Education finance and credit. What position can you take in this profession? Who is an economist
Many people are concerned about how to choose a specialty. "Finance and Credit", "Accounting", "Jurisprudence", "Philology", "Insurance" - the choice is so huge that the applicant sometimes gets confused and cannot decide.
This question torments not only young men and women who are embarking on the path of growing up. Many experienced and successful people, professionals in their field, are thinking about obtaining a second higher education, raising the level of qualifications, and confirming a diploma on various issues.
Why Become a Financial Expert?
The country's economy is constantly undergoing ups and downs, and in order to navigate and respond in time to all changes, it is necessary to have a baggage of certain knowledge. Choosing the specialty "Finance and Credit" as a profession, the applicant will not fail. This is exactly the opportunity, thanks to which one can always remain on top, not depend on the volatility of macro- and microeconomic indicators. Of course, not every position implies stability and a cloudless future. However, the ability to feel the changes will help to take adequate measures in time and not let your career and life take its course.
The right choice of educational institution is the key to the success of your future career
For our country, the study of financial structures, cash flows is a fairly new area. Often universities are not able to present the student with information that corresponds to reality. It is very important that the department, which has the specialty "Finance and Credit" in its list, has the latest educational literature, methods of presentation and discussion of the material, teachers who understand all the subtleties of science. It is best when, in addition to theorists, practicing bankers and financiers act as teachers. Such "business sharks" know firsthand what "Finance and Credit" (specialty) is, who to work with, having chosen such a path in life.
Who can work with a diploma in such a specialty?
There is an opinion about a limited list of positions for people who have chosen the direction of "Finance and Credit". The specialty (by whom to work specifically, we will consider below), contrary to the delusion of the uninformed, is not limited to the work of a banker. The list of possible positions is quite large and covers different areas of activity.
Finance specialist
Such a position exists in a company of any level and form of ownership. Control cash flows, relations with other institutions (banks, treasuries, tax service), analysis of activities and profitability - all these are the powers of a competent financier.
Banking specialist
In an organization like a bank, there are a lot of opportunities to realize your talents and skills. In connection with the widespread popularization of banking products among the population, you can take your own niche and successfully move up the career ladder in the credit issuance department, the insurance department, providing services for the registration of deposits and the sale of various banking products.
Appraiser
This is a fairly new and specific specialty. Finance and credit (already issued by an entrepreneur or a future loan), assets, the prospects of a particular project, businessman, contract or product - all these factors and many others must be systematized by the appraiser, brought together and, as a result, determine the value of an object or process. To some extent, this is a subjective opinion of a specialist, nevertheless, the higher the qualifications, professionalism, experience, level of trust in the appraiser, the more clients will listen to him.
Investment advisor
A consultant is a position that an employee can hold as a full-time specialist or a recurring assistant to a manager. Fluency in information related to profitable investment, foresight and the ability to calculate future events will become a reliable support and basis for successful cooperation with managers of major companies and organizations.
Crisis manager
This is a profession that has become the talk of the town, a specialist who will help bring the company out of the impasse. The difficulties faced by many businessmen make them look for ways to save money and optimal solutions for their future activities. A competent financier should help in resolving such issues through knowledge of the movement of funds both within the company and in its external transactions.
Which university issues the required diploma?
The received diploma, confirming knowledge in the field of "Finance and Credit", specialty (universities of all levels and ranks provide an opportunity to master it), is not just a document certifying graduation from the university. It should become a calling card young specialist who is just trying to get a job. Unfortunately, not all educational institutions can boast of a sufficiently high-quality education system. Many one-day universities graduate in batches of "professionals" who are incapable of solving planned tasks at work. In order not to be among them, it is worth replenishing the ranks of students of time-tested universities. These are not necessarily the most prestigious Moscow institutions, among the top best in Russia are St. Petersburg State University, Novosibirsk National Research University, National Research University Higher School of Economics and many others. All of them, in addition to a good basis, have contracts with employers that will help to apply knowledge in work.
How to get the first work experience?
Practice in the specialty "Finance and Credit" does not imply high positions, but it will help you figure out what's what in real life, and not on the pages of a textbook, will become the foundation and support for your future career.
The specialists of recruiting companies are convincing that the difficulties in the economy still leave financiers and related positions in the five most demanded professions. Young professionals may well count on further growth, but the start of a career begins with the positions of junior assistants, analysts and assistants. This "baptism of fire" will allow you to study the market of investments, securities, lending and consolidate the theoretical knowledge gained in the course "Finance and Credit". The specialty (reviews of graduates confirm the data) is promising for those who really have a flexible mind, the ability to quickly navigate and are tuned in to the result in their work.
We continue to talk with experts in various fields of jurisprudence and economics about all the intricacies of preparing students for a specific profile. This time, our questions about the profile of finance and credit were answered by the associate professor of the Department of Finance and Prices of the PRUE. G.V. Plekhanov, Ph.D. ...
ConsultantPlus: Tell us, what is the peculiarity of the "Finance and Credit" profile? What prospects does it open to graduates? Who can they work and in what areas can they realize themselves?
DI. Stepanova: A feature of the "Finance and Credit" profile is the versatility of the acquired knowledge, it provides a wide range of financial skills required in modern economic world... Our students receive a broad education that allows them to work in commercial enterprises, in the securities market, in investment companies, in state enterprises as economists, financiers, financial directors, in tax offices and other government agencies.
The purpose of studying the disciplines of the "Finance and Credit" profile is the assimilation of the theoretical foundations of monetary circulation, finance and credit, as well as the basic principles of the organization and functioning of the financial market and its individual segments: money, credit, currency, stock and insurance.
Provides training of unique management personnel in the field of organization, planning and regulation financial flows at all levels of the economy. This allows graduates to use the acquired knowledge and skills in large, medium and small businesses, create and develop their own business, work in government agencies, and continue their studies in graduate school.
ConsultantPlus: What do you think the students are most often guided by when choosing a profile: their interest in a particular field of law, its popularity or prospects?
DI. Stepanova: Now, students have a priority, first of all, positions and salaries that they will receive after graduation. Profile "Finance and Credit" and diploma of the PRUE. G.V. Plekhanov, allow graduates to occupy high positions in leading organizations and receive very high salaries. V market conditions everyone should have knowledge in the field of finance, therefore our specialty is always in demand, including in the field additional education for engineers, managers and other professionals.
There are also students already working in finance or the securities market who understand that they need in-depth knowledge. Thus, the profile is very popular for objective reasons. The profession is in demand, as being a financier is prestigious and promising.
ConsultantPlus: Tell me, after a student chooses a profile, how does his education change? Does he begin to study in depth some disciplines, does he lead some scientific work etc.?
DI. Stepanova: Undoubtedly. Students are taught according to a curriculum that includes the study of more financial disciplines compared to other profiles.
The emphasis is on the study of international finance, public and municipal finance... Thus, the graduate will be able to work in almost any financial department at the state, municipal, corporate and other levels. Also, much attention is paid to obtaining practical skills through the organization of business games, solving financial cases, performing laboratory and analytical work. Students write term papers, focusing on specific situations from the financial activities of Russian and foreign organizations, actively use statistical data from open sources. Many students already in their bachelor's degree begin to conduct Scientific research, about the results of which they tell at conferences and in articles published jointly with teachers.
ConsultantPlus: In your opinion, what role does the choice of this profile play for a student in the future? Does this choice affect subsequent employment? Does this choice mean that the future specialist will only be able to work in this area?
DI. Stepanova: The choice of a profile is very important. Graduates will be able to work not only in Russian structures but also in international companies and international financial institutions. In the course of training, students develop panoramic financial thinking in combination with practical skills in solving problems of managing comprehensive cash flows based on modern theories.
Students with a broad outlook and vision of the development directions of the modern world and the economy will find a good place to work everywhere, including in the international financial market.
Much also depends on the personal qualities of the graduate. If desired, perseverance, responsible attitude to business, our graduate in any field will be able not only to successfully apply the existing skills, but also to acquire new ones in the shortest possible time.
ConsultantPlus: Who, according to your observations, most often chooses the "Finance and Credit" profile? Describe these students, what are they like?
DI. Stepanova: As a rule, students with a high level of intelligence and systems thinking go to this profile. The ability to see the prospects for the development of certain processes, have a flexible mind, the skills of conducting discussions, speaking in public - these are important qualities that a modern financier should have. Our student reads a lot, observes a lot, knows a lot and has his own reasoned opinion, is interested in other areas of economic life. Nowadays, it is of great importance how confident a person feels in the information field of any nature. Many of our students strive to find a job and self-actualize in the international financial market.
ConsultantPlus: How many students specialize in your department today?
