2 emissions. The new values are displayed in the table.
11. Now let's calculate the oxidation coefficient according to the actual data (formulas 1.8 and 1.9 of the Methodology). We will use formula 1.9, which is applied when there is actual data on the carbon content in solid fuel combustion products (slag and ash). Turn on the sign "by combustion products" (click on it with the mouse). The field for entering the mass of carbon in ash and slag will become available. Enter a value in this field (in our example it is 0.2 t) and press the key
12. Next, in our example, we will consider how to calculate the amount of emissions by the component composition of gaseous fuels. For example, we will take "Natural combustible gas (natural)" as a fuel. Add a new row in the Fuel types table. To do this, being in the table, press the "↓" (arrow down) key. A new line will be added, in which we need to select the type of fuel we need, as described in clauses 6 and 7 of this example. Then enter the fuel consumption (in our example, it is 135,800 thousand m3). The program will calculate the volume of CO2 emissions based on the reference data, but in this example we are interested in the calculation based on the actual data on the component composition of the fuel. Therefore, we will continue the calculation.
The CO2 emission factor can be calculated by volume fraction (formula 1.3 of the Methodology) or by mass fraction (formula 1.4 of the Methodology) of the components of the gas mixture. In our example, we will calculate by volume fraction of components. Set the switch to the "Volume fraction" position (click on the corresponding text with the mouse) and select the measurement conditions from the reference book (the reference book opens by clicking on the button). After selecting the measurement condition, the field “CO2 density” will be automatically filled in in accordance with Table 1.2 of the Methodology.
Now you can start entering the fuel composition. To do this, in the table "Component composition of fuel", fill in successive columns "Name of component", "Fraction of component in fuel,%" and "Number of moles of carbon per mole of component" for each component included in the composition of gaseous fuel. As the values are entered, the CO2 emission factor for each component and the final CO2 emission factor for all components will be calculated, and the CO2 emissions are recalculated in the "Fuel types" table. When entering, the program makes sure that the total share of all components does not exceed 100%.
13. This concludes our example. Click the button to save the calculation results. The screen form will close and the program will return to the window with the list of emission sources (see item 4 of this example). Then you can calculate greenhouse gas emissions from other sources or save the report by clicking the button again. The entered report can be printed. To do this, in the journal of documents "Report on GHG emissions" (see item 2 of this example), click on the button. A window with a list of printable forms will open. Click the button ... A window will open for entering the parameters of the report (in this case, this is the date of the report, the full name of the manager and the executor). Enter the parameters and click the button. MS Word will open to view and print the report.
Calculation of greenhouse gas emissions by road transport in Almaty (2008).
We note right away that the application of this methodology provides for accounting for greenhouse gas emissions by enterprises, and not by administrative units. Therefore, if necessary, GHG emissions in Almaty should be calculated as the sum of emissions of these gases by auto enterprises located in the city.
The given example of calculation, therefore, is intended only to demonstrate the technology of calculations on real data according to the above methodology. The distribution of vehicles by category is shown in Table 7.
Table 7.
Types of transport | ||||||
Buses, total | ||||||
Buses, private. Vlad | ||||||
Passenger cars total number in thousand units | ||||||
Private cars. Vlad thousand units | ||||||
Number of cars per 100 people | ||||||
Fuel consumption by its types is shown in table 8
Table 8.
Distribution of fuel consumption.
Car Type |
Fuel types and share of consumption in% |
|||||
Gasoline, t |
Diesel fuel, t | |||||
Passenger cars | ||||||
Light duty vehicles | ||||||
Heavy-duty transport | ||||||
Buses | ||||||
A. GHG emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles.
Table 10 Number of emissions CO 2
Car types |
Coefficient k m thousand tons / TJ |
Fuel quantity, TJ |
Specific Coefficient CO2 emissions t / TJ |
The amount of СО 2, t |
|
cars | |||||
buses | |||||
In the calculations contained in Table 10, the coefficient for converting fuel to [TJ] is taken from Table 3. The specific coefficient for CO 2 was taken from table 4 "by default", which was converted to [t / TJ] for convenience of calculations.
