Space-planning solutions of buildings and structures. Space-planning solutions for apartment buildings Basic planning solutions for residential buildings entrance node
If functional and social requirements mainly influenced the decision and composition of the main consumer unit of a dwelling - an individual apartment, then the rest of the regulatory requirements affect the choice and solution of the space-planning structure of a multi-storey building as a whole and its placement in buildings. In this regard, further consideration of the problem is carried out in relation to the space-planning solutions of multi-storey buildings. There are four main schemes - multi-section, single-section, corridor, gallery, and two combined - corridor-section and gallery-section (Figure 10.6).
Along with them, in accordance with the natural-climatic and town-planning conditions and situations, specialized types are used apartment buildings- wind, - noise protection, etc.
Multi-section houses
Multi-section buildings make up the bulk (80%) of urban apartment buildings. These houses are composed of several planning sections - fragments of buildings with repeating floor plans and a single trunk of vertical communications (stairs, elevator halls, elevators), which unites all apartments in the section with each other and with emergency exits from the building. Sections of a house, as a rule, contain apartments of different composition in terms of number of rooms, which allows, when building multi-section houses, by varying the composition of apartments in sections, to most fully satisfy the requirements for resettlement of families of different numbers.Taking into account the location of the section in the plan of the house and the specifics of the outlines of the construction site, its orientation in the cardinal directions and aesthetic tasks, the following types of sections are used: ordinary (latitudinal and meridian), end, angular, (with an angle of 90 °), rotary (with an angle of 135 ° ), T-shaped in plan and various interlocking inserts for combining individual sections into the overall composition of the building (Fig.10.7), Summer and utility rooms of apartments are most often placed in interlocking inserts.
A multi-section planning scheme is used mainly for buildings from 3 to 25 floors.
Single-section houses
Single-section (tower) houses are usually part of a residential complex as a composite element that forms the accent verticals of the building silhouette. In this regard, a one-section planning scheme is used only in high-rise and multi-storey buildings. In addition to the architectural and compositional advantages of the one-sectional scheme, functional and urban planning advantages are inherent: a large variability in the layout of apartments, their high hygienic qualities (due to the two-sided or angular orientation of most apartments), maneuverability when placed in buildings. These advantages, despite the high (6-8%) cost per sq.m. total area in tower houses, in comparison with multi-section houses, they determined a fairly widespread construction of single-section houses. Single-section houses, due to their urban planning maneuverability and small building area, are widely used during reconstruction in order to increase the building density.Corridor houses
Corridor houses, along with gallery houses, belong to the group of buildings in which vertical communications (stairs, elevators) are complemented by developed horizontal: open (galleries) or closed (corridors) communication rooms. Corridor houses are designed mainly as multi-storey buildings and are built mainly in temperate and cold climates with small apartments.Gallery houses
Gallery houses, in which the entrances to apartments are made from open floor galleries, are used in residential buildings in areas with a warm and hot climate, placing in such houses mainly small-room (1-2 rooms) apartments.Gallery- and corridor-sectional houses
Gallery-sectional and corridor-sectional houses have combined planning schemes, in which the corridor (gallery) layout is repeated every 1-3 floors, and the intermediate floors have a sectional layout. The use of these combined schemes makes it possible to use elevators with greater efficiency and, if necessary, orient the premises of the apartments on two sides of the horizon or one of the most favorable ones.Along with the named ones, special variants of the listed planning schemes of multi-apartment high-rise buildings are used, dictated by local urban planning or natural and climatic conditions, and allowing to protect the main premises of apartments from noise, cold wind or dust storms (noise, wind, dust-proof buildings).
Specific volumetric-spatial variants of the main types of residential buildings are formed when they are designed for building conditions on difficult terrain.
The site on which this building is designed is located on the territory of an existing plant in the city of Zhitomir. The plot has a rectangular shape and has the following dimensions: length 313.6 m, width 241.48 m.
On the territory of an industrial enterprise, the following buildings are located by purpose ׃
model shop;
mechanical workshop;
forging and stamping body;
foundry;
timber warehouse;
warehouse of models;
charge warehouse;
storage area for products;
boiler room;
coal warehouse;
administrative building;
railways.
checkpoint;
plant management;
laboratory;
technical school;
dining club;
recreation area;
The layout of the master plan is carried out in such a way that the connection between the individual zones corresponds to the technological process.
The territory of the industrial enterprise is fenced and has a checkpoint. The width of the roads is 3.5m. On the territory, measures were taken for landscaping and landscaping, the arrangement of blind areas and sidewalks.
4. Space-planning solution of the object
The space-planning solution of any industrial building depends on the nature of the technological process located inside the building and should, if possible, allow a change in the technological process in the future. Despite the variety of technological processes, when designing industrial buildings, it is possible to use standard and unified space-planning and structural solutions based on the use of a single modular system.
The engine body consists of three spans 24 m, 24 m, 24 m. The column spacing of the outer and middle rows is 6 m. The height of the floor (to the bottom of the supporting structure) is 7.2, the length of the building is 108m. The total building height is 10.8 m.
5. Constructive solution of the object
Structural system - frame (with full frame)
In the design of industrial buildings, the frame and external enclosing structures are assembled from standard elements manufactured at the factories of building structures, while providing a wide interchangeability of structures. The use of typical structures for buildings requires their strictly defined location relative to the centerline axes. The supporting structures of the industrial building are reinforced concrete. For the perception of horizontal longitudinal forces from wind and crane loads, vertical cross braces are installed along the columns in each temperature block.
Foundations under the columns are stepped, monolithic, glass type. The foundations of the building are freestanding monolithic reinforced concrete, on a natural foundation. The body of the foundation is covered with bituminous mastic for waterproofing. The foundation beams are prefabricated reinforced concrete. They are arranged to transfer loads from them to the foundation. They are installed on reinforced concrete columns located on the ledges of the foundations.
An expansion joint is used in the building, which serves to eliminate internal thermal stresses in structures during thermal deformations of the building
Columns solid section reinforced concrete industrial buildings. The columns are arranged in the foundation glass, while the bottom of the column is set 50 mm above the bottom of the glass, after installation, the glass is concreted and for better adhesion to the foundation, dowels are arranged on the side faces. For mating with other structural elements, embedded parts are provided on the columns. Half-timbered columns are arranged along the line of the end walls. They are fixed in independent foundations and are intended for fixing wall panels.
Crane beams designed to support crane rails on them. The building is equipped with overhead cranes with a lifting capacity of 15 tons. Based on this, the beams are equipped with embedded parts for fastening the crane runways. The bearing girder of the overhead crane is a reinforced concrete I-beam with a section height of 1400mm.
As coverings prefabricated reinforced concrete ribbed slabs are adopted, the width of the slabs is 3000mm, the length corresponds to the length of the spans. The load received by the slab is transferred to the supporting reinforced concrete girder that runs along the top of the columns along the entire width of the building. The composition of the coating is as follows: ribbed slabs, vapor barrier, effective insulation, cement-sand screed 25mm, 4 layers of roofing material.
When designing exits from a production building, the technological scheme of production and fire standards should be taken into account. Based on these requirements, swing metal gates with a size of 4 m are adopted in the building.
Floors in the building are designed taking into account special requirements ׃ shock resistance, resistance to high mechanical stress, resistance to chemically aggressive substances.
Self-leveling polyurethane floor, concrete preparation B20, concrete preparation B10, crushed stone rammed into the ground, natural soil.
Introduction.
Chapter 1. Analysis of the experience of using multi-storey garages.
1.1. Space planning solutions for multi-storey garages. Application area. Frequency of use.
1.2. Analysis of constructive solutions for existing multi-storey garages.
Conclusions for chapter 1.
Chapter 2. Improvement of space-planning solutions for multi-storey garages.
2.1. Basic requirements for space-planning solutions for multi-storey garages.
2.3. Typological classification of garages. Interrelation of functional, space-planning and design solutions of multi-storey garages.
Scope of their application.
Conclusions for chapter 2.
Chapter 3. Effective constructive solutions for multi-storey garages.
3.2. Constructive solution for a multi-storey garage using precast concrete structures.
3.3. Constructive solution of a parking garage using quick-assembled prefabricated reinforced concrete panels. Butt connection of elements of a prefabricated multi-span building.
3.4. Constructive solution of a low-rise collapsible garage with supporting structures of the frame made of metal and prefabricated reinforced concrete floors.
3.5. Improvement of the construction of flooring used in the design of garages.
Conclusions for chapter 3.
Chapter 4. Economic efficiency of the proposed space-planning and design solutions for multi-storey garages.
