How many developing countries are there in the world. The developed countries
The United States has the most developed economy in the world. China, Japan and Germany follow.
Rating | Economy | GDP ($ million) |
The whole world | 85,804,390.60 | |
1 | United States of America | 20,494,100.00 |
2 | China | 13,608,151.86 |
3 | Japan | 4,970,915.56 |
4 | Germany | 3,996,759.29 |
5 | United Kingdom | 2,825,207.95 |
6 | France | 2,777,535.24 |
7 | India | 2,726,322.62 |
8 | Italy | 2,073,901.99 |
9 | Brazil | 1,868,626.09 |
10 | Canada | 1,712,510.03 |
11 | Russia | 1,657,553.77 |
12 | South Korea | 1,619,423.70 |
13 | Australia | 1,432,195.18 |
14 | Spain | 1,426,189.14 |
15 | Mexico | 1,223,808.89 |
16 | Indonesia | 1,042,173.30 |
17 | The netherlands | 913,658.47 |
18 | Saudi arabia | 782,483.47 |
19 | Turkey | 766,509.09 |
20 | Switzerland | 705,501.30 |
21 | Poland | 585,782.87 |
22 | Sweden | 551,031.68 |
23 | Belgium | 531,766.94 |
24 | Argentina | 518,475.13 |
25 | Thailand | 504,992.76 |
26 | Venezuela | 482,359.32 |
27 | Austria | 455,736.58 |
28 | Iran | 454,012.77 |
29 | Norway | 434,750.94 |
30 | United United Arab Emirates | 414,178.90 |
31 | Nigeria | 397,269.62 |
32 | Ireland | 382,487.49 |
33 | Israel | 369,690.44 |
34 | South Africa | 368,288.20 |
35 | Singapore | 364,156.66 |
36 | Hong Kong | 362,992.54 |
37 | Malaysia | 354,348.42 |
38 | Denmark | 352,058.41 |
39 | Philippines | 330,910.34 |
40 | Colombia | 330,227.87 |
41 | Pakistan | 312,570.06 |
42 | Chile | 298,231.14 |
43 | Bangladesh | 274,024.96 |
44 | Finland | 273,960.97 |
45 | Egypt | 250,895.47 |
46 | Czech | 245,225.88 |
47 | Vietnam | 244,948.45 |
48 | Romania | 239,552.52 |
49 | Portugal | 237,978.94 |
50 | Iraq | 225,914.18 |
51 | Peru | 222,237.57 |
52 | Greece | 218,031.84 |
53 | New zealand | 205,024.94 |
54 | Qatar | 192,009.34 |
55 | Algeria | 180,689.12 |
56 | Kazakhstan | 170,538.87 |
57 | Hungary | 155,703.07 |
58 | Kuwait | 141,677.81 |
59 | Ukraine | 130,832.37 |
60 | Morocco | 118,495.33 |
61 | Ecuador | 108,398.06 |
62 | Slovakia | 106,472.19 |
63 | Angola | 105,750.99 |
64 | Puerto Rico | 101,130.90 |
65 | Cuba | 96,851.00 |
66 | Sri Lanka | 88,900.77 |
67 | Kenya | 87,908.26 |
68 | Ethiopia | 84,355.46 |
69 | Dominican Republic | 81,298.59 |
70 | Oman | 79,294.93 |
71 | Guatemala | 78,460.45 |
72 | Myanmar | 71,214.80 |
73 | Luxembourg | 69,487.92 |
74 | Ghana | 65,556.46 |
75 | Bulgaria | 65,132.95 |
76 | Panama | 65,055.10 |
77 | Croatia | 60,805.66 |
78 | Costa Rica | 60,126.01 |
79 | Belarus | 59,662.50 |
80 | Uruguay | 59,596.89 |
81 | Tanzania | 57,437.07 |
82 | Lebanon | 56,639.16 |
83 | Macau | 54,545.18 |
84 | Slovenia | 54,235.48 |
85 | Lithuania | 53,251.37 |
86 | Serbia | 50,508.37 |
87 | Uzbekistan | 50,499.92 |
88 | Libya | 48,319.62 |
89 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 47,227.54 |
90 | Azerbaijan | 46,939.53 |
91 | Ivory Coast | 43,007.05 |
92 | Jordan | 42,290.83 |
93 | Sudan | 40,851.54 |
94 | Paraguay | 40,842.34 |
95 | Turkmenistan | 40,761.14 |
96 | Bolivia | 40,287.65 |
97 | Tunisia | 39,860.72 |
98 | Cameroon | 38,502.06 |
99 | Bahrain | 37,746.20 |
100 | Latvia | 34,849.08 |
101 | Zimbabwe | 31,000.52 |
102 | Estonia | 30,284.89 |
103 | Nepal | 28,812.49 |
104 | Uganda | 27,476.95 |
105 | Yemen | 26,914.40 |
