Basic concepts of economic informatics. Theoretical foundations of economic informatics
Tutorial developed in accordance with the program of the discipline “Economic Informatics” and is intended for students studying in specialties in the field of training 036401 (customs), when preparing seminars, course projects, practice reports, theses.
The manual reveals current state information technologies in economics, the basic principles of using information systems in the professional activities of economic specialists are considered, as well as the main categories of computer software used in economic calculations.
1.1. Basic categories and concepts of computer science.
It is advisable to begin the study of such a discipline as “economic informatics” with the formulation of definitions key concepts and categories of computer science as a basic science that studies the structure and general properties of information. Information is one of the basic concepts of science, which forms the basis of the modern scientific picture of the world.
The peculiarity of this concept is that it is intuitively understandable to almost everyone, but there is no generally accepted interpretation of it in the scientific literature. It should be especially noted that, as a scientific category, “information” is the subject of study for a wide variety of fields of knowledge: philosophy, computer science, systems theory, cybernetics, etc.
It is well known that the term “information” comes from the Latin word “informatio”, originally meaning presentation or explanation. Due to its universality, volume, and vagueness, “information” is often understood inaccurately and incompletely not only by students. Information is interpreted in different ways, for example as:
- any entity that causes changes in some information-logical (infological - consisting of data, knowledge, abstractions, etc.) model of the system (mathematics, system analysis);
- messages received by the system from the outside world in the process of adaptive control, adaptation (control theory, cybernetics);
- negation of entropy, reflection of the measure of chaos in the system (thermodynamics);
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
1. LECTURE 1. BASIC CATEGORIES AND CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION SCIENCE.
1.1. Approaches to defining information.
1.2. Structure, form, measurement of information.
1.3. Computer Science and information Technology.
1.4. Basic information aspects of management.
2. LECTURE 2. OBJECT, SUBJECT, METHODS AND TASKS OF ECONOMIC INFORMATICS.
2.1. Object, subject, tasks of economic informatics.
2.2. Basic concepts in economic informatics.
2.3. Information technologies in economics.
2.4. Computer science and information systems.
3. LECTURE 3. INFORMATION AS A PRODUCT.
3.1. Price and value of information.
3.2. Features of information as a product.
3.3 Economic information as a product and an object of security.
4. LECTURE 4. INFORMATION AS A NEW KIND OF RESOURCE. INFORMATIONAL RESOURCES.
4.1. The concept of a resource in economic informatics.
4.2. Information as an economic resource.
4.3. Informational resources in the economic system.
4.4. Information as a management resource.
LECTURE 5. ECONOMIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS.
5.1. Information Systems in economics.
5.2. Automated systems management.
5.3. Structure of information systems.
5.4. Functions of information economic systems.
6. LECTURE 6. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR
APPLICATION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF TASKS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY.
6.1. Information technologies for working with documents.
6.2. Information technologies for information processing and management in real time.
6.3. Information Technology general purpose for working with documents.
6.4. General purpose information technologies for working with documents.
7. TASKS FOR PRACTICAL WORK.
8. MATERIALS FOR CONTROL (SELF-CONTROL).
8.1. Basic terms and concepts.
8.2. Test work.
LITERATURE.
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Economic information– characterizes production relations in society (economic information about resources, management processes, financial processes). Properties: alpha-digital signs, variable volume and post signs; discreteness, heterogeneity, persistence, reusability, long shelf life, change)
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
Object economic informatics are information systems that provide solutions to business and organizational problems arising in economic systems ( economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is effective management economic system.
Item: technology and stages of development of systems for automated processing of economic information and justification of the feasibility of such processing, functional analysis of the subject area, algorithmic representation of the problem and its software implementation.
Peculiarities: presentation and reflection in the form of primary and summary documents, repetition of stages of processing information, the predominance of arithms and log operations in the processing process
Analysis and design of business processes. Functional modeling, which describes the sequence of operations of a business process, as well as modeling the data used in it.
Analysis and design of enterprise information systems architecture. Here the modeling apparatus is somewhat broader, along with modeling functions and data, it includes engineering methods for analyzing and predicting IS performance, statistical tools, economic analysis, etc.