Recommended list of dissertations
Methodology for the development of design solutions and the range of products, with refined calculated column lengths, for sports and recreation centers 2009, Candidate of Technical Sciences Kelasiev, Nikolay Gennadievich
Methods and principles for the formation of multi-storey parking garages located in non-functioning industrial complexes 2003, Candidate of Architecture Beijing, Oleg Alekseevich
New constructive solutions for the supporting system of frame-panel buildings and non-linear methods for their calculation 1998, Doctor of Technical Sciences Karabanov, Boris Vladimirovich
Influence of geometric errors of prefabricated frames on the operation of structures of multi-storey buildings 1981, Candidate of Technical Sciences Sno, Vladilen Evgenievich
Formation of a storage system for individual vehicles in microdistricts of large cities on the example of Moscow 2004, Candidate of Technical Sciences Semenova, Olga Sergeevna
Dissertation introduction (part of the abstract) on the topic "Research and development of effective space-planning and design solutions for multi-storey garages"
Road transport has a significant impact on urban development. Their layout and improvement are largely determined by the traffic conditions of vehicles. Inconsistency in the development of the city and its car park disrupts the normal life of the city. Currently, many large cities in Russia are not able to accommodate a huge mass of cars and provide adequate conditions for their storage.
This is due to the shortcomings of the urban planning policy, in which the issues of car storage were not given due attention.
With a variety of tasks solved by road transport in the economic life of a city, the need for parking lots is different in terms of storage duration: from a short stop for a few minutes to parking for many hours. ,,
The area of highways in the central and residential areas of most cities has long been insufficient for the smooth development of road traffic. Stationary vehicles occupy ever larger areas and are often a significant obstacle to moving vehicles. At the same time, the necessary expansion of the area of transport routes is almost always limited by the rigid framework of not only financial, but also technical and urban planning considerations. Therefore, the storage of passenger cars is an important issue in the prospects for urban development.
Analysis of literature sources on the development of road transport, in particular data on stationary transport and on measures for organizing the storage of passenger cars owned by citizens, showed that multi-storey garages, aboveground, underground or combined, can become an important means of solving the problem of storing cars in large cities. A selective comparison of the technical and economic indicators of typical representatives of existing parking garages of various types showed that the cost of construction (excluding the cost of land) of elevated multi-storey ramp-type parking garages is 25-30% lower than that of mechanized ones, and 2-3 times below the underground.
Studies of the structure of transport and storage problems of cars belonging to citizens, carried out more than 20 years ago, made it possible to draw clear conclusions, which can be formulated as follows:,,
1. Lack of storage space makes it difficult for vehicles to move on the streets. Delays and congestions of transport lead to difficulties in organizing the life of the city.
2. In many districts of the city, it is practically impossible to cover the growing demand for storage places using traditional methods (construction of one-story boxes, temporary shelters).
3. The possibilities for creating storage sites and the capacity of access roads to urban areas should be harmonized with each other.
4. New and additional features car storage organizations may arise:
To a limited extent when expanding the road network;
When creating storage places for cars on residential areas, primarily in new, as well as reconstructed and expanded areas;
Outside the carriageway of the road network on unused areas:
On right-of-way railways;
Under the carriageway of highways, bridges;
In sanitary protection zones industrial enterprises;
5- on land plots under the power transmission line supports.
Currently, the problem of storing light vehicles belonging to citizens is especially acute in Moscow and other large cities of the country.
The car park in Moscow is growing rapidly. Today it is 1.49 million units, and by 2010 it is expected to reach 2.6 million units, of which 2.4 million are private cars.
According to the Moscow State Traffic Safety Inspectorate, the passenger car park in recent years has been increasing annually by 300-400 thousand units, and only 470 thousand cars are provided with parking places.
In recent years, the Government of Moscow has adopted a number of Resolutions and a program aimed at streamlining the system for organizing the storage of passenger cars belonging to citizens.
Over the last years of the program implementation, about 100,000 parking spaces have been commissioned. By 2001, it is planned to build modern multi-level parking garages for 500,000 cars.
Organization of movement and the need to create modern places storage and parking of cars in such a metropolis as Moscow, identified the program as one of the priority areas.
Effective solutions to the problem of car storage are impossible without a regulatory framework for the development of projects for parking garages and related service facilities. Currently, there is no such system base. A large number of existing standards does not contribute to the high quality of the design decisions made due to the complexity and sometimes contradictory nature of various documents.
All this suggests that for successful solution problems of storage of cars, it is necessary to carefully analyze the existing regulatory documents and, if necessary, correct or develop new ones, as well as formulate a set of norms, rules and recommendations on this topic. In this case, it is advisable to take into account the standards in force in foreign countries.
In addition to the outdated regulatory framework, the wider use of effective space-planning solutions for parking garages of various types is hindered by the applied limited set of design solutions and elements. Therefore, in order to fulfill the program of mass construction of parking garages, it would be justified to develop effective structural systems and produce structures for them, which would dramatically speed up the time of their construction and improve the quality of design solutions.
With the use of high-quality panel and tunnel formwork, in addition to metal and prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, it became possible to erect monolithic parking garages. ,,,
After the entry into force in the USA (New York State), Great Britain, Germany and a number of other countries fire regulations, canceling the requirements for the mandatory use of fireproof cladding of steel structures, expanded the use in the design of parking garages metal frame... So, for example, according to UK standards, with certain parameters of the garage-parking building, it is enough to cover steel structures with fire-resistant paint. At the same time, the consumption of steel, per one parking space, averages 0.7-I) .9 tons. ,
In 1970, at the Symposium "Fire and Multi-storey Parking" (Great Britain), it was noted that steel structures for parking garages are no less reliable than reinforced concrete. ,
Since 1969, in Germany, parking garages of mixed construction from mass-produced steel and reinforced concrete structures have become widespread. The use of such solutions can significantly reduce the cost of a parking space and construction time. ,
In our country and abroad, in recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the volume of construction of fast-assembled buildings of parking garages. Buildings from such structures are usually erected: in business districts of the city, where the cost of land is very high, on temporarily leased plots or on territories intended for other structures in the future. In domestic and foreign practice, developed various systems fast-mounted parking lots. ,,
Increasing the efficiency of buildings under construction for parking garages is impossible without a detailed consideration of the elements and space-planning structure as a whole, taking into account all technological requirements, as well as the development of structural systems and their elements for parking garages.
Scientists who developed the basic principles of the formation of space-planning and design solutions for multi-storey parking garages: Afanasyev L.L., Golubev G.E., Davidovich JI.H., Orlovsky B.Ya., Lysogorsky AA, Shestokas V.V., Otto Shtil, E. M. Khevelev other.
Occurred in recent times in all spheres of the country's life, changes have led to the need to clarify the basic provisions of the system of architectural and construction solutions for parking garages at the present stage of scientific and technological progress. Currently working on this problem: Blinkov CB, Gambarov G.A., Granev V.V., Kaigorodov M.A., Kodysh E.N., Leontiev V.V., Luneva T.P., Melnikov V.A. M., Rabinovich R.I., Startsev V.I. other.
Recent changes in all spheres of the country's life have led to the need to clarify the main provisions of the system of architectural and construction solutions for multi-storey garages at the present stage of scientific and technological progress.
Currently working on this problem: Blinkov CB, Gambarov G.A., Granev V.V., Kaigorodov M.A., Kodysh E.N., Leontiev V.V., Luneva T.P., Melnikov V.A. M., Startsev V.I. other.
This work is devoted to the improvement of the used space-planning solutions, the development of unified dimensional schemes and the nomenclature of structures for multi-storey parking garages, which can be used in the design of overground multi-storey ramp garages with box or arena storage organization.
The purpose of the work is to research and develop scientifically grounded space-planning and design solutions for multi-storey garages for storing cars, taking into account the technological features of this type of structures.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
Investigate space-planning and design solutions for existing and projected multi-storey garages;
Determine the basic requirements for space-planning solutions for multi-storey garages;
Consider the existing regulatory framework governing the design of multi-storey garages and develop proposals for its improvement;
Propose a classification of passenger cars, based on the analysis of the car park operated in Russia;
To reveal the effective parameters of the elements of the space-planning structure of multi-storey garages for various classes of cars;
Draw up a typological classification of multi-storey garages, establish the relationship of functional, space-planning and design solutions for parking lots;
Establish the optimal number of dimensional schemes for multi-storey garages and their area of application;
Propose rational design solutions for garages, determine their main parameters;
Develop a range of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures for multi-storey garages;
Analyze the structure of the floor used in multi-storey garages;
9- to conduct a feasibility study of the solutions received.
The object of the research is the overground multi-storey ramp garages with box or arena storage organization, intended for storing passenger cars belonging to citizens.
The subject of the research is the elements of the space-planning structure, dimensional schemes and design solutions, in particular, the nomenclature of structures for multi-storey garages, as well as the methodology for choosing rational space-planning solutions for parking lots.
