State budget of the Russian Federation. State investment in the economy
The Russian economy has been in complete decline for several years, and the price of oil has not been able to rise above $50 per barrel for a long time. The authorities are struggling to get out of this situation, but no matter how hard the Government tries, the 2017 budget is still tied to the cost of "black gold". In addition to oil, the Russian economy is affected by the sanctions imposed by some Western countries, as well as the difficult state of affairs in neighboring Ukraine and the Middle East. Consider the Russian budget for 2017 in numbers, how does the Ministry of Finance plan to replenish the treasury next year?
If we translate the annual budget of the Russian Federation into American currency, now the country has 250 billion dollars, the volume of the Russian treasury is comparable to countries such as Sweden and Belgium, for example, the same United States manages amounts 16 times greater than ours. True, the Americans have a huge budget deficit - $ 470 billion, which is almost 2 times higher than Russia's approximate budget for 2017. But there is no need to rejoice, US defense spending annually amounts to 500 billion dollars, i.e. the US DoD manages twice the annual amount of the Russian treasury, and health care in the United States is 52 times more than in Russia. It's worth considering, given that the Russian Federation is far larger than the United States in terms of area. Therefore, budget planning should become the main task of the Government of the Russian Federation.
The impact of oil prices
The economy of our country is still based on raw materials, so the draft budget for 2017 still depends on oil prices, it is known that the Ministry of Finance forecasts the cost for 2017 at $52 per barrel. The forecast of leading analysts is about the same, it is believed that "black gold" is unlikely to cross the bar of $60 per barrel. Do not forget that Iran has returned to the world oil trade, which is ready to sell its raw materials at any, even the lowest price, this situation, of course, knocks down the cost of "black gold".
Also, the Russian budget depends on the gas industry, now 1 cubic meter of gas is estimated at $290, the Government has set the price for next year at $209, this step is aimed at reducing GDP, which is projected at 3%.
Therefore, the only way out of the crisis is the transition from the export of raw materials to production, which is extremely difficult to do; over the years, production capacities in our country have practically vanished.
On slowdown economic growth the inflation rate, which last year was about 13%, also affects, the dollar exchange rate also shakes our economy.
Now let's look at the budget in Russia for 2017 in numbers, how the Government distributed cash Which area will receive the most funding? What course will our Government decide to take when drafting the Russian budget for 2017?
Budget for next year
Let be new program import substitution works slowly but quite effectively: agriculture is being revived, production is developing, equipment is being modernized, the country's economy is beginning to move away from complete dependence on oil. The hole in the Russian budget is a side effect caused by the replenishment of the budget solely through the export of raw materials and natural materials. And the unstable dollar exchange rate increases the deficit of funds every day.
According to experts, the budget deficit in 2017 will be about 3.9% of GDP, which will significantly exceed the Government’s forecast of 3% of GDP. The treasury will be even more empty before the upcoming elections, also if they index payments to pensioners, spend money on increasing the salaries of civil servants. To cover the expenditure part of the budget, the Ministry of Finance will be forced to use the Reserve Fund, which currently stands at $50 billion, but even the full use of the reserve money will not close the Russian budget in 2017 to zero, they will be able to cover only 60% of all expenses. Additional funds are planned to be obtained through privatization and the issuance of Eurobonds.
According to rating agency Fitch, 2017 is a turning point in Russian economy. After the funds Reserve Fund will be exhausted, the authorities will start using the Fund's money national welfare, which now has about 49 billion dollars. The government must understand that the project federal budget for 2017 should be thought out as much as possible, it is necessary to clearly assess the level of inflation, the exchange rate national currency and oil quotes for next year.
Let's look at the anti-crisis draft budget, first, the best remedy to exit economic crisis- modernization of production facilities, it was for this that not a single million dollars were laid. There is also evidence that several lucrative military contracts will be signed next year, so the Russian Defense Ministry will receive an impressive amount.
What the citizens of our country will lose next year, of course, it is unlikely that there will be a significant increase in salaries, on the contrary, only this year the Russians missed about 8% of their income, although there are rumors that it is planned to increase the salaries of doctors and junior medical staff.
The 2017 budget bill proposes a tougher policy:
- spending on housing and communal services in Russia will be reduced by almost 40%;
- medicine will miss about 10%;
- they will also cut funding for education — by almost 8%;
- the defense budget has been increased, the Russian Defense Ministry will receive 72 billion rubles more than in 2016, it is planned to increase the salaries of the military.
Expenses for the protection of the state and its citizens
The law on the federal budget in 2017 laid down the costs under the item "National Defense" at 949 billion rubles, but in general, the costs under this item for 2017 are in the amount of 1.021 trillion. rubles. Now the defense budget is one of the most significant, it is expected that with each subsequent year less funds will be allocated to the budget for defense: for 2018, the Ministry of Finance plans to allocate 948.3 billion rubles to the RF Ministry of Defense, for 2019 - 941.2 billion rubles . According to some sources, it is known that the Government plans to increase the provision of the military, now a soldier receives at least 32 thousand rubles, however, in the context of the economic crisis, wage indexation may remain only at the level of rumors. According to analysts, spending on defense and security has increased significantly since 2008, the state apparatus, pension system, social policy.
In addition to the Defense Ministry, in order to increase the security of the state and its citizens, a decision was made in 2016 to create the National Guard by presidential decree. This organization has its own peculiarity, it will deal exclusively with the issues of combating extremism, terrorism, protecting state facilities, maintaining order within the country. Troops and units of the National Guard will be created on the basis of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. It is possible that the draft federal budget for 2017 will allocate an impressive amount for the maintenance of the National Guard, there are rumors that the salary of the guardsmen will be increased by 10%.
It is also known that the budget of the EMERCOM of Russia in 2017 will be reduced by more than 2 billion, will be about 165 billion rubles after the approval of the law on the Federal budget for 2017 and the planning period for 2018 and 2019. The Ministry of Finance will annually approve the cuts in the said agency's spending.
Cut medical expenses
The Federal Law on the budget for the next year assumes a significant reduction in health care costs. According to representatives of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Finance will allocate 342 billion rubles, in 2016 about 544 billion rubles were spent on this department.
It is unlikely that medical staff will wait for an increase in wages.
Also, the Government will decide to reduce the cost of outpatient care by more than one and a half times, cut costs for inpatient care by up to 39%, and allocate less money for medical research. In general, medical expenses will be reduced by 6%, remember the summer of 2016, when D. Medvedev reminded the Russians at one of the meetings that next year they would have to “live within their means”.
What about pension payments?
It is already known that the Ministry of Finance decided in February 2017 to index pension payments, so the pension will increase by 5.9%. According to experts, in 2016 Pension Fund received less than 175 billion rubles, next year the budget deficit may increase. The government has already decided to extend the freeze on the funded part of pensions; the authorities will save up to 400 billion rubles on the transfer to the Pension Fund.
The characteristics of the Russian budget for 2017 showed that the authorities decided to cut costs for the maintenance of many areas of life of citizens. What awaits us next year? Will wait.
By 2019, the government plans to reduce the budget deficit to 1.2% of GDP (from the expected 3.9% in 2016), without resorting to higher taxes and an increase in the retirement age. Pictured: Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev (left) and Finance Minister Anton Siluanov (Photo: Dmitry Astakhov/Sputnik/AP)
After the one-year budget of 2016, the government decided to return to the three-year cycle - the Ministry of Finance believes that this is the only way to consistently and predictably correct the accumulated imbalances of the budget system. At the end of 2016, the budget deficit may reach 3.9% of GDP, which will be the largest gap in six years. The Ministry of Finance wants to reduce it to 1.2% by the end of 2019. Return to the three-year budget cycle - "maybe<...>and too early for today's conditions,” President Vladimir Putin admitted on Wednesday, speaking at the VTB Capital forum “Russia is calling”. “But still, the government has a certain amount of healthy optimism, and, of course, I even support it,” the president said.
When will the budget be approved?
The government will consider the draft three-year budget at a meeting on Thursday, October 13. It has yet to be approved by the Ministry of Economic Development. The project was submitted to the Ministry of Economic Development on Wednesday, "the document is being worked out," a representative of the ministry told RBC.
The government plans to submit a draft three-year budget to the State Duma on October 28, Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said on Wednesday. By that time, it may well be corrected, changes will certainly be made in the course of passing through the Duma.
What are the main parameters of the budget?
Revenues in 2017 will be in nominal terms almost at the level of the current year - 13.44 trillion rubles. ( see table). In real terms, adjusted for inflation, they will continue to decline. True, by 2019, the Ministry of Finance expects the revenue side to grow to 14.8 trillion rubles. - in nominal terms, this will be a historical maximum. However, firstly, this planned growth is partly due to the weak ruble budgeted for 2019 (71.1 rubles per dollar), while the price of oil is projected at $40 per barrel for all three years. Second, budget revenues as a share of GDP will decline every year and fall to 15% in 2019 (compared to over 19% of GDP in 2012).