EmissionsCH 4 .
Table 11 Number of emissions CH 4 from cars running on gasoline.
Car types |
The amount of fuel burned, thousand tons |
Coefficient k m thousand tons / TJ |
Fuel quantity, t / J |
Specific Coefficient emissions CH 4 t / tj |
The amount of СО 2, t |
cars | |||||
buses | |||||
EmissionsN 2 O.
Table 12 Number of N 2 O emissions from cars running on gasoline.
Car types |
The amount of fuel burned, thousand tons |
Coefficient k m thousand tons / TJ |
Fuel quantity, t / J |
Specific Coefficient emissions CH 4 t / tj |
The amount of СО 2, t |
cars | |||||
buses | |||||
Note: Since GHG emissions for Kazakhstan's vehicles are assumed to be uncontrolled, the specific factors are taken from the first row of Table 5 by default, the same for both types of vehicles, as recommended by the Guidelines.
So, emissions from vehicles running on gasoline are:
CO 2 - 2 385 716.1 t.
CH 4 - 1 136.4 t
N 2 O- 110.2 t
B. GHG emissions from vehicles using diesel fuel.
EmissionsC O 2
Table 13 Number of outliers CO 2
Car types |
The amount of fuel burned, thousand tons |
Coefficient k m thousand tons / TJ |
Fuel quantity, TJ |
Specific Coefficient CO2 emissions t / TJ |
The amount of СО 2, t |
cars | |||||
Light duty transport | |||||
Heavy-duty transport + buses | |||||
EmissionsCH 4 .
Table 14 Number of emissions CH 4 from cars running on diesel fuel.
EmissionsN 2 O .
Table 15 Number of N 2 O emissions from cars running on diesel fuel.
So, emissions from vehicles running on diesel fuel are:
CO 2 - 987 740.5 t.
CH 4 - 207.25 t
N 2 O- 207.25 t
Note:
1. Emissions CH 4 and N 2 O turned out to be the same due to the equality of the specific emission factors CH 4 and N 2 O"By default" (table 5).
2. Calculations at level 1 can be simplified due to the fact that the “default” factors for different types of transport are the same. The example below for calculating emissions from a gas-powered vehicle is done just like this.
B. Calculation of GHG emissions from gas-fueled vehicles
EmissionsC O 2
Table 16. Number of outliers CO 2
EmissionsCH 4 .
Table 17. Number of emissions CH 4 from cars running on gas.
EmissionsN 2 O .
Table 18 Number of N 2 O emissions from cars running on gas.
So, emissions from gas-powered vehicles are:
CO 2 - 250952.1 t.
CH 4 - 410.5 t
N 2 O- 13.4 t
Let us estimate the total GHG emissions from the city's motor transport.
Table 19 Sum of greenhouse gas emissions
Note:
1. Final calculations should be presented similarly to table 19.
2. If there are international flights, then the calculations for such routes must be performed and presented separately from flights within the city and the country.
Zaporizhzhya State Engineering Academy
student (master)
Scientific adviser: Nazarenko Irina Anatolyevna, Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Zaporozhye State Engineering Academy
Annotation:
The work shows ecological and economic efficiency the use of biogas in a brewery. The article uses a standard technique for determining greenhouse gas emissions by levels. Calculations were made for natural gas and biogas. The results obtained showed that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of natural gas and biogas at the boilers of the "LOOS" company at PJSC "Carlsberg Ukraine" is decreasing. The efficiency of co-combustion of these types of fuel has been proven. It is shown that the joint combustion of natural gas and biogas will reduce emissions of emission gases by 10%.
This paper shows the environmental and economic efficiency of biogas in the brewery. The article used the standard method for determination of greenhouse gas emissions through the levels. Calculations for natural gas and biogas. The results of the calculations showed that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of natural gas and biogas in the boilers of the company "LOOS" JSC "Carlsberg Ukraine" reduced. The efficiency of co-combustion of these fuels. It is shown that co-combustion of natural gas and biogas will reduce the emission of emission gases by 10%.
