Course work on the problem of social protection of the population in modern conditions. Coursework: Problems of social protection of the population in Russia Social protection of the population, modern practice and problems
The transition period to market relations marks new stage in the socio-economic development of Russia. At the same time, it brought to life processes that even in the Western world became manageable only decades later.
The main part of the social policy of any state is the social protection of the population. Creating an effective system of social protection of the population is an essential condition for the development of society.
Constitution Russian Federation not only proclaims the right of citizens to social protection, but also clearly defines the ways of its implementation - this is state insurance of workers, the creation of other funds that are sources of financing social protection, as well as the adoption of federal laws guaranteeing the implementation of these rights.
Since the beginning of 2006, Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 131 “On the reform of local self-government” came into force. The provisions of the Law prescribe the division of powers between state, regional authorities and local governments.
The socio-economic transformations carried out in Russia have caused a significant increase in the number of socially vulnerable segments of the population, especially in rural areas regions of the country.
The purpose of the social protection system in the context of the transition to market relations is to provide support and assistance to needy groups of the population, including individuals, through legal, economic, financial, socio-psychological and organizational and technical means.
The country has not yet developed a theoretically justified and resource-supported system of social protection of the population. The standard of living of a significant part of the country's population may deteriorate as a result of the commercialization of services social sphere. Translation to full payment the population of public utilities, the expansion of payment for health care and education, the increase in the cost of information and transport costs of the population can significantly expand, as we see it, the poverty zone.
A valid market alternative to natural benefits is a significant increase (to an objectively necessary level) wages and on this basis - insurance payments. However, the main thing is to expand employment and increase the incomes of the working population, and on this basis to strengthen incentives for growth in labor productivity and production in general.
Overcoming low-income and poverty in rural areas of Russian regions is a tactic of supportive social protection of poor citizens and a strategy of social attack on the causes of poverty. Thus, as the experience of providing assistance to low-income families with children living in rural areas of four municipalities of the Perm Territory (within the framework of the “Self-Sufficiency” project) has shown, programs developed for social support of the rural population, aimed at the development and effective functioning of personal subsidiary farming, food self-sufficiency. When characterizing the “Self-Sufficiency” project, it should be especially emphasized that this program is aimed at strengthening the healthy part of society (families with children who want to work on the land), its intellectual potential (families of state employees whose salary level does not allow them to provide for their family), as well as targeted preparing young people for life and work.
Currently, local governments play a significant role in almost all issues of social protection. They bear primary responsibility for providing the benefits provided for federal legislation, housing subsidies and local benefits.
It is necessary to ensure the development of public-private partnership mechanisms that allow for the pooling of funds from the state and private philanthropists, including through the development of volunteerism and interaction with religious and charitable organizations, as well as to attract non-governmental organizations for the joint development and implementation of poverty reduction programs on the terms of the state social order, social grants and other forms. Social services need to gradually introduce principles and technologies into their practice, which in the future will create the basis for successful work in conditions of social order.
Solving the problem of poverty will also be facilitated by the development of the labor market, increasing the efficiency of its functioning, and reducing unemployment. This presupposes close coordination of the activities of social protection bodies with bodies promoting employment and bodies providing housing subsidies and other forms of social assistance on the basis of joint planning and implementation social programs. The implementation of this direction should be carried out on the basis of developing a favorable investment climate in depressed and underdeveloped regions with high levels of poverty, improving the quality human potential(retraining, advanced training). These activities, if necessary, can be supplemented by programs to promote labor migration outside the region of permanent residence.
The restructuring of the social assistance system should include experimental testing of the most effective programs, improvement of the administration system, creation of databases and a system for monitoring the effectiveness of implemented programs.
The social service center is currently the most optimal and promising type of social protection institution. Its structure may vary depending on the goals being achieved, location, demographic and economic situation and territories municipality. So, in the regional city center Perm (in each of its districts) there are comprehensive centers for social services for the population, in which structural divisions have been created: a department of social services at home for elderly citizens and the disabled; emergency social assistance department; day care department for elderly citizens and disabled people; department of specialized social and medical services at home for elderly citizens and disabled people; organizational and methodological department; advisory department; department of psychological and pedagogical assistance to families and children; crisis department for women; day care department for children and adolescents; Department of Rehabilitation of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities and Mental Capabilities; service department.
In recent years, social protection of the population of Russia has been focused on targeted, operational solutions to the most acute, crisis problems of certain categories of citizens on an application basis. This approach does not provide a long-term effect, since it is not aimed at long-term social protection of each individual person and the population as a whole.
The reforms taking place in the country require changes in the social sphere, including the creation of a system of multidisciplinary targeted social protection of the population, which would contribute to both the prevention of negative influences on people and their elimination.
The system of social protection of the population in the regions of Russia is increasingly emerging as an independent and extremely important direction in the implementation of state social policy.
Bibliographic link
Sotnikova Ya.B. PROBLEMS OF MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION IN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA // Advances modern natural science. – 2007. – No. 5. – P. 93-94;URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=11129 (access date: 03/20/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"
In order for a society to be confidently called civilized and cultural, it is necessary to attach importance to such complex area as a social system. Issues of social protection of the population should be a priority. The stability of society and the sustainability of its development directly depend on the state of the social sphere.
Definition 1
Social protection is the system of social guarantees of the state addressed to its population. These guarantees involve assistance provided to maintain the minimum acceptable standard of living of an individual in the event of his loss of ability to work
Main problems of social protection
The social policy of the state is inextricably linked with public views and economic policy, and largely depends on them. In this case, the state acts as an institution of the political system. The activities of social institutions and citizens are aimed at individuals who are elements of the public sphere and represent a model social interactions between people.
- Lack of clear legislation: at the moment in Russia there is no legislative framework that could clearly regulate the provision of state support within the framework of social protection of the population;
- Dubious development prospects pension system: the current system does not cope with the functions assigned to it, and today there is no worthy alternative. Various proposals have been put forward to solve this problem. For example, raising the retirement age, canceling the insurance part of savings, switching to a voluntarily accumulated pension;
- Support for people in difficult life situations: a range of social assistance is provided according to categories of individuals. The provision of social protection should be limited to the assessment of property and income in property, the need for housing;
- Dependent attitudes in society.
Measures to resolve problems of social protection of the population
From world practice, a number of measures can be identified that have been successfully used to solve problems of social protection of the population. For example, modernization of the labor market, for which infrastructure must be everywhere. New industries will help develop human capital. Families with children, especially large families, need intensive support. This support is maternal capital, provision land plots for free use, as well as various subsidies for utilities.
Older people need a comprehensive social protection program. First of all, it is necessary to provide adequate medical care. The healthcare system for older people must correspond to modern world realities. In addition, modernization of the healthcare system as a whole is required, and guarantees of free medical care.