Research methods:
Analysis scientific research problems according to literary sources;
Analysis of domestic and foreign design materials for architectural and construction solutions for multi-storey garages, as well as regulatory documents;
Generalization and statistical processing of analysis data;
Determination of the effective parameters of the elements of the space-planning structure of garages;
Development of a methodology for choosing a rational space-planning solution for multi-storey garages;
Development of a range of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures for multi-storey garages;
Feasibility comparison of options.
The scientific novelty of the work is:
Development of the classification of passenger cars;
Development of scientifically grounded parameters of the elements of the space-planning structure, dimensional schemes of multi-storey garages, taking into account various options for organizing the technological process;
Development of a methodology for choosing rational space-planning solutions for garages;
Revealing rational constructive solutions for garages;
10- development of a range of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures for multi-storey garages;
Development of proposals for improving the regulatory documents governing the design of multi-storey garages.
The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the developed dimensional schemes, recommended design solutions and the proposed range of reinforced concrete structures, as well as the methodology for choosing a rational space-planning solution, allows them to be actively used in the process of real design of multi-storey garages of various types. This is confirmed by the inclusion of the results of this work in the design manual: "Parking garages for passenger cars belonging to citizens", developed at the Central Research Institute of Industrial Buildings.
Classification of passenger cars;
Effective parameters of the elements of the space-planning structure of multi-storey garages;
Methodology for choosing a rational space-planning solution for multi-storey garages;
Approbation of the results obtained. The dissertation work was carried out at JSC TsNIIpromzdaniy. The research results were reported at the scientific and technical council at TsNIIpromzdaniy, at the section "Building structures of buildings", at scientific and technical conferences at the Russian State Open Technical University of Railways and the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.
The main theoretical provisions of these studies were used in the design of a number of multi-storey garages in Moscow and the Moscow region.
The data of the analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the design of multi-storey parking garages, as well as the use of correct calculation methods, confirm the validity and reliability of the scientific provisions, conclusions and recommendations set out in the dissertation work.
Publications. On the topic of the dissertation research, 6 articles and a Manual on the design of garages have been published.
Workload. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, main conclusions and a list of references from 150 sources and is presented on 175 pages, of which 108 pages of typewritten text, 42 figures and 36 tables.
Similar dissertations in the specialty "Building structures, buildings and structures", 05.23.01 code VAK
Spatial work of the load-bearing elements of the frame system, taking into account the nonlinearity and flexibility of nodal junctions 2003, Doctor of Technical Sciences Trekin, Nikolay Nikolaevich
Development of integrated technologies for the construction of multi-storey frame buildings 2000, candidate of technical sciences Privin, Vladimir Iosifovich
Determination of the effectiveness of the development of garage complexes in large cities 2001, candidate of economic sciences Aksenova, Maya Vyacheslavovna
Stress-strain state, crack resistance and strength of support zones of prestressed hollow-core slabs with undercuts 1995, Candidate of Technical Sciences Amjad Suleiman Akil Al-Nahdi
Systematic assessment of the parameters of technologies for the construction of residential multi-storey buildings 2009, Candidate of Technical Sciences Dyachkova, Olga Nikolaevna
Conclusion of the thesis on the topic "Building structures, buildings and structures", Barabash, Igor Valerievich
Main conclusions
This dissertation work is a scientific work in which, on the basis of the research carried out by the author, the problem of determining effective space-planning and design solutions for multi-storey garages has been solved and a method has been created for determining the geometric parameters of the elements of the space-planning structure of a garage.
The following conclusions were drawn from the work:
1. It is advisable to use, to solve the problem of storage of cars, the following types of parking lots:
In the area of city-wide significance - multi-storey garages with temporary storage of cars;
In communal and other non-residential areas - multi-storey garages with permanent storage of cars;
In the residential area - low-rise garages with permanent car storage;
In the area of urban transport (squares, streets, traffic interchanges, bridges), including below the level of traffic, there are low-rise garages with temporary storage of cars.
2. The space-planning solutions of garages are significantly influenced by functional and technological, sanitary and hygienic and fire safety requirements.
3. The analysis of the existing car park is carried out and the classification of passenger cars is proposed, taking into account foreign experience.
4. On the basis of the proposed classification of passenger cars by their geometric parameters, the parameters of the storage places of cars (for box and manege storage organization), the width of the garage passages and the parameters of the ramp devices (curvilinear and rectilinear double-track ramps) were calculated. The main parameters of the elements of the space-planning structure of garages (storage areas, areas for moving cars) have been determined. The relationship of functional, space-planning and design solutions of multi-storey garages is considered.
4.7 + 5.5 + 5.7) with a step of 5.1, 7.5 m; floor height: first floor - 2.8, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6 m; upper floors - 2.8, 3.0 m. The total number of dimensional schemes - 188. The area of their rational use has been determined.
Type I - frame building with precast concrete bearing structures;
Type II - precast concrete panel building;
Type III - a frame building with supporting structures made of metal and prefabricated reinforced concrete or monolithic floors;
7. It has been determined that for most of the dimensional schemes it is rational to use a structural solution made of precast reinforced concrete according to the 1.020 series. The range of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures for multi-storey garages has been developed taking into account the existing formwork park. A rational area of application of the nomenclature of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures for garages has been established. The expediency of application in the design and construction of 2 + 3-storey garages of constructive solutions using a system of large-size pre-fabricated elements is shown.
When analyzing the area of application of constructive solutions for parking lots using metal structures, it was found that highest efficiency achieved in the design and construction of low-rise prefabricated collapsible garages.
8. The types of floors currently used in garage construction have been analyzed. Identified their shortcomings. The requirements for the construction of the garage floor have been formulated. Recommended floor types are given. The issue of using an additional waterproofing layer in the floor structure is considered and recommendations are given on the type of waterproofing used.
9. The effectiveness of the proposed space-planning and design solutions is confirmed by a comparative analysis of the estimated cost of construction and installation work for three options for space-planning solutions. It has been established that the use of the recommended space-planning and design solutions for garages reduces costs by 10 and 5% compared to traditional solutions.
10. The expediency of revising the approach to determining the main parameters of space-planning solutions for garages was confirmed. Proposals have been developed for correcting regulatory documents governing the design of garages.
List of dissertation research literature Candidate of Technical Sciences Barabash, Igor Valerievich, 2000
1. Automobile transportation and traffic management (reference book). Per. from English., M., Transport, 1981, 592 p .;
2. Abramov E.I., Kodysh E.N. "Monolithic reinforced concrete frame structures multi-storey industrial buildings. / Overview. M .: VNIINTPIU, 1989. - 73 p .;
3. Adomavichyus V.P., Shestokas V.V. "Problems of parking and storage of cars in the cities of the Lithuanian SSR", Vilnius, 1977, 49 p .;
4. Andresen B., Bentfeld G., Beneke P., edited by G. Golubev. "Garages: design and construction", M., Stroyizdat, 1986, 391 p .;
5. Arrak A. "Socio-economic efficiency of passenger transportation", Tallinn, 1982, 198 p .;
6. Astafieva E.I., Stepanov V.K. "Underground garage for 530 cars in Geneva", M., Center for Scientific and Technical Information on Civil Engineering and Architecture, 1969, 68 e .;
7. Afanasyev L. L., Maslov A.A. "Garages and car service stations", 3rd edition revised and enlarged, M., Transport, 1980, 216 p .;
8. Barabash I.V., Kaigorodov M.A., Kodysh E.N., Luneva T.P. "Parking garages for passenger cars belonging to citizens" // Manual for design. -M., 1998, 138 p.
9. Barashkov I.V., Chepurnykh V.D. "Organization of maintenance and current repair of cars", M., Higher School, 1971, 143 p .;
10. Bordunov I.V., Arkhangelsky L.V. "On the prospects of motorization of cities", Kiev, Budivelnik, 1966, 123 p. - 15311. Walefeld R., Jacques F. "Garages and gas stations",
11. Design, construction and equipment, per. with him. Ing.
12. Kleinermina Yu.A., M., Avtotransizdat, 1957, 259 p .;
13. Vannikova E.M. "Multi-storey underground and overground parking garages", M., 1978, 156 p .;
14. Vereshchak F.P., Abelevich L.A. "Design of car repair enterprises", M., Transport, 1973, 78 p .;
15. VSN 01-89 (Minavtotrans RSFSR) "Departmental building codes. Car service enterprises". 15. VSN 2-85.
16. Gerasimov A.N., Romanov A.G. "Some patterns of car parking in the central region of Riga", In the book: Sat. scientific. Proceedings of VNIIBD, M, Transport, 1981, p. 65-72;
17. Guo Deyunichi "Multi-storey garage", magazine. "Invention of the countries of the world" Ground construction, M., 1992, issue. 60, No. 2, 50 th .;