106 | Zambia | 26,720.07 |
107 | El Salvador | 26,056.95 |
108 | Iceland | 25,882.22 |
109 | Cambodia | 24,571.75 |
110 | Cyprus | 24,469.84 |
111 | Senegal | 24,129.60 |
112 | Honduras | 23,803.23 |
113 | Papua - New Guinea | 23,431.60 |
114 | Trinidad and Tobago | 23,410.35 |
115 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 19,781.78 |
116 | Afghanistan | 19,362.97 |
117 | Botswana | 18,616.02 |
118 | Laos | 18,130.72 |
119 | Mali | 17,196.69 |
120 | Gabon | 17,017.40 |
121 | Georgia | 16,209.82 |
122 | Jamaica | 15,717.86 |
123 | Albania | 15,058.88 |
124 | Palestine | 14,615.90 |
125 | Malta | 14,542.04 |
126 | Namibia | 14,521.71 |
127 | Mozambique | 14,457.96 |
128 | Burkina Faso | 14,441.76 |
129 | Mauritius | 14,220.35 |
130 | Brunei | 13,567.10 |
131 | Equatorial Guinea | 13,317.45 |
132 | Nicaragua | 13,117.86 |
133 | Mongolia | 13,009.57 |
134 | Macedonia | 12,672.13 |
135 | Armenia | 12,433.09 |
136 | Bahamas | 12,162.10 |
137 | Madagascar | 12,100.46 |
138 | Moldova | 11,309.08 |
139 | Chad | 11,302.54 |
140 | Congo | 11,263.68 |
141 | Guinea | 10,989.79 |
142 | Benin | 10,358.99 |
143 | Haiti | 9,658.08 |
144 | Rwanda | 9,509.00 |
145 | Niger | 9,239.51 |
146 | Kyrgyzstan | 8,092.84 |
147 | Kosovo | 7,900.27 |
148 | Tajikistan | 7,522.95 |
149 | Malawi | 7,064.97 |
150 | Isle Of Man | 6,592.63 |
151 | Monaco | 6,400.95 |
152 | Liechtenstein | 6,214.63 |
153 | Guam | 5,859.00 |
154 | Fiji | 5,479.50 |
155 | Montenegro | 5,452.17 |
156 | Mauritania | 5,365.87 |
157 | Togo | 5,300.21 |
158 | Maldives | 5,272.29 |
159 | Somalia | 4,721.00 |
160 | Swaziland | 4,703.79 |
161 | Barbados | 4,673.50 |
162 | Sierra Leone | 3,999.95 |
163 | US Virgin Islands | 3,855.00 |
164 | Guyana | 3,610.44 |
165 | Cayman islands | 3,570.58 |
166 | Suriname | 3,427.27 |
167 | Liberia | 3,249.00 |
168 | Andorra | 3,236.54 |
169 | Curacao | 3,116.61 |
170 | Burundi | 3,078.03 |
171 | South Sudan | 3,070.89 |
172 | Lesotho | 2,791.76 |
173 | Greenland | 2,713.53 |
174 | Aruba | 2,700.56 |
175 | Faroe islands | 2,689.16 |
176 | Eritrea | 2,607.74 |
177 | Timor-Leste | 2,581.00 |
178 | Butane | 2,534.97 |
179 | Central African Republic | 2,379.72 |
180 | Cape Verde | 1,986.93 |
181 | Djibouti | 1,965.98 |
182 | Belize | 1,925.00 |
183 | Saint Lucia | 1,876.19 |
184 | San marino | 1,632.86 |
185 | Gambia | 1,624.46 |
186 | Antigua and Barbuda | 1,623.80 |
187 | Northern Mariana Islands | 1,593.00 |
188 | Seychelles | 1,590.18 |
189 | Guinea-Bissau | 1,458.16 |
190 | Solomon Islands | 1,411.90 |
191 | Grenada | 1,207.45 |
192 | Comoros | 1,203.08 |
193 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1,039.88 |
194 | Turks and Caicos | 1,022.31 |
195 | Vanuatu | 887.82 |
196 | Samoa | 861.49 |
197 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 813.09 |
198 | Eastern Samoa | 634.00 |
199 | Dominica | 503.65 |
200 | Tonga | 450.35 |
201 | Sao Tome and Principe | 422.30 |
202 | Micronesia | 344.50 |
203 | Palau | 310.11 |
204 | Marshall Islands | 211.52 |
205 | Kiribati | 188.28 |
206 | Nauru | 114.72 |
207 | Tuvalu | 42.59 |
Each individual country has its own economic policy, which inherently has both strengths and weaknesses. If the state is rich in minerals, then most often the economy is based on the export of resources, which weakens the production component.