In general, state social protection should be improved, bringing social protection closer to the population. It is necessary to note such a fact as the equalization of all citizens. This action is inadequate and ineffective. It must be remembered that only an objective framework of social protection has a positive impact on an individual’s ability to work.
Note 1
Being a special institution modern state, social protection is an indicator of confidence in the future. Citizens know that each of them is an indicator of confidence in social guarantees. There is a need for confidence that when social risks occur, the individual will not be left without a source of livelihood if social risks occur.
On the other hand, the problem of social protection of the population at the present stage of development of our society is characterized by a decrease in financial opportunities for the implementation of effective social protection, due to a decline in efficiency and production volumes, and high inflation rates. Meanwhile, overcoming the decline in production and stabilizing the economy is impossible without skilled, efficient labor and employment. Therefore, the question naturally arises that social protection cannot be complete if it limits its sphere of influence only to socially vulnerable groups of the non-working part of the population, while the necessary means and conditions for this are created economically active part population, i.e. employees and entrepreneurs engaged in the production of goods and services.
Today, speaking about the problem of social protection of the population, we are faced with such a relatively new phenomenon for us as poverty. Although poverty as a socio-economic phenomenon existed in the pre-reform period, which was manifested in rather low standards of consumption and material support, in modern conditions it has acquired new quantitative and qualitative parameters.
A study of the content of the doctrine of social neoliberalism allows us to identify fundamental differences between the main modern models of a market economy in solving the most complex problem - the problem of social protection of the population.
At the same time, at the present stage of reform, the problems of social protection of the population have become central. Their decisions largely depend on
This problem requires the development of theoretical and methodological provisions and recommendations aimed at solving a wide range of the following tasks: generalizing existing methodological and practical experience in managing socio-economic processes; studying issues related to the content of the concept of socio-economic factors; identifying ways to increase the influence of socio-economic factors development of recommendations for assessing the level of development of a team, selection of methods for assessing effectiveness, development of methodological recommendations for program-targeted management of socio-economic processes, consideration of basic concepts characterizing social security, formulating a general approach to building a system of social protection of the population in new conditions, developing proposals for the formation of social policy and mechanism its implementation at the stages of market transformations.
The state is not able to effectively resolve all social problems, so the issue of the rapid development and implementation of mechanisms for social protection of the population in the region becomes urgent. new basis, which would provide for the involvement in the sphere of social activities of various non-state, private, entrepreneurial structures, groups and individual volunteer assistants.
The information for compiling the first section is current data demographic statistics on the size of the working-age population, information from social protection authorities on the number of non-working disabled people and people receiving pensions on preferential terms, disseminated data from the results of a population survey on employment issues on the number of older people and adolescents employed in the economy.
R.t. the most explosive market, fraught with social cataclysms, giving rise to social problems and upheavals, overcoming which and smoothing out social tensions is beyond the power of market factors - this requires the leadership of the labor market by the highest forces of society, the state. In countries with a social market economy (Sweden, Germany, Denmark), the state quite successfully copes with the problems of regulating the labor market, directing its dynamic creative properties to the prosperity of the population and eliminating socially dangerous manifestations of labor market. In Russia, the labor market is at the stage of formation, and some of its features are deformed. The price of labor power (wages) is still poorly realized, non-payments and barter prevail, the banking system is not established and money circulation is deformed, the system of social protection of the population has not been worked out, etc.
Problems of U.Zh. Some attention is paid, mostly of a declarative nature, by international organizations. So, in Art. 25 of the ILO Convention No. 117 “On the Fundamental Objectives and Standards of Social Policy” states that a person has the right to such standard of living as is necessary to maintain the health and well-being of a person and his family, the right to security in case of unemployment, disability, etc. d. On the recommendation of the UN U.Zh. determined by a system of indicators of health status, consumption levels, employment, education, housing provision, social protection of the country's population.
To solve this problem, it is necessary to free housing and communal services from functions of social protection of the population that are unusual for them, by changing the procedure for providing and financing benefits for housing and utility bills.
Due to the prevailing historical and economic circumstances - weak interregional mobility of the economically active population, the presence of the institution of registration, lack of a housing market, national characteristics of the population, its settled nature, psychological unpreparedness for a change of residence - the Russian labor market is mainly regional in nature. Consequently, material and social support for workers in the event of insolvency of their enterprises is a problem mainly at the regional level. In order to coordinate efforts and harmonize actions taken in the direction of social protection of bankrupt enterprises, an agreement was concluded between the FSFR of Russia and the Federal Employment Service of Russia, according to which they undertake to exchange the information necessary for this at the territorial levels, and jointly develop a concept of social support for laid-off workers. workers, systematically conduct consultations, seminars and conferences to identify ways to solve social problems. Cooperation has been established with trade union, public and commercial organizations in this area.
In order to prevent further aggravation of the problem of poverty and a decline in the standard of living of the population, the social protection authorities of the republic provided social benefits to low-income citizens in the form of an additional payment up to the level of the officially established subsistence minimum. Social benefits were paid in cash and in kind (food) form.
Until the lack of financial resources allocated for social needs is overcome and regular replenishment of budget revenues is established, there can be no talk of any comprehensive social protection measures. However, the implementation of targeted social protection policies depends not only on means and capabilities, but also on desire. Social policy is not yet a priority area of government action. Yes and on the level local authorities The pressing problems of vulnerable segments of the population often go unnoticed; society is not ready for charity and compassion as an organic humanistic need.
Key questions modern economy of Bashkortostan, which act as social indicators, reflect the compliance of the functioning of the economy with the needs of people, are the problems of equalizing the socio-economic development of the regions of the Republic of Belarus, issues of environmental management and environmental protection, development of the consumer market, the service sector and housing and communal services, ensuring employment and training, social protection tasks and ensuring the growth of monetary incomes of the population.
More effective in this regard have proven to be the legally binding economic methods of social protection proposed to the state by J.M. Keynes, who identified the most painful points of the market social disease: 1) the failure of self-regulation to ensure full employment of the population and 2) the unfair distribution of income and wealth by market methods. Nevertheless, J. Keynes gave priority to the problem of providing the population with full employment, because employment is the availability not only of work and corresponding jobs, but also of income that gives the population necessary funds existence.
Issues of social protection are being resolved somewhat better in Moscow, where, as noted, the highest level of employment in Russia and the lowest level of unemployment have been achieved. At the same time, Moscow has the largest income gap between the top and bottom 10 percent groups of the population. Therefore, the problem of income equalization is
Feature of R.r.s. is that it gives rise to complex, explosive social problems (unemployment, strikes, poverty, social tension, etc.), but does not have the ability to solve these problems. Their decision becomes a matter of the state (see State program to promote employment of the population Social protection).