Improving IP management is solved by methods of management theory, including methods of operations research, organization theory, logistics, etc. Project management methods and models are of great importance.
Analysis and improvement of economic efficiency of IP A variety of economic analysis methods are used. Currently we're talking about about neoclassical tools, new institutional economic theory and management theory.
15.Technology. Information Technology. Information processes.
Technology- a set of methods, processes and materials used in any branch of activity, as well as a scientific description of methods of technical production.
Information Technology (information technology, IT)– a wide class of disciplines and areas of activity related to technologies for managing and processing data using computer technology.
Information process - the process of receiving, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, distributing, and using information.
Encoding (recording to a medium), transmitting a signal over a communication channel, decoding (converting to a receiving code), code processing.
The characteristic features of modern IT are:
Less processing labor, more quality;
the interactive nature of information processing, a wide range of users and the collective nature of working with information and computing resources;
ensuring a unified IT information space, collective work with information and computing resources based on computer networks and telecommunications systems;
support for multimedia (multimedia) IT, paperless technology.
Information technologies can be divided into classes:
1. General purpose IT (working with text documents, calculations in spreadsheets, maintaining databases, working with computer graphics, etc.).
2. Method-oriented IT, ensuring the use of special models and algorithms for solving problems (mathematical apparatus, statistics, project management, etc.).
3. Problem-oriented IT, taking into account the specifics of the subject area and information needs of users.
Information technologies are developing in the following directions: computer technology; means of communication and communications; software; methodology for organizing design work to create IP.
IT development is related to:
progress in the field of data processing hardware (computers, storage media, communications and communication tools, etc.), industrial technologies for the production of computer components;
development of methods and tools for software development, methods of storing and retrieving data on computer media;
16. Information society. Informatization of society at present. The concept of the information society emerged at the end of the 20th century; it is closely related to the concept of post-industrial society, a new phase in the development of our entire civilization. Distinctive features of the information society: Information/knowledge is the main product of production; increase in employment in the IT, communications and service sectors; complete informatization (Internet, TV), globalization of the information space; growing role of the individual in the management of social and environmental relations, development of digital markets, electronic democracy/state
Project "Information Society" of the Russian Federation: e-government, improving the quality of life of citizens, overcoming the digital divide, security, digital content for museums and archives, development of the ICT market
Informatization is a complex social process associated with significant changes in the lifestyle of the population. It requires serious efforts in many areas, including eliminating computer illiteracy, creating a culture of using new information technologies, etc.
The driving force behind the development of society should be the production of informational, rather than material, products. In the information society, not only production changes, but also the entire way of life, the value system, and the importance of cultural leisure in relation to material values increases. In the information society, intelligence and knowledge are produced and consumed, which leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. A person will need the ability to be creative, and the demand for knowledge is increasing. The material and technological base of society’s information will be various types of systems based on computer equipment and computer networks, information technology, telecommunications.
Informatization of society- organized socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal conditions for meeting information needs and realizing the rights of citizens, government bodies, local governments, organizations, public associations based on the formation and use of information resources.
The goal of informatization is to improve the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions.
The main criteria for the development of the information society are the following:
Availability of computers; level of development of computer networks Possession of information culture, i.e. knowledge and skills in the field of information technology
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Basic concepts of economic informatics
Plan
- 4. Information technology
- Conclusion
1. Basic concepts of economic informatics
Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
The intensive introduction of information technologies into economics has led to the emergence of one of the directions in computer science - economic informatics, which is an integrated applied discipline based on interdisciplinary connections between computer science, economics and mathematics.
The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is computer science. The word "informatics" (informatique) comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automation), introduced in France to define the field of activity involved in automated information processing.
There are many definitions of computer science. Computer science is the science of information, methods of collecting, storing, processing and presenting it using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interrelated components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production.
The main objects of computer science are:
information;
computers;
Information Systems.
General theoretical foundations of computer science:
information;
number systems;
coding;
algorithms.
Structure of modern computer science:
1. Theoretical computer science.
2. Computer technology.
3. Programming.
4. Information systems.
5. Artificial intelligence.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide solutions to business and organizational problems that arise in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
An information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that provide collection, storage, processing and delivery of information to ensure preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in economics include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management.
The subject of economic informatics is technology, methods of automating information processes using economic data.