Keywords:
greenhouse gases; greenhouse gas emissions; biogas.
greenhouse gases; greenhouse gas emissions; biogas
UDC 504.7
Introduction.Continuous growth of needs modern society in energy leads to an increase in the consumption of fossil fuel and energy resources and, accordingly, to an increase in the emission of combustion products into the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases, an increase in the concentration of which in the atmosphere is one of the probable causes of irreversible climate change.
One of the main ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save traditional fuels is to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. Biogas can be one such source.
The main criteria when choosing a technology for energy use of biogas are economic indicators and the magnitude of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions at the permissible value of emissions of pollutants. If the economic criteria are known and effectively used in practice, then the existing environmental criteria do not allow an objective comparison of various technologies and equipment using different types of biofuels, as well as fully take into account the influence of the type and quality of the replaced fuel.
Methodology.Depending on the completeness of the information, it is possible to estimate greenhouse gas emissions at three levels. The more information about the applied fuel combustion technology, the higher the level of assessment can be. So, if only data on the amount of fuel burned per year are known, then calculations are possible only at level 1. If national data on specific emission factors for these emission sources and fuel type are available and, in addition, the carbon content of the fuels used is known, then the calculations can be performed at Tier 2.
In the simplest case, when calculating at level 1, the emissions of any greenhouse gas M GHG are primarily CO 2 determined by the formula (1)
М пг = ∑m * k * k пг * Ф (1)
where m is the amount of this type of fuel burned, in tons;
k - coefficient for converting fuel from thousand tons. in terraJouleys,
k pg - specific carbon emission factor. for СО 2 k pg = V CO2 * 44/15
Ф - oxidation fraction. It is assumed that Ф = 1. This coefficient is necessary for better agreement with theory and understanding the physical essence of calculations.
n is the number of fuels that were used.
For each type, calculations are performed independently, and the sums of one or another greenhouse gases are then added up.
Results. According to the above methodology, an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions at the enterprise PJSC Carlsberg Ukraine (Zaporozhye) was carried out. In 2009-2010, Carlsberg Ukraine reconstructed a steam boiler with modernization of burners for operation both on natural gas and on a mixture from biogas. A gas pipeline was laid from the treatment facilities to the boiler house for the transportation of biogas and its subsequent combustion in the boiler house. The boiler house burns about 3,606,000 m per year 3
natural gas and 470,000 m 3
biogas. Consider greenhouse gas emissions CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O. Since there is no data on the fuel combustion mode other than its amount, the calculations will have to be performed for CO 2
at level 2, and for CH 4 and N 2 O at level 1. Let us first estimate the CO emissions 2
from burning natural gas, based on formula 1. It is assumed that only natural gas is burned for technological needs. Calculation results for CO emissions 2
are placed in table 1.
Table 1 - Calculation results of CO emissions 2
from burning natural gas
Thus, CO emissions 2 from burning natural gas amounted to 7,726,641.68 tons per year.
Estimate CO emissions 2 in the case when part of the natural gas is replaced by biogas. The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Calculation results of CO emissions 2 from biogas combustion
Fuel |
Quantity, thousand nm 3 / year |
Conversion factor in TJ |
Number of TJ |
Specific emission factor t / TJ |
СО 2 emissions, t |
Natural gas |
3606000 |
34,08 |
122892,48 |
6835689,4 |
|
Biogas |
470000 |
5,61 |
2636,7 |
90008,2 |
Total CO emissions 2 boiler house burning natural gas and biogas amounted to 6,925,697.53 tons per year.
CH 4 and N 2 emissions O are calculated from the same amount of natural gas, and for CO 2 ... Results of calculations of СН emissions 4 and N 2 O are shown in table 3.
Table 3 - value of СН emissions 4 and N 2 About from burning natural gas
CH emission factors 4 , data in table 3 in kg / TJ, presented by us for convenience in tones / TerraJoule. For coefficient N 2 O calculations are performed in a similar way.
The total emissions from the boiler house when burning natural gas amounted to:
a) CO 2 7726641.68 t;
b) CH 4 - 138.91 t;
c) N 2 O - 138.1 t.