Through a system of norms and standards, interaction between the state and economic entities is carried out, problems of the country's socio-economic development are solved, the needs for resources, products, services are determined, production capabilities are calculated, and proportions are established. Norms and standards are the most important component of the entire set of information data characterizing the main elements of the production process, which involves the interaction of objects and tools of labor, labor itself, the development of the social sphere, the protection of the population, the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection, the formation and movement of financial flows, etc. .d.
With the beginning of market reforms, the main task of the social protection system became a prompt response to worsening socio-economic problems (an increase in the number of poor and unemployed, the emergence of refugees and migrants, non-payment of wages and pensions, etc.). As a result, new types of social benefits and benefits have appeared at the federal, regional and local levels. But the basic social obligations and principles of social support of the Soviet period were preserved, and therefore parallel social programs of the same type arose for certain categories of the population and for the poor. For example, there are currently two social assistance programs related to the payment of housing and communal services. The first is benefits for certain categories of the population, provided without controlling household income. Expenditures of the consolidated regional budgets to pay for these benefits amounted to 11.9 billion rubles in 1999 and 17.6 billion rubles. in 1999. The second program is housing subsidies for poor families, the costs of which amounted to 1.96 billion rubles. in 1999 and 3.08 billion rubles. in 200023 A comparison of these data allows us to conclude that benefits for the poor for housing and communal services account for only 14% of the total funding for this type of benefit.
There are also arguments in favor of social regulation. The problems that social regulation solves are serious and significant in scale. In 1992, 8,500 workers in the United States died in work-related accidents. Pollution from particulate matter from incomplete combustion and ozone-depleting elements continues to plague large cities and is costly, causing property values to decline and health costs to rise. Thousands of children and adults die every year due to accidents caused by the use of products that were created inappropriately. Discrimination against blacks and minorities, women, the disabled and older workers reduces the earnings of these groups and also imposes large costs on society.
Of particular importance is the problem of protecting cash income (wages, pensions, benefits) from inflation. For this purpose, indexing is used, i.e. a mechanism established by the state to increase the monetary income of the population, allowing it to partially or fully compensate for the rise in prices of consumer goods and services. Income indexation is aimed at maintaining purchasing power, especially socially vulnerable groups of the population with fixed incomes - pensioners, disabled people, incomplete and large families, as well as youth.
Abroad, a damage assessment method has become widespread, which is based on the population’s willingness to pay for favorable environmental quality. In general, the methodological principles for assessing environmental damage are based largely on the category of intangible benefits of environmental protection, which includes categories such as the cost of choice, the cost of inheritance, the cost of existence, etc. We are talking about the possibility of using a certain aspect of the environment in the future. This also includes the assessment of the psychological and social costs associated with environmental pollution. At the same time, a difficult problem is the translation of such effects associated with environmental pollution as stress, abandonment of one's original intentions, disappointment, aggressiveness and anxiety and other economic indicators.
Thus, statistical authorities must not only describe various socio-economic processes, but also identify the relationships between them. This is important for developing economic policy, making management decisions, and choosing the most effective measures for their implementation. For example, to improve public health, it is necessary to build new medical and health facilities. However, under certain conditions, more effective ways to solve this problem are to improve living conditions and protect the environment. Statistical authorities must also help ensure that the best possible decisions are made on this and many other similar issues. It is clear that in order to choose the most effective way to solve a problem, you need to study the relationships between relevant phenomena and processes.
A business club for business women has been opened in the business incubator, the purpose of which is to attract socially disadvantaged segments of the population to solve unemployment problems through supporting entrepreneurial initiatives, protecting the interests of women, attracting public opinion to the problems of women's entrepreneurship, as well as finding business partners. For a business incubator, this club is a supplier of new ideas and an introduction to potential partners. For those wishing to find business partners, a permanent stand has been prepared under the heading I offer cooperation.
3. Problems and ways to reform the system
social protection of the population in Russia
In Russia, to date, there has been no formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing social protection system, which is characterized by an extremely high paternalistic role of the state and extremely poorly defined public institutions. Over the past years, social protection of the population of Russia has been focused on targeted operational solutions to the most acute, crisis, life problems of certain categories of citizens on an application basis. At a certain stage, this path was the most realistic for the practical solution of problems in this area and seemed successful. However, time has shown that this approach does not provide a long-term effect, since it is not aimed at preventing recurrences of crisis situations, at long-term social protection of each individual and the population as a whole.
The reforms taking place in the country, aimed at streamlining all spheres of life, require changes in the social sphere, including the creation of a highly effective system of multidisciplinary targeted social protection of the population, oriented towards society's expectations, which should provide comprehensive, comprehensive assistance to people in solving various problems. causing the need for social protection, problems throughout his life - starting from the period when the mother is carrying a child and ending with a dignified burial of the person. In this regard, social protection should be considered as protection against the social risks of loss or limitation of a person’s economic independence and social well-being.
Let us highlight the following main areas of social protection and approaches to their reform:
1. Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should be focused on creating conditions for the life and development of children that allow all children, regardless of which family they were born and live in, to have the best opportunities to preserve their health, material well-being, free access to education, preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, realization of one’s abilities
Particular attention must be paid to orphans, as well as children from disadvantaged families. We must learn to take care of these children so that they do not feel superfluous, alienated from society, and the state does not seem to them something abstract, useless, or even hostile.
It also seems advisable to create Federal Board of Trustees for Orphans. It is necessary to take all measures to protect and protect children in particularly difficult conditions, including those left without supervision, street children, those subjected to economic and sexual exploitation, suffering from socially determined diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, children from number of refugees and those in prison.
However, the problems of children in particularly difficult conditions do not exhaust the numerous concerns of the state about all Russian children. The difficult situation of women in everyday life and at work, the destruction of family ties between generations led to the practically uncontrolled and undirected development of children, including by mothers, fathers, grandmothers, grandfathers, and other older family members. The school has practically stopped playing any significant role in these processes. We need to change the current situation. For this purpose, it is necessary to conduct an examination (departmental and independent) of existing multi-level legal and policy documents relating to children's problems, to identify the state of implementation and the need to adjust these documents.
It is necessary to streamline the process of commercialization of services intended for children in the areas of education, health care, children's creativity, physical education and sports and identify institutions where this is appropriate.
In defending the rights of the child to health, education, and property interests, the role and place of prosecutorial supervision, judicial and law enforcement agencies, as well as various structures subordinate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Russia, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health of Russia, and other federations are extremely poorly defined. -ral and regional authorities. Legal and organizational gaps in solving children's problems should be eliminated. The future of Russia is in our children. This should be the goal of all efforts aimed at the social protection of children, childhood and adolescence.
Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development, from social risks:
stipulating:
stillbirth and pathological childbirth;
congenital and birth defects, injuries and diseases;
starvation and irrational nutrition for children;
neglect and vagrancy, economic and sexual exploitation;
addiction to bad habits (alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc.);
negative psychological impact, discrimination based on nationality, gender, property or any other criteria;
involvement in political activism and military action;
living in an ecologically unfavorable environment, involvement in inhumane religious and cult organizations and movements.
obstacles:
health protection;
the child’s stay in the family;
obtaining education and spiritual and moral upbringing;
the formation of a comfortable psychological climate for each child in the family, children's groups, in the region of residence, in the country;
development of potential professional, creative and other socially useful abilities;
familiarization with cultural values;
physical education and sports;
creating conditions for games, other forms of reasonable entertainment and safe recreation;
choice of religion;
the targeted use of benefits and monetary savings intended for children, the property interests of children.
On state level it is necessary to make an unambiguous decision on the issue of the ideology of child benefits: either unambiguously give the status of these benefits as poverty benefits, and then the criterion for their payment will be family income, or such benefits should be considered as a manifestation of state policy to support the domestic gene pool and fertility, and therefore the payment of benefits should not depend on which family the child belongs to in terms of income.
2. Social protection working population should provide for the creation of conditions that ensure a balance of rights, responsibilities and interests of citizens, when a person can fully realize the ability for economic independence, without infringing on the interests of fellow citizens and participating in social assistance to people in need. Labor, its remuneration and, as a result, cash savings, purchased securities and real estate should become the main sources of income and social well-being of a person, and no one has the right to encroach on them.
Social protection of the working-age population should provide mechanisms that provide citizens of the Russian Federation with protection from social risks that prevent:
effective human employment;
providing regulated additional guarantees of employment to certain categories of the population who need special social protection and experience difficulties in finding work, including:
youth;
single and large parents raising minors or disabled children;
persons of pre-retirement age;
military personnel transferred to the reserve;
former soldiers - participants in military conflicts;
disabled people; persons affected by man-made and natural disasters, as well as victims of military conflicts;
persons who have been unemployed for a long time;
persons serving a sentence or undergoing compulsory treatment by court decision.
payment and receipt of wages and all types of social benefits in the amounts and terms provided for by Russian legislation;
protecting the health of workers and preventing unfavorable working conditions;
providing and receiving material and other assistance to persons who find themselves in crisis material and social situations;
equality of women in all matters of social life. First of all, we are talking about complete de facto equality in pay, promotion, access to education, scientific activities, culture and sports. Special measures must be developed to increase the participation of women in government bodies of all branches and levels, in the work of municipal structures, the activities of public organizations, the media, and to promote their increased involvement in business activity. Particular attention must be paid to women who are mothers and those preparing to become them. For these women, various social risks increase many times over, and this should be included in their social protection;
realization by young people of their potential in educational, scientific, cultural and sports terms.
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT
Faculty of National and World Economics
Academic discipline– Social problems of a market economy
COURSE WORK
Subject:
“Problems of social protection of the population
in Russia"
Moscow – 2003
Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 3
1. The concept and essence of social protection of the population ……………… 4
……………………… 5
3. Problems and ways of reforming the social system
protection of the population in Russia …………………………………………… 9
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… 15
…………………………………... 17
Introduction
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 in art. 22 declared that every person, as a member of society, has the right to social security. This right, by its nature, should make it possible to ensure, taking into account the material capabilities available to society, a decent existence of a person in the event of such life situations when he is not able to receive a source of income in exchange for the labor expended. The norms of the declaration bind the realization of the right of every person to a decent standard of living not only during the period when a person is working, but also in cases of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other cases of loss of livelihood due to circumstances beyond the control of the citizen.
According to Art. 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.
Social protection and social security in a state-organized society is an area of interweaving of the vital interests of citizens, property relations and distribution, legal techniques and methods of their regulation, social policy of the state and socio-economic human rights. This is also the sphere of refraction of such universal human values as equality, social justice, humanism, and the moral foundations of society. The purpose of social security is, first of all, that it is a special form of meeting the needs for sources of livelihood of the elderly and disabled.
The constitutive features of social security include: objective grounds that create the need for a special mechanism for social protection of citizens, aimed at maintaining or providing a certain level of life support (illness, old age, disability, unemployment, etc.); special funds, sources of social security; special means of providing livelihoods; enshrining the rules for the provision of social security in law.
The objective grounds of social security, with all their differences, affect a person’s ability to work in the direction of its temporary or permanent limitation or complete loss. It is they who predetermine the need of a certain number of people to receive a source of livelihood from society in exchange for new labor expended; the need for preventive and health measures for able-bodied members of society for the purpose of normal reproduction of the workforce and protecting their health, etc. Any of these needs can be realized if it is recognized by society as socially significant, that is, enshrined in law. Ignoring these needs by society will immediately affect its normal functioning. Another thing is that both the degree of recognition and the degree of ignoring the listed needs is related to the economic basis of society. This is due to the fact that, by its economic nature, social security is directly or indirectly related to the distribution and redistribution relations of society.
It should be noted that in modern society social security has ceased to act in the form of goodwill, benefits provided by the more affluent layers of society to its less affluent categories of citizens. It also cannot be considered as a right-privilege of certain sections of society.
Social protection as a special social institution of a modern state is an indicator of social confidence, a social guarantee of the worthy development of each member of society and the preservation of a source of livelihood in the event of social risks.
1. CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION
Social protection– policies and targeted actions, as well as means of the state and society, providing the individual, social group, and the population as a whole with a comprehensive, comprehensive solution to various problems caused by social risks that can lead or have already led to the complete or partial loss of the indicated subjects’ opportunities to realize their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, economic independence and social well-being, as well as their optimal development, restoration or acquisition.
There are basically two models of social protection in the world:
1) social democratic orientation with a high role of the state in the socialization of income and the significant importance of national social governance mechanisms;
2) neoliberal - with a lesser degree of government intervention in socio-economic processes.
Depending on the approaches chosen, the following social protection systems are distinguished:
State, based on the principle of social care of the state for socially vulnerable members of society and social charity (it provides for a differentiated approach to identifying low-income groups of the population according to the degree of need and preferential provision of social assistance to them);
Private, based on the principle of responsibility of each member of society for his own destiny and the destiny of his family, using earnings from his own labor and entrepreneurial activity income, income from property, as well as personal savings (this system is focused on distribution by labor and includes private social insurance).
The central subject of social protection is the state. A person in need of social protection is both a subject and an object of social protection.
The objects of social protection are social institutions represented by specific social organizations, institutions, systems (education, healthcare, social protection, employment, labor, culture, sports and recreation complex).
Main forms of social protection:
Legislatively defined social guarantees and their satisfaction based on basic standards and programs,
Regulation of income and expenses of the population;
Social insurance;
Social assistance;
Social services;
Targeted social programs.
The current social protection system in Russia is based on the principles:
- incentives,- power structures, with the aim of socio-political resonance for certain socially significant events that have received public assessment, or to support important government actions, make decisions aimed at social support for certain social groups, segments of the population, and in some cases, individuals;
- statements,– social assistance is provided to a citizen in need upon a written request from the applicant or a person representing his interests;
- paternalism, denoting state guardianship (“fatherly care”) in relation to less socially and economically protected layers and groups of the population.