10 largest world economies in 2018
USA
The most stable economy in the world belongs to the United States, it has held its leading position for over 100 years. Comprehensively developed economic policy is based on the banking system, the largest stock exchange, advanced technologies in the field of IT and agriculture, which is not devoid of innovative solutions and progress.
America, thanks to its significant coverage of spheres of activity and advanced technologies in them, has great influence in the world and uses it.
The dollar has been the world currency for many years and is quoted in all countries. for 2019 amounted to $ 20.494 trillion, which makes it possible to understand: why the US economy is the first, leading the rating.
China
The fastest growing economy that can soon squeeze America and move it from its leading position in the TOP of the largest economies in the world. Industry, agriculture and technology are actively expanding in China. The automotive market is larger than the US and Japanese combined.
Chinese clothing and equipment enter the markets of most countries, exports are very developed in all directions. China provides food for 1/5 of the world's population, while using only 9% of the land intended for Agriculture.
Annual GDP growth is 10%, which gives cause for concern in America. is represented in the TOP economies of the world in the person of China, as the strongest and most developed country, the rest of Asia has weaker indicators.
Despite the crisis that Europe is experiencing in last years, remains stable on its feet and provides itself with annual GDP growth, which at the moment amounted to $ 3.996 trillion.
United Kingdom
The economy of Western Europe represented by the participating countries presents a vague picture, but the undisputed leader is, which entered the overall rating for all countries of the planet. The country is poor in natural resources, so its economic policy is based on services, industry and tourism.
In terms of industry, the leaders are the following areas: aviation and pharmaceuticals, as well as the automotive and textile industries. The UK attracts investment injections from business representatives from other countries with its liberal banking policy, which allows money laundering.
But in 2018, the country leaves the structure, and experts find it difficult to guess: what damage to the state economy will this bring and how its position in the world will change.
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France
The economic position of the country has been achieved thanks to the industrial and agrarian policy. At the expense of agriculture, France provides products to the EU countries, ¼ part of all supplies falls on this state.
The country's best attendance rates have been achieved largely thanks to Eiffel tower, her recognition and the atmosphere of romance associated with her.
But having a high attendance of the country, it does not come out on tourism. The fact is that cash, left by tourists in the country, have a smaller volume compared to America, this is due to the fact that tourists in France do not stay, but after seeing the main attraction, they leave for neighboring countries. France's GDP is currently $ 2.777 trillion.
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Developed countries are those countries that hold leading positions in the world in terms of economy, living standards and scientific and technological progress. They are often also called "industrial". At the moment, the population of these countries is 15 percent of the world's population. The following are the most the developed countries the world.
The United States of America is one of the largest and most influential powers in the world in terms of economy, politics and population. In terms of area, this state is in fourth place. The country shares borders with three states: Canada from the north, Mexico from the south and has a small border with the Russian Federation at sea near Alaska. The country has four time zones and a great variety of landscapes - from hot tropics to arctic cold and from plains and canyons to mountain ranges and lakes.
More than 300 million people live in the United States, and most of them originate from immigrants from all over the world. This became possible thanks to the Great Colonization, which took place from the 16th century after the great geographical discoveries of Columbus and Vespucci. Thus, there is a huge variety of races, nationalities, languages and religions. Although the official language is English, and the predominant religion is Catholicism.
48 of its 50 states are located on the North American continent, excluding Hawaii and Alaska
Japan is an economically developed country located on four large islands. Well organized here banking system, retail trade, communications, cargo transportation - in a word, everything that makes the country successful. The Japanese are very technologically savvy and are the inventors of many inventions, especially when it comes to electronics. This is organized due to the close interaction of the authorities with enterprises. The country has a low level of taxes and everything has been done for the comfortable existence of individual entrepreneurship.