The task of economic informatics is to study the theoretical foundations of computer science and acquire skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.
2. Data, information and knowledge
Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge
The basic concepts used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used interchangeably, but there are fundamental differences between these concepts.
The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means explanation, presentation, i.e. information or message.
Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transformation and processing of data allows you to obtain information.
Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that is stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing when solving specific problems. For example, various data are stored in databases, and upon a certain request, the database management system provides the required information.
There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incomplete knowledge about them.
Knowledge is processed information recorded and verified by practice, which has been used and can be reused for decision making.
economic informatics software information
Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a specific subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital.
Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) regulating decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a certain subject area.
It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted differently. Decisions are made based on the information received and existing knowledge.
Decision making is the selection of the best, in some sense, solution option from a set of acceptable ones based on available information.
To solve the problem, fixed data is processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the information received is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result of the choice, one decision that is best in some sense is made. The results of the solution add to knowledge.
Depending on the scope of use, information can be different: scientific, technical, management, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.
3. Economic information and information technology
Economic information is a transformed and processed set of information that reflects the state and course of economic processes. Economic information circulates in the economic system and accompanies the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Economic information should be considered as one of the types of management information.
Economic information can be:
manager (in the form of direct orders, planned tasks, etc.);
informing (in reporting indicators, performs a feedback function in the economic system).
Information can be considered as a resource similar to material, labor and monetary resources. Information resources are a set of accumulated information recorded on tangible media in any form that ensures its transmission in time and space to solve scientific, production, management and other problems.
4. Information technology
Collection, storage, processing, transmission of information in numerical form is carried out using information technology. The peculiarity of information technologies is that in them both the subject and product of labor is information, and the tools of labor are computers and communications. The main goal of information technology is the production of information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions for its processing.
It is known that information technology is a set of methods, production and software-technological tools combined into a technological chain that ensures the collection, storage, processing, output and dissemination of information.
From the point of view of information technology, information requires a material carrier as a source of information, a transmitter, a communication channel, a receiver and a recipient of information.
A message from a source to a recipient is transmitted through communication channels or through a medium.
Information is a form of communication between managed and control objects in any control system. In accordance with general theory management, the management process can be represented as the interaction of two systems - the controlling and the controlled.
The enterprise management system operates on the basis of information about the state of the object, its inputs (material, labor, financial resources) and outputs ( finished products, economic and financial results) in accordance with the goal (to ensure the production of the necessary products).
Management is carried out by submitting management influence (production plan) taking into account feedback - the current state of the managed system (production) and the external environment - the market, higher authorities management.
The purpose of the control system is to form such influences on the controlled system that would induce the latter to accept the state determined by the control goal.
In relation to an industrial enterprise, with some degree of convention, we can assume that the goal of management is to fulfill production program within the framework of technical and economic restrictions; control influences are work plans for the department, feedback data on the progress of production: production and movement of the product, the condition of the equipment, stocks in the warehouse, etc.
Obviously, plans and feedback content are nothing more than information. Therefore, the processes of formation of control actions are precisely transformation processes economic information. The implementation of these processes constitutes the main content of management services, including economic ones. The following requirements are imposed on economic information: accuracy, reliability, efficiency.
The accuracy of the information ensures its unambiguous perception by all consumers. Reliability determines the permissible level of distortion of both incoming and resulting information, at which the efficiency of the system’s functioning is maintained. Efficiency reflects the relevance of information for the necessary calculations and decision-making in changing conditions.
Computer Science and Information Systems
The word "system" comes from the Greek systema, which means a whole made up of parts or many elements. A system is a collection of interconnected elements that function to achieve a specific goal.
Main characteristics of systems: purpose, inputs, outputs, feedback and external environment. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in their main goals. Systems include computer hardware and software, telecommunications, life support systems, education systems, etc.
Economic systems include: industrial enterprises, trade organizations, commercial banks, government agencies etc.
So, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. Thus, the main purpose of the information system is to create a modern infrastructure for managing an enterprise, organization, or institution.
The variety of problems solved with the help of information systems has led to the emergence of many different types of systems, differing in the principles of construction and the rules for processing information embedded in them. Information systems can be classified according to a number of different characteristics.