Politically biased incentives, combined with paternalism, have led to the large-scale number and great relevance of various benefits in the social protection of the Russian population. These benefits have actually become the equivalent of material types of social support for certain groups and segments of the population. At the same time, for a long time, the majority of Russian citizens were not fully aware of benefits, since information about them was mainly published in legal and methodological documents special for official use. In conditions of openness and market relations information about the rights to certain benefits became available to various categories of the population who actively expressed their claims to them. Currently, over 70% of Russians have various benefits for various reasons. This situation has led to an excessive burden on the federal and local budgets; benefits have become burdensome for the state. In Russia, the issue of modernizing the policy of benefits has become urgent and has become central to reforming the social protection system. At present, there is an obvious attempt to valuntoristically avoid state obligations to fulfill this category of social guarantees. However, the implementation of such an approach will cause social tension, but will not lead to the expected economic and social positive results. In Russia, benefits, from 1917 to the present, have always been an alternative cash payments, as if an increase in salary, pension, social benefits. In this regard, deprivation of benefits will lead to a significant deterioration in the financial situation of many pensioners, disabled people, families with children and other socially disadvantaged and vulnerable segments of the population. This complex economic and ethical problem can only be solved in conjunction with other problems:
Income and expenses of the population, and, above all, in the field of income from labor activity;
Reforming the pension system;
Streamlining medical and pension insurance;
Compliance by the state with constitutional and other legal and regulatory guaranteed social obligations;
Creating a market for social goods and services, protecting the population from unscrupulous producers of social goods and services;
Nurturing the culture of the population in the aspect of market relations in the social sphere.
Modernizing the policy of benefits, and this is exactly how this problem should be viewed, requires conceptual elaboration, patience and wisdom of state and political figures, and the involvement of qualified specialists who understand the problem in solving it.
2. The role of social work in protecting the population
To provide assistance to people who find themselves in difficult life situations and in need of social protection, there is a special institute of social work and social services.
Currently social work is considered as:
1) a type of professional activity based on subject-integrated, interdisciplinary techniques for the formation, maintenance, rehabilitation of sustainable social integration or reintegration of individuals and groups;
2) comprehensive social technology for the implementation of social protection of the population, social management, social policy in relation to socially vulnerable groups of the population.
Social work is based on the socio-psychological, vitalistic and socio-pedagogical aspects of the concept of supporting human vitality.
Principles of social work:
Methodological – epistemological approach, determinism, unity of consciousness and activity, personal approach;
Organizational – planning, continuity and consistency in working with an individual, group;
Interactions of all social institutions;
Execution control;
Social work functions:
Moral and humanistic, information and communication, analytical and forecasting, organizational and methodological, social and managerial;
Mediator, social facilitator, advertising and propaganda, regulatory and preventive, affective and communicative, socio-integrative.
In Russia, the formation of social work as a self-sufficient professional institute began to occur in the late 1980s, when mid-level specialists - social workers - began serving elderly and disabled people at home. In 1991, a new profession was added to the qualification directory - social work specialist, and from that time the formation of a social service system began.
In 1994-96. The Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of Russia is developing and adopting a concept for the development of this new industry, and working out standard provisions for various types of social services.
From 1995 to 1999 Federal laws “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population”, “On Social Services for the Elderly and Disabled”, “On Social Assistance” are adopted. In development of these legislative acts, normative and methodological documents on norms and standards of social services for the population are adopted. Taking into account the constitutional provision on the delimitation of social powers, the legislative basis for this area of activity in the regions of Russia is being formed. Various types of social institutions are being created throughout the country, federal and regional social programs are being developed and implemented, financed from budgets at various levels. The formation of non-governmental organizations with a social orientation is intensifying.
Currently, social work is viewed as:
1) a type of professional activity based on subject-integrated, interdisciplinary techniques for the formation, maintenance, rehabilitation of sustainable social integration or reintegration of individuals and groups;
2) comprehensive social technology for the implementation of social protection of the population, social management, social policy in relation to socially vulnerable groups of the population.
Main areas of social work:
- Social supervision(control) and prevention are a form of practical actions of subjects of management of social processes to realize their rights and functions in the field of social protection of the population and individuals. Subjects of social supervision are legislatively authorized structures (a distinction is made between constitutional, prosecutorial, administrative, post-criminal, social (informal) supervision);
Objects - the process of implementation of regulations at the national and local levels adopted by the relevant authorities for the social protection of the population, the progress of the implementation of social programs and projects, compliance with established rules and conditions of detention and life of persons in institutions of social services, guardianship and re-education (these are boarding houses for elderly and disabled people, orphanages, special boarding schools, educational and labor and correctional labor colonies, other special institutions), as well as monitoring the condition and vital activity of families and individuals at social risk and deviant behavior (mentally ill, alcoholics, drug addicts, substance abusers, prostitutes, etc.).
Social rehabilitation– a system of medical, psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic, legal measures aimed at creating and ensuring conditions for social integration or reintegration of a person with disabilities caused by a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions and/or social circumstances. The goal of social rehabilitation is the restoration (formation) of a person’s social status and lost social connections (at the macro and micro levels).
Social integration– the process and characteristics of measures to achieve an optimal level of life activity and the realization of the potential abilities and capabilities of an individual as a result of the interpersonal interaction of an individual in a specific socio-cultural space and social time.
Social reintegration– the process and characteristics of a measure of restoration of social and role functions previously inherent in an individual and, due to any reasons, weakened or lost, in a socio-cultural space adequate for him.
Social services – state, municipal and non-state governing bodies, structures and specialized institutions and enterprises carrying out social work .
State social services include governing bodies, institutions and social service enterprises of the social protection system, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes social assistance to the population.
Municipal social services include institutions and social service enterprises under the jurisdiction of local governments
Non-state social services include institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other organizations and individuals.
To provide specialized forms of social services in Russia, the following social services operate:
Pension provision, including relevant structural units in federal and regional social protection services, as well as state and non-state pension funds;
Social services;
Financial assistance; social services at home;
Specialized inpatient social services;
Prosthetics, orthotics and prosthetics;
Technical means of rehabilitation;
Special transport services;
Medical and social examination and rehabilitation of disabled people;
Medical-social, socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical services to various groups of the population;
Children's specialized medical, preschool and school institutions;
Special vocational educational institutions;
Support for families, women and children;
Rehabilitation of minors with deviant behavior;
On social issues of military personnel and members of their families, refugees and migrants, the unemployed, crisis centers (for people suffering from alcoholism, drug addiction, and those subjected to sexual and physical violence), regulating humanitarian and technical assistance to Russia and its individual regions;
On interaction with non-governmental organizations of disabled people, veterans, families with children, etc.;
Social services function both in the system of an independent social sector - social protection of the population, subordinate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, and in the structure of the sectors of healthcare, education, culture, justice, law enforcement agencies, etc., as well as in various enterprises and organizations .
