Proportion of urban population. Calculation of the future population of the city Units of measurement of specific gravity
Biysk was located next to the Altai Mountains and its mineral resources. The development of Biysk was also influenced by trade with Mongolia after the construction of a horse-drawn road through Kosh-Agach. The growth of Irkutsk was particularly favorably influenced by its proximity to Lake Baikal, the presence of rich hunting grounds and fertile lands, as well as salt and iron deposits.
The discovery of Siberian gold deposits in the first quarter of the 19th century was a powerful impetus for the development of Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Mariinsk, Yeniseisk, and Chita. Here were the offices of gold miners, workers were hired, supplies and tools were prepared, commission agents and contractors associated with the mines operated. The cities experienced periodic influxes of mine people. For example, in an official report on Chita in the mid-19th century it was noted: “There is a large gathering of workers in the city in the autumn, precisely in October, after workers leave the mines, but they are immediately hired again to the gold mines and the smallest number of them remain in Chita.” " It was gold, before it dried up, that built and decorated these cities. The development of the urban economy, under the influence of gold mining, began to intensify construction activities. Capital began to flow here, people began to arrive, and vigorous trade began to flow. However, the same gold mining led to the complete decline of handicraft production in Yeniseisk. The city turned into a supply center for taiga mines. Rich townspeople furnished their houses beautifully. But even today we have a lot of options on how to create comfort in our home. For example, you can buy glossy furniture for your rooms. Even provincial Krasnoyarsk, despite the fact that it was the seat of many gold miners and the center of management of the mines, over the years was decorated with only “a few churches and private buildings, but did not receive the development that could be expected from the confluence of favorable circumstances.”
The gold mining industry has caused a new surge in practical research into the territory of Siberia. Simultaneously with the search for gold, information was accumulating about the presence of other natural resources. In taiga regions, remote from the established settlement framework, numerous mine settlements were formed, which were connected by a new network of roads with the central settlements of the regions. At this stage of the formation of a network of settlements, simultaneously with the process of accumulation of socio-economic potential in the main urban centers, there was a process of dispersal of settlements along new, secondary planning axes, directed from the main settlement zone to the hinterlands.
The share of the urban population of Siberia, which, however, had a constant growth trend, was at the level of the outlying regions of the European part of Russia: 7.2% in 1858, 8.5% in 1897, 11% in 1914. At the end of the 19th century, the city had an average of 8.2, and in 1917, 12.2 thousand inhabitants. Almost up late XIX century, urban growth was moderate. Even a city like Irkutsk, which played the role of a leading center, grew slowly. In 1836 its population was about 20 thousand people, by the time of the reform of 1861 - 25, and by 1897 - 51.5 thousand inhabitants.
The proportion of the urban population in France averages 60-80%. With a density of 107 people/sq. km, France is one of the densely populated areas of the planet, but moderately populated in Europe. In France, migrations are mainly represented by immigrations. People go to big cities this developed country, part of the Big Seven. Mostly, of course, they head to Paris. Residents of the hinterland are also moving towards Paris and major cities. There are also internal migrations that are characteristic of all states, and there is also a process of suburbanization. The total fertility rate in France is one of the highest in Europe. Population Policy aimed at stimulating fertility. Population density by department.
Slide 5 from the presentation "EGP of France". The size of the archive with the presentation is 1147 KB.Geography 11th grade
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The concept of specific gravity is found in many areas of science and life. This term is used in physics, medicine, metallurgy, economics and sociology. It is difficult to expect that such diverse directions will be interpreted in the same way, so the definition and formula of specific gravity taken from a physics reference book will differ from the formulations found in an economics textbook. However, the essence remains the same - determining the role and significance of a certain part in relation to the whole.
The meaning of the term "specific"
We can talk about two interpretations, physical and statistical:
- In physics, this is the name given to a quantity measured in a unit of something. For example, let's take a room and calculate the amount of water vapor in it. Having obtained the value, A grams, we can say that the humidity here is A grams of water vapor for the whole room. Knowing total air in the room (B kg), we can find how much water is contained in one kilogram of air by recognizing it specific humidity . One kilogram of room air contains A/B g/kg of water vapor. Thus, a synonym for the term is the word relative.