The total amount of expenditures for 2017 is proposed in the amount of 16.18 trillion rubles, for the next two years - already a little less than 16 trillion rubles. The only way for fiscal consolidation is to cut spending, Siluanov said Wednesday at the Russia Calling forum. But it turns out that the Ministry of Finance still relies more on revenue growth than on cost savings. Compared to the estimate of the expected execution of the 2016 budget, by 2019 the revenue side increases by more than 1.4 trillion rubles, while the expenditure side decreases by 670 billion rubles. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the high base of expenditures in 2016: at the end of the one-year budget, the Ministry of Finance decided to increase expenditures from 16.1 trillion to 16.4 trillion rubles, and taking into account the expected changes in the so-called consolidated budget schedule, which do not need to be carried out through amendments into the law - up to 16.63 trillion rubles.
As a result, the budget deficit in 2017 will amount to 2.74 trillion rubles, or 3.16% of GDP, follows from the bill. In amendments to the 2016 budget, submitted to the State Duma this week, the Ministry of Finance proposes to register a deficit of 3.03 trillion rubles, but expects that in fact the gap will be larger - 3.26 trillion rubles. That is next year. budget deficit can be reduced immediately by 16%.
In 2018, the budget deficit, according to the project of the Ministry of Finance, will be reduced to 2.2% of GDP, and in 2019 to 1.2% of GDP.
It will be possible to attract additional income even without tax reforms or raising the retirement age. “The ideology of the government is not to increase taxes,” Siluanov said on Wednesday; on the contrary, changes are possible in terms of facilitating the share of direct taxes for businesses. A serious increase in income, which the Ministry of Finance is counting on, is realistic, says professor of the Department of Economics and Finance public sector RANEPA Ludmila Pronina. Firstly, this is the income from the mineral extraction tax (the Ministry of Finance calculated it at the level of 300 billion rubles for 2017 and 200 billion in the next two years), the second is an increase in excise taxes, and then in 2019 an increase in taxes due to unpopular measures is likely, says Pronin.
How is the Finance Ministry going to finance the three-year deficit?
In contrast to 2016, when two-thirds of the deficit is financed by the Reserve Fund, in 2017-2019 the Ministry of Finance proposes to change the structure of deficit financing towards less use of sovereign funds and more use of borrowed funds. It is proposed to borrow on the domestic market at 1.05 trillion rubles. each year (net borrowing). This is twice as much as the Ministry of Finance plans to borrow in 2016. Considering the need to redeem government bonds worth 829 billion rubles in 2017, the Ministry of Finance will need to place OFZs in the amount of almost 1.9 trillion rubles.
It is planned to take 1.15 trillion rubles from the Reserve Fund in 2017 to finance the deficit, which means that the Reserve Fund will be completely exhausted. We will have to use the National Wealth Fund (NWF), from which the Ministry of Finance wants to spend 660 billion rubles. in 2017. The peak of NWF spending will be in 2018 - 1.14 trillion rubles. As a result, by the end of the three-year budget period, about 3 trillion rubles will remain in the NWF. (now it contains 4.6 trillion rubles). Sovereign funds will not be replenished during this period - action budget rule suspended until February 1, 2020.
For 2017, the Ministry of Finance sets the bar for external borrowing at $7 billion, as it was in the pre-crisis years. Earlier, Anton Siluanov explained that, in principle, the budget can do without external loans, but it is necessary to maintain the liquidity of sovereign Eurobonds. In fact, the Ministry of Finance in 2017 refinances the expiring debt - papers worth $7.3 billion are scheduled for repayment. In 2018 and 2019, it is planned to borrow $3 billion. Strictly speaking, these figures for 2017-2019 do not necessarily imply borrowings in foreign markets - this can be and loans on Russian market in foreign currency.
Is this amount of borrowing dangerous?
The government will increase the volume of domestic borrowing, Siluanov said Wednesday at the VTB Capital forum. But to do this, according to him, you need to be careful - it is important not to go too far so that investors do not begin to demand shorter securities and higher rates.
The volume of the total public debt by the end of 2019 will grow to 16.6 trillion rubles, or 16.8% of GDP (compared to 15% of GDP at the end of the current year). In 2017, the Ministry of Finance plans to place securities worth 1.88 trillion rubles on the domestic market. (in 2018 - 1.6 trillion rubles, and in 2019 - 1.7 trillion). If geopolitical factors do not have a negative impact on financial markets, then, despite the fact that the Ministry of Finance will place 1.9 trillion rubles, “they will quite calmly receive a lower yield, which may be at the level of 7% by the end of the year,” says Evgeny Nadorshin, chief economist at PF Capital. Compared with the volume of Russian GDP of 1.9 trillion rubles. this is not much, the debt "quite calmly" can be doubled within five years without creating any problems on the market, the economist believes.
In general, in the coming period, the volume of the state debt of the Russian Federation "will remain at a safe level of less than 20% of GDP," the report notes. explanatory note to the draft budget (available from RBC).
How many expenses will be kept secret?
The open part of budget expenditures for 2017 is 13.31 trillion rubles. This means that about 18% of all expenses will be classified (approximately the same share will fall on closed expenses in 2018-2019). This is less than in 2016, according to the results of which the level of expenditure coverage will exceed 22% (the post-Soviet maximum). More than 500 billion rubles. in the next three years, the Ministry of Finance will allocate "separate subsidies" to companies and organizations, as well as "separate inter-budget transfers" to regional budgets under classified budget items, follows from the bill.
In the context of the functional areas of budget expenditures, it is planned to spend the most next year on social policy - 5.08 trillion rubles. ( see table). Appropriations in the amount of almost 2.3 trillion rubles are planned for the "National Economy" section. "National Defense" will require about 950 billion rubles in the open part of the budget, and 2.84 trillion rubles taking into account secret spending. This is 27% less than it is planned to allocate for national defense in 2016.
With the participation of Svetlana Bocharova
Introduction.
Chapter 1. Theoretical essence and functions of the budget.
1.1 Concept and economic entity budget.
1.2 Functions of the budget.
1.3 Budget policy of the state.
Chapter 2. Analysis of the budget system and budget of the Russian Federation for 2017 - 2019.
2.1 general characteristics budget system of the Russian Federation.
2.2 Classification of budgets in Russia.
2.3 Analysis of the budget of the Russian Federation for 2017 - 2019.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Course work on the topic: Russian budget 2017-2019.
INTRODUCTION
The budgetary system of the state acts as a neutral link in the financial system of any country and the core of its economy. The budget system is connected with all spheres of state activity, and the stability and stability of the country's economy depends on its balance.
The most important direction state regulation the economy is budgetary policy, and the budget is the most important tool of the country's economic mechanism. Like other economic instruments, the budget is actively used by the state to solve socio-economic problems and tasks.
The study of the budget system of the Russian Federation is an integral component contemporary economic education. The study of the budget system of the Russian Federation involves the study of its essence, functions, principles of its construction and development, mechanisms for balancing budgets, issues of generating revenues and financing budget expenditures and their planning, interbudgetary relations, fundamentals budget process and budgetary control.
The economic situation in the Russian Federation, which has developed at the moment, is the subject of close attention not only from leading financial analysts, owners of large businesses or small entrepreneurs, but also from ordinary citizens. The crisis phenomena that are observed today in many economies of the world are aggravated in Russia by the fact that in recent years it has been under the influence of Western sanctions.
The government's point of view is that this fact should not dishearten Russians. On the contrary, sanctions should be viewed as a positive phenomenon, because long-term economic isolation will help develop its own production and improve technological advances, which, ultimately, will provide the country with an unprecedented economic recovery. By the way, it is already predicted in the new federal budget.
The purpose of this work is to study the budget system of the Russian Federation as of 2017 - planned 2018-2019.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks will be solved:
1. Consider the concept and essence of the budget;
2. Learn the functions of the budget
3. Consider the main aspects budget policy.
4. Analyze the budget of the Russian Federation for 2017, as well as the planned 2018 and 2019 years.
The course work consists of an introduction, 2 chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an application.
Chapter 1. Theoretical essence and functions of the budget
1.1 The concept and economic essence of the budget
As you know, state intervention in the economic life of society is implemented in two directions: administrative and economic. The most effective in terms of the degree of impact on socio-economic processes are economic methods, among which the most common budget methods associated with the use of the system of public spending, and taxes. The budget is the most important component of the country's economic mechanism. At the same time, it is also a lever by which the state influences the entire process of production and distribution.The financial basis for the socio-economic development of any state is numerous funds of funds and, above all, a fund of funds centralized in the hands of the authorities - the state budget. The budget is the leading link in the country's financial system. Every state needs a budget to perform various economic, social, political, cultural and other functions.