Over the past years in Russia, social work as an institution, its technologies, and organizational forms have undergone significant changes. Despite various, primarily economic, difficulties, the number of social institutions is growing. Below are the results of a study of the provision of the population with social services, as well as innovative approaches to social services for the population, presented in March 2001 at the All-Russian Conference “Real Social Policy in the Period of Modernization in Russia” by Doctor of History, Professor E.I. Single.
According to this author, over the past six years in Russia the number of social service institutions for families and children has increased 21 times and currently amounts to about 2,300 institutions providing more than 23 million different types of social services.
Social rehabilitation centers for minors are developing rapidly (the growth was more than 5 times in 6 years), rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities, their number has doubled.
New types of institutions have appeared: crisis centers for women, centers for men, centers for teenage mothers. However, the standards for providing the population with social services remain low. Thus, the provision of the population with social rehabilitation centers for minor children on average in Russia is 6.7%. There are no institutions of this type in 24 regions.
The provision of social shelters is 10.4%, family and children assistance centers - 6.4%, boarding homes for the elderly and disabled - 60%.
The level of population satisfaction with various types of social services has significant differentiation among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the capital and regions, there is a constant search for the most appropriate forms and methods of social work for specific conditions. In Moscow, for example, there is interesting project according to restorative justice, the task of which is not to punish teenagers who have committed an offense, but to reconcile him with the victim and compensate for the damage.
This is a new field of social work. Its goal is not punitive punishment or evasion of responsibility, but the search for forms in which the goals of satisfying the needs of the victim, the offender and society are equally achieved. This is especially important also because we're talking about about teenagers, but their socialization has not yet been completed, and the way in which society reacts to the offense they have committed will directly determine the further trajectory of their entry into social life.
One of the most important modern components of social protection of the population, the leading direction of state policy in this area is the creation, maintenance and development rehabilitation industry .
3. Problems and ways to reform the system
social protection of the population in Russia
In Russia, to date there has been no formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing social protection system, which is characterized by an extremely high paternalistic role of the state and extremely poorly defined public institutions. Over the past years, social protection of the population of Russia has been focused on targeted operational solutions to the most acute, crisis, life problems of certain categories of citizens on an application basis. At a certain stage, this path was the most realistic for the practical solution of problems in this area and seemed successful. However, time has shown that this approach does not provide a long-term effect, since it is not aimed at preventing the recurrence of crisis situations, at long-term social protection of each individual and the population as a whole.
The reforms taking place in the country, aimed at streamlining all spheres of life, require changes in the social sphere, including the creation of a highly effective system of multidisciplinary targeted social protection of the population, oriented towards society's expectations, which should provide comprehensive, comprehensive assistance to a person in solving various problems that cause the need for social protection , problems throughout his life - starting from the period when the mother was carrying a child and ending with a worthy burial of a person. In this regard, social protection should be considered as protection against the social risks of loss or limitation of a person’s economic independence and social well-being.
Let us highlight the following main areas of social protection and approaches to their reform:
1. Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should be focused on creating conditions for the life and development of children that allow all children, regardless of the family they were born and live in, to have the best opportunities to preserve their health, material well-being, free accessible education, preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, realization of one’s abilities
Particular attention must be paid to orphans, as well as children from disadvantaged families. We must learn to take care of these children so that they do not feel superfluous, alienated from society, and the state does not seem to them something abstract, useless, or even hostile.
It also seems advisable to create Federal Board of Trustees for Orphans. It is necessary to take all measures to protect and protect children in particularly difficult conditions, including those left without supervision, homeless, subjected to economic and sexual exploitation, suffering from socially determined diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, refugee children, as well as in prison.
However, the problems of children in particularly difficult conditions do not exhaust the numerous concerns of the state about all Russian children. The difficult situation of women in everyday life and at work, the destruction of family ties between generations have led to the practically uncontrolled and undirected development of children, including by mothers, fathers, grandmothers, grandfathers, and other older family members. The school has practically stopped playing any significant role in these processes. We need to change the current situation. For this purpose, it is necessary to conduct an examination (departmental and independent) of existing multi-level legal and policy documents related to children's problems, to identify the state of implementation and the need to adjust these documents.
It is necessary to streamline the process of commercialization of services intended for children in the areas of education, health care, children's creativity, physical education and sports and identify institutions where this is appropriate.
In defending the rights of the child to health, education, property interests, the role and place of prosecutorial supervision, judicial and law enforcement agencies, as well as various structures subordinate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Russia, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health of Russia, and other federal and regional authorities are extremely poorly defined. . Legal and organizational gaps in solving children's problems should be eliminated. The future of Russia is in our children. This should be the goal of all efforts aimed at the social protection of children, childhood and adolescence.
Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development, from social risks:
- stipulating:
Stillbirth and pathological childbirth;
Congenital and birth defects, injuries and diseases;
Starvation and irrational nutrition for children;
Neglect and vagrancy, economic and sexual exploitation;
Addiction to bad habits (alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc.);
Negative psychological impact, discrimination based on nationality, gender, property or any other criteria;
Involvement in political activism and military action;
Living in an ecologically unfavorable environment, involvement in inhumane religious and cult organizations and movements.
- obstacles:
Health protection;
The child's stay in the family;
Receiving education and spiritual and moral upbringing;
Formation of a comfortable psychological climate for each child in the family, children's groups, in the region of residence, in the country;
Development of potential professional, creative and other socially useful abilities;
Introduction to cultural values;
Physical education and sports;
Creating conditions for games, other forms of reasonable entertainment and safe recreation;
Choice of religion;
The targeted use of benefits and monetary savings intended for children, the property interests of children.
At the state level, it is necessary to unambiguously decide on the issue of the ideology of child benefits: either unambiguously give the status of these benefits as poverty benefits, and then the criterion for their payment will be family income, or such benefits should be considered as a manifestation of the state policy of supporting the domestic gene pool and fertility, and therefore the payment benefits should not depend on the income family the child belongs to.
2. Social protection of the working-age population should provide for the creation of conditions that ensure a balance of rights, responsibilities and interests of citizens, when a person can fully realize the ability to be economically independent, without infringing on the interests of fellow citizens and participating in social assistance to those in need. Labor, its remuneration and, as a result, cash savings, purchased securities and real estate should become the main sources of income and social well-being of a person, and no one has the right to encroach on them.