- In statistical sciences, this is the name given to a particular indicator taken relative to a certain whole. As an example, let’s take the country’s annual budget of 500 million and calculate the share of spending on sports. Suppose 1 million rubles are allocated for sports - this is 0.2% of all planned expenses. Not the most significant budget item.
Physical Sciences
In physics, specific weight is called weight measured per unit volume of a homogeneous substance.
Weight in the SI system is indicated in Newtons (N), and volume is calculated in cubic meters. Thus, the unit of the required characteristic becomes Newton per cubic meter (N/cub.m). It follows that this value determines the force with which one cubic meter of the measured substance acts on the support.
Physical formula: U.V. = Weight of the object, N / Volume of the object, cubic meters. m.
Unlike mass, which simply characterizes an object, weight is a vector quantity, that is, it is a force that has the direction of application and describes the effect of the body on other objects. Under normal conditions on the surface of the Earth, the difference is imperceptible to us, not physicists. We often confuse these terms in conversation and are not at all worried about it. But it is still important to understand the fundamentally different meanings these concepts have.
If we use the mass of a body in the above formula, we get its specific gravity, or density. This parameter characterizes how much substance is contained in a unit volume and is measured in kg/cubic meter. m.
Body weight always remains the same, while weight can vary depending on the geographic latitude of the place and its altitude above sea level.
By representing the numerator of the fraction through the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration of gravity, we can see the relationship between the two specific quantities:
U.V. = Object density * Gravity acceleration.
Thus, we can say that specific gravity relates to the density of a substance in the same way as its weight relates to mass, and this ratio is equal to the acceleration of gravity at a particular point on the Earth.
Term in metallurgy
To obtain an alloy with the required properties, metallurgists must have a good understanding of why and how to determine the specific gravity of metals. The same volumes of iron and aluminum have completely different indicators.
In metallurgy, the specific gravity of a material is calculated using the above formula, dividing the mass of the substance by its volume. To obtain the most accurate results, the metal is brought into the most homogeneous state with a minimum of pores before measurement.
Application in medicine
In some cases, the desired characteristic is defined as a coefficient comparing the mass of a certain volume of a substance with the same volume of water at 4 °C. It is known that at this temperature pure distilled water has a specific gravity equal to unity. The more impurities, the more weight. Knowing this indicator, you can determine how high the concentration of substances in the liquid is.
This position is used in medicine when performing urine tests. The first formula given describes how to find the specific gravity of urine. To do this, you need to divide the weight of the sample by its volume.
Economics and Social Sciences
In economics and social sciences, the term denotes the share of a particular factor in the overall structure. This concept is of great importance, as it allows us to judge the significance of a sector, its value, and its share in the whole direction.
Formula for share in economy: U.V. = Value of an individual table column / Sum of all table columns.
In this equation, the dividend and divisor are expressed in the same units of measurement, therefore, the desired quantity will be presented as a correct decimal fraction or percentage.
Similar calculations are carried out in economics, economic activity, sociology, statistics and many other disciplines that require data analysis.
When calculating, it is important to understand two things:
- The denominator of the fraction is 100%, and the sum of the indicators for all columns of the table cannot exceed it. So, if we add up the percentage shares of all budget items, we get 100%, no more and no less.
- The result of the calculation cannot be negative, because it represents a fraction of the whole.
Despite the fact that the two formulas above differ from each other and operate with different quantities, they still have something in common. In both cases, the weight of the object, its significance, influence on other objects and the situation as a whole are calculated.
One of the varieties of the arithmetic mean is the chronological mean. Calculated from the totality of the values of a characteristic at different moments or for different periods of time, it is customary to call average chronological, used to find the average level in time series.
In contrast to the variation series, which characterizes the change in phenomena in space, the dynamic series is a series of numbers that characterizes the change in phenomena in time. They are sometimes called temporal or chronological. Depending on the type of time series, to determine their average levels, appropriate methods for calculating the average chronological value can be applied. Thus, when an average level appears in a periodic dynamics series, it is possible to use a simple or weighted arithmetic average. If it is necessary to calculate the average level of the moment series of dynamics with equal time intervals between moments, then it is advisable to use the technique average chronological moment series with equal intervals:
where are the ordinal levels of the moment series; n is the number of moments in the series.