18. Golubev G.E. "Car parks and garages in urban development", M., Stroyizdat, 1988, 252 p .;
19. Gordon A.L. "Rotary parking", magazine. "Architectural Bulletin", 1996, No. 2, p. 77-78;
20. GOST 12.1.004 "Fire safety. General requirements".
21. GOST 12.1.004-85 "Fire safety"
22. GOST 17.2.03.02-78 "Nature protection. Atmosphere".
23. GOST 2874-82 "Drinking water".
24. Granev V.V., Whatman Ya.P. Unification and typification of industrial construction objects. / Review.-M .: VNIINTPI, 1989.- 152 p .;
25. Davidovich JI.H. "Design of road transport enterprises", M., Transport, 1967, 387 p .;
27. Instructions for the placement and operation of garages, parking lots of cars belonging to citizens, in the security zones of overhead power lines with voltage over 1 kV: RD 32.02.201-91, Approved. Main technical department of the Ministry of Energy, M., 1994, 8 p .;
28. Iskhanov Kh.I., Kaminsky Ya.N., Pakhomov A.B. "Fire safety of a car", M., Transport, 1987, 86 p .;
29. Karaivanov D., Nikonov B. "Multi-storey parking garages. Multi-storey parking garages", magazine. "Building structures and products", 1985, No. 6-7, p. 8-16;
30. Kartashov V.P. "Technological design of motor transport enterprises" M., Transport, 1981, 175 p .;
31. Catalog "Auto-Review" issue 52. Bern, 1998, 455 p .;
32. Catalog of garage equipment, VNII of comprehensive information on standards and quality, M., 1990, 182 p .;
33. Kodysh E.N. Precast concrete industrial multi-storey buildings. Review.-M .: VNIINTPI, 1989, 84 p .;
34. Kodysh E.N., Barabash I.V. Low-rise collapsible garage buildings // Actual problems and prospects for the development of railway transport / Tez. report 3rd scientific and technical. conf. RGOTUPS.-M., 1998
35. Kodysh E.N., Barabash I.V. Multi-storey garages // Actual problems and prospects for the development of railway transport / Abstracts. report 2nd scientific and technical conference. RGOTUPS.-M., 1997
36. Kodysh E.N., Barabash I.V. Improvement of overall schemes of parking garages. // Industrial and civil construction. -M., No. 1999
37. Kodysh E.N., Barabash I.V. Improvement of the methodology for determining the width of internal garage passages. // Proceedings of JSC TsNIIpromzdaniy (jubilee to the 40th anniversary of the institute) .- Moscow, 2000;
38. Kolesnikov E.P. "Organization of urban traffic.", Kiev, Budivelnik, 1971-1972, h. I, 165 p., P. I-A, 63 p., P. IB, 111 p .;
39. Kolissky B.C., Manzon A.I., Kagula G.E. "Car category C", M., Transport, 1987, 49 p .;
40. Kulanov Yu.D. "Multilevel car parks", magazine. "Mechanization of construction", 1995, No. 7, p. 53-54;
41. Passenger car from A to Z, lane. with him. under. ed. Kirche H.I., M., Transport, 1988, 176 p .;
42. Lysogorskiy A.A. "City garages and parking lots. Formation and storage of an individual vehicle fleet in large cities", M., Stroyizdat, 1972, 364 p .;
43. Makovsky L.V. "Experience in the design, construction and operation of underground parking lots and garages in large cities abroad", M., GosINTI, 1974, 103 p .;
44. Maryasina I.E. "Architectural planning and design solutions of buildings for road transport", M., MADI, 1984, 98 p .;
45. MGSN 1.01-94 "Temporary norms and rules for the design of planning and development of Moscow" (Corrections and additions);
46. MGSN 1.01-97 Part I "Temporary norms and rules for planning and development of Moscow";
47. MGSN 4.04-94 "Multifunctional buildings and complexes";
48. MGSN 5.01-94 * "Parking lots of cars";
50. Methodological recommendations on the use of computers in the development of general layouts of industrial units, TsNIiPEI on methodology, organization, economics and design automation engineering surveys, M., 1982, 32 p .;
52. Scientific and technical progress in the design and construction of industrial buildings /C.B. Blinkov, S.M. Glikin, V.V. Granev and others; ed. Yu.N. Khromtsa, TsNIIPZ-M., Stroyizdat, 1987, 200 p .;
53. Nikolaev V.A. "Garage-free storage of cars", M., Higher School, 1973, 83 p .;
54. Nissey K.K. "Multi-storey closed-type garage", magazine. "Invention of the countries of the world" Ground construction, M., 1992, vol. 60, No. 2, 50 th .;
55. Standards for the design of planning and development of Moscow, VSN 2-85, M., 1986, 68 p .;
56. NPB 105-95 "Determination of categories of premises and buildings for explosion and fire hazard".
57. NPB 239-97 "Valves, fire-prevention systems of ventilation of buildings and structures. Methods of tests for fire resistance".
58. NPB 240-97 "Air ducts. Test method for fire resistance".
59. NPB-110-96 "List of buildings, structures, premises and equipment to be protected by automatic fire extinguishing and detection installations."
60. All-Union norms of technological design of auto repair enterprises, ONTP 02-86, Minavtotrans of the RSFSR, Institute of Giproavtotrans, M., 1986, 129 p .;
61. Ovechnikov E.V., Fishelson M.S. "City transport", M., Stroyizdat, 1976, 352 p .;
62. ONTP 01-91 (Rosavtotrans) "Industry norms of technological design of road transport enterprises".
63. ONTP 24-86 (Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR) "Determination of categories of premises and buildings for explosion and fire hazard" .- 15872. V.M. Orekhov "Construction of parking garages on difficult terrain", Gosstroyizdat, 1962, 74 p .;
64. Orlovsky B. Ya. " Tutorial on the design of city garages ", edited by Prof. Mikhailov BP, M., 1966, 86 p .;
65. Orlovsky B.Ya., Orlovsky Ya.B. "Architecture of civil and industrial buildings. Industrial buildings", M., Higher School, 1991, 304 p .;
66. Pikhlak I. "Calculation of the prospective level of construction", In the book: Abstracts of the republican scientific and technical conference, Tallinn, 1976, p. 58-59;
67. V.E. Planida, I.N. Tkachenko. "Fundamentals of designing motor transport enterprises and car service stations", Voronezh, 1981, 125 p .;
68. Polyakov A.A. "Transport big city", M., Knowledge, 1967, 93 p .;
69. Benefit 15-91 to SNiP 2.04.05-91 * "Smoke protection in case of fire and ventilation of underground parking lots of cars",
70. Benefit to MGSN 5.01.94 * "Parking lots of cars" Issue 1.
71. A guide for the placement of parking lots, garages and car maintenance enterprises in cities and other settlements (to SNiP P-60-75 *), KievNIIP Urban Planning, M., Stroyizdat, 1984, 108 p .;
72. Rules for the arrangement of electrical installations / Ministry of Energy of Russia.-M., Energoatomizdat, 1998, 640 p.; A88
73. Car service enterprises, VSN 01-89, Minavtotrans RSFSR, inst. Giproavtotrans, M., 1990, 52 p .;
75. Recommendations for determining the estimated cost of construction and installation work for Moscow at the current price level, issue 6/99, Moscow; - 15985. Recommendations for the design of floors (in the development of SNiP 2.03.13-881. Floors ") MDS 31-1 -98.
77. Savchenko A.M. "The use of block-element techniques for the design of garages", In the book: Building and architecture, vol. 17, Kiev, Budivelnik, 1981, p. 54-58;
78. Salov A.I. "Safety in the operation and repair of cars", M., Avtotransizdat, 1961, 34 p .;
79. Samoilov D.S. "Urban Transport", ed. 2nd, M., Stroyizdat, 1983, 384 f .;
80. Collection of materials on the design of motor transport and auto repair enterprises, M., BTI, 1967, 25 p .;
81. Consolidated list of garage equipment developed by PTB, M., 1978, 45 units;
82. Sedov A.P. "Parking lots and garages for cars abroad", M., Transport, 1961, 38 p .;
83. Sigaev A.B. "Parking lots for public centers" 1, Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1968, 38 p .;
84. Sinitsyn N.I., Zhorov S.M. "Safety in the operation of passenger cars by individual owners", M., Transport, 1981, 48 p .;
85. Shin-Tachikawa Kokuni K.K. "Two-story garage with double walls", magazine. "Invention of the countries of the world" Ground construction, M., 1992, vol. 60, no. 2, p. 49;
86. Smirnov S.G., Zushchik A.B., Pastushkov G.P., Buskov P.I. "From the experience of building a reinforced concrete garage", magazine. "Industrial construction", 1989, no. 12, p. 33-35;
87. SNiP 01.02-85 * "Fire safety standards" .- 16098. SNiP 10-01-94 "System of regulatory documents in construction. 1. Basic provisions".