DI. Stepanova: At the moment, the department graduates over 400 graduates per year. Most of the graduates are bachelors of the Faculty of Finance. Also large graduates of bachelors at the distance learning faculty. In the magistracy in our department - up to 90 graduates per year.
ConsultantPlus: How many graduate students are there in your department? Are students eager to go to graduate school? What are the prospects for graduate students in your department?
DI. Stepanova: First of all, it should be mentioned that students can enter postgraduate studies after graduating from the magistracy. This lengthens the period of study, and not everyone can afford such a long period of acquiring knowledge. At the moment, about 15 graduate students are listed in our department. Requirements for graduate students are quite high, entrance exams are difficult. Upon admission, graduate students are interviewed and rigorously selected. Moreover, the requirements for applicants are increasing every year. In addition, an abstract should be prepared on the proposed topic of the dissertation. Often, postgraduate students are our students who studied with us in the magistracy and already have experience in writing a master's thesis, know our teachers, are satisfied with their studies and willingly continue it. Postgraduate students participate in scientific conferences, are published in scientific journals and collections, study the relevant disciplines in depth.
Postgraduate students are required to conduct pedagogical work, which helps them in writing a dissertation. Subsequently, many graduate students remain at the department and work as teachers. Many of our teachers have previously completed postgraduate and doctoral studies at the PRUE. G.V. Plekhanov. On the basis of the university, there is a Situational Center for Social economic development Russia and the regions of the Russian Federation on a modern information technology base, which provides graduate students with high productivity of scientific work.
ConsultantPlus: Do you have data on how many graduates of your department work in the chosen profile? Perhaps some of them managed to find themselves in other areas, if so, in what areas? Can you name any of your graduates who you are especially proud of?
DI. Stepanova: According to my information, up to 80% of the graduates of our department work in the chosen profile. I would not particularly like to single out someone, since there are many talented and outstanding personalities among our graduates. And we will see many of them in high financial positions. So a worthy replacement for such graduates of the PRUE is growing. G.V. Plekhanov, like Tatyana Alekseevna Golikova, Maxim Stanislavovich Liksutov, Tatyana Vladimirovna Paramonova, Sergei Nikolaevich Gorkov, Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska, Mikhail Mikhailovich Zadornov, Vladimir Alexandrovich Mau and many others.
ConsultantPlus: What do you think, for success in the profession, what character traits should a specialist who has chosen the "Finance and Credit" profile have?
DI. Stepanova: A specialist in finance and credit must be a pedantic and systemically thinking person, have a broad outlook and vision of the development directions of the modern world and the economy, know information systems, have decentralization skills (the ability to see a problem from different angles) and make diverse decisions.
ConsultantPlus: How do you feel about modern information technologies? Do you recommend that students master ConsultantPlus?
DI. Stepanova: Modern information technologies are of high priority in our society. They not only help the student to write term papers, theses, carry out laboratory, computer and analytical work, but also contribute to the high-quality development of the specialty by obtaining relevant data and providing a chronological retrospective. Many disciplines of our department require intensive study of normative documents, which are constantly changing and supplemented. And in our age of information technology, there is nowhere without competent information systems, such as ConsultantPlus!
"Who owns the information, he owns the world." Therefore, in all the halls of the library, in all buildings of the PRUE. G.V. Plekhanov and the ConsultantPlus system was installed in the computer labs. I recommend that my students subscribe to in order to keep abreast of the most important changes in Russian legislation. It is also useful for students to have a subscription to promotions and free student events from ConsultantPlus and its training center. They organize very useful and interesting meetings with practitioners, business games, student competitions, etc.
ConsultantPlus: What advice would you give to your students and students of other universities who have opted for the "Finance and Credit" profile? What should they prepare for, what qualities of character to develop, what disciplines should they pay special attention to?
DI. Stepanova: Students who have chosen the profile of finance and credit should pay attention to general fundamental disciplines, economic theory, statistics as the fundamental basis for mastering subsequent disciplines, they should be maximally involved in the educational process from the very first days.
In parallel with the development of textbooks, it is necessary to constantly monitor changes in the Russian and world financial markets. To be interested not only in finance, but also in politics, new technologies, since in our age of globalization all processes, both geopolitical and economic, affect the financial sphere. In order to competently conduct financial analysis and situational forecasting, you need to have a broad outlook, be comprehensively aware. This can be facilitated by daily viewing of financial market news, attending master classes, trainings and open lectures of practitioners, round tables on topical contemporary issues.
I advise graduates not to stop learning, learning new things, constantly expanding their professional capabilities, mastering the skills of integrated and holistic thinking, looking at the world around them with open eyes in order to make, among other things, non-standard decisions. Only your curiosity in the financial sphere will lead you to success, because by being interested in new trends in the market, you will always be one step ahead of the rest!
Previously, this state standard had a number 060400
(according to the Classifier of directions and specialties of higher professional education) MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION STATE EDUCATIONAL STANDARD OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Speciality Qualification: economist Introduced from the moment of approval
APPROVED
Moscow - 2000
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SPECIALTY
060400 "FINANCE AND CREDIT"
1.1. The specialty is approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation No. 686 dated 03/02/2000.
1.2. The qualification of the graduate is an economist. The standard term for mastering the basic educational program for training an economist in full-time education is 5 years.
1.3. Qualification characteristics of the graduate.
An economist with a degree in Finance and Credit must be prepared for professional work in government bodies at the federal, regional and municipal levels; banks, stock exchanges, financial and insurance companies, investment funds, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, economic services enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership, in positions requiring higher economic education, in accordance with the qualification directory of positions of managers, specialists and other employees, approved by the decree of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated 21.08.98, No. 37.
The specialty "Finance and Credit" provides a complex of knowledge in the field of: state and municipal finance, banking and insurance, money circulation, financial management, the securities market, taxes and taxation. The specialty involves the study of: the processes of formation and execution of budgets of different levels; public debt management mechanism; functioning of off-budget funds; the order of planning, accounting and reporting at enterprises, organizations, institutions; organization and management of cash flows of enterprises, investment activities business entities; features of the organization of finances of enterprises and organizations; banking and insurance.
1.4. Opportunities for continuing education for a graduate.
An economist who has mastered the basic educational program of higher professional education in the specialty "Finance and Credit" is prepared to continue his education in graduate school.
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF TRAINING OF THE ENTRANT
2.1. The previous level of education of the applicant is secondary (complete) general education.
2.2. The applicant must have a state-recognized document on secondary (complete) general education, or secondary vocational education, or primary vocational education, if it contains a record of the applicant's receipt of secondary (complete) general education or higher vocational education.
3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS TO THE BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF PREPARATION OF GRADUATES IN SPECIALTY 060400 “FINANCE AND CREDIT
”3.1. The main educational program of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit" is developed on the basis of this State Standard and includes a curriculum, discipline programs, programs of educational and industrial practices.
3.2. Requirements for the mandatory minimum content of the basic educational program of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit", for the conditions of its implementation and the timing of its development are determined by this State Standard.
3.3. The main educational program of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit" consists of disciplines of the federal component, disciplines of the regional (university) component, disciplines of the student's choice, as well as optional disciplines.