For example, at the beginning of each month of 2010, an agricultural organization (AHO) had the following pig population:
It is conventionally considered that the time intervals (intervals) between the starting moments (dates) of each previous and subsequent month are equal to each other. Therefore, to calculate the average quarterly pig population, formula (6.5) can be applied.
The indicators used to assess population distribution are given in the following table
Let's substitute the corresponding data and get:
This means that on average every month for the first quarter of 2010, the agricultural enterprise had 717 pigs.
In cases where it is necessary to determine the average level of the moment series of dynamics with at unequal intervals between moments, the arithmetic weighted average formula (6.4) is usually used.
For example, the number of workers in the agricultural team was: on April 1 - 20 people, on April 11 - 25, on April 30 - 36 people. It is necessary to calculate the average monthly number of workers in the team for April.
As can be seen from the above data, the time intervals between the indicated moments (dates) are not equal to each other: it can be assumed that the brigade had 20 people for 1 day, 25 for 10 days, 36 for 19 days. Therefore, to calculate the average monthly strength workers in the team, we use formula (6.4) and get:
Thus, in April the agricultural team had an average of 32 workers.
In system agro-industrial complex the average chronological value can be used when calculating the average annual, quarterly, monthly number of workers, the number of different types and groups of farm animals, the availability of different types of machine and tractor fleet and other cases.
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(at the beginning of 2000)
There are even higher differences in the degree of concentration of the urban population among the subjects of the Federation. More than 90% of the urban population in the Magadan region (92.0%), in Murmansk region(91.9%), in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug(91.2%); the minimum indicators are in the Chechen Republic (23.5%), in the Altai Republic (25.5%), in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (25.8%).
The process of increasing the role of cities is called urbanization. Urbanization entails suburbanization - growth and development around large cities and their satellite cities, which form agglomerations.
Currently, the process of urbanization is increasingly underway - the spread of urban forms and living conditions to the countryside. In the broad sense of the word, urbanization is integral part urbanization.
Rural population Russia is 27%.
Share of urban and rural population by economic region
The location of rural settlements depends on natural geographical factors, primarily soil and climatic conditions. The highest concentration of the rural population is in the North Caucasus (45.1%) and Central Black Earth (37.4%) economic regions, where there are the most favorable conditions for agricultural production.
Urban and rural populations differ in demographic characteristics. IN rural areas the average life expectancy is lower, the birth and death rates are higher, the proportion of the elderly population is higher, which influences the increase in the mortality rate of the population and the decrease in average life expectancy (Table 5.4).
Table 5.5.
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Average chronological
Average chronological is the average level of a series of dynamics, i.e.
3.3. Share of urban population in the total population1)
i.e. average, calculated from the totality of indicator values at different moments or periods of time.
Depending on the type of row, the dynamics are used various ways its calculation, namely the calculation of the average chronological interval series and the average chronological moment series.
The average chronological interval (more common) series is the average value of the levels of the interval dynamics series, which is calculated by the formula:
where is the average level of the row;
— level of the dynamics series;
- number of members of the series
As an example, let’s look at data on children’s health institutions in Pskov and the region.
Table. Children's health facilities
The series under study is interval, using the average chronological formula we can calculate the average number of health institutions:
Institutions.
The average chronological moment series is the average value of the levels of the moment series dynamics. If there is a function expressing the change in a moment indicator over time, then for the time from to the average chronological moment series is equal to:
However, as a rule, statistics do not have continuous observation data available. Therefore, depending on the nature of the change in the indicator and the available data, various calculation methods are used.
Given equal time intervals between the dates for which data are available and a uniform change in the size of the indicator between dates, the average chronological moment series is usually calculated using the formula:
where is the row level;
- the number of all members of the series;
- average level.
If the time periods separating one date from another are not equal, then the average chronological moment series is calculated using the weighted arithmetic average formula, the weights of which are taken as the time intervals between dates, i.e., according to the formula:
where is the time during which a given level of the series remained unchanged.