In Japan, there is an extremely free attitude towards religion. The original faith on the territory of this country is Shinto, and now Buddhism and many other world religions are also widespread. But not everyone adheres to any one confession. Often, a Japanese person can drop in to pray at the first temple that comes across, be it Buddhist or Shinto. This is due to the fact that the root faith - Shintoism - is the worship of the forces of nature, and not some particular deity.
Government emphasizes science technology and work ethic
The history of Germany is very rich, the country has experienced many victories and defeats, falls and ups. At the moment, the state is included in the list of the most developed countries in the world and is an example to follow in terms of the political structure, so very few people consider it through the prism of the terrible events of World War II.
Despite the almost complete destruction of infrastructure after the wars, the Germans were able to restore everything with their diligence, and now Germany is one of the "elephants" of the economy on which the whole world rests.
The main strength of the country lies in the automotive industry, as well as in the large amount of mineral resources in its territory.
This island nation has one of the richest and most amazing histories, dating back to the Celtic tribes. For several centuries, the British Empire exerted a powerful influence on the world order. And, although now the size of the country has again reduced to one island, its power has not diminished. English is international and is considered official in many other countries. The fact is that the state maintains and maintains close ties with all of its former colonies.
Two-thirds of the country's economy is provided by the service sector, slightly less - by industry (mainly mechanical engineering, electrical equipment and electronics). The city of Birmingham was one of the first centers of the automotive industry. The tourism and agricultural industries are also well developed.
In terms of agricultural production, the country ranks sixth in the European Union.
France is a transcontinental world power with a rich history that has left its mark in the form of traditions, attractions and even national cuisine. In addition, the chemical and cosmetic industries, as well as the food industry, are very well developed here, for example, these are world-famous French wines and cheeses.
According to statistical studies, France is one of the least religious countries in the world. Almost a third of people are atheists, another third simply do not identify themselves with any confession, and only the remaining third consider themselves to be some religion. And there is no official statistics on the ethnic composition in the country, just as there is no concept of "nationalities" or "national minorities" in general.
France is strong in space and nuclear technology
This Mediterranean state is part of the European Union, like most other developed countries. It has a powerful state budget, which is the seventh largest in the world.
The northern part of Italy is mainly engaged in industry, the southern part is agriculture, especially crop production (corn, sugar beets, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, etc.). Mechanical engineering and metallurgy prevail in industry. The most favorable economic situation is in Northern Italy, which is associated with a very high population density in those parts.
Another actively developing aspect of Italy is civil airlines.
This East Asian state is technologically advanced. Particular attention is paid to information security, astronautics, and robotics. In this regard, the country has one of the most advanced education systems. All educational institutions have high-speed Internet access and free digital textbooks. Korea's economy is based largely on shipbuilding (their products account for 45 percent of the world market). The auto industry is also in great demand.
The country has a rich culture. Cinematography is actively developing here. The esports direction is also popular, in particular in the Starcraft discipline.
Korean martial arts and cuisine are widely known throughout the world.
Canada
The second largest state in the world goes back to the French colony, which in the 16th century was located on the site of the present city of Quebec.
At the moment, it is a developed country with a diverse ethnic composition (statistics say that more than 40 ethnic groups live here, most of which are Christians).
Canada is a multicultural country. This means that in any locality You can find elements of completely different cultures, from Native American to Celtic. There are also many different national neighborhoods. Canada's economy is based on services and agriculture.
This European country has access to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and has a varied relief, especially mountainous. The territory of the state is extremely rich in minerals, mainly metal ores. Accordingly, the mining industry is well developed. As for the heavy industry, the shipbuilding and the automotive industry (the Seat brand) should be noted. The tourism sector is also at a high level. In 2016, 75 million people visited the country.
The main industry of tourism is beach holidays due to the mild warm climate and beautiful seascapes.
Netherlands
This state is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and is ruled by the monarch. To the benefits Dutch economy This includes a skilled workforce that speaks many languages, excellent infrastructure, equality between supervisors and employees, high wages. The most developed production areas- mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, textiles, beer and clothing production. A lot goes to imports: cars, oil and oil products, food, equipment.
it sole state occupying the whole continent. It is rich in mineral resources and iron ore, and also has a rich nature, which due to its isolation has become truly unique. Many species of animals and plants are found only here and nowhere else. The main economic industry in Australia is agriculture, in particular cattle breeding. Wool production takes up a significant part.