With the help of the budget, public authorities and local government receive financial resources for the maintenance of their apparatus, the army, the implementation of economic tasks, the implementation of social events, etc.
The budget is a complex phenomenon. It simultaneously concerns the economy, and finance, and law and politics. This versatility of the budget made the study difficult. state budget and definitions of the very concept of the budget at all stages of the development of financial science. The definition of the budget as a list of income and expenses was very common. At the same time, the “budget” is a broader concept and cannot be reduced only to painting. The budget determines the general norms for the preparation and approval of the financial plan, and the list is a financial plan for a given period.
IN economic literature There are different definitions of the budget. It is used to refer to objects that are different in nature. For example, Professor V.D. Fetisov in his textbook "The Budget System of the Russian Federation" gives the following definition: "The budget expresses systematic relations between economic entities regarding the formation and use of funds from various economic entities." In the textbook "The budget system of the Russian Federation" A.M. Godina, I.S. Maksimova and I.V. Podporina gives the following definition: “The budget is a system financial relations on the formation, distribution and spending of monetary resources necessary to ensure the functions of state authorities in providing public services to the population of the country. Academician B.A. Reisberg in the textbook "Economics and Management" says that the budget is an estimate of cash income and expenditure for a certain period, usually for a year, which has official force. In the explanatory dictionary of SI. Ozhegov said that the budget is a list of income and expenditure of the state, enterprise or individual for a certain period.
In all these definitions, only one specific side of the budget is considered:
. “the form of education and expenditure of funds”;
. "the main centralized fund of funds";
. "the totality of monetary relations";
. "basic financial plan", etc.
The Budget Code of the Russian Federation (Article 6) gives the following definition of the budget.
The budget is a form of education and expenditure of funds intended for financial support of the tasks and functions of the state and local government.
However, this definition does not reflect all aspects of the budget.
Since the budget is a multifaceted category, it seems appropriate to consider it from different angles.
From a material point of view the budget is a centralized fund of funds on the scale of the state or a separate administrative-territorial formation, which is at the disposal of the relevant state authorities and local self-government. Thus, in the material sense, the budget is a certain amount of money that is in the fund of financial resources, which is in the hands of certain authorities.
From an economic point of view the budget is a set of economic relations that arise in the process of formation, distribution and use of a centralized fund of funds. These relations are bilateral in nature, as they arise between the state, on the one hand, and legal entities and individuals, on the other hand, both in the process of forming a centralized monetary fund with the help of taxes and other payments, and in the process of using this fund for financial security. various functions of authorities at all levels.
From a legal point of view budget - the main financial plan of the state or administrative-territorial formation, approved by the relevant representative authorities in the form of a law or other regulatory legal act.
The budget arose with the advent of the state. At the same time, only with the coming to power of the bourgeoisie, the budget took the form of a document approved by the country's legislative body. England is considered the ancestor of the budget and the process of its approval, where, after the bourgeois revolution of 1686-1689. the king was forced to renounce the right to establish income and expenses without the consent of parliament.
"Budget" is a word of English origin that means "bag". When the House of Commons of England in the XVI-XVII centuries. approved a subsidy to the king for the coming year, then at the end of the meeting, the Chancellor of the Exchequer (Minister of Finance) opened his portfolio, which contained a paper with the corresponding bill. This procedure was called the opening of the budget, and later the name of the portfolio was transferred to the document itself. From the end of the XVII century. The budget began to be called the document that contained the plan of income and expenditure of the state approved by the Parliament.
In Russia, the first painting government revenue and expenses was compiled in 1722 for the next year, 1723. Since 1802, these murals began to be drawn up annually, but only from 1811 did the compilation of the budget of Russia begin. At the same time, this budget was of a formal nature, since each ministry disposed of the funds allocated to it without control and had its own sources of income. Only since 1862, as a result of the development of the budget structure, the funds of the ministries began to be concentrated in the hands of the state on the principle of the unity of the cash desk. The state budget of Russia was not published and was kept in strict secrecy. Even the members of the Council of State did not know the actual state of the empire's finances. Since 1894, Russian government spending began to be divided into ordinary and extraordinary. The latter included military spending, maintenance costs railways and loans. From that moment on, Russia's budget became transparent.
In this way, the budget is the main financial plan of the state, the central link of the financial system. Its main purpose is to create financial conditions for the effective development of the economy, the solution of national problems, the formation of the social policy of the state, etc.
The formation and use of the budget has a number of distinctive features.
Firstly:, the preparation and execution of the budget has a pronounced balance character.
The balance method of developing plans is the most important method of establishing proportions in the national economy. The balance method of budgeting allows you to establish the necessary relationship between the amount of cash income and the amount of expenditure. Current control over the execution of the budget allows us to draw conclusions about the need to change certain proportions in terms of finding additional sources of income or reducing certain costs.
Secondly, redistributive nature of the budget. With the help of the budget, the GDP and national income are redistributed between the production and non-production spheres, various sectors of the national economy, subjects of the Russian Federation, separate categories citizens.
Thirdly, national economic character of the budget. The budget is connected with all branches of the national economy, and the branches, in turn, are connected with the budget as regards the formation budget revenues through the transfer of taxes and other payments, and regarding the financing of these industries at the expense of the budget.
1.2 Functions of the budget
It is important to understand that the economic essence of the budget, like other economic categories, is reflected in its functions.Budget Functions
Various economists distinguish different functions of the budget, but they all boil down to three key ones:. distribution;
. control;
. regulatory.
Via distribution functions of the budget, there is a distribution and redistribution of funds between the production and non-production spheres, inter-territorial and inter-industry distribution of financial resources, special funds are formed designated purpose, there is a concentration of funds in the hands of the state and their use in order to meet national needs.
The content of this function is manifested in the process of implementing two aspects of budgetary relations:
. formation of budget revenues;
. use of budgetary funds (budget expenditures).
In the process of formation of budget revenues, there is a forced withdrawal in favor of the state of a part of the gross domestic product created in the process of social reproduction. At this stage, there are financial relationships between the state and taxpayers.
With the help of budget expenditures, budget recipients are financed - that is, organizations in the production and non-production spheres that are recipients or managers of budget funds.
In addition, at the expense of budgetary funds, monetary resources are redistributed across the levels of the budgetary system through interbudgetary transfers in the form of grants, subsidies, and subventions.
With the help of the distributive function, the distribution of new value (at the micro level) and the redistribution of this value (at the macro level) are carried out.
The entire distribution process is conditionally divided into two stages:
. primary distribution. During the primary distribution at the micro level, basic or primary incomes arise (profits of enterprises, depreciation fund, income of employees). The formation of primary incomes of material production is the initial stage of distribution, since the distribution of national income (ND) is not limited only to its distribution among those who created it, that is, among the participants in material production. Primary distribution continues at the macro level and ensures the creation of secondary or derivative incomes;
. secondary (subsequent) distribution. During the secondary distribution, incomes of enterprises and workers in the sphere of non-material production are formed: incomes of regions, municipalities, enterprises, organizations, citizens, by withdrawing part of the income created in the sphere of material production and directing them to other areas (redistribution of ND).
The need to redistribute the national income is connected:
. with intersectoral and interterritorial redistribution in the interests of the most efficient and rational use of income and savings of enterprises;
. with the presence of two spheres - production and non-production (education, health care, management, defense, where no ND is created);
. with the existence of various social groups of the population (pensioners, the disabled, orphans, single mothers, large families etc.).
The funds centralized in the budget fund with the help of taxes and other obligatory payments of legal entities and individuals in accordance with the socio-economic policy pursued by the state are redistributed both to the sphere of material production, which is the basis of the national economy and the source of the formation of GDP and national income, and to the non-productive sphere maintained by the state.
The non-productive sphere does not participate in the creation of the national income of the country, but is its active consumer. Funds are allocated from the budget for salaries of workers in these industries, for the maintenance of non-production institutions (education, healthcare, culture, etc.), etc.
The control function of the budget is also expressed in the fact that, being related to the national economy, the budget shows the course of processes, current trends in the development of the economy. The receipt of funds in the budget and their use demonstrates both successes and shortcomings in the spheres of production and circulation. This makes it possible to timely prevent the appearance of disproportions in the development of the national economy.
Regulatory The (stimulating) function of the budget manifests itself directly through tax revenues and budget expenditures. That is, tax revenues and budget expenditures act as a tool for regulating and stimulating the economy and investment, increasing production efficiency, stimulating, first of all, the most important sectors of the national economy: nuclear energy, mechanical engineering, agro-industrial complex, housing construction.