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Subject and main tasks of socio-economic statistics
The subject of socio-economic statistics (SES) is the quantitative side of mass social and economic phenomena inextricably linked with their qualitative content in specific conditions place and time
main tasks of SES.
1. Statistical observation of the activities of all subjects of the country’s economy at all stages of the reproduction cycle (production of goods and services; formation and distribution of primary income; redistribution of income; use of income for final consumption and the formation of savings; use of savings for accumulation).
Population distribution indicators
A comprehensive study of the state and development of the economy of the country and its regions (reproduction of fixed assets, investment activity, dynamics of national wealth, characteristics of the labor market, rates economic growth, labor productivity growth rates, price indices and inflation rates, state budget deficit (surplus), level of public debt, etc.).
3. Comprehensive study of the condition and development social sphere the country and its regions (vital population movement, infant mortality, life expectancy, household income and consumption, indices of nominal and real wages, indices of real disposable cash income, social stratification of society, dynamics of the level of poverty, etc.). 4. Analysis of macroeconomic proportions (for example, between production and consumption, accumulation and consumption, growth in labor productivity and growth in average wages and etc.).
5. Analysis of trends, patterns throughout the country and individual regions (decrease in the mortality rate, increase in the birth rate, dynamics of employment and unemployment, dynamics of inflation, growth in labor productivity and consumer prices, dynamics of the poverty level, etc.), as well as types of economic activity (dynamics of the number of enterprises and organizations, including small and medium-sized enterprises, dynamics of production volume and turnover of goods and services, reduction material costs and energy intensity, profit growth and reduction in unprofitability of production, growth in labor productivity and average wages, rising producer prices, etc.).8
6. Improving systems of indicators characterizing socio-economic phenomena and processes, classifications (classifiers), their consistency and interrelation, methods for assessing individual indicators.
7. Improving the methodology for analyzing socio-economic phenomena and processes, including the methodology of national accounting.
8. Provision to authorities government controlled required information on the socio-economic development of the country and its regions for taking measures to reduce their intensity).
9. Providing heads of enterprises and companies, managers, production organizers and businessmen with information on the development of the economy and social sphere necessary for studying external environment, in which their companies or enterprises operate, when making decisions about investments, expansion of production, organization of sales, etc.
10. Informing society, educational and research institutions and other organizations and individuals about the main results and trends in the socio-economic development of the country and its regions.
11. Providing information on the state and development of the Russian economy in international organizations: UN, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, etc.
12. Introduction of new technologies for collecting, processing, transferring and distributing statistical information, etc.
Methods for calculating the average annual population.
the choice of method for calculating it depends on the source data.
1. If there are data at the beginning (S1) and the end of the period (S2), then average number population is determined by the simple arithmetic mean formula:
3. If the intervals between dates are unequal, then the calculation using the weighted arithmetic mean method:
To characterize the change population in time are used:
1. population growth rate:
2. population growth rate:
Having determined the population size, the SES studies its composition using the method factions, which is carried out according to:
social composition,
areas of activity and sectors of the economy,
·professions,
age,
marital status,
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population statistics, formulas for their calculation
Basic concepts and indicators
Basic Concepts demographic statistics | |
Census | Demographic qualification intended to characterize demographic situation in the country. In Russia, complete population censuses were carried out in 1920, 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 and 2002. |
Microcensus | Conducted in the intervals between population censuses, it usually covers 5% of the population (for example, the census in Russia in 1994) |
Age and sex pyramids | A graphic image that allows you to clearly display the age and sex composition of the population |
Natural movement population | Change in population due to births and deaths |
Natural increase(loss) of population | Positive (negative) difference between the number of births and deaths: ![]() |
Mechanical gain(loss) of population (balance of migration) | Positive (negative) difference between the number of arriving and leaving population: ![]() |
Migration | Movement of people (migrants) across the borders of territories with a change of residence permanently or for a certain time. Migration can be internal and external |
Internal migration | Movement of population within a certain territory |
External migration | Population movement across territory boundaries |