3.4. The main educational program of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit" should provide for the study by the student of the following cycles of disciplines and the final state certification:
3.5. The content of the regional (university) component of the main educational program of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit" is determined by the higher educational institution independently, in case of financing of its implementation at the expense of the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation - in agreement with the relevant executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
4... REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MANDATORY MINIMUM CONTENT OF THE BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF TRAINING AN ECONOMIST IN SPECIALTY 060400 "FINANCE AND CREDIT"
Name of disciplines and their main sections |
Total hours |
|
GENERAL HUMANITARIAN AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCIPLINES |
||
Federal component |
||
FOREIGN LANGUAGE Specificity of articulation of sounds, intonation, accentuation and rhythm of neutral speech in the target language; the main features of the full style of pronunciation, typical for the field of professional communication; reading transcription; lexical minimum in the amount of 4000 educational lexical units of a general and terminological nature; the concept of differentiation of vocabulary by areas of application (everyday, terminological, general scientific, official and other); the concept of free and stable phrases, phraseological units; the concept of the main ways of word formation; grammatical skills that provide general communication without distorting the meaning in written and oral communication; basic grammatical phenomena characteristic of professional speech; the concept of everyday-literary, official-business, scientific styles, the style of fiction; the main features of the scientific style; culture and traditions of the countries of the studied language, the rules of speech etiquette; speaking; dialogical and monologue speech using the most common and relatively simple lexical and grammatical means in the main communicative situations of unofficial and official communication; the basics of public speech (oral communication, report); listening; understanding of dialogical and monologue speech in the field of everyday and professional communication; reading; types of texts: simple pragmatic texts and texts on a wide and narrow profile of the specialty; letter; types of speech works: abstract, abstract, abstracts, messages, private letter, business letter, biography. |
||
PHYSICAL EDUCATION Physical culture in general cultural and professional training of students; its socio-biological foundations; physical culture and sports as social phenomena of society; legislation of the Russian Federation on physical culture and sports; physical culture of the individual; the basics of a healthy lifestyle for a student; peculiarities of using physical culture means to optimize working capacity; general physical and special training in the system of physical education; sport; individual choice of sports or exercise systems; professionally applied physical training of students; the basics of the methodology of self-study and self-control over the state of your body. |
||
NATIONAL HISTORY Essence, forms, functions of historical knowledge; Methods and sources of the study of history; concepts and classification of the historical source; Russian historiography in the past and in the present: general and special; methodology and theory of historical science; the history of Russia is an integral part of world history; ancient heritage in the era of the Great Nations Migration; the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs; the main stages of the formation of statehood; Ancient Russia and nomads; Byzantine-Old Russian ties; features of the social structure of Ancient Russia; ethnocultural and socio-political processes of the formation of Russian statehood; adoption of Christianity; the spread of Islam; evolution of East Slavic statehood in XI-XII centuries; socio-political changes in Russian lands in XII-XV centuries; Russia and the Horde: problems of mutual influence; Russia and the medieval states of Europe and Asia; the specifics of the formation of a unified Russian state; the rise of Moscow; the formation of the estate system of organization of society; Peter's reforms I ; century of Catherine; preconditions and features of the formation of Russian absolutism; discussions about the genesis of autocracy; features and main stages of the economic development of Russia; evolution of land ownership; the structure of feudal land tenure; serfdom in Russia; manufacturing and industrial production; the formation of an industrial society in Russia: general and specific; social thought and peculiarities social movement Of Russia XIX century; reforms and reformers in Russia; Russian culture XIX centuries and its contribution to world culture; role XX centuries in world history; globalization of social processes; problems of economic growth and modernization; revolutions and reforms; social transformation of society; clash of tendencies of internationalism and nationalism, integration and separatism, democracy and authoritarianism; Russia at the beginning XX century; the objective need for the industrial modernization of Russia; Russian reforms in the context of global development at the beginning of the century; political parties of Russia: genesis, classification, programs, tactics; Russia in the conditions of world war and national crisis; revolution of 1917; civil war and intervention, their results and consequences; Russian emigration; socio-economic development of the country in the 20s; NEP; the formation of a one-party political regime; the formation of the USSR; the cultural life of the country in the 1920s; foreign policy; the course towards building socialism in one country and its consequences; socio-economic transformations in the 30s; strengthening the regime of Stalin's personal power; resistance to Stalinism; The USSR on the eve and in the initial period of the Second World War; The Great Patriotic War; socio-economic development, social and political life, culture, foreign policy of the USSR in the post-war years; cold war; attempts to implement political and economic reforms; Scientific and technological revolution and its influence on the course of social development; USSR in the mid 60's and 80's: the growth of crisis phenomena; Soviet Union in 1985-1991; restructuring; attempted coup in 1991 and its failure; the collapse of the USSR; Belovezhskie agreements; the October events of 1993; becoming a new Russian statehood(1993-1999); Russia on the path of radical socio-economic modernization; culture in modern Russia; foreign policy activity in a new geopolitical situation. |
||
CULTUROLOGY The structure and composition of modern culturological knowledge; cultural studies and philosophy of culture, cultural anthropology; culturology and history of culture; theoretical and applied cultural studies; methods of cultural studies; basic concepts of culturology: culture, civilization, morphology of culture, functions of culture, subject of culture, cultural genesis, culture dynamics, language and symbols of culture, cultural codes, intercultural communication, cultural values and norms, cultural traditions, cultural picture of the world, social institutions of culture, cultural self-identity, cultural modernization; typology of cultures; ethnic and national, elite and popular culture; eastern and western types of cultures; specific and "middle" cultures; local cultures; place and role of Russia in world culture; trends in cultural universalization in the global modern process; culture and nature; culture and society; culture and global problems of our time; culture and personality. |
||
POLITICAL SCIENCE Object, subject and method of political science; functions of political science; political life and power relations; the role and place of politics in the life of modern societies; social functions of politics; history of political doctrines, Russian political tradition: origins, socio-cultural foundations, historical dynamics; modern political science schools; civil society, its origin and characteristics; features of the formation of civil society in Russia; institutional aspects of policy; political power; politic system; political regimes, political parties, electoral systems; political relations and processes; political conflicts and ways to resolve them; political technology; political management; political modernization; political organizations and movements; political elites; political leadership; sociocultural aspects of politics; world politics and international relations; features of the world political process; national-state interests of Russia in the new geopolitical situation; methodology of cognition of political reality; paradigms of political knowledge; political analytics and forecasting. |
||
JURISPRUDENCE State and law. Their role in the life of society. The rule of law and regulations. The main legal systems of our time. Sources of Russian law. Law and regulations. The system of Russian law. Branches of law. Offense and Legal Liability. The importance of law and order in modern society... Constitutional state. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the main law of the state. Features of the federal structure of Russia. The system of public authorities in the Russian Federation. Environmental law. Legal basis for the protection of state secrets. Fundamentals of legal regulation of economic activity: the concept of legal regulation of economic relations; state regulation and management in the field of economics; administrative responsibility; licensing certain types entrepreneurial activity; responsibility for violation of antitrust laws. Civil law: specific features of civil law regulation; the legal status of business entities; organizational and legal forms of legal entities; property rights and protection; general provisions about obligations and contracts; terms and limitation of actions; main contracts in economic activity; legal regulation of settlements; protection of violated rights and judicial procedure for resolving disputes. Labor law: labor agreement (contract), the procedure for its conclusion and grounds for termination; transfer to another job; ensuring the employment of laid-off workers; disciplinary and material responsibility of the employee; the procedure for considering labor disputes. Finance, banking and accounting legislation: characteristics of financial legal relations; main institutions of financial law; legal framework for financial control; tax regulation of entrepreneurial activity; responsibility for violation of tax legislation; legal regulation of relations in the field of banking; the legal status of the Bank of Russia; concept credit institution; measures applied by the Bank of Russia in case of violation of banking legislation; legal regulation of currency relations; types of securities and their legal regime, legal regulation of the issue and circulation of securities; legal responsibility of participants in the securities market, general characteristics of legislation in the field of insurance activities, insurance legal relationship, insurance contract and its conditions, insurance sanctions. |
||
PSYCHOLOGY AND PEDAGOGY. Psychology: subject, object and methods of psychology; the place of psychology in the system of sciences; the history of the development of psychological knowledge and the main directions in psychology; individual, personality, subject, individuality; psyche and organism; psyche, behavior and activity; the main functions of the psyche; development of the psyche in the process of ontogenesis and phylogenesis; psychology of Personality; structure of the psyche; the relationship between consciousness and the unconscious; basic mental processes; structure of consciousness; cognitive processes; sensation; perception; performance; imagination; thinking and intelligence; creation; Attention; emotions; mental regulation of behavior and activity; communication and speech; interpersonal relationships; small group psychology; intergroup relationships and interactions. Psychology of business communication: personality, psychological types, archetype, interaction, perception, communication, conformism, nonconformism, reference group, attribution, identification, empathy, reflection, stereotypes, verbal and non-verbal communication, conflict, ethical norms of communication; national psychological types; universal ethical and psychological norms and principles; psychology and society; psychology and labor; economic, legal psychology; models of political psychology: federal and regional aspects; psychology of global problems of our time; psychology and personality: bodily psychology and psychology of everyday life, professional psychology, psychology and culture of noospheric thinking; business negotiations: their nature, definition of goals, organization, methods and skills of business negotiations; ways of assessing the agreements reached in the negotiation process. Pedagogy: object, subject, tasks, functions, methods of pedagogy; the main categories of pedagogy: education, upbringing, training, pedagogical activity, pedagogical interaction, pedagogical technology, pedagogical task; education as a universal human value; education as a socio-cultural phenomenon and pedagogical process; educational system of Russia; goals, content, structure of lifelong education, the unity of education and self-education; pedagogical process; educational, upbringing and developmental training functions; education in the pedagogical process; general forms organization of educational activities; lesson, lecture, seminar, practical and laboratory classes, dispute, conference, test, exam, extracurricular activities, consultation; methods, techniques, means of organizing and managing the pedagogical process; family as a subject of pedagogical interaction and the socio-cultural environment of upbringing and personal development; management of educational systems. |