The regulatory role of the budget as an instrument of influence on the socio-economic development of territories is one of the most important functions inherent in the budget, since with the help of various tools and opportunities provided by the budget, the most important social and economic tasks facing the state are solved.
Via budget mechanism it is possible to practically use the budget as an instrument of state regulation of the economy, stimulating production and social processes. Thanks to the budgetary redistribution of the national income, the structure of social production is being improved. The use of the budgetary mechanism for regulating the economy is carried out by maneuvering the funds coming into the disposal of the state, which makes it possible to purposefully influence the pace and proportions of the development of social production.
Unlike budget revenues, which do not always act as economic incentives, budget expenditures always have this quality. Through them there is a choice of the most progressive directions budget financing, budgetary funds are used to improve the sectoral and territorial structure of social production, for the priority development of priority sectors. Budget funds should, first of all, be directed to financing the structural restructuring of the economy, comprehensive targeted programs, building up scientific and technical potential, accelerating social development and social protection of the poorest segments of the population. The achievement of an optimal structure of the national economy, which requires financial resources, is of great importance for increasing the efficiency of social production.
1.3 Budget policy of the state
Politics means the art of government. In a broad sense, politics is the concept special activities for the protection and realization of the interests of some subjects as opposed to the interests of others, in the narrow sense - this is a set of measures, the activity of the subject to achieve certain goals.Any policy is the relationship of at least two subjects regarding the protection and realization of their own interests in relation to any object. State policy is a set of socio-economic, political, military and other measures regarding the protection and implementation of state interests, the organization of the public law and order system.
The basis of the policy of any state is the socio-economic policy associated with the distribution and redistribution of life values of some subjects in favor of others. The main link in socio-economic policy is formed by financial policy, covering relations over monetary system country, state revenues and expenditures, insurance, etc.
As part of the financial policy of the state, there is a budget policy that ensures the withdrawal and targeted use of funds.
budget policy is a purposeful activity of the state to determine the main tasks and qualitative parameters of the formation of revenues and expenditures of the budget, management of public debt.
Budget policy is one of the main directions of the state's economic policy and one of the most active tools for regulating macroeconomic proportions.
Components of the budget policy are tax and investment policy. Through their interaction, the policy of state influence (regulation) on the socio-economic situation of the country, the state and development of the economy is built.
The most important areas of budget policy are the collection of budget revenues, the implementation budget commitments, managing the budget deficit and public debt. Consequently, the effectiveness of the entire budget policy can be assessed based on the effectiveness of the authorities in these areas.
As criteria for the effectiveness of budget policy the following indicators are used:
. the level of collection of budget revenues;
. the level of fulfillment of budgetary obligations;
. the size of the budget deficit and growth rates public debt;
. the volume of financial resources diverted to serve the state budget;
. GDP dynamics;
. unemployment rate;
. the degree of implementation of legislative acts on the budget;
. the amount of foreign exchange reserves used to finance the budget deficit, etc.
The budgetary policy of the state for the next financial year is determined in the annual message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
The Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on December 3, 2015 defines the main guidelines for the state budget policy for 2016. The priority task is to achieve a balanced budget, as this is the most important condition for macroeconomic stability and financial independence of the country. According to the results of the execution of the federal budget for 2016, its deficit should not exceed three percent.
Budget planning, each budget cycle must begin with a clear fixation of priorities, it is necessary to return the decisive role of state programs in this process. Control over the movement of public funds, including federal and regional subsidies to industrial and agricultural enterprises, should be substantially tightened.
Chapter 2. Analysis of the budget system and budget of the Russian Federation for 2017 - 2019
2.1 General characteristics of the budget system of the Russian Federation
The budgetary system of the state is a set of all types of budgets functioning in the country.The Budget Code of the Russian Federation (Article 6) defines the budget system of the Russian Federation as based on economic relations and the state structure of the Russian Federation, a set of federal budgets, budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets and state budgets regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation. off-budget funds.
Fig.1. Composition of the budget system of the Russian Federation
The budget structure of the Russian Federation is determined by its state federal structure and is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In accordance with comp. 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation "Russia is a democratic federal constitutional state with a republican form of government.
In accordance with Art. 10 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, the budget system of Russia includes the following levels:
1) the federal budget and the budgets of state off-budget funds of the Russian Federation;
2) the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the budgets of territorial state extra-budgetary funds;
3) local budgets, including:
. budgets of municipal districts, budgets of urban districts, budgets of urban districts with intracity division, budgets of intracity municipalities of federal cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol;
. budgets of urban and rural settlements, budgets of intracity districts.
In accordance with the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation” (as amended on July 3, 2016):
Rural settlement - it is one or several rural settlements united by a common territory (villages, villages, villages, villages, farms, kishlaks, auls and other rural settlements), in which local self-government is carried out by the population directly and (or) through elected and other local self-government bodies.
urban settlement - it is a city or a settlement in which local self-government is carried out by the population directly and (or) through elected and other bodies of local self-government.
Municipal area - these are several settlements or settlements and inter-settlement territories united by a common territory, within the boundaries of which local self-government is carried out in order to resolve issues of local importance of an inter-settlement nature by the population directly and (or) through elected and other local government bodies that can exercise separate state powers transferred to local governments by federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Urban district - this is an urban settlement that is not part of the municipal district and whose local self-government bodies exercise the authority to resolve established issues of local importance and issues of local importance of the municipal district, and can also exercise certain state powers transferred to local authorities self-government by federal laws and laws of subjects of the Russian Federation.
Urban district with intracity division- this is an urban district in which, in accordance with the law of the subject of the Russian Federation, intracity districts are formed as intracity municipalities.
Intracity district - this is an intracity municipality on a part of the territory of an urban district with an intracity division, within the boundaries of which local self-government is carried out by the population directly and (or) through elected and other local government bodies. The criteria for dividing urban districts with intracity division into intracity districts are established by the laws of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and the charter of an urban district with intracity division.
Intracity territory (intracitymunicipal formation) of a city of federal significance — part of the territory and the city of federal significance, within the boundaries of which local self-government is carried out by the population directly and (or) through elected and other bodies of local self-government.
Each of these budgets serves as the financial base for the activities of the respective state or local authorities.
The budgets included in the budget system of the Russian Federation are independent and are not included in each other, that is, the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation are not included in the federal budget, and local budgets are not included in the regional budgets.
2.2 The current classification of budgets in Russia and their structure
The legislation of the Russian Federation adopted the legal form of the budgets of the Russian Federation, depending on the budget level. Article 11 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation establishes the legal form of the budgets of each level.The federal budget of the Russian Federation and the budgets of state off-budget funds are developed and approved in the form of federal laws, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are developed and approved in the form of laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets are developed and approved in the form of legal acts of legislative bodies of local self-government or in the manner prescribed by the charters of municipalities. As a rule, local budgets are approved in the form of decisions of local representative bodies - councils of deputies of municipalities.
The Budget Code of the Russian Federation singles out the concept of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation, the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation and the consolidated budget of the municipal district.
Consolidated budget of the Russian Federation represents a set of the federal budget of the Russian Federation and a set of consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Consolidated budget of the subject of the Russian Federation represents the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation itself and the set of budgets of municipalities located on its territory (excluding interbudgetary transfers between them).
For example, the consolidated budget of the Republic of Dagestan includes:
. republican budget RD;
. 41 budgets of municipal districts;
. 1 city district budget with intracity division;
. 9 budgets of city districts;
. 8 budgets of urban settlements;
. 698 budgets of rural settlements.
Consolidated budget of the municipal district represents the budget of the municipal district (district budget) and the set of budgets of urban and rural settlements that are part of the municipal district (excluding interbudgetary transfers between them).
Consolidated budget of the city district with intracity division represents the budget of an urban district with an intracity division and a set of budgets of intracity districts that are part of an urban district with an intracity division (excluding interbudgetary transfers between these budgets).
Consolidated budgets of all levels do not have a legal status, are not approved in the form of laws, but are compiled for various analytical purposes. For example, to determine the degree of centralization of financial resources in the state budget system, to analyze the dynamics of revenues and expenditures of the budgets of territories, to compare the budget systems of different regions and states, etc.
Without calculating the indicators of consolidated budgets, consolidated financial planning is impossible, since many indicators of the consolidated financial balance of the state and territorial consolidated financial balances are taken from consolidated budgets.
Consolidated budget indicators are also used in calculations that characterize various types of provision for residents of a country, individual territories, for example, budget expenditures per inhabitant for medical care, education, and other average per capita budget revenues.