Gross migration (gross migration) | Shows total number migrating residents: P + V. This indicator is also called migration turnover |
Balance of migration | The difference between the number of arrivals and departures: P – V |
Immigration | Entry of population into a particular area or country |
Emigration | Exit of population from a given area or country |
Continuation of the table. 3.1
Population indicators (categories) in censuses | |
Present population (NP) | A category of population that unites people actually located in a given locality at the time of the census: NN = PN – VO + VP, Where Mon– permanent population; IN– temporarily absent; VP – temporary residents |
Resident population (PN) | A category of population that unites people for whom a given locality represents their place of usual residence, regardless of their actual location at the time of registration (census): PN = NN – VP + VO |
Temporarily absent (VO) | These are persons who have a permanent place of residence in a given locality and who are absent at the time of registration. Their absence should not exceed 6 months |
Temporary residents (TP) | These are persons who are at the time of registration in a given locality, but have a permanent place of residence in another locality |
Population figures | |
Population at the end of the year | , Where S n.g. N – number of births; M– number of deaths; P– the number of arrivals to a given locality; IN– the number of people who left a given locality |
Average annual population | On a certain date for equal periods is calculated using the formula ![]() ![]() In an interval series with unequally spaced levels, it is determined by the formula , where is the average population i-th period; – duration i th period |
Continuation of the table. 3.1
Continuation of the table. 3.1
End of table. 3.1
Among the many parameters characterizing the properties of materials, there is also specific gravity. Sometimes the term density is used, but this is not entirely correct. But one way or another, these two terms have their own definitions and are used in mathematics, physics and many other sciences, including materials science.
Determination of specific gravity
The physical quantity, which is the ratio of the weight of a material to the volume it occupies, is called the HC of the material.
Materials science of the 21st century has gone far ahead and technologies that were considered science fiction a hundred years ago have already been mastered. This science can offer modern industry alloys that differ from each other in qualitative parameters, but also in physical and technical properties.
To determine how a certain alloy can be used for production, it is advisable to determine the HC. All items produced with equal volume, but for their production were used different types metals will have different masses, it is in clear connection with volume. That is, the ratio of volume to mass is a certain constant number characteristic of this alloy.
To calculate the density of a material, a special formula is used, which has a direct connection with the HC of the material.
By the way, the HC of cast iron, the main material for creating steel alloys, can be determined by the weight of 1 cm 3, reflected in grams. The more HC the metal, the heavier the finished product will be.
Specific gravity formula
The formula for calculating HC looks like the ratio of weight to volume. To calculate hydrocarbons, it is permissible to use the calculation algorithm, which is set out in a school physics course.
To do this, it is necessary to use Archimedes' law, more precise definition force, which is buoyant. That is, a load with a certain mass and at the same time it floats on the water. In other words, it is influenced by two forces - gravity and Archimedes.
The formula for calculating the Archimedean force is as follows
where g is the hydrocarbon liquid. After the substitution, the formula takes the following form: F=y×V, from here we obtain the formula for the shock load y=F/V.
Difference between weight and mass
What is the difference between weight and mass. In fact, in everyday life, it does not play any role. In fact, in the kitchen, we don't make a difference between the weight of a chicken and its mass, but there are serious differences between these terms.
This difference is clearly visible when solving problems related to the movement of bodies in interstellar space and neither those having relations with our planet, and under these conditions these terms differ significantly from each other.
We can say the following, the term weight has meaning only in the zone of gravity, i.e. if a certain object is located next to a planet, star, etc. Weight can be called the force with which a body presses on the obstacle between it and the source of attraction. This force is measured in newtons. As an example, we can imagine the following picture: next to a paid education there is a stove with a certain object located on its surface. The force with which an object presses on the surface of the slab will be the weight.
Body mass is directly related to inertia. If we consider this concept in detail, we can say that mass determines the size of the gravitational field created by the body. In fact, this is one of the key characteristics of the universe. The key difference between weight and mass is this - mass does not depend on the distance between the object and the source of gravitational force.
To measure mass, many quantities are used - kilogram, pound, etc. There is an international SI system, which uses the usual kilograms, grams, etc. But besides it, many countries, for example, the British Isles, have their own system of weights and measures, where weight is measured in pounds.