Australian wool goes all over the world
Belgium
This country is one of the largest producers of metal products and clothing. Also, one cannot fail to mention Antwerp - the world famous diamond trading center. Chemical production is also well developed. Belgium has a convenient location with access to the sea and rivers, so water transport is actively used. In addition, US multinationals value Belgium. Among other things, the country throughout its history was famous for scientific and technological achievements, some Belgians received the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry.
Sweden
The Kingdom of Sweden is one of the richest countries in Europe. There are more than fifty global concerns here that distribute their products all over the world. For example, Oriflame, Volvo, Ericsson, TetraPak. The state is the world leader in the production of bearings. Other economic advantages that make the country a developed country include a very high level of innovation, excellent employee education, and excellent infrastructure.
The Greek economy was formerly one of the strongest in the world, but has been going through tough times in the past few years. The main source of foreign exchange earnings is the tourism sector in conjunction with the service sector. A significant part of the population is also employed there - at least 900 thousand people.
According to statistical surveys in some countries of the world, Greece was named the most attractive tourist destination
Highly developed countries differ from developing primarily in terms of macroeconomics. Leadership gives them a higher GDP indicator, availability of capital for investment open market in consumer demand. Developing countries need to overcome many economic and political nuances in order to achieve higher status.
Europe has always developed dynamically and was the center of civilization. The most highly developed states on the continent are Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy, members of the Big Seven.
Reasons for the economic recovery
The above countries survived the capitalist revolution before the others and managed to form a fully democratic society, optimize resources and form priority areas of production.
Consider the main factors of development:
- Natural resources ... The European continent has always been rich in various minerals. To date, the sources are practically depleted, so the states are switching to the import of raw materials.
- Geographical position ... All the Big Four countries are neighbors, located in the very center of the continent and have access to the seas, which has always been of paramount importance.
Rice. 1 Income of the EU countries, in million euros
The economically developed countries of Foreign Europe are characterized by a high level of urbanization, an automated type of production, huge gold and foreign exchange reserves, and are leaders in world tourism. They became the initiators of the unification of countries.
German economy
Largest economy in Europe. Germany ranks third in the world in terms of per capita income. The main areas of production: automotive, machine tool, chemical industry.
UK economy
The leading sector of the country's economy is the service sector, namely the banking system serving the whole world. The per capita income is 41.5 thousand dollars. Also, Britain specializes in the production of electrical equipment, telecommunications, the metallurgical industry, food.
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Rice. 2 European unemployment rate
Economy of France
By total volume economic indicators France ranks second in Europe. The income for each citizen of the country is 42.4 thousand dollars. It is a nuclear and space power.
Economy of Italy
Italy is an agrarian country that has managed to establish and produce agricultural products and sell them all over the world, and heavy engineering. A large share of income comes from tourism.
Rice. 3 Tourists in Rome
The developed countries of Foreign Europe have a share in the world industry of over 30%. They have one of the highest per capita incomes. These states are engaged in science, study new technologies and successfully implement them, thanks to which they manage to remain the leaders of scientific and technological progress.
What have we learned?
The economically developed countries of Western Europe are Germany, Great Britain, Italy and France. All of them managed to find their strengths and develop them until they reached world domination.
Today, the list of developing countries consists of 150 states and territories. They occupy most of the land. Many of them were independent even before World War II. However, I would like to consider this topic in all its details.
First group of states
In those days, when there was still a division into the capitalist and socialist systems, developing countries were called the "third world". Now they are very heterogeneous. And because of their diversity, it is very difficult to build any typology. But nevertheless, a certain classification exists.
The first group includes the so-called key states. These are Mexico, China, as well as Brazil and India. They are included in the list of developing countries because they have enormous economic, human and natural potential... These four states produce the same amount of industrial products that all the others, only combined, produce. But in terms of GDP, everything is bad. In India, $ 350 per capita is less than 23 thousand rubles.
Higher level
The second group includes states that have also achieved a relatively good level of economic and social development, but only with a GDP of more than a thousand dollars. Most of these countries are in Latin America. These are Venezuela, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina and many other states. There are also countries with a similar level in North Africa and Asia.