Under federal budget it is customary to understand the main financial plan of the country as a whole, annually adopted by the highest legislative body of the legislative power - the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. redistribution through the federal budget GDP and ND throughout the state. The revenues of the federal budget of the Russian Federation are collected throughout the country according to uniform standards, and expenditures are made in the interests of the entire population of the country.
The federal budget and the budgets of state non-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation are intended to fulfill the expenditure obligations of the Russian Federation.
Usage federal authorities the state authorities of other forms of formation and spending of funds intended for the fulfillment of expenditure obligations of the Russian Federation are not allowed.
In essence, the federal budget is the main law of the economic life of the state, which fixes not only the figures of state revenues and expenditures, but also all other parameters of economic development. Therefore, the federal budget is considered as the main instrument of the entire financial system of the Russian Federation.
Budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation (regional budgets) represent the second level of the Russian budget system.
At present, there are 85 subjects of the Federation in the Russian Federation, including 22 republics, 9 territories, 46 regions, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous regions, 3 federal cities.
Regional budgets are the central element of territorial budgets. Regional budgets are a symbol and guarantor of regional isolation, independence, autonomy and responsibility.
The budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation (regional budget) and the budget of the territorial state non-budgetary fund are intended to fulfill the expenditure obligations of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
The use by public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of other forms of formation and spending of funds to fulfill the expenditure obligations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is not allowed.
The third link of the budget system RF— local budgets.
The budget of the municipality (local budget) is intended to fulfill the spending obligations of the municipality.
The number of local budgets is more than 22 thousand, of which the budgets of rural settlements account for the bulk (about 18,000). In terms of the number of local budgets in the Russian Federation, Tatarstan is in the lead - 974, then Bashkortostan - 895 and the Republic of Dagestan - 757 budgets of municipalities.
The use by local governments of other forms of formation and expenditure of funds to fulfill the expenditure obligations of municipalities is not allowed.
As an integral part of the budgets of urban and rural settlements, estimates of income and expenses of individual settlements, other territories that are not municipalities can be provided.
Budget revenues express the economic relations that arise between the state and the subjects of reproduction in the process of forming the country's budget fund. The form of manifestation of these economic relations are various types of payments by enterprises, organizations and the population, and their material and material embodiment is monetary funds mobilized in the budget fund. With the help of revenues, the process of formation of budgetary resources is carried out, while expenses mediate the process of their use.
Budget revenues- these are the funds coming to the budget, with the exception of funds that are in accordance with Budget Code sources of financing the budget deficit (Article 6 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation).
Budget revenues are formed in accordance with the budgetary and tax legislation of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with Art. 41 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, budget revenues are formed from tax and non-tax types of income, as well as from gratuitous receipts.
According to Art. 6 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, budget expenditures are funds paid from the budget, with the exception of funds that, in accordance with the Budget Code, are sources of financing the budget deficit.
Cost management at all times was considered one of the most important problems in every state, regardless of the level of development of the economy and revenues to the state treasury. As a rule, this was due to the fact that the funds allocated from the state treasury for financing certain sectors of the economy or social life countries turned out to be insufficient. Expenditure management was built adequately to the growing tasks of the state and its budget.
Expense management tasks include three steps:
. defining policies, goals and the resources needed to achieve them;
. distribution of resources necessary for the implementation of the set goals;
. ensuring that specific tasks are completed in the most efficient way.
The formation of expenditures of the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the expenditure obligations due to the delineation of powers established by the legislation of the Russian Federation of federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, the execution of which is in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, international and other treaties and agreements should take place in the next fiscal year at the expense of the relevant budgets (Article 65 of the RF BC).
Budget revenues and expenditures differ in composition, sources, areas of use and other characteristics. To compile reports on the execution of budgets and ensure comparability of budget indicators of all levels of the budget system of the Russian Federation, a single budget classification of the Russian Federation, approved by the Federal Law of August 15, 1996 No. 115-FZ "On the Budget Classification of the Russian Federation", the Law of the Russian Federation of August 8, 2001 "On Amendments and Additions to the Federal Law "On Budget Classification in the Russian Federation" "and others
Currently, the procedure for applying the budget classification in the Russian Federation is regulated in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 07/01/2013 No. 65n "On approval of the Guidelines on the procedure for applying the budget classification of the Russian Federation" (harm, dated 06/20/2016 No. 89n).
Budget classification(Article 18 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation) is a grouping of income, expenses and sources of financing of budget deficits of the budget system of the Russian Federation, used for the preparation and execution of budgets, as well as a grouping of income, expenses and sources of financing of budget deficits and (or) operations public administration sector, used for budgetary (accounting) accounting, preparation of budgetary (accounting) and other financial reporting, which ensures the comparability of indicators of the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation.
The budget classification makes it possible to freely move financial resources between different levels of the budget system of the Russian Federation, and such a movement should be of a methodological nature and have a well-established mechanism. This can only be done on the basis of a single budget classification. In addition, the budget classification provides an opportunity for economic and statistical analysis of revenues and expenditures of the budgets of the Russian Federation, provides targeted allocation of budgetary funds.
The classification of budget revenues of the Russian Federation is a grouping of budget revenues of all levels and is based on the legislative acts of the Russian Federation that determine the sources of formation of budget revenues of all levels of the budget system of the Russian Federation.
The classification of budget expenditures is a grouping of expenditures of the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation and reflects the direction of budget funds for the implementation by federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments (municipal authorities) and management bodies of state extra-budgetary funds basic functions, the solution of socio-economic problems.
2.3 Analysis of the budget of the Russian Federation for 2017 - 2019
Since 2006, the federal budget in Russia has been planned for a three-year period. This rule was violated when creating the document for 2008 and 2016, due to the peak of the crises. The current law again provides for a three-year plan for the state budget. The same goals and trends apply for 2017, 2018 and 2019: reducing the share of the deficit every year and lowering the inflation rate through spending cuts. For the first time, the bill on the state budget was considered on November 18, 2016. In the context of the crisis and the tense geopolitical situation, it was clear that something would have to be sacrificed, so the State Duma passed the document further, but with great reservations. In the second reading, some adjustments were made, part of the expenses of 540 billion rubles was redistributed, for example, 200 billion rubles instead of 100 were agreed upon for credit support of the regions. The final version was adopted by the State Duma in the third reading, and on December 19, 2016, the President of the Russian Federation signed the law on the federal budget 2017 Based on a GDP forecast of 86,806 billion rubles and an expected inflation rate of 4%, the federal budget of the Russian Federation is planning revenues of 13,487.6 billion rubles and expenditures of 16,240.8 billion rubles. The deficit will amount to 2,753.2 billion rubles.It is important to note that the revenue part in the budget of the Russian Federation -2017 is fixed at the level of 13.49 trillion rubles and differs slightly from last year's figure. Many economists say that if inflation expectations are also taken into account, then in real terms this part of the budget will continue its downward trend. In 2019, representatives of the Ministry of Finance predict an increase in revenue to 14.8 trillion rubles, which is a nominal historical maximum for the Russian economy.
Experts note that the planned growth is explained by the weakened positions of the ruble - the quotation of 71.1 rubles per 1 US dollar is included in the 2019 budget. Oil quotes included in the budget of the Russian Federation are forecasted at $40/barrel. In addition, it should be noted that in relation to the level of GDP, the revenue part will tend to decrease - in 2019 this share will be 15%.
At the same time, forecasts for the price of a barrel of oil by various specialists are extremely diverse. Another drop in prices to $40 and below is the most pessimistic forecast. Since April 2016, the indicator has not fallen below this mark, but only moved up. Today, the numbers 50-55 are more pronounced, they even allow a rise to $70 per barrel. Too many factors can affect the dynamics: will the OPEC countries agree to curb the supply of raw materials, will the US resume shale oil production, will there be a recession in the Chinese economy, etc. If, in reality, oil prices turn out to be higher than budgeted, as happened in 2016, the government will have the opportunity to partially compensate for the deficit. First of all we are talking about replenishment of reserve funds, and not about additional expenses. An equally important indicator in the preparation of the country's main financial document is the exchange rate of the US dollar, the currency in which international transactions are settled, including for the sale of raw materials. Further smooth and slight weakening of the ruble is predicted; the average exchange rate for 2017 is 67.5 rubles per dollar. On the one hand, a cheap ruble makes imports more expensive, which means that many consumer goods will increase in price. This leads to an increase in inflation. On the other hand, the federal budget is calculated in rubles, social payments, salaries to state employees, payment for government orders are also made in rubles. Therefore, the income from oil and gas supplies at the current exchange rate, converted into the domestic currency, is at the required level. Expenditure items In order to simultaneously reduce inflation and reduce the budget deficit, when calculating a new document, the Russian government took as a leading principle the reduction of budget expenditures: in 2017 by 6%, in the next 2 years by 9% and 11%. The message of the President spoke about saving funds that were irrationally spent earlier, in practice there will be a reduction in funding for most areas and priority state programs.