Difference Between Specific Gravity and Density
UV - what is it?
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of matter to its volume. IN international system In SI measurements it is measured as newton per cubic meter. To solve certain problems in physics, hydrocarbons are determined as follows - how much heavier the substance being examined is than water at a temperature of 4 degrees, provided that the substance and water have equal volumes.
For the most part, this definition is used in geological and biological studies. Sometimes, the HC calculated using this method is called relative density.
What are the differences
As already noted, these two terms are often confused, but since weight directly depends on the distance between the object and the gravitational source, and mass does not depend on this, therefore the terms shock wave and density differ from each other.
But it is necessary to take into account that under certain conditions mass and weight may coincide. It is almost impossible to measure HC at home. But even at the school laboratory level, such an operation is quite easy to perform. The main thing is that the laboratory is equipped with scales with deep bowls.
The item must be weighed under normal conditions. The resulting value can be designated as X1, after which the bowl with the load is placed in water. In this case, in accordance with Archimedes' law, the load will lose part of its weight. In this case, the balance beam will warp. To achieve balance, a weight must be added to the other bowl. Its value can be designated as X2. As a result of these manipulations, a shock wave will be obtained, which will be expressed as the ratio of X1 and X2. In addition to substances in the solid state, specific values can also be measured for liquids and gases. In this case, measurements can be performed under different conditions, for example, at elevated ambient temperatures or low temperatures. To obtain the required data, instruments such as a pycnometer or hydrometer are used.
Units of specific gravity
Several systems of weights and measures are used in the world, in particular, in the SI system, hydrocarbons are measured in the ratio of N (Newton) to a cubic meter. In other systems, for example, the GHS for specific gravity uses the following unit of measurement: d(din) per cubic centimeter.
Metals with the highest and lowest specific gravity
In addition to the fact that the concept of specific gravity, used in mathematics and physics, there are quite Interesting Facts, for example, about the specific gravities of metals from the periodic table. If we talk about non-ferrous metals, then the heaviest ones include gold and platinum.
These materials exceed in specific gravity such metals as silver, lead and many others. “Light” materials include magnesium with a weight lower than that of vanadium. We must not forget about radioactive materials, for example, the weight of uranium is 19.05 grams per cubic cm. That is, 1 cubic meter weighs 19 tons.
Specific gravity of other materials
It is difficult to imagine our world without many materials used in production and everyday life. For example, without iron and its compounds (steel alloys). The HC of these materials fluctuates in the range of one to two units and these are not the best results. Aluminum, for example, has low density and low specific gravity. These indicators allowed it to be used in the aviation and space industries.
Copper and its alloys have a specific gravity comparable to lead. But its compounds - brass and bronze are lighter than other materials, due to the fact that they use substances with a lower specific gravity.
How to calculate the specific gravity of metals
How to determine hydrocarbons - this question often arises among specialists employed in heavy industry. This procedure is necessary in order to determine exactly those materials that will differ from each other in improved characteristics.
One of the key features of metal alloys is which metal is the base metal of the alloy. That is, iron, magnesium or brass, having the same volume, will have different masses.
The density of the material, which is calculated based on a given formula, is directly related to the issue under consideration. As already noted, HC is the ratio of the weight of a body to its volume; we must remember that this value can be defined as the force of gravity and the volume of a certain substance.
For metals, HC and density are determined in the same proportion. It is permissible to use another formula that allows you to calculate the HC. It looks like this: HC (density) is equal to the ratio of weight and mass, taking into account g, a constant value. We can say that the HC of a metal can be called the weight per unit volume. In order to determine the HC, it is necessary to divide the mass of dry material by its volume. In fact, this formula can be used to obtain the weight of a metal.
By the way, the concept of specific gravity is widely used when creating metal calculators, used to calculate the parameters of rolled metal different types and appointments.
The HC of metals is measured in qualified laboratories. In practical terms, this term is rarely used. Much more often, the concepts of light and heavy metals are used; metals with a low specific gravity are considered light, and metals with a high specific gravity are classified as heavy.