Social protection of the working-age population should provide mechanisms that provide citizens of the Russian Federation with protection from social risks that prevent:
- effective human employment ;
- providing regulated additional employment guarantees to certain categories of the population who need special social protection and experience difficulties in finding work, including:
Youth;
Single and large parents raising minors or disabled children;
Persons of pre-retirement age;
Military personnel transferred to the reserve;
Former soldiers - participants in military conflicts;
Disabled people; persons affected by man-made and natural disasters, as well as victims of military conflicts;
Persons who have been unemployed for a long time;
Persons serving a sentence or undergoing compulsory treatment by court decision.
- payment and receipt of wages and all types of social benefits in the amounts and terms provided for by Russian legislation ;
Protecting the health of workers and preventing unfavorable working conditions;
Providing and receiving material and other assistance to persons who find themselves in crisis material and social situations;
Equality of women in all matters of social life. First of all, we are talking about complete de facto equality in pay, promotion, access to education, scientific activities, culture and sports. Special measures should be developed in order to increase the participation of women in government bodies of all branches and levels, in the work of municipal structures, activities public organizations, media, helping to strengthen their involvement in business activity. Particular attention must be paid to women who are mothers and those preparing to become them. For these women, various social risks increase many times over, and this should be included in their social protection;
Realization by young people of their potential in educational, scientific, cultural and sports terms.
3. Social protection of disabled citizens should be aimed at humanizing all spheres of life of these people.
It is unacceptable for any of them to feel like an extra person, burdening their loved ones and society. Everyone should retain the desire and opportunity to live in a family for as long as possible, actively participate in the economic, political, and cultural development of society, enjoy all its benefits and, if possible, increase them. The leading role in solving the problems of these citizens belongs to social services and pensions, which require reform.
Social protection of disabled citizens should include mechanisms that ensure:
All persons permanently residing on the territory of the Russian Federation receive full social security, regardless of race and nationality, gender, language, place of residence, type and nature of activity in conditions of diversity of forms of ownership and other circumstances;
Full pension provision in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, in other cases provided for by law, regardless of the territory of which state the right to pension provision was acquired, as well as payment of state benefits to families with children;
- strict implementation of the legislative regulation of pension provision, avoiding under any circumstances delays in the payment of pensions, both state and other ;
Implementation of measures to provide preferential pensions to disabled people, as well as measures aimed at preventing disability, ensuring social protection of disabled people, creating for them the conditions necessary to realize their rights and legitimate interests, developing their creative abilities, unhindered access to social infrastructure, medical, professional and social rehabilitation;
Homestay;
Preservation of cash savings and securities;
Property interests;
Decent provision of funeral services.
4. Social protection of the family as a fundamental pillar of society and the state provides for the need to fully support the institution of family. It is the family that is able to preserve society and its values. Therefore, family policy, aimed at providing people with decent conditions for creating, maintaining and developing a family, is an integral part of the social protection of the population.
Forms and methods of social protection of a person must be differentiated, but necessarily accessible, complete, not degrading to human dignity, maximally focused on prevention and ways of positive resolution of complex critical situations by an individual.
The system of multidisciplinary targeted social protection itself should include all shock absorbers of negative impacts on people and contribute to both the prevention of their occurrence and their elimination. And only in cases where, for some reason, social protection mechanisms do not work or non-standard, unforeseen situations arise, or a person does not agree with the forms and methods of his protection, he will be forced to submit a claim for social assistance and services to the relevant competent authorities .
The development of a mechanism for the functioning of a system of multidisciplinary targeted social protection of the population should be carried out in the following areas:
Determining the role and place of social protection of the population in the social development of the country and regions;
Regulatory and legal support for social protection, clearly defining social risks, the consequences of which are subject to correction guaranteed by the state;
Development of state standards for services in health care, education, culture and social services for the population (taking into account regional and local conditions of reproduction of the labor force and population) for their targeted use in planning expenditures on the social sphere and their gradual increase;
Legal regulation of prevention of social risks;
Development of strategic scenarios for the development of the social complex;
Separation of powers between federal authorities and authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on social issues;
Development of structural reform government controlled social complex, including legal and regulatory support for its development;
Institutional and organizational transformations of the social complex:
Demonopolization;
Infrastructure development;
Privatization of social facilities;
Regulation of paid social services.
Investment policy in the social sphere;
Determining priorities for the development of the social sphere;
Innovation policy of social technologies;
Formation of federal social programs focused on managing social processes;
Formation of federal-regional, interregional and regional social development programs, including social protection of the population;
Creation of a system of information support for the population about legal, labor and other regulation of social life, with a focus on people actively independently solving their problems, as well as a reliable, simple and accessible definition of the role of the state in this process.
Particular importance should be given to the development of state social standards. The question of minimum standards becomes cornerstone. IN legal terms minimizing assistance to a person in need is abstract, and in moral and ethical terms, in many cases absurd. It is necessary to introduce another concept into the legal and regulatory field - minimum state social guarantees, and clearly formulate their interpretation and implementation mechanism.
The adequacy of financial resources intended for these purposes, the needs of people. The existing state centralized financial support has led to an excessive burden on the state budget and failure to fulfill government obligations for social protection of the population, which causes dissatisfaction among citizens and social tension in society. To change this situation it is necessary to create a mechanism financial security this sphere on the principles of differentiated social taxation and social compulsory and voluntary insurance, subject to the preservation of social assistance only to those who cannot be helped otherwise than through social paternalism. The legislation should clearly define the criteria for social tax and social insurance premium(mandatory and voluntary), as well as the procedure for their accrual, collection, accumulation and use. It is necessary to gradually move away from state subsidies in certain social areas and introduce state orders for solving specific social problems. All interested legal entities and individuals should be involved in the implementation of the social order on a competitive basis. This approach will allow streamlining, targeting financial flows, making them manageable and controlled by the relevant government bodies and the public.
Solving the problems of social protection of the population of Russia, ensuring the above priorities, will require a serious analysis of the state of the social sphere, existing forms and methods of social assistance to the population, an assessment of existing health services, education, social protection, employment, migration and other responsible structures.
The need to search for fundamentally different approaches to managing social processes is obvious. Such management should be based on reliable, dynamically monitored information about people’s needs for social assistance and services and the resources available for this (financial, material and technical, instrumental, institutional, organizational).
In many regions of Russia it is necessary to modernize social protection institutions. This is especially true for social inpatient institutions. Decent living conditions must be created for those who, for various reasons, are in boarding schools, specialized boarding houses, and psychoneurological hospitals. The number of places in these institutions must correspond to regional or interregional needs.
In Russia, the problem of social assistance to people who find themselves in difficult living conditions (homeless people, refugees, forced migrants and displaced persons) is relevant. Necessary territorial authorities social protection, jointly with other interested services, solve the problems of organizing night houses, social shelters and hotels. There should be no cases of refusal to help people in extreme situations.
In different territories of Russia, there are striking differences in the financial situation of non-production workers. This situation requires the most careful study and search for an adequate solution.