To get the result in CO 2 -equivalent, we multiply methane emissions, the global warming potential of methane - 21, and nitrous oxide emissions by the global warming potential 310. Thus, the total emissions in the amount of 7,772,621 tons of СО were obtained. 2 -equivalent.
When burning natural gas and biogas, the values of СН emissions 4 and N 2 O are shown in table 4.
Table 4 - Value of CH wikids 4 i N 2 About the type of natural gas burning with biogas
Fuel |
Quantity, thousand nm 3 / year |
Specific emission factor СН 4 t / TJ |
СН 4 emissions, t |
Specific emission factor N 2 O t / tj |
N 2 O emissions, t |
Natural gas |
122892,48 |
0,001 |
122,9 |
0,001 |
122,9 |
Biogas |
2636,7 |
0,06 |
158,2 |
0,015 |
39,55 |
The total emissions from the boiler house for the simultaneous combustion of natural gas and biogas were:
a) CO 2 6925697.53 t;
b) CH 4 - 281.1 t;
c) N 2 O - 162.45 t.
Total emissions were obtained in the amount of 6981960 tons of CO 2 - equivalent.
Reducing emissions with the simultaneous combustion of natural gas and biogas at the boiler house is 790661 tons of CO 2 - equivalent per year.
Conclusions. The article shows the efficiency of biogas use at PJSC Carlsberg Ukraine. This will provide wastewater treatment for food industry enterprises, reduce the loss of areas occupied by the wastewater of the enterprise. Calculations have shown that combining natural gas and biogas together will reduce emissions of emission gases by 790661 tons of CO 2 - equivalent per year, which will improve the environmental situation in the Zaporozhye region. A significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere will allow attracting additional funds under the Kyoto Protocol.
Bibliography:
1. Gubinsky M.V., Usenko A.Yu., Shevchenko G.L., Shishko Yu.V. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fuels and biomass. Quarterly scientific and practical magazine 2 ’2007. Integrated technologies and energy conservation. Vidannya copied by Kharkiv State Polytechnic University in 1998
2. National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine. Usenko A.Yu. The process of oxidative pyrolysis of biomass is better suited to the decrease in the number of greenhouse gases. Abstract. Dissertations on the health and safety of the candidate of technical sciences Dnipropetrovsk - 2006.
3. A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050 (Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 8.3.2011 COM (2011) 112 final). // Official website of the European Union. / Mode of access: http://ec.europa.eu / clima / documentation / roadmap /docs/com_2011_112_en.pdf. - Date of access: 03/09/2011.
4. Belousov VN, Smorodin SN, Lakomkin V. Yu., Energy saving and emissions of greenhouse gases (СО2). Tutorial. St. Petersburg 2014.
5. Methodical instructions. By calculating greenhouse gas emissions. Astana 2010.
Reviews:
1.10.2015, 11:11 Galkin Alexander Fedorovich
Review: The article is written on a relevant topic. Has elements of informative novelty and practical significance. Recommended for publication.
1.10.2015, 20:49 Lobanov Igor Evgenievich
Review: The relevance of the work is available. In my opinion, the applied model is rather primitive. In the work, there is no sufficient justification for the application of this particular model. There are a lot of spelling mistakes: the article is unpleasant to read in this form - this is disrespect for the readers of the article. Judging by the data presented in the article, the reduction in emissions will be less than 9%, but the author claims that there will be a significant improvement in the environmental situation. After answering the questions posed, the article can be recommended for publication.
10/13/2015 2:14 PM Reply to the author's review Evgeny N. Moiseev:
I agree with the number of spelling errors. Since the article was written and not reviewed. In the “Energy” sector, within the framework of quality control procedures, specialists of the Bureau of Comprehensive Analysis and Forecasts “BIAF” prepared guidelines on the inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion in accordance with the requirements of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The methodology is mainly based on the Tier 1 methodology, and only in some cases - Tier 2. Our enterprise is located in a clean ecological zone cities and in connection with this point of view, the reduction in emissions has significant environmental performance... Since there are many industrial enterprises which pollute the atmosphere.