88. SNiP 11-12-77 "Protection against noise".
89. YuO.SNiP 2.01.02-85 * "Fire safety standards"; 101. SNiP 2.03.13-88 "Floors".
90. SNiP 2.04.01-85 * "Water supply and sewerage of buildings".
91. SNiP 2.04.02-85 "Water supply. External networks and structures".
92. SNiP 2.04.03-85 * "Sewerage. External networks and structures".
93. SNiP 2.04.05-91 * "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".
94. Yub.SNiP 2.04.09-84 "Fire automation of buildings and structures".
95. SNiP 2.04.09-84 "Fire automation of buildings and structures";
96. SNiP 2.07.01-89 * "Planning and development of urban and rural settlements."
97. SNiP 2.09.02-85 "Industrial buildings".
98. PO.SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures".
99. SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting";
100. SNiP 3.05.07-85 "Automation systems".
101. Sobol I.A., Belinsky A.Yu. "Organization of traffic and parking of light vehicles in the suburban area of a large city", M., Stroyizdat, 1980, 27 p .;
102. CT SEV 383-87 "Fire safety in construction. Terms and definitions";
103. I 5.CT SEV 446-77 "Fire safety standards for building design. Methodology for determining the estimated fire load";
104. Ib. Stramentov A.E., Sosyants V.G., Fishelson M.S. "Urban Transport", ed. 2nd, M., Transport, 1969, 423 p .;
105. Technical report on the construction of an underground garage in Moscow by the wall-in-the-ground method, M., 1987, 36 units;
106. Transport and urban planning, per. with him. arch. Alekander K.E., ed. Polyakova A.A., M., Gosstroyizdat, 1960, 317 p .;
107. Hevelev E.N. "Design of city garages", JL, Gosstroyizdat, 1961, 183 p .;
108. TsNIIPgradostroitelstvo "Residential area and microdistrict (manual for planning and development)", M., Stroyizdat, 1971, 65 p .;
109. Cherepanov V.A. "Transport in urban planning", M., Stroyizdat, 1964, 114 p .;
110. Cherepanov V.A. "Transport in urban planning", ed. 2nd, M., Stroyizdat, 1981, 216 p .;
111. V. D. Cherupny. "Designing of motor transport enterprises", M., Higher School, 1967, 80 p .;
112. V. V. Shestokas "Garages and parking lots", M., Stroyizdat, 1984, 214 p .;
113. V. V. Shestokas "City and Transport", M., Stroyizdat, 1983, 345 p .;
114. Shcheglov V.A. "Organization of storage of cars in garages", M., Transport, 1980, 38 p .;
115. Yukhimenko V.G. "Fire safety of individual garages", M., Stroyizdat, 1989, 30 p .;
116. AutosiIo Basel. In: Orion-Zeitschrift für Natur und Technik, Nr. 7/1958. Franzke, K. D .: Pkw-Einstellplatze und Parkbauten für Büro- und Verwaltungsgebäude mit grossem Parkftachenbedarf. - Braunschweig: Technische Hochschule 1965 Dissertation.
117. Bentfeld: Einfluss des Angebots an Parkmoglichkeiten auf die Vekehrs-mengen. General Report zum Thema IV der internationalen OTA-Tagung Rotterdam 1970.
118. Bentfeld: Park and Ride in Deutschland. Beitrag zur Tagung der International Road Federation München 1973.
119. Bentfeld: Schätzung des Parkbedarfs usw. Beitrag zum XII. internationalen Strassenkongress Rom r964. in: Hefl 35 1965 der Schriftenreihe Strassenbau und Strassenverkehrstechnik.
120. Bundesmtnisler für Verkehr 1974 Forschungs-arbeit.
121. Daub, K.-V .: Wirtschaftsverkehr und Parkprobleme in Ballungsräumen. In: Internationales Verkehrswesen, Nr. 3-4 / 1976.
122. Forschungsgesellschaft fur das Strassenwesen e. V .: Richtlinien fur Aniagen des ruhenden Verkehrs (RAR) Ausgabe 1975.
123. Heft 1091970 der Schriftenreihe Strassenbau und Strassenverkehrstechnik. 13 6. Holl atz / Tamms: "" Die kommunalen Verkehrsprobleine in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Sachverstandigenbericht). - Essen: Vr.lk-Verlag 1966.
124. International Municipal Parking Congress. Berichte zur 12. Arbeitstagung und Jahresversammlung 1966 in Tampa, Fa.
125. Kleppe-H .: Parke und kaufe m der Innenstadt. In: Der Stadtetag, Nr. 11 / 1959.S. 54 Iff.
126. Monheim: Fussgangerbereiche, Bestand und Entwicklung. Reihe E, Heft 4 der Beitrage zur Stadtenfwicklung des Deutschen Stadtetages, Kom 1975.
127. Muller, G .: Garagen in ihrer Bedeutung fur Kraftverkehr und Stadtebau. - Berlin: Verlag J. Springer 1937.
128. Schiller und Heinze: Untersuchungen über Parkprobleme in Städten. In:
129. Sill O .: Die Rolle des Automobils in Städten.-Boston: World Traffic-Engineering Conference 1965 Beitrag.
130. Sill O .: Von der Schafstatt zur Werkstatt. In: Wo wohm-n-wo bauen? - Dusseldorf: Econ-Veliag 1978.
131. Sill / Benecke / Panten / Schroder: Untersuchung über Entlastung der Strassen durch zweckmassigen Bau und Betrieb von Parkbauten. - Bonn:
132. Sill / Lapp / Nedderhut: Untersuchimg über den Stellplatzbedarf fur Personenwagen m Bürogebäuden fur Dienstleistungsbetriebe. - Bonn: Bundesminister fur Verkehr 1972 Forschungsarbei.
133. Sill / Wrede: Auto, Emstellplatz und Wohnuns. In: Neue Heimat, Nr. 5/1955.
134. Sill: Entlastung der Strassen durch zweckmassigen Bau und Betrieb von Parkbauten.-Forschungsarbeit im Auftrage des Bundesministers fur Verkehr
135. Sill: Parkbauten, 2. Aufl.-Wiesbaden und Berlin: Bauverlag GmbH 1968.-163
Please note that the above scientific texts are posted for information and obtained by means of recognition of the original texts of dissertations (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors associated with the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.
3. Examination of space-planning solutions of the building
Space-planning solutions are constructive solutions that are used in the design of objects for various purposes, for a more expedient and complete use of premises of different significance. These solutions must comply with the requirements of regulatory documents. In the area of internal planning, they should be aimed at limiting the development of a possible fire and creating conditions for its successful extinguishing, ensuring the evacuation of people. This is achieved by dividing buildings and structures into fire compartments and sections, requirements and mutual placement of sections or individual rooms in the plan and on the floors of buildings.
A space-planning element is a large part into which the entire volume of a building can be divided (room, floor, staircase, fire compartment).
Fire compartment - a part of the building, separated by fire partitions in order to limit the spread of fire and ensure the possibility of extinguishing it by the local fire brigade. When justifying the required area of the fire compartment, it is assumed that, in order to minimize damage from a fire, the area of the compartment must ensure fire extinguishing before the collapse of the supporting building structures.
There are two principles for the rationing of fire compartments: according to the allowable area of the compartment and according to a functional characteristic.
Fire compartments, in turn, are divided into fire compartments or separate rooms with the aim of preventing the occurrence of a fire or limiting its spread.
Requirements for planning solutions for public buildings are set out in SNiP 21-01-97 * "Fire safety of buildings and structures" and SNiP 31-06-2009 "Public buildings".
Checking the space-planning solutions of the building is presented in Table 3.1.
As a result of the examination of the space-planning solutions of the project of the building of the car sales center, it was revealed that they fully comply with the requirements of SNiP 31-06-2009 "Public buildings and structures", SNiP 21-01-97 * "Fire safety of buildings and structures", SNiP 31 -03-2001 "Industrial buildings".