Table 1. Structure of federal budget expenditures for the period 2013-2014 and for the planning period 2015-2017. (in % of total)
As a result, the following items of expenditure were fixed:
National issues - 1,135 billion rubles.
National defense - 1,121 billion rubles.
Law enforcement system - 1,270 billion rubles.
National economy - 2,292 billion rubles.
Housing and communal services - 58.2 billion rubles
Environmental protection — 76.4 billion rubles
Education — 568 billion rubles
Culture and cinema — 94 billion rubles
Health care — 377 billion rubles
Social policy — 5,080 billion media — 73.4 billion rubles
Physical culture and sports — 89.7 billion rubles
Servicing the public debt — 729 billion rubles
Intergovernmental transfers - 768 billion rubles.
Budget of Russia 2017 term paper.
Financing of health care, education (except for higher educational institutions), housing and communal services to a greater extent will be carried out at the expense of regional budgets.
The article on national issues includes expenses for ensuring the activities of government bodies: the President, the Government, governors, etc. This includes the salaries of officials, but it is important to note that the largest funds are for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the President. The first point is explained by the presence of international conflicts and disagreements: the war in Syria, the Ukrainian conflict, relations with the West.
The federal budget for 2017 does not provide for unscheduled reserve spending. Possible expenses for the liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations, including natural disasters, the expenses for the implementation of urgent instructions of the Head of State are planned from the funds allocated to ensure the work of the President.
The Ministry of Finance considered the easiest option to cut budget investments in those areas in which there has been a maximum increase in funding in recent years. In particular, defense spending was discussed as hypertrophied and not having a positive impact on the state of the country's economy. At the same time, the current costs are largely a systematic solution to the task of rearming the Russian troops, set by the President several years earlier.
Many state orders were made before the crisis, and now it is more expedient to pay off as quickly as possible in order not to overpay interest and prevent an extra financial burden on the budget in subsequent years. And yet, in comparison with 2016, defense spending has been reduced by more than 1 trillion rubles. At the same time, part of the costs related to the military is included in other budget items: support for military educational institutions - in education, housing for military personnel - in housing and communal services, etc.
The volume of investments in the national economy was reduced by another 7.5% due to the termination or reduction of funding for some state economic programs. On the one hand, the suspension of federal subsidies for certain corporations and regional projects closes the way for the development of certain industries or territories that was originally planned.
On the other hand, state investments at the expense of the budget in these areas turn out to be ineffective, ideally, business investors are required to be attracted, and the trend towards reducing spending on this item will continue. So far, the following programs have suffered the greatest losses:
Socio-economic development Far East -50,3%,
Development of shipbuilding and equipment for the development of offshore fields for 2013-2030 -30.3%,
Energy efficiency and energy development -27.2%,
Economic development and innovative economy -22.8%
At the same time, funding will continue for such companies as Rosatom (77 billion rubles), Russian Railways (68 billion rubles), the Federal Corporation for the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises (14 billion rubles). Banks will again receive subsidies: first of all, Vnesheconombank, which is on the verge of bankruptcy (150 billion rubles), Rosselkhozbank, which provides loans to agro-industrial enterprises, Sberbank and VTB as part of support mortgage lending. The regions that received the most subsidies in 2017 include Crimea, Sevastopol, the North Caucasus and the Kaliningrad region.
Over the past few years, the government and the President of the Russian Federation have approved 45 priority government programs. The 2017 budget does not have the resources to fully implement each of them. If earlier, in accordance with the Budget Code, it was allowed to leave about 2.5 percent of all expenses conditionally scheduled, they were intended for distribution to the most important projects and programs by decision of the government or the President, then this rule does not apply in the current financial document.
But the cost of several priority projects provided:
Development of health care — 3.84 billion rubles
Development of education for 2013-2020 - 42 billion rubles
Mortgage and rental housing — 20 billion rubles
Housing and communal services and urban environment — 10 billion rubles
International cooperation and export — 41 billion rubles
Small business and support for entrepreneurial initiative — 14.6 billion rubles
Safe and high-quality roads — 30 billion rubles
Comprehensive development of single-industry towns — 6.5 billion rubles
Ecology — 20.19 billion rubles.
Even before the consideration of the federal budget for 2017, it was promised that the state would fulfill social obligations under any circumstances. Even with the reduction of all spending on social payments, 620 billion more were allocated than last year. This is due, among other things, to an increase in the number of recipients of various benefits. The main part will go to pension payments, taking into account two indexations corresponding to the actual level of inflation. At the same time, the law on the accelerated growth of pensions for rural residents has been postponed for 3 years, which makes it difficult to improve the welfare of the poorest pensioners. The remaining 1.4 trillion rubles will be spent on all other benefits, the indexation of which will be 8%. The same item includes the costs of implementing the extended program maternity capital. The established amount of payment for the birth of a second child remained at the level of 453 thousand rubles.
Despite the reduction in healthcare costs, it is planned to continue the construction of perinatal centers, equipping children's hospitals, equipping social facilities for comfortable use by the disabled. But many projects have been put on hold indefinitely.
The revenue side of the budget traditionally consists of taxes and customs duties. Mineral extraction tax Import and export customs duties on oil and gas Value added tax Excises on alcohol, tobacco, fuel Corporate income tax About 37% of the projected budget revenues in 2017 will come from oil and gas corporations. Last year, grain sales and tourism showed a significant increase; in 2017, a corresponding level of income from these areas is expected.
Tax holidays for the development of small and medium-sized businesses will continue to operate, in general, there is a decline in the turnover of most enterprises, so the total tax collections will be lower than pre-crisis years. But since 2017, the principle of deductions from the regions of corporate income tax has changed, instead of 2%, now 3% of the fees will go to the federal budget.
To finance the state budget deficit, it is planned to use the reserve fund in full in the amount of 1.2 trillion rubles and the national security fund in the amount of 659.6 billion rubles. This will cover two-thirds of the total deficit. The remaining amount is to be covered through internal borrowing and privatization. It is planned to place bonds of state corporations and the Bank of Russia in the amount of 1.05 trillion rubles. According to forecasts of the Ministry of Finance, the public debt will not exceed a safe level of 20% of GDP.
Conclusion
So, in the course of revealing the topic of this work, we realized that the budget is the system-forming financial plan for the functioning of the state. It predetermines the financing of the work of the entire socio-economic system, directly affecting its development.
In conclusion, it should be noted that opinions on whether the adopted federal budget of the Russian Federation in 2017 will lead to a shift in the country's economic development in a positive direction differ. GDP growth in 2017 is expected to be no higher than 0.6%, which cannot be called economic growth. The main financial document of the country was created taking into account the current external political and economic circumstances. But hope remains for the settlement of interstate disputes, the lifting of sanctions, and the stabilization of oil prices at a level not lower than $50 per barrel.
The new federal budget was adopted by 355 deputies, 99 representatives of the State Duma do not agree with it, accusing it of irrational distribution of costs: excessive spending on the state apparatus and the banking system, insufficient funding agro-industrial complex, weak support regions and inefficient investments in economic development. The government, in turn, insists on the maximum reduction of costs. More than 60% of measures are aimed at these tasks. To search for options additional income The current time is considered inappropriate. Objectively, today the Russian economy is in the process of stagnation, and it is impossible to create a balanced budget without tough measures.
- BALANCED BUDGET
- FEDERAL BUDGET
- FEDERAL BUDGET INCOME
- FEDERAL BUDGET EXPENDITURES
The task of ensuring a balanced budget is the most important for the state in the implementation of economic policy. This article is subject to consideration and analysis of the income and expenditure of the federal budget for the period 2013-2017.
- The role of federal taxes in the tax system of the Russian Federation
- Use of public-private partnership mechanisms for the development of public infrastructure
- Ways to strengthen the revenue side of the Federal Budget of the Russian Federation
The balance of revenues and expenditures of the federal budget has a significant impact on the stability of the country as a whole. At the same time, the question of the ratio of the revenue and expenditure side of the budget is especially relevant today. Considering the dynamics of the budget system of the Russian Federation for 2016, one can notice a gradual decrease in the share of federal budget revenues in relation to GDP - from 20.9% in 2013 to 17.5% in 2016, as well as a reduction in the total volume of federal budget expenditures to 20 .5% relative to GDP.
Table 1. Main indicators of the federal budget for 2013-2017, billion rubles
According to the draft law on the federal budget for 2017, budget revenues amounted to 14,720.3 billion rubles, and in 2016 - 13,738.5 billion rubles, i.e., the excess of income is pronounced. Is it good or bad?