||
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF SPEECH Styles of the modern Russian language; linguistic norm, its role in the formation and functioning of the literary language; speech interaction; basic units of communication; oral and written varieties of the Russian language; normative, communicative, ethical aspects of speaking and writing; functional styles of the modern Russian language; interaction of functional styles; scientific style; the specificity of using elements of different language levels in scientific speech; speech norms of educational and scientific spheres of activity; official business style, sphere of its functioning, genre variety; language formulas of official documents; methods of unification of the language of official documents; international properties of Russian official business writing; Language and style of administrative documents; language and style of commercial correspondence; language and style of instructional and methodological documents; advertising in business speech; rules of paperwork; speech etiquette in the document. Genre differentiation and selection of linguistic means in a journalistic style; features of oral public speech; the speaker and his audience; main types of arguments. Preparation of speech: choice of topic, purpose of speech, search for material, beginning, deployment and completion of the speech; basic methods of searching for material and types of auxiliary materials; verbal design of a public speech; comprehensibility, information content and expressiveness of public speech. Colloquial speech in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language; conditions for the functioning of colloquial speech, the role of extra-linguistic factors. A culture of speech; the main directions of improving the skills of literate writing and speaking. |
||
SOCIOLOGY Socio-philosophical prerequisites for the development of sociology as a science; classical sociological theories; modern sociological theories and laws, their relationship with economic laws; Russian sociological thought; society and social institutions; world system and processes of globalization; social groups, communities, strata; types of communities; community and personality; small groups and collectives; social organization; social movements; social inequality, social structure of society, stratification and social mobility; social status and social role; social interaction and social relations; consciousness and behavior of individuals and groups; public opinion as a social institution; culture as a factor of social change; interaction of economy, social relations and culture; social aspects of market development; personality as a social type; social control and deviation; personality as an active subject; social change; social revolutions, conflicts and reforms; the concept of social progress; Russia's place in the world community; methodology and methodology of sociological research. |
||
PHILOSOPHY Philosophy subject; place and role of philosophy in culture; the formation of philosophy; main directions, schools of philosophy and stages of its historical development; the structure of philosophical knowledge; doctrine of being; monistic and pluralistic concepts of being, self-organization of being; concepts of material and ideal; space, time; movement and development, dialectics; determinism and indeterminism; dynamic and statistical patterns; scientific, philosophical and religious pictures of the world; person, society, culture; human and nature; society and its structure; civil society and the state; a person in the system of social connections; man and historical process: personality and masses, freedom and necessity; formational and civilizational concepts of social development; the meaning of human existence; violence and non-violence; freedom and responsibility; morality, justice, law; moral values; ideas about the perfect person in different cultures; aesthetic values and their role in human life; Religious values and freedom of conscience; consciousness and cognition; consciousness, self-awareness and personality; knowledge, creativity, practice; faith and knowledge; understanding and explanation; rational and irrational in cognitive activity; the problem of truth; reality, thinking; logic and language; the art of argument; basics of logic; scientific and non-scientific knowledge; scientific criteria; the structure of scientific knowledge, its methods and forms; the growth of scientific knowledge; scientific revolutions and changes in the types of rationality; science and technology; the future of humanity; global problems of our time; interaction of civilizations and scenarios of the future. |
||
ECONOMIC THEORY. |
||
General economic theory ... Economic agents (market and non-market), property and management: structure of rights, transfer of rights, coordination of responsibilities, economic interests, ends and means, the problem of choice optimal solution, economic strategy and economic policy, competition and its types; economic benefits and their classifications, full and partial complementarity and substitution of benefits, time factor and discounting, flows and stocks, nominal and real values; circulation of benefits and income; costs and benefits: overall, marginal and average values; opportunity costs (costs of rejected opportunities); economic constraints: the frontier of production possibilities, the society's compromise between efficiency and equality, the individual's compromise between consumption and leisure; economic risks and uncertainty; external effects (externalities); short and long term periods in economic analysis; comparative statics method, elasticity indicators. Microeconomics... Supply law, demand law, equilibrium, market, equilibrium price; surpluses of the consumer and producer, the theory of consumer and producer (enterprise) behavior; monopoly, natural monopoly, price discrimination; oligopoly, monopolistic competition, barriers to entry and exit (in the industry); comparative advantage; production function, factors of production, labor force, physical capital; inflation and unemployment; markets for factors of production, rent, wages; budget constraint, indifference curves, income effect and substitution effect. The concept of an enterprise, classification of external and internal environment, diversification, concentration and centralization of production; opening and closing of enterprises, reorganization and bankruptcy; gross revenues and costs; accounting and economic profit, net cash flow, present (discounted) value, internal norm profitability; variable and fixed costs; general, average and marginal values of revenue and costs, efficiency; returns to scale of production (decreasing, increasing, unchanging); uncertainty: technological, internal and external environment, risks, insurance, economic security. Macroeconomics... Social reproduction, resident and non-resident institutional units; macroeconomic indicators: gross domestic product(production, distribution and consumption), personal disposable income, final consumption, consumption patterns, savings, investments (gross and net); national wealth, sectoral and sectoral structures of the national economy, inter-sectoral balance; shadow economy; equilibrium aggregate demand and aggregate supply (model AD-AS ), the multiplier of autonomous costs; adaptive and rational expectations, hysteresis; money circulation (M. Friedman), seigniorage, quantitative theory of money, classical dichotomy; the state budget, its deficit and surplus, proportional tax, direct and indirect taxes, net taxes; closed and open economy, fixed and floating exchange rates, parity purchasing power; macroeconomic equilibrium and real interest rate(model IS-LM ): comparative analysis of the effectiveness of instruments of macroeconomic policy of the state; stabilization policy; technological structures and "long waves"; the theory of economic growth and the economic cycle; " Golden Rule accumulation ". Economy in transition : price liberalization, privatization of property, business infrastructure, economic restructuring, the impact of globalization on the choice of strategy for the national economy. History of Economic Thought: features of economic views in traditional societies (attitudes towards property, labor, wealth, money, interest on loans), systematization of economic knowledge, the first theoretical systems (mercantilism, physiocrats, classical political Economy, Marxism). Formation and evolution of modern economic thought: marginalist revolution, Austrian school, neoclassical direction, Keynesianism, monetarism, institutionalism. The contribution of Russian scientists to the development of world economic thought: features of the development of economic science in Russia, the scientific contribution of M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky in understanding economic cycles, A.V. Chayanova in the study of peasant economy and N.D. Kondratyev's understanding of economic dynamics; traditions of the economic and mathematical school in Russia and the USSR (V.K.Dmitriev, E.E.Slutsky, G.A.Feldman, V.V. Novozhilov, L.V. Kantorovich). |
||
GENERAL MATHEMATICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES |
||
Federal component |
||
MATHS Linear algebra with elements of analytical geometry: operations on vectors and matrices; systems of linear algebraic equations; determinants and their properties; eigenvalues of matrices; complex numbers; lines and planes in affine space; convex sets and their properties .; mathematical analysis and differential equations: sequence limit and its properties; limit and continuity of the function; extrema of functions of several variables; indefinite and definite integrals; numerical and power series; differential equations of the first order; linear differential equations with constant coefficients. Probability theory and math statistics : random events; frequency and likelihood; basic formulas for calculating probabilities; random variables; numerical characteristics of discrete and continuous random variables; normal distribution law; general population and sample; parameter estimates; correlation and regression. Economic and mathematical methods: linear and integer programming; graphical method and simplex method for solving linear programming problems; dynamic programming; Bellman recurrence relations; mathematical theory of optimal control; matrix games; cooperative games; playing with nature; flat graphs; Euler graphs; Hamiltonian graphs; digraphs; network graphics; Petri nets; Markov processes; problems of analysis of closed and open loop queuing systems. Economic and mathematical models: utility functions; indifference curves; demand functions; Slutsky equation; income-consumption curves; price-consumption curves; elasticity coefficients; material balances; product release functions; production functions of resource costs; the models of the firm's behavior in the conditions of perfect and imperfect competition; general economic equilibrium models; Arrow-Hurwitz model; statistical and dynamic models of input-output balance; general models of economic development; Solow model. |
||
COMPUTER SCIENCE The concept of information, general characteristics of the processes of collection, transmission, processing and accumulation of information; hardware and software for the implementation of information processes; tools for solving functional tasks; algorithmization and programming; high-level programming languages, databases; computer software and programming technologies; local and global computer networks; bases and methods of information protection; computer workshop. |
||
INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE ECONOMY Economic information as part of the information resource of society; information and information processes in the organizational and economic sphere; technology and methods of processing economic information; the role and place of automated information systems in the economy; design of automated information systems; functional and supporting subsystems; the role and place of a specialist in economic profile at the stages of the life cycle of creation, development and operation information system; intelligent technologies and systems; application of intelligent technologies in economic systems; basic principles of construction and use of automated systems in foreign economic activity; telecommunication technologies in economic information systems. |
||
ECONOMETRICS Linear multiple regression model; least squares method (mns); properties of mnc estimates; regression quality indicators; linear regression models with heteroscedastic and autocorrelated residuals; generalized least squares method (omnc); variable structure regression models (dummy variables); nonlinear regression models and their linearization; time series characteristics; models of stationary and non-stationary time series, their identification; system of linear simultaneous equations; indirect, two-step and three-step least squares method. |
||