Table 3.1 Checking the compliance of space-planning solutions with fire safety requirements
What is checked |
Provided by the project |
||||
Number of storeys |
2 floors provided |
3 or more floors allowed |
31-03-2001 tab. 5 |
Complies with |
|
Fire compartment area |
The floor area is 1683 m 2 |
The floor area between fire walls in a building of I degree of fire resistance should not exceed 5200 m 2 |
31-03-2001 tab. 5 |
Complies with |
|
Placement of explosion and fire hazardous premises in the basement, basement, upper and other floors |
On the ground floor, the project provides: a maintenance room for cars, a heating point, ventilation chambers, an autonomous boiler room |
Boiler rooms are allowed in the basement and basement floors; pumping water supply and sewerage; ventilation and air conditioning chambers; control units and other premises for the installation and management of engineering and technical equipment of buildings; engine room of elevators. A lobby with an exit device to the outside through the first floor; dressing rooms, toilets, washrooms, showers; smoking; dressing rooms; Storerooms and warehouses (except for rooms for storing flammable and combustible liquids of categories A and B); workshops not related to the storage of combustible materials. |
Appendix E.1 clauses 1, 2, 3, 7 Appendix D.2, clause 1 SNiP 31-03-2001 |
Complies with |
|
Height of a floor or premises with a mass stay of people |
Is 4.5 m |
The height of the room from floor to ceiling of buildings F5.1 must be at least 2.2 meters. If it is necessary to enter the building of cars, the height of the passage must be at least 4.2 m |
31-03-2001, clause 5.1 |
Complies with |
|
Admissibility of placement (construction) of premises for other purposes in the building |
The project envisages |
In buildings of a certain class of functional fire hazard, it is allowed to place parts of the building (fire compartments) of other classes of functional fire hazard. In this case, the building, as a rule, becomes multifunctional. The floor of a building, marked with type 1 fire ceilings, should be considered as a fire compartment. When a floor is separated by at least one floor that does not belong to a type 1 fire floor, the floor must be assigned a functional fire hazard class as a group of rooms within a fire compartment. |
31-06-2009 clause 6.14 SNiP 31-03-2001 |
Complies with |
|
Admissibility of extension of premises (buildings) for other purposes to the building |
The project is not provided |
Complies with |
Design project of the entertainment bowling center "Universe"
The design of an entertainment complex requires specialists to pay close attention to the peculiarities of such buildings. A large number of people are simultaneously in the same confined space ...
The projected 9-storey building is a stepped building. The building has dimensions in terms of: length - 32.85 m, width in the largest part of the building - 16.85 m Building height - 31.00 m, floor height - 2.80 m ...
One-section 9-storey 54-apartment building in Tikhoretsk
Quantitative indicators: building area Az = 478.81 m2 living area A lived. = 1665.72 m2 total area = 3900.10 m2 construction volume V page = 14843.11 m3 Qualitative indicators: coefficient of efficiency of planning decisions K1 = 0 ...
Organization of the construction of a residential microdistrict and construction master plan of the construction site
The nomenclature and series of mobile buildings is determined by the builder's guide. According to the needs and capacity of buildings, the required number of buildings is selected. The results are summarized in Table 5 ...
Foundations and foundations
The building of the chemical building is rectangular in plan 36x24 m. The building is 2-section. Section 1: in axes A-B, reinforced concrete frame, column grid 6x18 m, 3-storey 13.5 m high, reinforced concrete columns 300x300 and 450x450 mm ...
Grade economic efficiency renovation of a 5-storey large-panel residential building series 1-335
Port elevator project
Design of a sports and recreation complex
Fire protection of the building of the city house of culture for 1000 places with brick walls
In public buildings there are premises representing a significant fire hazard. Therefore, when considering the internal layout, it is necessary to take into account that these premises are isolated from the premises ...
Calculation and design of the organization of construction of an industrial complex, consisting of the main and two auxiliary buildings
Main building: finishing shop. 1. Number of the building plan diagram - II. 2. Construction foundations - prefabricated. 3. Building frame - reinforced concrete structure. 4. Section diagram - bb. 5. Floor height, Н1 - 9.6 m. 6. Span length, l1 - 18 m. 7. Number of spans, n1 - 5. 8. Middle column pitch, a1 - 12 m ...
Construction on difficult terrain
In the existing literature on the topic architectural design residential buildings for difficult terrain conditions (works by S. A. Dekterev and Yu. I ...
Construction technology of the overhead part of a monolithic residential building
Features of the constructive solution of the building: - monolithic internal walls; - two-layer external walls made of expanded clay concrete blocks and facing bricks ...
Space-planning decisions of a hotel complex should be made taking into account their functional structure, capacity, climatic and regional features of construction ...
Expertise of the construction of a hotel complex
The choice of the structural system determines the role of each load-bearing structural element in the spatial work of the building ...
Energy and resource saving in design in construction
A change in the aspect ratio of a building while its volume remains unchanged can lead to a change in energy consumption ...
Dedyukhova Ekaterina
At the stage of designing space-planning solutions, it is necessary to determine the specifics of the typology of housing construction in accordance with the modern classification. Despite the fact that the buildings of the III group of capital ("Ordinary") belong to traditional housing, the state housing programs that were put in their design required the development of standard solutions. It was on these houses that the approaches to creating block sections, united by a common space-planning, constructive, figurative solution.
Several apartments were united on one floor-by-floor staircase into a space-planning cell with common nodes of vertical communications. As a rule, due to the complexity of the device of temperature, sedimentary and expansion joints in the structures of tape rubble or monolithic foundations, as well as for economic reasons, were built, mainly , one-section residential buildings for 8-12 apartments.
On the basis of these developments, series 1-201-13, 1-201-18, 1-203 of medium-density buildings for housing on 2-4 floors, with a floor height of 3.0 or 3.3 m, arose. most commonly used corridor section layout option.
Despite the difficult military and post-war conditions, housing of the III group of capital ("Ordinary") was erected in a particularly comfortable version: with two apartments on the floor area. Apartments in this section have through ventilation, so the section is not limited in orientation and climatic zone.
The sections with through ventilation are called latitudinal... If there are 3 or more apartments on the site, the section is called meridian and will have orientation restrictions. The presence of a one-room apartment in a section makes it meridian.
Today, sectional houses are the most popular planning type of residential building on the real estate market. According to the conditions of orientation to the cardinal points and insolation of apartments in the section of multi-section residential buildings according to SP 31-107-2004 "Architectural and planning solutions for multi-apartment residential buildings"
- universal (unlimited) orientation;
- partially limited orientation (latitudinal);
- limited orientation (meridian).
TO lassification secorientation by orientation | Number of apartments | Number of levels in the apartment |
Universal (unlimited) | 1; 2 | 1 |
4 — 8 | 2 — 3 | |
Partially restricted (latitudinal) | 3 — 7 | 1 — 2 |
Limited (meridian) | 5 - 8 (up to 16 *) | 1 — 2 |
* The maximum number is indicated for a plan with an offset. |
For example, the Lower Volga region is located in the 3-ВV climatic zone, where mandatory insolation of each dwelling is provided for 2.5 hours daily. This condition dictates the limitation of the orientation of the meridional section. One-room apartments in a house should be oriented towards the favorable side of the horizon: to the east, to the southeast, to the northeast. Orientation to the south, southwest and west is considered unfavorable.
Varying simple constructive schemes of high mobility and the possibility of using unified elements make section-type houses the most common in urban and rural construction. An increase in the number of apartments on a floor area lowers the cost of a section and, at the same time, lowers the degree of its convenience. To increase the number of storeys by one floor in sectional buildings on the top floor, two-level, so-called duplex apartments can be used. It makes no sense to make duplexes on floors other than the last one, since the vertical communication of the section, the staircase, is idle.
Consider the layout of a two-storey single-entrance residential building with transverse load-bearing walls (Izhevsk, S. Kovalevskaya St., 2), made according to measurement drawings. This is a very common type of one-section house of the III capital group, used in various climatic zones.
a brief description of residential building on the street. S. Kovalevskoy, 2:
- dimensions in the axes 20.1 x 14.4 m;
- floor height 3.0 m;
- building volume - 1816 m 3;
- living area - 605.4 m 2;
- the total number of apartments - 8;
- two-room apartments - 6;
- three-room apartments - 2.
Residential building on the street. S. Kovalevskaya, 2: general view
House layoutafter reconstruction
Until the end of the 20th century, the demographic composition of the population was taken into account in the design of housing, the terms of reference included the average indicators of the number of families. Currently, census data, giving the average demographic composition of the population, are used not only for the design of so-called municipal houses, but also are important marketing information that most accurately reflects the real needs of the real estate market.
Demographic composition in Russian Federation: single citizens - 3%;
families of two - 12%; families of three - 22%; families of four - 29%; families of five - 18%; families of six and more than 16%.
It is believed that the optimal number of rooms should exceed the number of people living in one common room - the living room. In this case, all family members can live comfortably and conveniently. At the same time, constantly growing, economically and socially unjustified housing and communal payments - fetters the development of the real estate market. The most popular in the housing market today are 2 and 3-room apartments with isolated rooms.
Marketing research has shown that most citizens would like to improve living conditions by at least 25%, while remaining in the same neighborhood, that is, without a sharp change in the social infrastructure (place of work, kindergartens and schools, clinics, etc.). Therefore, space-planning solutions should result in the ability to meet these consumer market demands.
SNiP 31-01-2003 "Residential apartment buildings", depending on the The social norm of the area of housing (the size of the area of housing per person in accordance with Article 1 of Article 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Fundamentals of the Federal Housing Policy") establishes the minimum size of the area of apartments (see Table 3.2). The first digit is for the so-called "A" layout, that is, small-sized apartments, and the second - for the "B" layout, full-sized apartments.
The minimum area of apartments for layouts of type "A" and "B"
After examining the layout of a one-section house on the street. S. Kovalevskaya before reconstruction, you can see that obsolescence such a layout has not yet come, tk. space-planning solutions of the early 50s of the past centuries practically correspond to modern requirements for full-sized apartments.