According to the Ministry of Finance, this jump in budget revenues is considered to be the maximum point in history, but this growth can be justified by the level of inflation and the weak ruble included in the budget. Oil should also be noted as a profitable source of the budget, because according to the forecast for the next 2 years, the rate per barrel will be about $40.
Increasing revenue leads, first of all, to an imbalance in the budget, so the only way to strengthen the budget is to reduce federal spending. To improve this situation, the Ministry of Finance proposes to change the composition of the use of sovereign funds and use more borrowed funds(about 1005 billion rubles), which is almost twice as much as borrowings in 2016.
It is planned to use 1,150 billion rubles to finance the budget deficit. from the Reserve Fund, as a result of which these funds will be spent. In this situation, it is necessary to use the National Wealth Fund, from which the Ministry of Finance wants to spend 660 billion rubles. during 2017 to cover the deficit. Replenishment of sovereign funds until 2020 is not planned.
Consider the structure of federal budget revenues for 2013-2017.
Table 2. Federal budget revenues for 2013-2017, billion rubles
Indicators/Years |
2017 in % to 2013 |
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Oil and gas revenues |
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income tax |
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Customs duties |
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Dividends on shares owned by the Russian Federation |
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Other income |
According to the table, it can be seen that during the period under review there is an increase in income. Let us consider the federal budget revenues from the point of view of tax and non-tax revenues. For a fairly long period of time, tax revenues account for the bulk of all federal budget revenues. So, for the period 2013-2017. their volume is more than 50%, while this share has increased significantly over the period under review by 10.6 percentage points. This fact indicates that the state, solving its socio-economic tasks, has decided to replenish the financial base through tax revenues, including mineral extraction tax, income tax, excises, VAT, etc. Non-tax revenues also play a significant role in the formation of the federal budget, despite the fact that for 2013-2017. their share decreased by almost 11.5%. This decrease can be explained by a decrease in income from foreign economic activity. This trend is not accidental, given the relatively restrained policy of Russia in the world market, since at the moment the state is striving to develop the domestic market.
Let us consider the structure of federal budget expenditures for the period under study.
Table 3. Federal budget expenditures for 2013-2017, billion rubles
Analyzing the table, you can see that in 2017, incomes were higher than in previous ones, i.e. there is an upward trend in the expenditure side of the budget. This fact can be substantiated by the fact that in the context of the functional areas of budget expenditures, it is planned to spend the most on social policy - 5080 billion rubles. Under the "National Economy" section, appropriations amount to almost 2,300 billion rubles. "National Defense" will require about 2840 billion rubles in the open part of the budget. This is 27% less than what was allocated to national defense in 2016. Despite a slight increase in the total share of spending on the social block, the 2017 budget cannot be called “social” in terms of concern for development social sphere. The main changes in terms of pensions were reduced to a reduction in the scale of the planned indexation and another freeze of the funded part.
Thus, we can sum up that the budget imbalance still exists, and according to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, by 2020 the deficit should decrease to 1.2%. In terms of the population, the state needs to improve the policy in the field of health and education and pay more attention to the social aspects of the development of the state.
Bibliography
- State and municipal management: Textbook / Ed. N.I. Zakharova [Text]. - M.: INFRA - M, 2015. - 278 p.
- Romanovsky M.V., Vrublevskaya O.V. The budget system of the Russian Federation: A textbook for university students studying economic specialties. 4th ed., - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2015. - 576 p.
- Siraeva R.R. Control over the execution of the budget as an integral part of the budget process /R.R. Siraeva, G.F. Garifullina // Socio-economic development modern society in the conditions of modernization: materials of the International scientific-practical conference. - Saratov, 2016. - S. 158-159.
- Official website of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation / Monthly information on the execution of the federal budget (data from January 1, 2011) [Electronic resource]: http://minfin.ru/ru/
The government's point of view is that this fact should not dishearten Russians. On the contrary, sanctions should be viewed as a positive phenomenon, because long-term economic isolation will help develop its own production and improve technological advances, which, ultimately, will provide the country with an unprecedented economic recovery. By the way, it is already predicted in the new federal budget.
The draft state budget for 2017-2019 was published in October
The draft document was published by employees of the Ministry of Finance of Russia on 10/12/2016, and it is he who will determine the structure of state revenues and expenditures for the next three years. The new budget is positioned as adapted to the new realities, which include low, shrinking cash reserves and "Western restrictions" on economic growth. Let's take a closer look at what was included in the new Russian budget in order to find out the government's priorities.
Innovations in the State Budget of Russia
To date, the Russian budget has not yet passed the stage of final approval. But the main innovations and figures that characterize this bill can already be analyzed. Among the main innovations are the following points:
- the government intends to return to the old practice of adopting a unified budget for a three-year period (in 2016, the Russian economy was based on a one-year financial document). According to the opinion voiced by representatives of the Ministry of Finance, this step will ensure consistency and predictability in leveling the accumulated budget imbalances;
- A distinctive feature of the new document was the change in the structure of sources for financing the budget deficit. If in the current year 2/3 of the deficit was covered by funds taken from the Reserve Fund, then in the next three years, representatives of the Ministry of Finance propose to use less sovereign funds and more - borrowed funds raised on the domestic market.
The revenue part of the budget of the Russian Federation in 2017
It should be noted that the revenue part in the 2017 budget is fixed at the level of 13.44 trillion rubles and differs slightly from last year's figure. Many economists say that if we also take into account and , then in real terms this part of the budget will continue its downward trend. In 2019, representatives of the Ministry of Finance predict an increase in revenue to 14.8 trillion rubles, which is a nominal historical maximum for the Russian economy.
Experts note that the planned growth is explained by the weakened positions of the ruble - the quotation of 71.1 rubles per 1 US dollar is included in the 2019 budget. Oil quotes included in the budget of the Russian Federation are forecasted at $40/barrel. In addition, it should be noted that in relation to the level of GDP, the revenue part will tend to decrease - in 2019 this share will be 15%.
The shaky position of the ruble affects the revenue side of the state budget
The head of the Ministry of Finance Anton Siluanov called the main goal of the government the provision of income without additional tax reform and. It is quite possible that tax sphere will undergo reforms in favor of easing the fiscal burden for business - first of all, this may affect taxes levied on entrepreneurs. Other experts attribute the government's optimism to completely different reasons.
So, for example, Lyudmila Pronina, who holds the position of professor at the Department of Economics and Finance of the Public Sector of the RANEPA, says that the forecast growth of the revenue side of the Ministry of Finance is quite realistic. But she explains the likelihood of its execution by income from taxation, which the Ministry of Finance has pledged in the amount of 300 billion rubles for 2017, and 200 billion each in 2018 and 2019. The second reason she calls a possible increase.
The expenditure side of the Russian budget
Financing of expenditure items was proposed in the amount of 16.181 trillion rubles in 2017. It is worth saying that for the next two years this indicator was announced in a slightly smaller amount. So, in 2018, expenses will amount to 15.978 trillion, and in 2019 - 15.964 trillion rubles. According to Anton Siluanov, reducing the expenditure side of the budget is the only way to ensure budget consolidation.
Recall that the costs in the budget of the Russian Federation are divided into two parts: open and closed. The first of them in 2017 is planned in the amount of 13.31 trillion rubles, i.е. 18% of all spending will be classified. This is less than in 2016, when the level of "hidden" costs exceeded 22%. Moreover, the 2016 budget was adjusted in this aspect just before our eyes. Representatives of the Ministry of Finance explained this by some plans that provide for early settlement of loan obligations of defense enterprises.
The largest allocations will receive the defense sector of Russia
If we consider the functional areas of expenditure item by item, we can draw the following conclusions:
- it is planned to allocate 5.08 trillion rubles for the needs of social policy in 2017, 4.962 in 2018 and 5.054 in 2019. In this case, the government demonstrates a tendency to reduce, explaining its actions by the need to save money;
- the national economy will receive allocations in the amount of 2.3 trillion rubles in 2017. In 2018, it will be allocated 2.246 trillion, and in 2019 - 2.054 trillion rubles, that is, over the next three years, funding national economy will be reduced from 14.2% of all expenses to 12.9%. It is rather strange that, with a policy of cutting spending on this article, government financiers predict the country will soon. It is not entirely clear what reasons this growth can provoke - in the context of sanctions and an investment blockade on foreign investment cannot be counted, and local entrepreneurs cannot afford to take bank loans due to exorbitant interest;
- the needs of national defense will be financed in the amount of 950 billion rubles. This figure is an open part of the budget expenditures for this item. Taking into account closed items, which make up the gross part of defense spending, the industry will receive 2.84 trillion rubles in appropriations. In 2018, the allocations will amount to 2.72, and in 2019 - 2.856 trillion. In three years, funding will increase from 17.6% to 17.9% of the entire budget expenditure, which indicates a high degree of "militarization" of this document. Experts emphasize that the only salvation for the country's budget is the implementation of structural reforms related to production and the reduction of military spending. Nevertheless, this recommendation of experts has been ignored by the government for many years now;
- rising spending on national security and . The law enforcement agencies will receive 1.968 trillion rubles in 2017, 1.995 in 2018 and 2.007 in 2019. The share of these expenses in the budget will thus increase from 12.2 to 12.6%;
- costs, against this background, do not look so weighty. The Ministry of Education can only count on 568 billion for 2017. In the next two years, this figure will increase slightly and leave 589 and 586 billion, respectively;
- The health sector also does not cause particular concern for the government: in 2017, it is planned to allocate 377 billion rubles for it, and in 2018 and 2019 - 394 and 369 billion rubles each, respectively.