MODERN NATURAL CONCEPTS Natural science and humanitarian culture; scientific method; history of natural science; panorama of modern natural science; development trends; corpuscular and continual concepts for describing nature; order and disorder in nature; chaos; structural levels of organization of matter; micro, macro and megaworlds; space, time; principles of relativity; principles of symmetry; conservation laws; interaction; short-range, long-range; condition; principles of superposition, uncertainty, complementarity; dynamic and statistical patterns in nature; energy conservation laws in macroscopic processes; the principle of increasing entropy; chemical processes, reactivity of substances; internal structure and history of geological development of the earth; modern concepts of the development of geospheric shells; lithosphere as an abiotic basis of life; ecological functions of the lithosphere: resource, geodynamic, geophysicogeochemical; geographic shell of the Earth; features of the biological level of organization of matter; principles of evolution, reproduction and development of living systems; the diversity of living organisms is the basis for the organization and stability of the biosphere; genetics and evolution; human: physiology, health, emotions, creativity, efficiency; bioethics, man, biosphere and cosmic cycles: noosphere, irreversibility of time, self-organization in animate and inanimate nature; principles of universal evolutionism. |
||
Regional (university) component |
||
GENERAL PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINES |
||
Federal component |
||
ECONOMY OF ORGANIZATIONS (ENTERPRISES) The structure of the national economy: spheres, sectors, complexes, industries; the enterprise is the main link in the economy; enterprise and entrepreneurship in a market environment; types of enterprises; production and organizational structure of enterprises; types of production; organization of the production process; infrastructure of enterprises; authorized capital and property of enterprises; fixed capital, its assessment; working capital: their composition, classification, turnover; labor resources: their composition, management; organization, regulation and remuneration of labor; labor market; economic and functional strategies, their types, factors of choice; development of marketing and product strategy; theory of the optimal volume of production; production program and capacity; production costs and production costs; estimate and costing; pricing policy in various markets; quality and competitiveness; quality standards and systems; innovation and investment policy; preparation of a new production; types of activities of the enterprise; production planning and business plan of the enterprise; assessment of the efficiency of economic activity and the state of the balance. |
||
MANAGEMENT Features of modern Russian economy and the need to improve the organization of management in Russia; concept, essence, goals, objectives and main functions of management; management experience abroad; possibilities and ways of using it in Russia; specificity of management in Russia; goals and objectives of enterprise management; methods of justification, acceptance and implementation management decisions; internal and external environment of the enterprise; use of world information resources in management; communication system; strategic management; development and implementation of long-term and current plans; basic qualities of a manager; manager's work; creation of a labor motivation system; organization of control over the activities of subordinates; controlling; innovative manager program; Management of risks; features of the work of managers in a crisis situation; ethics of business communication; Conflict Management; psychology of management; management of economic relations of the enterprise. |
||
MARKETING The concept and essence of marketing, its goals, principles and functions; information support of marketing based on world information resources; marketing strategy and system; their features in Russia; market research; product development; features of pricing in marketing; product promotion; advertising; marketing control; marketing in the controlling system; organization and activities of the marketing service of the enterprise; Marketing communications; international marketing; the specifics of the marketing activities of Russian enterprises in foreign markets. |
||
STATISTICS Theory of statistics: subject, method, tasks and organization, statistical measurement, methods of continuous and selective observation of socio-economic phenomena and processes, statistical groupings, methods of processing and analysis of statistical information, method of average values, variational analysis, correlation, index methods of analysis, analysis series of dynamics, multidimensional statistical analysis, statistical methods of modeling and forecasting socio-economic phenomena and processes; socio-economic statistics: population statistics, systems of statistical indicators of industries and sectors of the economy, labor market statistics, statistics of national wealth, analysis of the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises and organizations, economic conditions, statistical methods for studying the standard of living of the population; system of national accounts: statistical methodology for constructing national accounts, balance sheets and a system of indicators characterizing economic processes at the macro level; finance statistics: methodology of financial and economic calculations and their use in statistical analysis, statistics public finance, systems of statistical indicators of financial activities of enterprises and organizations, statistical indicators of money circulation, inflation and prices, banking and exchange activities, insurance, taxes and taxation, financial markets. |
||
WORLD ECONOMY Modern world economy: concept; structure, subjects and development trends; international division of labor; globalization of the world economy; resources of the world economy; global problems in the world economy; classification of countries by economic potential and level of socio-economic development; uneven economic development in the modern world economy; the system of modern international economic relations; the world market and its conjuncture; international trade: structure, dynamics, pricing; state regulation of foreign trade, tariff and non-tariff methods; international trade regulation; the role of the GATT / WTO in the regulation of international trade; foreign trade of Russia: dynamics, structure and forms state regulation; international service market; international capital movement: essence, structure, dynamics; transnational corporations; foreign investments in Russia and their regulation; export of capital from Russia; international monetary and settlement relations; payment and settlement balances; the international labor market, its regulation; integration processes in the world economy, forms of integration associations; European Union; international economic organizations (UN system, regional organizations); Russia in the system of modern international economic relations. |
||
ACCOUNTING Content and functions of accounting; objects, subject and method of accounting; balance sheet summarization, accounting system, double entry; primary supervision, documentation, accounting registers; inventory and inventory; methods of value measurement; accounting forms; the basics of accounting (financial) reporting; organization of accounting; statutory regulation of accounting; users of accounting information; goals and concepts of financial accounting; principles of financial accounting, organizational and legal characteristics of enterprises and their impact on the organization of financial accounting in business entities; main content and accounting procedure: cash, accounts receivable, investments in fixed assets, fixed assets, leased property, intangible assets, long-term and short-term financial investments, inventories, current and long-term liabilities, capital, funds and reserves, operating costs , finished products, works, services and their implementation, financial results and use of profits, business transactions on off-balance sheet accounts, the content and procedure for drawing up financial statements; selection and design of systems for accounting and cost control in organizations; accounting and control of production costs and sales of products by type of expenses, places of formation, centers of responsibility; accounting and distribution of costs by calculation objects; marginal income; calculation methods as a pricing base, the use of management accounting data for analysis and justification of decisions at different levels of management. |
||
FUNDAMENTALS OF AUDIT The role of the audit in the development of the control function in the context market economy... Tasks, directions of audits, the composition of users of the materials of audit reports, their focus and content. The difference between audit and other forms of economic control: audit, financial control, forensic accounting. Audit Organization and Regulatory Techniques audit activity... Types of audits and auditing services. The role of international and national standards in the development and improvement of audit activities. The essence and methods of quality assurance of audits. Professional ethics of the auditor. The main stages, technique and technology of conducting audits. Planning and audit program. The concept of materiality and risk in the audit process, methods of minimizing and ensuring an acceptable amount of audit risk. The system of organizing internal control and its impact on the amount of audit risk. Audit sampling. Audit evidence and documents: preparation procedure audit report... Features of the organization of audit activities during the accompanying (consulting) audit. Features of the technology of audits in organizations of different industries, organizational and production structure and legal forms. Selection of the main directions of the audit. The role of financial analysis in auditing. Grade financial condition, solvency and creditworthiness of the organization. Types and procedure for preparing audit reports. |
||
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS The role of complex analysis in management. The content of financial and management analysis and the sequence of its implementation. The structure of a comprehensive business plan and the role of analysis in the development and monitoring of key targets. Types, directions and basic methods of analysis. Techniques for economic analysis. Analysis in the marketing system. Analysis and management of production and sales volumes. Justification of the formation and assessment of the effectiveness of assortment programs. Analysis of product upgrades. Product quality analysis. Analysis of the technical and organizational level and other production conditions. Analysis of the technical equipment of production, the age composition of fixed assets. Analysis and assessment of the level of organization of production and management. The life cycle of a product, equipment and technology and taking into account its impact on the analysis of the organizational and technical level. Analysis and management of costs and production costs. Analysis of the use of production resources. Features of the analysis of direct, variable and fixed costs. Comprehensive assessment of production reserves. Financial results of a commercial organization and methods of their analysis. Analysis of the effectiveness of capital and financial investments (investment analysis). The financial condition of a commercial organization and methods of its analysis. Analysis of financial stability, credit and solvency of the organization. Comprehensive analysis methods and business valuation. Rating analysis techniques. |
||
Regional (university) component |
||
Disciplines and courses of the student's choice, established by the university (faculty) |
||
SPECIAL DISCIPLINES |
||
The essence and functions of finance, their role in the system of monetary relations of the market economy. Fundamentals of the use of finance in social reproduction. Financial policy; financial management; financial planning and forecasting; financial control... The financial system of the country, its spheres and links. The principles of organizing the finances of economic entities in various fields of activity; the fundamentals of the functioning of the finance of commercial enterprises; finances of organizations engaged in non-profit activities. Insurance as a financial category, its specificity; spheres, industries (pension, medical, etc.) and forms of insurance, their features. State and municipal finance, the impact on their organization of functional features and levels of management. The budgetary system of the country, models of its construction in federal and unitary states; budget device and budget process. State and municipal loans. Extrabudgetary funds. The impact of finance on the economy and social sphere; increasing the impact of financial leverage and incentives as it develops market relations, ways to improve their efficiency. The role of finance in the development of international cooperation; finance and economic globalization. Features of the functioning of financial systems in economically developed countries. |
||