Classification of information systems based on the structure of tasks.
There are three types of tasks for which information systems are created:
structured (formalized);
unstructured (unformalizable);
partially structured.
A structured (formalized) task is a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known.
An unstructured (non-formalizable) task is a task in which it is impossible to identify elements and establish connections between them.
Information systems for semi-structured tasks. Information systems used to solve semi-structured problems are divided into two types: those that create management reports and those that are primarily focused on data processing; developing possible solution alternatives.
Classification of the information systems market by system scale:
Local systems (1C, BEST, Info - Accountant, etc.)
Small integrated systems (Skala, Parus, Galaktika and others)
Medium integrated systems (MFG-PRO and others)
Large integrated systems (SAP/R3 others)
Classification of systems, which is based on the classification of business problems.
Principles of classification of management information systems:
1. Level of strategic management (3 - 5 years)
2. Level of medium-term management (1 - 1.5 years)
3. Level of operational management (month - quarter - half year)
4. Level of operational management (day - week)
5. Real-time control layer
There are other types of classification of information systems. Special programs have been developed abroad
Standards for enterprise management information systems: MRP, MRP-II, ERP, ERPII systems.
MRP is a system for planning the requirements for material resources (provides the required amount of remaining materials in the warehouse).
RP-II - designed for planning production resources, i.e. resources used to produce products.
ERP - designed for planning and managing material, production and human resources. SAP R/3 is an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system for enterprise resource management or SAP ER. ERP II - designed for managing resources and external relations of enterprises.
Information systems used to plan and manage various resources are called integrated management systems or enterprise information systems.
The main components of information systems used in economics include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management.
1. Hardware and software of information systems:
technical means of information processing (computers and peripheral devices);
system and service software(operating systems and utilities)
Office application software (MS Office);
computer networks (communications equipment, network software and network applications);
databases and data banks.
2. Business applications (application programs):
local information systems (1C: Accounting, Infin, Parus, etc.);
small information systems (1C: Enterprise, Parus, Galaktika, etc.);
medium information systems (PEOPLE SOFT, BAAN, SCALA, etc.);
integrated management systems (ERP).
3. Information systems management is intended to manage and support enterprise information processes (personnel management, development, quality, safety, operational management, etc.)
Thus, information systems that are considered in economic informatics consist of three main components:
information technology (computer hardware and software, telecommunications, data);
functional subsystems (production, accounting and finance, sales, marketing, personnel) and business applications (application programs for solving business problems);
information systems management (personnel, users, IS development, finance)
Currently, the most appropriate way to build an economic information system is to use ready-made solutions, which are implemented in the form of ready-made application programs.
Conclusion
Computer science plays an important role in modern economic science, which led to the identification of a separate direction in the development of science - economic informatics. This new direction combines economics, mathematics and computer science, and helps economists solve problems of optimizing the activities of enterprises, make strategically important decisions on industrial development and manage the production process.
The developed software base is based on mathematical models economic processes and provides a flexible and reliable mechanism for predicting the economic effect management decisions. With the help of computers, analytical problems that cannot be solved by humans can be quickly solved. IN Lately The computer has become an integral part of the workplace of a manager and economist.