Doctors and teachers can hardly hope for state support
The analysis of hidden costs led to the following conclusions:
- government spending on so-called “other issues” will increase next year to 10% of the entire budget expenditures and amount to 1.62 trillion rubles, which exceeds the corresponding figure in 2016;
- a subsection entitled “other issues” appears with enviable regularity in a dozen directions, of which it is worth noting 500 billion rubles planned for “separate subsidies” for companies and organizations and “separate intergovernmental transfers” allocated for regional budgets;
- 150 "secret" billion rubles will be allocated under the article "National Security and Law Enforcement Agencies";
- items that include "other issues" and "hidden costs" together account for about 24% of the total expenditure part of the Russian budget.
About the budget deficit
The budget for the next three years is planned as a deficit. In 2017, this figure will amount to 2.74 trillion rubles (3.2% of GDP). Moreover, the government has not yet adopted the document, but is already considering possible amendments to this figure - recently the Ministry of Finance proposed to increase the budget deficit to the amount of 3.03 trillion rubles. According to some forecasts of economists, this figure may reach 3.26 trillion, moving close to the mark of 3.9% of GDP.
This value will be the largest gap in the last six years. Government experts unanimously say that the budget deficit is quite expected and Western sanctions are to blame, but they are confident that all problems can be overcome by finding additional sources of income. First of all, financiers are hoping for some new military contracts that can resolve the budget deficit. At the same time, it is worth quoting the words expressed on this occasion by Vladimir Putin.
The President mentioned that to adopt a three-year budget in the current economic conditions, perhaps early, but he maintains a healthy optimism among public financiers. At the same time, if we compare income and expenses, it becomes clear that in comparison with the 2016 budget, the income planned for 2019 should increase by almost 1.4 trillion rubles, and the expenditure should decrease by 670 billion in national currency.
In 2017, the budget deficit could reach a record 3.9% of GDP
It is also worth considering the high expenditure base of the current year. At the finish line, which has already reached the 2016 budget, the Ministry of Finance decided to increase expenditure items from 16.1 trillion rubles to 16.4 trillion. If we also take into account the fact that changes are expected in the consolidated budget schedule that will not be carried out through legislative amendments, then the total may reach 16.63 trillion rubles.
Financiers are more optimistic about the future, assuming that already in 2018 the country may reach a deficit of 2.2% of GDP, and by the end of 2019 will reduce it to 1.2%. At the same time, experts from the analytical agency Fitch say that Russia has not yet overcome its dependence on raw materials, and unstable oil prices, which so far have a characteristic downward trend, can hurt budget filling.
State debt of the Russian Federation
As already mentioned, public financiers are planning to increase the level of borrowing in order to cover the budget deficit. Presumably, these will mainly be internal loans, which will amount to:
- 1.88 trillion rubles in 2017, which is two times higher than borrowings in 2016;
- in 2018, domestic government bonds will have to give another 1.6 trillion rubles;
- in 2019 - 1.7 trillion in national currency.
In addition, it is worth considering that in 2017 the maturity of the bonds, the total value of which is 829 billion rubles, is suitable. Possibly the amount of bonds placed federal loan will amount to 1.9 trillion rubles. At the same time, Anton Siluanov noted that it is necessary to receive loans from domestic investors with a certain degree of caution so that they do not demand short-term bonds at high rates from the government.
It is worth noting that the change in the sources of financing the deficit is not accidental. In 2017, they plan to take 1.15 trillion from the Reserve Fund, which means that this source will be completely exhausted. Rumor has it that if necessary, the government will turn to money from the National Welfare Fund. According to the plans of the Ministry of Finance, this source will have to give 660 billion rubles. in 2017 and 1.14 trillion. – in 2018. As for the possible replenishment of these funds, it is not planned until February 1, 2020.
To reduce the budget deficit will increase the amount of borrowing
The bar for borrowing in foreign markets is dropping sharply. It is planned to attract no more than 7 billion US dollars from external sources in 2017, and in the next two - another 3 billion dollars each, which corresponds to the level of pre-crisis years. Commenting on this fact, Anton Siluanov noted that the country could spend a year without external borrowing, but the government should maintain the level of liquidity of its Eurobonds.
In 2017, the main financial institution of the country will simply refinance the expiring debts. According to the plan, in 2017 Russia will have to buy back securities for 7.3 billion USD. We note right away that many experts believe that the chief financier of Russia is disingenuous. The country will refuse external loans not because it does not need them, but because of the ongoing sanctions, which relate, among other things, to the sphere of lending.
The volume of the total debt of the Russian Federation by the beginning of 2020 will increase, reaching 16.6 trillion. R. (16.8% of GDP), which exceeds the level of 2016 by 1.8%. In the next three years, the total amount of public debt will remain at a safe level. Although some economists are frightened by the comparison of the figures for external public debt, which is estimated at 55 billion US dollars, the amount of domestic debt (almost 9 billion rubles) and the amount of cash reserves, estimated at 5.5 billion rubles.
The budget issue and Chechnya
The planned budget aimed at cost savings has already caused discontent in some regions. Recall that after the draft was published, dissatisfaction with the reduction in funding for Chechnya through social network Instagram was expressed by Ramzan Kadyrov, who holds the post of head of this republic. The Kremlin responded to this statement with the help of Dmitry Peskov, who is the press secretary of the Russian president.
In his statement, Peskov noted that the country's economy is characterized by difficulties that are related not only to the federation as a whole, but also to its individual regions. The presidential speaker focused on the fact that the head of the country foresaw the emergence of discussion points, but the debate should be moved to the lower house of the Duma. The government cannot be guided by the dissatisfaction of individual federal subjects - it takes into account the interests of the entire country, despite criticism from the regions.
Ramzan Kadyrov expressed dissatisfaction with the meager funding of Chechnya
Not so long ago, Kadyrov said that if in previous periods the authorities of the Republic of Chechnya took into account the policy of total budget savings, today he is forced to criticize the budget project. Kadyrov recalled that the republic had not received funds for a long time within the framework of the federal target program concerning the restoration of the economic and social sphere of Chechnya. The reduction of the Chechen budget will not allow the republican economy to develop and will have a negative impact on social obligations.
Nevertheless, one cannot ignore the fact that during the years of Ramzan Kadyrov's leadership, Chechnya received subsidies and subsidies in the amount of 540 billion rubles from the federal budget, closing the top three Russian subsidized leaders (the first two places are occupied by Dagestan and Yakutia). The budget of Chechnya, and so on 80-87% is formed by deductions from the national budget. Moreover, according to Natalya Zubarevich, director of the regional program of the Independent Institute of Social Policy, Grozny distributes a significant part of the incoming funds in a completely non-transparent manner.
However, with a very solid amount of subsidies, the republic still manages to take 4th place among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of unemployment. Moreover, 53% of the total unemployed population are men of working age. At the same time, the level of monetary incomes of the population of the republic is steadily increasing, but most of them are modestly recorded under the article not “salary”, but “other income”.
Conclusions and forecasts
In general, the budget can be safely called conservative. At least, he definitely does not provide for any drastic measures to resolve it, so, in fact, Russia will continue to eat up the remaining reserves. State financiers say that the budget for 2017-2019 will still be adjusted, and this will have to be done annually. Experts do not predict exacerbation of external risks for the country's economy, but they talk about the possibility of aggravation of internal risks.
In many ways, the solvency of the Russian budget depends on the oil market
Blame the already mentioned oil prices. In addition, Russia is facing presidential elections, which, according to the Ministry of Finance, makes it impossible to plan expenses in advance. Although it is a little unclear why the cost of elections cannot be calculated and included in the future budget in advance. Nevertheless, Russians are assured that everything will be fine: inflation expectations will drop by almost 3 times with GDP growth of 2.4% by the end of 2018. However, even these statements cause a certain amount of skepticism among economists.