In the context of a deep transformational decline in production in Russia, the first steps to restore previously achieved production volumes under favorable foreign economic conditions served as the basis for conclusions about the entry of the country's economy into a phase of recovery and growth. Critically assessing the quality of official economic development forecasts, one cannot but emphasize that the practice of developing a number of scenarios creates the illusion of great freedom of choice alternative options. An unfavorable starting situation dictates a thorough justification of the development strategy and a realistic assessment of variation. On instructions from the Russian authorities, three development scenarios were developed, taking into account which economic decisions when forming economic and budgetary policies for the coming period: inertial, export-oriented, investment-active (Table 1).
The state's obligations regarding its social guarantees must be fulfilled at all levels. In situations where this cannot be done, it is necessary to clearly explain to people the reasons and possible solutions Problems.
Table 1.
Dynamics of main socio-economic indicators by development options, %
Option | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002-2005 | 2006-2010 | 2000-2010 | ||
on average per year | during the period | on average per year | during the period | on average per year | |||||
Inertial GDP | 95,1 | 103,2 | 105,5 | 103,2 | 103,6 | 100,9 | 107,2 | 101,4 | 112,5 |
Industrial products | 94,8 | 108,1 | 108,0 | 101,0 | 110,0 | 102,4 | 116,0 | 103,0 | 132,7 |
Investments | 93,3 | 104,5 | 109,0 | 106,0 | 103,2 | 100,8 | 119,3 | 103,6 | 128,9 |
Export-oriented GDP | 95,1 | 103,2 | 105,5 | 104,0 | 110,4 | 102,5 | 108,3 | 101,6 | 122,9 |
Industrial products | 94,8 | 108,1 | 108,0 | 104,5 | 120,2 | 104,7 | 127,6 | 105,0 | 160,6 |
Investments | 93,3 | 104,5 | 109,0 | 106,5 | 126,2 | 106,0 | 131,9 | 105,7 | 176,4 |
Investment-active GDP | 95,1 | 103,2 | 105,5 | 104,5 | 122,5 | 105,2 | 126,4 | 104,8 | 158,0 |
Industrial products | 94,8 | 108,1 | 108,0 | 105,5 | 126,2 | 106,0 | 133,8 | 106,0 | 178,1 |
Investments | 93,3 | 104,5 | 109,0 | 107,5 | 146,9 | 110,1 | 145,6 | 107,8 | 228,8 |
Conclusion
The transition to a market economy and the deterioration of living conditions for a significant part of the country's population, especially the unemployed, pensioners, and families with children, revealed the inability of the previous social security system to guarantee every person a decent standard of living. This required its reform and an almost complete update of the previous Soviet legislation in the field of social security.
In the legislation adopted in this area at the federal level from 1990 to the present, the following provisions have found their legal codification:
Universality of social security, achieved by expanding the circle of recipients of pensions, benefits, services and the emergence of new types of social security in response to the emergence of new social risks (for example, social pensions, unemployment benefits, compensation payments persons subjected to Nazi persecution, monthly benefits HIV-infected, benefits for victims of radiation, etc.);
Application of a differentiated approach to providing for various socio-demographic groups and segments of the population;
Use of comprehensive measures for social protection of the population; the state's desire to fix the size social payments taking into account the minimum consumer budget;
Democratization, in many cases, of the conditions for the appointment and receipt of social benefits;
Providing the possibility of judicial protection of human rights in this area.
The legislator's approach to targeting social payments, benefits and services is of great importance for the establishment of an effective system of social protection of the population. In this case, the legislator uses various socially justified criteria for differentiation. The main ones include:
Taking into account the specifics of types of socially useful activities;
An important positive feature of Russian reality in this area is the principle of diversity and comprehensiveness of social protection of the population. Its essence is that a citizen who has the right to social protection can simultaneously receive various types of social security.
The leading organizational and legal forms of social security are currently social insurance and national system Social Security, financed primarily by taxes.
Despite the fact that, especially recently, the state has taken a set of measures aimed at improving the financial situation of pensioners, families with children, the unemployed and the disabled, there are a number of acute unresolved problems in the field of social security. The problem associated with the level of pension provision requires special consideration, the solution of which depends not only on the state of the economy, but also on the new concept of pension provision.
Among the various organizational and legal forms of non-state social security, the system of production support, that is, support provided by enterprises (economic entities), should be mentioned. Currently, on the basis of collective agreements (agreements) within the framework of this form, payments are made one-time benefits upon retirement, monthly supplements to state pensions for age and disability, unemployment benefits, child care, and other assistance is provided to families with children.
An important role is played by municipal social security systems, which make it possible to significantly supplement the level of state pensions and benefits in many regions of the country through additional payments and compensations. At their expense, various additional housing benefits are provided, public services, medical care. Many trade unions are creating trade union social security systems, which, at their own expense, improve the level of social protection of trade union members.
An extremely necessary step seems to be the creation and maintenance of a favorable legal regime for the development of non-state forms of social security, including charity, will harmoniously complement the state’s efforts to create a normal standard of living for millions of elderly and disabled citizens of the country.
To summarize the work, it should be noted that the negative social problems in the field of social protection of the population it is impossible to eliminate short time. To reform the social protection system it is necessary:
Various resources (organizational, legal, logistical, etc.);
Development of adequate Russian conditions and mentality, demanded technologies;
Trained specialists (medics, social workers, lawyers, orthopedists, prosthetists, engineers, architects, teachers, psychologists and others);
Active support of public organizations and the entire population.
List of sources used
1. Baygereev M. Analysis of Russian poverty: causes, features, calculation methods. //Man and labor. – 2001. – No. 8. – P. 55-60.
2. State report “On the situation of disabled people in the Russian Federation.” – M., 1998.
3. Zhukov V.I., Zaimyshev I.G. and others. Theory and methodology of social work. In 2 volumes. – M.: Soyuz, 1994.
4. Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993.
5. Machulskaya E.E. Workshop on social security law. – M.: NORMA-INFRA-M, 1999.
6. Oleinik A. Institutional economics // Questions of economics. No. 1-12, 1999.
7. Seleznev A.Z. Restrictions economic growth in Russia. // Forecasting problems. – 2002. – No. 6. pp. 29-43.
8. Family Code of the Russian Federation. – M.: Os-89, 2000.
9. Social policy: Textbook / Ed. ed. ON THE. Volgina. – M.: Exam, 2003.
10. the federal law“About veterans” (SZ RF, 1995, No. 3, Art. 168).
11. Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” (SZ RF, 1995, No. 48, Art. 4563).
12. Kholostova E.I. Social policy: Textbook. allowance. – M.: INFRA-M, 2001.
13. Jacobson L. Economics of the public sector. Fundamentals of the theory of public finance. – M.: Nauka, 1995.
14. Yakobson L.I. Government sector economy. Economic theory and politics. – M.: HSE, 2000.