But this is not all developing countries. The list of states includes only six groups. The third includes industrial territories. These are the countries that made the leap in the 80s and 90s. Moreover, the growth was stunning. The states were even given the nickname "Asian Tigers". And based on such an original name, you can guess which countries these are. These include Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong (an administrative region in China) and Taiwan. Also in the list of developing countries in the second group includes Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.
Remaining list
The fourth group, which is included in the list of developing countries, is formed from those countries that export oil. Thanks to this resource, per capita GDP can vary from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. Naturally, the list includes Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, and also Brunei, Libya, etc.
The largest group is the fifth. It is made up of the "classic" developing countries of the world. The list contains the names of states with a mixed backward economy and feudal remnants. Per capita GDP is less than $ 1000 per year. Most of the countries in this group are located in Asia, Latin America and Africa.
And finally, the last category. It is formed by 40 states belonging to the so-called fourth world. That is, those territories in which agriculture predominates, moreover, consumer agriculture. In such countries, there is practically no manufacturing industry and about 2/3 of the inhabitants are illiterate. GDP is 100-300 dollars a year (!). And that is a very good indicator. So, for example, in Mozambique, the GDP is 20 cents a day!
Minimum wage
Of course, the developing countries of the world, the list of which is quite impressive, are of certain interest from a political and economic point of view. But most ordinary citizens want to know about salary levels.
According to the 2015 statistics published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Luxembourg is the best place to live. There, the minimum wage is $ 2,190. This is a little more than 143,000 rubles. In second place is Australia with $ 2,159. This is approximately 141,000 rubles.
Germany ranks third. In the former Germany, the minimum wage is $ 1958, which is 128,000 rubles. The Netherlands is next in the ranking with a minimum wage of $ 1848, which is equal to 120,700 rubles. In next place is Belgium with $ 1,776. This is about 116,000 rubles.
The lowest rates in Europe for minimum wages are in Romania and Bulgaria. The minimum you can count on here is $ 230.4 and $ 195, respectively (15,000 and 12,700 rubles). But even this is twice as much as in Russia. And even more so in Ukraine, where the monthly minimum wage is $ 53.7 (3480 rubles). In general, the states that occupy the first lines in the ratings of the minimum salary are key developing countries. The list is actually longer - you can get acquainted with it individually.
Leaders of the world economy
Well, finally, a few words about the states that can boast of a really high standard of living and economy. Developed and developing countries, the list of which is quite wide, make up our entire world. But only the first of those listed produce ¾ of the gross world product. But in developed countries only 15-16% of the population of the entire planet live. But it is they who, one might say, hold the entire economy on themselves.
These are the USA, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Finland and several dozen other states. But despite their status, salaries in many "leading" countries do not please local residents. In the same Greece mentioned in the list, the minimum wage is 580 € (40,200 rubles). However, this is still more than in the Russian Federation.
Dividing the world economy into spheres economic activity and the definition of the main economic relationships between them allow not only to analyze the development trends of individual countries, but also to compare them with each other. However, in the world as a whole there are about 200 countries that are very different in terms of economic development. And knowledge of classifications is extremely important for mutual study and exchange of experience in economic development.
As economically developed countries, the International Monetary Fund singles out states: 1. Countries that qualify the World Bank and the IMF as countries with developed economy in the late XX - early XXI centuries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway , Portugal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland,.
2. The more complete group of developed countries also includes Andorra, Bermuda, Faroe Islands, Vatican, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino.
Among the main features of developed countries, it is advisable to highlight the following:
5. The economies of developed countries are characterized by openness to the world economy and a liberal organization of the foreign trade regime. Leadership in world production determines their leading role in world trade, international capital movement, and international monetary and settlement relations. In the field of international labor migration, developed countries act as the host country.
Countries with economies in transition
The countries with economies in transition usually include the 28 states of Central and Eastern Europe and the former USSR moving from centrally planned to market economies, as well as, in some cases, Mongolia, China and Vietnam. Russia (2% of world GDP and 1% of exports) is considered among the countries with economies in transition due to its political importance. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe that once belonged to the socialist camp, as well as the countries of the former USSR, which are called the countries of the former "ruble zone", stand out as a separate group.
Countries with economies in transition include:
1. Former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, successors of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro;
2. Former Soviet republics - now the CIS countries: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine;
3. Former Baltic republics: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.
The classification is especially difficult, since the construction of capitalism, and therefore, market relations, in the PRC is under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). China's economy is a symbiosis of a planned socialist economy and free enterprise. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) classifies China, like India, as an emerging Asian country.