MONEY, CREDIT, BANKS Necessity and prerequisites for the emergence and use of money. The essence and function of money. The role and development of money in a market economy. Types of money and their features. Money turnover and its structure. Issuing money in economic turnover... Cash circulation and money circulation. The laws of money circulation and methods of state regulation of money circulation. Theories of money. Cashless money circulation and the system of cashless payments. The concept of the country's monetary system, the genesis of its development. Paper and credit money, patterns of their circulation. Causes and essence of inflation, forms of its manifestation. Regularities of the inflationary process. Regulation of inflation: methods, boundaries, contradictions. Monetary systems of individual countries. Currency relations and monetary system: concept, categories, elements and evolution. Payment and settlement balance of the country in the system of currency regulation. The need for a loan. The essence of the loan. Functions and laws of credit. Forms and types of credit. The role and boundaries of the loan. Credit in international economic relations. Lending interest and its role. Fundamentals of the formation of the level of loan interest. Borders of the loan interest and the sources of its payment. The emergence and essence of banks, their functions and role in the development of the economy. Concept banking system, its elements. Types of banks. Central banks and the basics of their activities. Functions of central banks. The basics monetary policy. Commercial banks and their activities (operations and services). International financial and credit institutions. |
||
FINANCE OF ORGANIZATIONS (ENTERPRISES) Financial relations of organizations and principles of their organization. The role of finance in the activities of the organization. Financial resources and the equity of the organization. State regulation of the finances of organizations. Features of the finance of organizations of various organizational and legal forms and sectors of the economy. Features of finance of small business organizations. Expenses and incomes of organizations. Classification of expenses and income. Financial methods of cost management. The procedure for the formation and use of income from the sale of products. Planning of the cost price and proceeds from the sale of products (sales volume). Economic content, functions and types of profit. Formation, distribution and use of profits. Profit planning methods. The impact of accounting policies on the financial result of the organization. Impact of taxes on the formation of net profit. The relationship of revenue, costs and profits from product sales (break-even analysis). Break-even point, financial strength, production leverage. Economic content working capital... The structure of the organization's circulating assets and sources of financing for circulating assets. Determination of the need for working capital. The efficiency of using working capital. Production and financial cycle. Economic content and sources of financing of fixed capital. Depreciation and its role in the reproduction process. Assessment of the financial condition of the organization. The content and objectives of financial planning. Types and methods of financial planning. The system of financial plans (budgets). |
||
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT The content of financial management and its place in the organization's management system. The purpose and objectives of financial management. Basic concepts financial management. Financial instruments. External - legal and tax - environment. Financial management information support. Methodological foundations for making financial decisions. Cash flows and methods of their estimation. Methods for evaluating financial assets. Risk and return on financial assets. Portfolio investment risk and return. Investment management. Efficiency and risk assessment investment projects... Formation of the capital investment budget. Investment policy. Management of long-term funding sources. Traditional and new methods of financing. Price and capital structure. Weighted average and marginal price capital. Capital structure theories. Control own capital... Sustainable growth rate. Production and financial leverage. Dividend policy. Business value. Working capital management. Working capital policy. Inventory Management. Control accounts receivable (credit policy). Control in cash and their equivalents. Traditional and new methods of short-term financing. Management of sources of financing of working capital. Financial planning and forecasting. Strategic, long-term and short-term financial planning. Financial strategy... Forecasting methods of the main financial indicators... Special issues of financial management. Financial management in the context of inflation. Bankruptcy and financial restructuring... Crisis management. International aspects of financial management. |
||
TAXES AND TAXATION The economic essence of taxes. Functions of taxes and their relationship. Elements of the tax and their characteristics. Principles and methods of taxation. Methods for paying taxes. Tax system. Tax classification. Tax mechanism. Tax control. State tax policy. Tax regulation. Characteristics of the main taxes and fees of the Russian Federation. Indirect taxes: excise taxes, value added tax, sales tax, customs duties. Direct taxes from legal entities. Income (income) tax of organizations. Features of taxation of certain types of income of an organization, profits of credit and insurance organizations, foreign legal entities, small businesses. Simplified taxation system. A single tax on imputed income. Corporate property tax. Investment tax credit. User fees natural resources... Contributions to government extrabudgetary funds social purpose. Tax from individuals... Personal income tax. Taxation of income from entrepreneurial activities. Declaration of income of citizens. Property taxes on individuals. Other taxes and fees from legal entities and individuals. Rights, obligations and responsibilities of taxpayers and tax authorities. The rights and obligations of the tax police. Composition and structure of tax authorities. The principles of organizing the activities of tax authorities. Tax administration: goals, methods. Forms and methods tax control... Responsibility for committing tax offenses. Tax checks, their types. Objectives and methods of desk reviews. Objectives and methods of on-site inspections. |
||
INSURANCE The essence of insurance. Classification in insurance. Forms of insurance. Legal bases of insurance relations. Norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation governing insurance and insurance activities in Russia. Departmental acts and regulations insurance supervision. The basics of building insurance rates. Composition and structure of the tariff rate. General principles calculating net and gross rates. The concept of financial stability of insurers. Insurer's income, expenses and profits. Insurance reserves, their types. Ensuring the solvency of the insurance company. Economic work in an insurance company. Preventive measures and their financing by the insurance company. The need for investment activities. The principles of investing temporarily free funds of the insurer. Property insurance (marine, aviation, cargo, other property of legal entities and individuals, technical risks, construction and installation risks, property interests of banks, business risks). Liability Insurance. Insurance civil liability owners of vehicles. Professional liability insurance. Carrier liability insurance. Personal insurance... Characteristics of the main subsectors and types of personal insurance. Personal insurance as a factor of social stability in society. Russian insurance market. Insurance service. Sellers and buyers of insurance services. Insurance intermediaries. The current state of the Russian insurance market. World insurance industry. Trends and prospects for its development. Problems of interaction between Russian and foreign insurers. |
||
BUDGETARY SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Content and meaning state budget... The impact of the budget on socio-economic processes. Budgetary policy. Organizational and legal foundations for building the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. Budgetary law. Fundamentals of delineation of income and expenses between budgets. Budgeting process: drawing up, consideration, approval, execution of budgets for the links of the budgetary system. Formation of federal, regional and local budgets. Management of budgets of different levels. Budget classification... Content and principles of formation of budget revenues; methodology for their planning by the links of the budgetary system and types of taxes and non-tax revenues. Economic and control work of financial agencies on budget revenues and expenditures. Economic content and functional purpose of budgetary expenditures. Planning methodology, the procedure for their financing. Budget expenditures for state support of branches of material production and regulation of the economy. Budget spending on the social sphere: education, health care, social security, culture, art. Targeted budgetary and extrabudgetary funds. State support for science. Budget expenditures for public administration, ensuring the safety of citizens and the state. Budget expenditures for international activities, servicing the state internal and external debt. Financial support of the constituent entities of the Federation. |
||
STOCKS AND BODS MARKET The securities market as an alternative source of financing for the economy. Security concept. The history of the emergence of securities. Classic types of securities and their characteristics (stocks, private bonds, government securities). Derivative securities and their characteristics (convertible shares and bonds, warrants, options and futures). Financial instruments in the securities market (promissory notes, deposits, savings, investment certificates, securitization of private debts). International securities (euronotes, eurobonds, euro shares). The securities market and its structure (Western model). Primary securities market and its characteristics. Methods for placing securities. Participants in the primary over-the-counter securities market. Secondary exchange (stock exchange). Organizational structure and the functions of the stock exchange. Professional participants exchange. Basic operations and transactions on the exchange. Exchange information (exchange indices and their characteristics). Ethics on stock exchange... Stock market crashes and shocks. “Street” securities market and characteristics of its activities. Secondary market participants. Brokerage companies(organization, functions, mechanism of operations). Trade registration, matching and settlement process. Decision-making mechanism in the securities market (fundamental and technical analysis). Issue of securities. Depository and registration mechanism of the securities market. The system of state regulation of the securities market: bodies state supervision, legal and regulatory framework, national features of market regulation. Investment activity of credit and financial institutions in the securities market (Western and Russian models) - banks, insurance companies, investment companies, pension funds and other institutions. The securities market of the Russian Federation. History and the need to create a market. Types of securities and financial instruments. The structure of the securities market and its main development trends. Market participants. Basic operations in the market. State regulation of the securities market in Russia. Impact of the Asian crisis and default on the Russian securities market. |
||
INVESTMENTS Economic essence and types of investments. Investment process. Financial institutions. Financial markets. Participants in the investment process. Types of investors. The economic essence, value and purpose of investment. The concept of an investment project, content, classification, development phases. Criteria and methods for evaluating investment projects. Consistency of projects. Critical points and sensitivity analysis. Budgetary efficiency and social results of the implementation of investment projects. Investment qualities of securities. Rating assessment forms. Profitability and risk in assessing the effectiveness of investments in securities. Investment portfolio concept. Portfolio types, principles and stages of formation. Portfolio income and risk. Investment portfolio formation models. Optimal portfolio. Portfolio management strategy. Investments carried out in the form of capital investments: objects and subjects, rights, duties and responsibilities. Forms and methods of state regulation of investment activities carried out in the form of capital investments. State guarantees and protection of capital investments. Organization of contracting relations in construction. Sources of capital investment financing. Own, borrowed and borrowed funds. Conditions for granting budgetary appropriations. Foreign investment. The mode of functioning of foreign capital in Russia. Methods for financing investment projects. Budget financing, self-financing, corporatization. Debt financing methods. External financial markets... Long-term lending. Leasing, types and benefits. Project financing. Venture funding... Mortgage credit lending. |
||
Compulsory disciplines of specialization (for an approximate list of disciplines, see Appendix 1) |
||
Disciplines and courses of the student's choice, established by the university (faculty) |
||
Electives |
||
Military training |
||
Total hours of theoretical training |
5. Terms of mastering the basic educational program of a graduate in the specialty 060400 "FINANCE AND CREDIT"
5.1. The term for mastering the basic educational program for the training of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit" in full-time education is 260 weeks, including:
- theoretical training, including research work of students, workshops, including laboratory, as well as examination sessions - 186 weeks;
Undergraduate industrial practice - 12 weeks;
Final state certification, including preparation and defense of the final qualifying work - at least 12 weeks;
Holidays (including 8 weeks of postgraduate leave) - at least 50 weeks.