As part of the total area of the apartment, the most valuable is the living area. When arranging oval bay windows in the living rooms, the apartment acquires the uniqueness of the space-planning solution and the increase in living space parameters. Taking into account the height of the ceilings, the new quality of the house itself - the changes in the layout put such real estate much higher than the average requirements for full-sized apartments.
When installing attached bay windows, it should be remembered that in residential sections of buildings located on the red line, the floor mark of the first floor must exceed the mark of the blind area or sidewalk by at least 0.45 m.
Analysis of changes in space-planning solutions during reconstruction
Premises of the apartment | Two-roomed flat | Three-room apartment | ||||
Type 1 | 2 types | |||||
Before the rec-tion | After the rec-tion | Before the rec-tion | After the rec-tion | Before the rivers | After the rec-tion | |
Hallway | 8.35 m 2 | 8.35 m 2 | 8.35 m 2 | 8.35 m 2 | 8.35 m 2 | 8.35 m 2 |
Bedroom | 12.68 m 2 | 14.78 m 2 | 9.47 m 2 | 11.57 m 2 | 12.68 m 2 | 14.78 m 2 |
Bedroom | — | 16.88 m 2 | 16.88 m 2 | |||
Living room | 17.69 m 2 | 19.79 m 2 | 27.84 m 2 | 29.94 m 2 | 17.69 m 2 | 19.79 m 2 |
Kitchen | 6.21 m 2 | 6.21 m 2 | 6.21 m 2 | 6.21 m 2 | 6.21 m 2 | 6.21 m 2 |
Total | 44.93 m 2 | 49.13 m 2 | 51.87 m 2 | 56.07 m 2 | 61.81 m 2 | 66.01 m 2 |
Increase in area | 4.2 m 2 | 4.2 m 2 | 4.2 m 2 |
V for reconstructed or overhauled houses with residential floors higher than 2.8 m, it is allowed to maintain the existing floor heights. When reconstructing such houses in attached, built-on or built-in volumes, it is allowed to take a height of residential floors of more than 2.8 m, if this is due to the need for a composite combination of the preserved and erected parts of the building.
According to clause 5.3. SNiP 31-01-2003, in apartments should provide living quarters (rooms) and utility rooms: a kitchen (or a kitchen-niche), a front room, a bathroom (or shower room) and a toilet (or a combined bathroom), a pantry (or a utility built-in wardrobe). The device of a ventilated drying cabinet for outerwear and shoes is envisaged during the reconstruction of a residential building in the IA, IB, IG and IIA climatic subareas.
Accommodation of residential premises in the basement and basement floors of residential buildings is not allowed. The dimensions of the residential and utility rooms of the apartment are determined depending on the required set of pieces of furniture and equipment, placed taking into account the requirements of ergonomics.
According to clause 5.7 SNiP 31-01-2003 p the area of the premises in the apartments specified in clause 5.3 must be at least: living quarters (rooms) in one-room apartment- 14 m 2, total living space in apartments with two or more rooms - 16 m 2, bedrooms - 8 m 2 (10 m 2 - for two people); kitchen - 8 m 2; kitchen area in the kitchen - dining room - 6 m 2. In one-room apartments, it is allowed to design kitchens or kitchen niches with an area of at least 5 m 2. As you can see from the table. 3.3., All premises of the reconstructed apartments meet modern requirements.
The minimum dimensions of the premises of the apartments
Name of premises |
Minimum area, m 2 |
|
in small apartments |
in full-size apartments |
|
common room |
||
Bedroom for two |
||
Bedroom for one person |
||
Kitchen |
||
Kitchen niche |
According to clause 5.8 of SNiP 31-01-2003, the height (from floor to ceiling) of living quarters and a kitchen (kitchen-dining room) in climatic regions IA, IB, IG, ID and IVA must be at least 2.7 m, and in other climatic districts - not less than 2.5 m. The height of intra-apartment corridors, halls, front halls, mezzanines (and under them) is determined by the safety conditions for the movement of people and should be at least 2.1 m.
Clause 5.9 of SNiP 31-01-2003 regulates an important requirement for layouts: common living quarters in 2, 3 and 4-room apartments of residential buildings and bedrooms in all apartments should be designed as non-passable. In addition, apartments must have the following equipment:
kitchen - sink or sink, as well as a stove for cooking;
bathroom - bath (or shower) and washbasin;
restroom - a toilet with a flush cistern;
combined bathroom - bath (or shower), washbasin and toilet.
Other equipment is installed by the customer-developer. The device of a combined bathroom is allowed in one-room apartments of houses of state and municipal housing stock, in other apartments - according to a design assignment.
The active zone of a modern apartment is formed by a living room or a common room, the best proportions of which are 1: 1 (square), 1: 1.5 (with a window on the smaller side), an entrance hall with an area of at least 4 m 2, a bathroom, a kitchen or a dining room kitchen. The kitchen is designed with an area of at least 8 m 2 with a width of at least 2 m.
If the kitchen exceeds 9 meters, it is considered a kitchen-dining room. Walk-through rooms in an apartment are excluded, a combined sanitary unit is allowed only in a one-room apartment, although with modern trends in redevelopment, a combined bathroom has ceased to be a sign of obsolescence.
When redeveloping, you should adhere to modern requirements in relation to minimum sizes in width:
- front - 1.4 m;
- intra-apartment corridors leading to living rooms - 1.0 m;
- other corridors - 0.85 m;
- bathroom - 1.5 m;
- illuminated bathroom - 1.7 m;
- toilet - 0.85 m (depth when opening the door inward - 1.5 m; outward - 1.2 m).
Convenient layouts of housing of the III capital group meet these requirements. Therefore, the layout of a two-storey two-entrance residential building with longitudinal load-bearing walls (for example, house No. 20 on Tsiolkovsky St., shown below in Fig. 3.10) in the reconstruction project does not undergo any changes.
However, one should not assume that the demand for housing has only now reached the level of the 50s of the last century. It should be borne in mind that such compliance with modern standards of comfort is due to the fact that housing of the III capital group was originally intended not for family settlement, but on a communal basis. At the same time, on the floor, we see two symmetrically located two-room apartments with adjacent living rooms. This is a sign of social stratification of that time: this apartment was intended to provide the family with a leading employee, i.e. for one family settlement.
In the houses of the II group of capital ("stalinkas") there was no longer such a difference in the volumetric planning solution. There, the apartments on the first floors were populated by families, and the tenants rose higher. communal apartments that had exactly the same layout. The layouts of houses of the III capital group, built since the war, have floor layering of residents according to the quality of life.
Brief description of the house number 20 on the street. Tsiolkovsky in Izhevsk:
dimensions in the axes 39.3 x 15.0 m;
floor height 3.0 m;
building volume - 3402m З;
living area - 1123.8 m2;
the total number of apartments is 12;
two-room apartments - 4;
three-room apartments - 8.
House number 20 on the street. Tsiolkovsky inIzhevsk: general view and internal layout
Shown in fig. 3.10 house number 20 on the street. Tsiolkovsky in Izhevsk consists of two twin block sections. The space-planning solution provides for a separate bathroom. In addition to a corner two-room apartment with a walk-through room, the layout of the block section fully meets modern requirements and consumer preferences that have developed in the real estate market for family settlement.
Volumetric-spatial characteristics and planning solution determine the choice of the building's constructive solution. With a structure system with load-bearing transverse walls (less often longitudinal), it is necessary to unify the spacing of the load-bearing walls, which limits the set of standard sizes of floors and other parts. The most common axis pitch is 3.0, 3.60, 4.20, 6.0 m.
Analysis of the redevelopment of a two-section house
Premises of the apartment |
Two-roomed flat |
Three-room apartment |
|
Type 1 |
2 types |
||
Hallway |
9.94 m 2 |
10.22 m 2 |
9.11 m2 |
Bedroom |
14.44 m 2 |
15.28 m 2 |
14.70 m 2 |
Bedroom |
16.45 m 2 |
||
Living room |
20.98 m 2 |
21.27 m 2 |
6.21 m 2 |
Kitchen |
10.53 m 2 |
10.53 m 2 |
20.49 m 2 |
Total |
55.89 m 2 |
57.30 m 2 |
66.96 m 2 |
Bedrooms, offices, children's rooms are designed in a quiet zone or a night zone. The optimal proportions of rooms are close to square. The daytime zone (active) should be located closer to the entrance, quiet - at a distance from it. A bathroom, separate with a bathroom, can be in a block with it or separately in another part of the apartment. In any case, we must strive to block communication risers both inside one apartment and in neighboring apartments. The location of the bathroom, bathroom, kitchen above the living room, bedroom is not allowed. The estimated area of living quarters of an apartment is taken at the rate of at least 18 sq. m per person.