For the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic States and some Balkan countries, an initially higher level of socio-economic development is characteristic; radical and successful implementation of reforms (“velvet revolutions”); expressed desire to join the EU. The outsiders in this group are Albania, Bulgaria and Romania. The leaders are the Czech Republic and Slovenia.
The former Soviet republics, with the exception of the Baltic states, have been united in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) since 1993. The collapse of the USSR led to the rupture of economic ties that had been developing for decades between enterprises of the former republics. The one-time abolition of state pricing (in the conditions of a shortage of goods and services), the spontaneous privatization of the largest export-oriented state-owned enterprises, the introduction of a parallel currency (US dollar) and the liberalization of foreign trade activities led to a sharp drop in production. GDP in Russia has decreased by almost 2 times. Hyperinflation reached 2000% or more per year.
Observed sharp drop course national currency, the deficit of the state budget, a sharp stratification of the population with the absolute impoverishment of its bulk. An oligarchic version of capitalism was formed without the creation of a middle class. Loans from the IMF and others international organizations were sent to “patch holes” in the state budget and were plundered uncontrollably. Carrying out financial stabilization through budgetary constraints and restriction or squeeze policies money supply(rise in interest rates) gradually reduced inflation, but had serious social losses (unemployment, growth in mortality, street children, etc.). The experience of "shock therapy" has shown that the introduction of private property and market relations in itself is not a guarantee of the creation of an effective economy.
If we talk about the term "transitional economy", then it is used to characterize the transformation of the economy of socialist countries into a market economy. The transition to the market required a number of significant transformations, which include:
1) denationalization of the economy, requiring privatization and stimulation of the development of non-state enterprises;
2) development of non-state forms of ownership, including private ownership of the means of production; 3) the formation of the consumer market and its saturation with goods.
The first reform programs consisted of sets of stabilization measures and privatization. Monetary and fiscal restrictions were supposed to bring down inflation and restore financial equilibrium, and the liberalization of foreign relations was to bring the necessary competition to the domestic market.
The economic and social costs of the transition were higher than expected. Prolonged economic downturn, high unemployment, the decline of the social security system, deepening income differentiation and declining welfare of the population were the first results of the reforms.
The practice of reform in different countries can be reduced to two main alternative paths:
1) the way of rapid radical reforms ("shock therapy"), taken as a basis in many countries, including Russia. The strategy was historically formed back in the 1980s by the IMF for debtor countries. Its features were the landslide liberalization of prices, incomes and economic activity... Macroeconomic stabilization was achieved due to the contraction of the money supply and huge inflation as a result.
Urgent systemic transformations included privatization. In foreign economic activity the goal was to involve national economy to the world economy. The results of "shock therapy" are negative rather than positive;
2) the way of gradual evolutionary transformation of the economy, taken as a basis in China.
Already from the mid-1990s and with the beginning of the recovery stage, the countries with economies in transition showed good overall performance. economic development and market economy... GDP indicators gradually went up. However, the unemployment rate remains high so far. Taking into account the different starting conditions for different times of the beginning of the transformations, their results turned out to be different. The greatest successes were achieved by Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Estonia, Slovakia.
In many countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), a high proportion of government spending in GDP: at least 30-50%. In the process of market reforms, the standard of living of the population decreased and inequality in the distribution of income increased: about 1/5 of the population was able to raise the standard of living, and about 30% became poor. The former Soviet republics, which are now united in the CIS, can be distinguished into one group. Their economies are showing different rates of market transformation.
Developing countries
Developing countries - 132 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, characterized by low and middle income. Due to the wide variety of developing countries international economy it is customary to classify them both by geography and by various analytical criteria.
There are certain grounds for distinguishing yesterday's dependent and colonial countries, lagging behind in their economic and social development and conventionally united by the term "developing", into a special group of states. 80% of the world's population lives in these countries, and the fate of this region will always significantly influence world processes.
The most important criteria for the selection of developing countries is a special place in the system of economic and political ties, the level of economic development and specific features of reproduction and features of the socio-economic structure.
The first and most significant feature of developing countries is their place in the world economy and politics. Today they are part of the world capitalist system and are more or less subject to the prevailing economic laws and world economic trends. Remaining a link in the world economy, these countries continue to have a tendency to deepen their economic and political dependence on the economies of developed countries.