5.2. For persons with secondary (complete) general education, the terms of mastering the basic educational program for the training of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit" in part-time (evening) and part-time forms of study, as well as in the case of a combination of various forms of study, are increased by the university to one year in relation to the normative period established in clause 1.2. of this State Standard.
5.3. The maximum amount of a student's study load is set at 54 hours per week, including all types of classroom and extracurricular (independent) educational work.
5.4. The volume of classroom studies of a student in full-time education should not exceed an average of 27 hours per week for the period of theoretical training. At This does not include compulsory practical lessons in physical culture and lessons in optional disciplines in the specified volume.
5.5. In the case of part-time (evening) training, the volume of classroom studies must be at least 10 hours per week.
5.6. In the case of part-time studies, the student must be provided with the opportunity to study with a teacher in the amount of at least 160 hours per year.
5.7. The total amount of vacation time in the academic year should be 7-10 weeks, including at least two weeks in winter.
6. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONDITIONS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF PREPARATION OF THE GRADUATE WITH THE SPECIALTY 060400 "FINANCE AND CREDIT"
6.1. Requirements for the development of a basic educational program for the training of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit".
6.1.1. The higher educational institution independently develops and approves the main educational program of the university for training an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit" on the basis of this State Standard.
Disciplines "of the student's choice" are compulsory, and the optional subjects provided by the curriculum of a higher education institution are not compulsory for the student to study.
Term papers (projects) are considered as a type of academic work in the discipline and are performed within the hours allotted for its study.
For all disciplines included in the curriculum of a higher educational institution, a final grade must be given (excellent, good, satisfactory, unsatisfactory or passed, not scored).
Specializations are part of the specialty within which they are created, and involve the acquisition of more in-depth professional knowledge, skills and abilities in various fields of activity in the profile of this specialty; the name of specializations is approved and registered in the Educational-Methodological Association (upon the submission of the Educational-Methodological Council of the corresponding specialty).
In the main educational programs, which have the words “by industry” or “by type” in their name, the specificity of training for a particular industry or type is taken into account primarily through the disciplines of specialization.
6.1.2. When developing its main educational program, a higher educational institution has the right:
Change the amount of hours allocated for mastering educational material for discipline cycles, within 5%;
- to form a cycle of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines, which should include the eleven basic disciplines given in this State Standard, as mandatory the following 4 disciplines: "Foreign language" (in the amount of at least 340 hours), "Physical culture" (in the amount of not less than 408 hours), "Domestic history", "Philosophy". The rest of the basic disciplines can be implemented at the discretion of the university. At the same time, it is possible to combine them into interdisciplinary courses while maintaining the mandatory minimum content. Classes in the discipline "Physical culture" in part-time (evening) and part-time forms of education and external studies can be provided at the request of students;
Teach humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines in the form of author's lecture courses and various types of collective and individual practical lessons, assignments and seminars according to programs developed at the university itself and taking into account the regional, national-ethnic, professional specifics, as well as research preferences of teachers providing qualified coverage of the subjects of the disciplines of the cycle;
Establish the required depth of teaching individual sections of disciplines included in the cycles of general humanitarian and socio-economic, mathematical and natural science disciplines, in accordance with the profile of the cycle of disciplines of the specialty; the content of the disciplines of these cycles should be professionally oriented, taking into account the profile of the training of graduates and should contribute to the implementation of the tasks of their professional activities;
To implement the basic educational program for the training of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit" in a short time for students of a higher educational institution with secondary vocational education of the corresponding profile or higher vocational education. The reduction in terms is carried out on the basis of the existing knowledge, skills and abilities of students obtained at the previous stage of professional education. In this case, the duration of training must be at least three years. Training according to an abbreviated program is also allowed for persons whose level of education or ability is a sufficient reason for this.
6.2. Requirements for the staffing of the educational process.
The implementation of the main educational program for the training of a certified specialist should be provided by pedagogical personnel who, as a rule, have a basic education corresponding to the profile of the taught discipline, and are systematically engaged in scientific and / or scientific and methodological activities; teachers of special disciplines must have an academic degree and / or experience in the relevant professional field. The share of teachers with an academic degree and title must be at least 50%. The proportion of full-time teachers must be at least 50%.
6.3. Requirements for educational and methodological support of the educational process.
The implementation of the main educational program for the training of a certified specialist should include the performance of laboratory and practical work by the student in the disciplines of specialization, including, as an obligatory component, the performance of practical tasks on personal computers. A compulsory requirement is also the creation of the necessary information base, ensuring the training of a highly qualified specialist, and providing the student with access to various network sources of information, including the Internet.
The implementation of the main educational program for the training of a certified specialist should be provided with access of each student to library funds and databases, according to the content of the corresponding full list of disciplines of the main educational program, the availability of methodological manuals and recommendations for all disciplines and for all types of classes - workshops, course and diploma design, practices, as well as visual aids, audio, video and multimedia materials.
The provision of students with educational literature necessary to fulfill the curriculum for the training of a specialist, recommended in the programs as compulsory, in general, must comply with the standard - 0.5 units. per student. Sources of educational information must meet modern requirements. The educational process should use materials from professionally oriented magazines and other periodicals.
When implementing the basic educational program for the training of a certified specialist, one should be guided by the list of basic educational and scientific literature recommended by the UMO.
6.4. Requirements for the material and technical support of the educational process.
A higher educational institution that implements the main educational program for the training of a graduate must have a material and technical base that ensures the conduct of all types of laboratory, practical, disciplinary and interdisciplinary training and research work of students, provided for by the approximate curriculum, and corresponding to the current sanitary and technical standards ...
6.5. Requirements for the organization of practices.
Industrial practice during the training period should be organized with the aim of a more in-depth study of individual disciplines of specialization and specialization at enterprises of the industrial and financial and banking spheres, in research institutions, government organizations and structures, as well as in companies and firms of various forms of ownership.
The student's industrial pre-diploma practice is an obligatory component of the curriculum. The institution is responsible for organizing the internship. Industrial pre-diploma practice is organized in such a way that the student has the opportunity to use the experience gained during its passage in the preparation of the final qualifying (diploma) work. If a student combines studies at a university with work in one of the spheres of the national economy, the university has the right to authorize the passage of the undergraduate industrial practice at the student's place of work, provided that the nature of the work performed by the student corresponds to the profile of the specialization in which he is studying at the university.