Bibliography
1. Information systems in economics. Karminsky A.M., Chernikov B.V. Moscow: Finance and Statistics 2006. 320 p.
2. Economic informatics: Textbook for universities. Konyukhovsky P.V. St. Petersburg: Peter 2001. 560 p.
3. Economic informatics. Kosareva V.P., Eremina L.V. - Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 2002, 592 p.
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1.1.1. Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
The intensive introduction of information technologies into economics has led to the emergence of one of the directions in computer science - economic informatics, which is an integrated applied discipline based on interdisciplinary connections between computer science, economics and mathematics. The theoretical basis for the study of economic informatics is computer science. The word "informatics" (informatique) comes from the merger of two French words: information (information) and automatique (automation), introduced in France to define the field of activity involved in automated information processing. There are many definitions of computer science. Computer science is the science of information, methods of collecting, storing, processing and presenting it using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interrelated components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production. The main objects of computer science are:
information;
computers;
information systems;. General theoretical foundations of computer science:
information;
number systems;
coding;
algorithms. Structure of modern computer science: 1. Theoretical computer science. 2. Computer technology. 3. Programming. 4. Information systems. 5. Artificial intelligence. Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business. Object of economic informatics are information systems that provide solutions to business and organizational problems that arise in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. Information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that provide collection, storage, processing and delivery of information to ensure preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in economics include: hardware and software, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure for company management. Subject of discipline- technologies, ways to automate information processes using economic data. The task of the discipline- studying the theoretical foundations of computer science and acquiring skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks. Next...>>> Topic: 1.1.2. Data, information and knowledge
1.1.2. Data, information and knowledge
Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge. The basic concepts used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used interchangeably, but there are fundamental differences between these concepts. The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means explanation, presentation, i.e. information or message. Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transformation and processing of data allows you to obtain information. Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that is stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing when solving specific problems. For example, various data are stored in databases, and upon a certain request, the database management system provides the required information. There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incomplete knowledge about them. Knowledge– this is recorded and practice-tested processed information that has been used and can be repeatedly used for decision-making. Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a specific subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital. Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) regulating decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a certain subject area. It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted differently. Decisions are made based on the information received and existing knowledge. Making decisions- this is the choice of the best, in a certain sense, solution option from a set of acceptable ones based on the available information. The relationship between data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is presented in the figure.
To solve the problem, fixed data is processed on the basis of existing knowledge, then the information received is analyzed using existing knowledge. Based on the analysis, all feasible solutions are proposed, and as a result of the choice, one decision that is best in some sense is made. The results of the solution add to knowledge. Depending on the scope of use, information can be different: scientific, technical, management, economic, etc. For economic informatics, economic information is of interest.
The basic concepts of economic informatics are:
Information and economic information;
Task and economic problem;
Data - These are messages about objects and processes, presented in a structured or unstructured form, on some material medium (paper documents, magnetic disks). In order for data to be processed by a computer, a number of input operations must be performed on them: first, they are considered as the result of observations or measurements, then they are recorded on a tangible medium (paper documents, signals, etc.) and, finally, data is transferred to a computer, where it is structured and stored in the form of databases or other formal means.
In a broad sense information is defined as information about one or another side of the material world and the processes occurring in it. The term “information” most often refers to the substantive aspect of data, as opposed to data (“data” – fact).
From a scientific point of view, information is a measure of eliminating uncertainty regarding the outcome of an event of interest to us. That is, the concept of information is associated with the probability of a particular event occurring.
Information cannot exist on its own, therefore the presence of an object (source) and a subject (receiver) is implied. The object reflects, and the subject perceives information. The material component of the processes of storage, transmission and transformation of information are information carriers, communication channels, transmitters and receivers.
Information, first of all, is distinguished by its subject content; it is one of the main resources for the life of society, but, unlike natural resources its volume does not decrease over time, but rather only increases.
The following are distinguished: properties of information:
1. Reliability and completeness.
Information is reliable if it does not distort the true state of affairs. Information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and making decisions.
2.Value and relevance.
The value of information depends on what problems are solved with its help. It is important to have up-to-date information when working in the constantly changing conditions of our world.
3.Clarity and understandability.
Information becomes clear and understandable if it is expressed in the language spoken by those to whom the information is intended.
According to the type of human activity, information is divided into scientific, technical, industrial, managerial, economic, social, legal, etc. Each area of human knowledge operates with its own type of information. Economy, economic activity operates with economic information, which is subject to both general properties of information and properties that reflect it characteristics arising from its nature.
Economic information– this is information that reflects and serves the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Economic information serves as a management tool and at the same time belongs to its elements. In this case, economic information is considered as a type management information
Economic information is characterized by:
· Large volumes.
Quality management economic processes impossible without detailed information about them. Improving management and increasing production volumes is accompanied by an increase in accompanying information flows.
· Cyclicality.
Most production and economic processes are characterized by repeatability of their constituent stages and information reflecting these processes. This property of economic information allows you to reuse a once created program for data processing.
· Variety of sources and consumers.
This property is due to the diversity of production and economic activity of people.
· Specific gravity logical operations during processing.
Logical operations ensure the appropriate ordering of data in arrays (primary, intermediate, constant and variable). A significant place is occupied by such types of work as ordering, distribution, selection, sampling, and association.