Developing countries are still major suppliers of raw materials and fuels to the world market, despite the fact that the share of developing countries in Western countries' fuel imports has slightly decreased in recent years. As suppliers of raw materials, they depend on imports finished products, therefore, today the share of developing countries in world exports is only about 30%, including in the supply of industrial products - 21.4%.
The economy of this group of countries is highly dependent on TNCs, as well as financial dependence. TNCs with the most advanced technology do not agree to transfer it when creating joint ventures in developing countries, preferring to locate their branches there. At least 1/4 of foreign investments of TNCs are concentrated in developing countries. Private capital has now become a major contributor to foreign flows to developing countries. The share of direct foreign investment today accounts for more than half of all funds coming from private sources.
The level of economic development of developing countries can be characterized as economic backwardness from the most developed part of the world. Low level the development of productive forces, the backwardness of the technical equipment of industry, agriculture and social infrastructure are the main features of the economy of these countries as a whole. Most characteristic feature backwardness - the agrarian profile of the economy and the share of the population employed in agriculture. The industrial and agricultural profile of the economy is not typical for developing countries. It developed only in the most developed countries of Latin America and several Asian states. In the overwhelming majority of countries, agricultural employment is still 2.5 times, and sometimes 10 times higher than the industrial one. In this respect, many oil-producing countries are closer to developing countries than to developed ones.
Features of the socio-economic structure of developing countries are associated with a multi-structured economy. Developing countries are characterized by a significant range of forms of production: from patriarchal communal and small-scale commodity to monopolistic and cooperative. Economic ties between structures are limited. Styles are characterized by their own system of values and the way of life of the population. The patriarchal way of life is characteristic of agriculture. The private capitalist structure includes various forms of ownership and exists in trade and services.
The emergence of the capitalist system has its own characteristics here. Firstly, it is often associated with the export of capital from more developed countries, and in an unprepared economy is “enclave” in nature.
Secondly, the capitalist system, developing as a dependent one, cannot eliminate the multi-structured system and even leads to its expansion. Third, there is no consistent development of one form of ownership from another. For example, monopoly ownership, most often represented by branches of TNCs, is not a product of the development of joint-stock ownership, etc.
The social structure of society reflects the diversity of the economy. The communal type dominates in public relations, civil society is just being formed. Developing countries are characterized by poverty, overpopulation, and high unemployment.
The economic role of the state in developing countries is very large and, along with traditional functions, includes: the exercise of national sovereignty over natural resources; control over foreign financial assistance to use it for the implementation of projects provided for in the programs of social and economic development of the state; agrarian transformations associated with an increase in agricultural production, the creation of cooperatives, etc .; training of national personnel.
There is a classification of developing countries depending on the level of economic development, measured by GDP per capita:
1) countries with high per capita incomes comparable to those in developed countries (Brunei, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Singapore);
2) countries with average GDP per capita (Libya, Uruguay, Tunisia, etc.);
3) poor countries of the world. This group includes most of the countries of tropical Africa, the countries of South Asia and Oceania, and a number of countries in Latin America.
Another classification of developing countries is associated with the level of development of capitalism as an economic structure. From this point of view, the following groups of developing countries can be distinguished:
1) these are states where state, foreign and local capital prevails. The economic activity of the state is state capitalist in content. In these countries, the involvement of foreign capital in the local is high. These countries include Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, as well as a number of small states in the Asia-Pacific region.
2) the second group of states is the largest. Their peculiarity is that here capitalism is represented by "enclaves", and sometimes very isolated. This group includes countries such as India, Pakistan, the countries of the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, North Africa, several countries of Southeast Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia).
3) the third group - the least developed countries of the world, about 30 countries with a population of about 15% of the population of the developing world. The capitalist structure exists in them in the form of fragments. These capitalist "enclaves" are mainly represented by foreign capital. 2/3 of the least developed countries are in Africa. In the pre-capitalist sector, natural ties prevail. Almost all spheres of employment of the population are traditional ways. The only driving force behind development in most of them is the state. The share of manufacturing in GDP is no more than 10%, GDP per capita is no more than $ 300, and the literacy rate is no more than 20% of the adult population. These countries have little chance of improving their position on their own, relying only on internal forces.
A source - World economy: tutorial / EG Guzhva, MI Lesnaya, AV Kondrat'ev, AN Egorov; SPbGASU. - SPb., 2009 .-- 116 p.