Traditional residential buildings, designed partly or entirely for settlement on a communal basis, provide rich opportunities for individual redevelopment. Therefore, when developing space-planning solutions, one should take into account current trends in design and ways of organizing the internal space of a dwelling.
In modern approaches to the development of space-planning solutions, the division of living space into zones in which similar everyday processes take place is clearly expressed. This technique is called functional zoning.
In essence, such a division has existed in the organization of dwellings since ancient times, so today there is a kind of return to traditions. In apartment buildings of the wall type, two-part zoning prevails: for the common family use area (collective leisure, reception, meals, general business processes) and the individual use area (personal hygiene, sleep, individual lessons).
The common family area (active) was considered the daytime zone (entrance hall, living room, kitchen, dining room, bathroom). The zone for individual stay (passive) includes rooms for rest, bedrooms, offices, nurseries, bathrooms. An important requirement for modern housing is the elimination of walk-through rooms.
Separately highlight bellhop houses with a linear layout scheme, the configuration of which is based on the linear construction of the plan. Houses of this type, for example, include a two-storey one-entrance house with longitudinal load-bearing walls, located at st. Tsiolkovsky, 22 in the city of Izhevsk. It houses 16 one-room apartments.
Brief description of the residential building on the street. Tsiolkovsky, 22: dimensions in the axes 38.7 x 12.3 m; living area - 870.4 m 2; floor height 3.0 m; building volume - 2611m З General view of the house number 22 on the street. Tsiolkovsky in Izhevsk |
House layout before reconstruction
House layout after reconstruction
Corridor residential buildings are characterized by the development of horizontal communications. They are not intended for categories of citizens with a family of more than three people. Subsequently, this layout was used to design the so-called "hotel-type houses" and dormitories for young families of "few families". The layouts of such houses were worked out during the creation of series of housing of the III capital group.
"Small-family houses" underwent a number of significant transformations in the 70s of the last century. Separate bathrooms and small kitchens were allocated in them. Initially, an empty room on the floor opposite the flight of stairs (see Fig. 3.13) was a common kitchen, the apartments (rooms) had only toilets.
In the bellhop residential buildings apartments are located on both sides of the corridor connecting them with vertical communications, that is, with staircases experiencing increased stress in such structures. The main disadvantage of such a layout in housing of the III capital group is low sound insulation.
Apartments in corridor residential buildings do not have through ventilation, therefore, in climatic regions III and IV, they were used gallery houses with apartments located along a common gallery - a corridor.
Analysis of the layout of a two-section house
Before redevelopment |
After redevelopment |
||||
Premises of the apartment |
One room apartment |
One room apartment |
Two-roomed flat |
||
Type 1 |
2 types |
Type 1 |
2 types |
3 types |
|
Hallway |
4.69 m 2 |
4.69 m 2 |
4.69 m 2 |
4.69 m 2 |
9.35 m 2 |
Bedroom |
27.79 m 2 |
21.65 m 2 |
29.94 m 2 |
25.67 m 2 |
14.26 m 2 |
Living room |
17.11 m2 |
||||
Kitchen |
6.06 m 2 |
6.06 m 2 |
6.06 m 2 |
6.06 m 2 |
6.06 m 2 |
Total |
38.54 m 2 |
32.40 m 2 |
40.69 m 2 |
36.42 m 2 |
46.78 m 2 |
Attached bay windows cannot radically change the level of comfort of this type of layout, but with the use of sound-insulating materials and structures when redeveloping apartments, with an increase in the size of kitchens and hallways, this house can create a fairly cozy home atmosphere for elderly couples, single citizens and young families. The inclusion in the living space of the apartments of the empty premises of the former common kitchen will not only increase the energy efficiency of the planning solution, but also create three two-room apartments with an isolated bedroom. This changes the composition of apartments in the house: out of 16 apartments, after minor redevelopment, 6 become two-room, and 10 remain one-room, but already in a full-size version.
More significant changes in space-planning solutions to improve the comfort of living and the architectural quality of the reconstructed residential building can be achieved:
arrangement of two-level apartments (duplexes);
a change in the building volume of a residential building due to the addition of floors, including the attic,
expansion of the building body partially or completely;
the addition of new space-planning elements to it, including residential and non-residential purposes.
Initially, any redevelopment of an existing (typical) floor involves two main approaches - within the dimensions of the existing building and by partially or completely increasing the width of the body.
Redevelopment of the apartment within the size Buildings are usually aimed at increasing the size of the kitchen, front room, sanitary facility, isolating the common room from the kitchen, installing built-in wardrobes, replacing balconies with loggias. V existing boundaries It is easiest to carry out replanning in buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. A radical redevelopment option in the dimensions of an existing building - when redeveloping part or all of the apartments into two-level ones.
Redevelopment of sections within the envelope of the building is reduced, as a rule, to the unification of adjacent apartments and their transformation into a multi-room apartment that meets the requirements of current norms and the standard of increased consumer quality.
Redevelopment accompanied by widening of the building body in separate structural spans, allows you to expand the living area of the apartment. Such a redevelopment represents a more radical planning change of apartments with an increase in the total area, which requires appropriate economic feasibility studies, compliance with insolation standards and sanitary and hygienic requirements. In this case, complete or partial dismantling of the outer walls of the building is assumed.
Bay windows in a residential building |
Bay windows are an organic architectural addition to housing of the III capital group, which disappeared from the methods of architectural design in the course of the struggle against the "architectural excesses" of the 50s and an increase in the typification of design solutions. In addition, three-sided lighting, which occurs as a result of the device of the bay window, allows you to solve the problems of insolation of premises during redevelopment.
In addition to aesthetic tasks, attached loggias and bay windows are provided in apartments of reconstructed houses in climatic regions III and IV, in apartments for families with disabled people. In addition, taking into account the fire safety requirements, the attached elements must solve a number of important design problems to strengthen the bases and foundations, to improve the heat-shielding qualities of the enclosing structures.
During the preliminary study, it is necessary to take into account the unfavorable conditions for the construction of balconies and non-glazed loggias:
in climatic regions I and II - a combination of average monthly air temperature and average monthly wind speed in July: 12 - 16 ° С and more than 5 m / s; 8 - 12 ° C and 4 - 5 m / s; 4 - 8 ° C and 4 m / s; below 4 ° С at any wind speed;
noise from highways or industrial areas 75 dB or more at a distance of 2 m from the facade of a residential building (except for noise-proof residential buildings);
dust concentration in the air of 1.5 mg / m 3 or more for 15 days or more during the period of three summer months.
Sketch study of the superstructure of the floor, the device of attached loggias, bay windows, options for protruding elements (entrance groups, balconies) |
|
The superstructure of buildings of the III capital group can be solved by arranging the attic floor. According to clause 5.7 of SNiP 31-01-2003 the area of the bedroom and kitchen in the attic floor (or a floor with inclined enclosing structures) is allowed at least 7 m 2, provided that the total living space has an area of at least 16 m 2.
According to clause 5.8 of SNiP 31-01-2003, in the living quarters and kitchens of apartments located in the attic floor (or upper floors with inclined enclosing structures), a lower ceiling height is allowed relative to the normalized one for an area not exceeding 50%.
The attic floor is subject to greater heat loss than the floors below, for the simple reason that there is usually no "thermal cushion" above it. Having a large common surface of contact with external environment, it requires substantial effective thermal insulation.
The device of the attic floor engineering equipment should be linked to the existing engineering equipment of the base building and ensure their joint work. The possibility of connecting the engineering networks of the projected attic floor to the existing system must be determined by calculations in each specific case and comply with applicable standards.
Network engineering non-residential premises of the attic floor of a residential building are designed autonomously, with the exception of small offices and creative workshops, the networks of which can be connected to the existing building systems after confirmation by calculations.
The connection of domestic drinking and fire water supply, as well as sewage drains, is carried out to the existing networks of the base building, taking into account the installation of instrumentation for the flow of water in the building.
Heating can be combined with the building or separate, subject to the calculation of the additional load, using the reserve of heat savings by reducing costs and installing instrumentation, thermostats and a regulation system for the entire building. The power supply system is recommended to be carried out taking into account additional loads and compliance with modern standards.
When redeveloping, it is allowed to preserve the existing width of the stairs, with a complete replacement of their structure with materials that have a standardized fire resistance limit and a fire propagation limit along the structures, provided that the apartments are equipped with an automatic fire alarm with a signal output to the united control center.
Requirements for the design of air pressure installations should be adopted in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89. Ventilation is carried out by building up ducts or a mechanical exhaust device that unites the entire system.
Redevelopment of apartments, as well as an increase in the dimensions of the reconstructed building should not lead to a decrease in the duration of insolation and deterioration of natural lighting conditions below the standard level both in it and in the surrounding buildings. Apartments with unsecured standard levels of insolation or natural light should not be used as permanent dwellings.