The internship should be carried out in accordance with the curriculum and the internship program approved by the university and end with the preparation of a report on the internship and its defense.
7. REQUIREMENTS TO THE LEVEL OF PREPARATION OF GRADUATES BY SPECIALTY 060400 "FINANCE AND CREDIT"
7.1. Requirements for the professional training of a specialist.
The graduate must be able to solve problems corresponding to his qualifications specified in clause 1.3. of this State Standard.
The certified specialist must:
Have a systematic understanding of the structures and development trends of the Russian and world economies;
Understand the variety of economic processes in the modern world, their relationship with other processes taking place in society;
To be able to use knowledge of the theory of finance, money, credit in their practice;
Know the basics of the organization of monetary regulation, the relationship between different parts of the money turnover, money and trade turnover, the basics of banking and stock exchange, the basics of organizing taxation and insurance, state and municipal finance;
Be prepared for professional activities in institutions of the financial and credit system, including the foreign economic sphere, capable of independently working in positions that require an analytical approach in non-standard situations;
Solve non-standard tasks, predict economic processes in the field of monetary, financial and credit relations;
To see the prospects for the development of financial and credit relations and the prospects for their professional activities;
- be competitive, have knowledge of related specialization;
- be able to organize their work on a scientific basis, master computer methods for collecting, storing and processing (editing) information used in the field of his professional activity, use modern information technologies;
Requirements for the training of an economist in the specialization profile of the university are established by the higher educational institution, based on the content of the disciplines of specialization.
7.2. Requirements for the final state certification of an economist with a degree in Finance and Credit.
7.2.1. The final state certification of an economist in the specialty "Finance and Credit" includes a final qualification work and a state exam, which allows to identify theoretical preparation for solving professional problems. Final state certification is carried out by state certification commissions organized in higher educational institutions and functioning in accordance with the Regulations on the final state certification of graduates of higher educational institutions in the Russian Federation.
7.2.2. Requirements for the final qualifying work of a specialist.
Graduation qualifying work an economist specializing in "Finance and Credit" is carried out in accordance with the curriculum and has as its goal the systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of finance and credit and the identification of the ability to apply the knowledge gained in solving specific economic, scientific and industrial problems; development of skills in conducting independent work and applying research methods in solving problems and issues developed in the final work; revealing the degree of a student's preparedness for independent work in various areas of the Russian economy in modern conditions.
The final qualifying work should be a complete development of an urgent economic problem and must include both a theoretical part, where the student must demonstrate knowledge of the basics of economic theory on the problem being developed, and a practical part, in which it is necessary to show the ability to use the methods of previously studied academic disciplines to solve tasks set in the work.
7.2.3. Requirements for the state exam.
The state exam can be carried out in the form of:
Final exam in a specific discipline;
The final interdisciplinary exam in the specialty.
The final exam in a particular discipline must determine the level of mastering by the student of the material provided by the curriculum, and cover the minimum content of this discipline, established by the State Standard.
The final exam in a particular discipline can be held before the completion of the full course of study in the specialty.
The final interdisciplinary examination in the specialty must, along with the requirements for the content of individual disciplines, also take into account the general requirements for a graduate provided for by the State Standard.
The programs of state examinations, the type and forms of their conduct, as well as the criteria for assessing students' knowledge are determined by universities independently and approved by the academic council of the university.
CREATED BY:
Educational-methodical association in the specialties: 060400 “Finance and Credit”, 060500 “Accounting, Analysis and Audit”, 060600 “World Economy”.
The state standard of higher professional education was approved at a meeting of the educational and methodological council in the specialty "Finance and Credit"
26.11.99, (Minutes No. 3), meeting of the Presidium of the Council of the UMO dated 10.12.99 (Minutes No. 7).Chairman of the UMO Council, A.G. Gryaznova
Rector of the Financial Academy under
Government of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Economics, prof.
Vice-rector of the Financial Academy
under the Government of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Economics, prof.
ABOUT:
Interdepartmental scientific and methodological
Council for Economics and Management (25.02.2000)
AGREED:
Department of educational programs and
standards of higher and secondary
professional education G.K. Shestakov
Head of department T.E. Petrova
liberal education
Curator of the UMO E.A. Rogozinskaya
by group of specialties
"Economics and Management"
Annex 1.
Compulsory disciplines of specialization
(indicative list)
Specialization "GOVERNMENT AND MUNICIPAL FINANCE" |
||
Budget and budgetary system of the Russian Federation |
||
Budget revenues |
||
Budgetary law |
||
Budget planning and forecasting |
||
Organization of budget execution |
||
Budget accounting and reporting |
||
Targeted budgetary and extrabudgetary funds |
||
State and municipal debt |
||
Finances of budgetary institutions |
||
Specialization "TAXES AND TAXATION" |
||
General theory of taxation (Basics of taxation) |
||
Local taxes and fees |
||
Federal taxes and fees |
||
Organization and methodology of tax audits |
||
Legal entity taxes |
||
Individual taxes |
||
Legal basis for the activities of tax inspectorates |
||
Automated processing of tax information |
||
Specialization "INSURANCE" |
||
Insurance theory |
||
Insurance business |
||
Accounting in insurance organizations |
||
Business insurance fundamentals |
||
Insurance history |
||
Control and audit in insurance activities |
||
Insurance in the system of international economic relations |
||
Financial analysis of insurance organizations |
||
Reinsurance |
||
Insurance Marketing |
||
Specialization "PENSION SERVICE" |
||
Modern pension systems |
||
Pension Fund |
||
Non-state pension funds |
||
Actuarial calculations |
||
Pension fund asset management |
||
. |
Information support of pension services |
|
Specialization "FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT" |
||
Theoretical foundations of financial management |
||
The financial environment of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial risks |
||
10.05.3. |
Short-term financial policy |
|
Long-term financial policy |
||
Investment strategy |
||
Foreign investment |
||
Specialization "PROPERTY ASSESSMENT". |
||
Real Estate Appraisal (Theory and Practice) |
||
Assessment of the value of an enterprise (business) |
||
Valuation of intangible assets and intellectual property |
||
Valuation of machinery, equipment and vehicles |
||
Enterprise restructuring |
||
Economic valuation of land plots |
||
Valuation and restructuring of financial institutions |
||
Real estate portfolio management |
||
Management of state property based on market value assessment |
||
Legal support for the formation, circulation and valuation of property |
||
Valuation of securities |
||
Enterprise appraisal practice |
||
Specialization "BANKING" |
||
Organization of the activities of a commercial bank. |
||
Organization of the activities of the Central Bank. |
||
Accounting and operating activities in banks. |
||
International monetary and credit relations. |
||
Banking legislation. |
||
Specialization "SECURITIES MARKET AND EXCHANGE BUSINESS" |
||
Professional activity in the securities market |
||
State on the securities market |
||
Operating technology and accounting of transactions with securities |
||
Securities Market Modeling |
||
Derivative securities |
||
Foreign stock markets |
||
Specialization "TAX INVESTIGATIONS" |
||
Taxation of organizations and individuals, residents and non-residents of the Russian Federation |
||
Operational-search activity of tax police bodies (legal basis) |
||
Financial right |
||
Operational combat training, incl. personal safety |
||
Psychology of operational-search activity |
||
0.09.6. |
Organization and methods of conducting tax investigations |
|
Forensics |
||
Fundamentals of Forensic Economic Expertise |
||
Organization of activities and management in the Federal Tax Police Service of the Russian Federation (FSNP of Russia, its territorial and local bodies) |
||
Organization and methods of operational documentation of the results of operational-search activities in the federal tax police |
Profiles of the direction "Economics":
Finance and credit
Accounting, analysis and audit
Taxes and taxation
Profile "Finance and Credit"
This profile gives students the opportunity to gain extensive knowledge about the processes of forming and executing budgets of different levels, the procedure for planning accounting and reporting, organizing and managing enterprise cash flows, investment activities of business entities, the peculiarities of organizing the finances of enterprises and organizations; banking and insurance.
Graduates of this direction are equally well versed in financial management, insurance, loans, financial management, and pricing.
Knowledge and skills of graduates of the specialty allow them to qualify for prestigious jobs in serious organizations: in the economic and financial services of enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership, in state bodies of the federal, regional and municipal levels, banks, stock exchanges, financial and insurance companies, investment funds. The services of graduates of the specialty are in stable demand in the labor market, and they themselves have good prospects for further professional and career growth.
Employment Opportunities are very extensive: at the enterprise, graduates of the specialty "Finance and Credit" can carry out professional work as economists, financial analysts, specialists of the planning and economic department, investment consultants, heads of financial departments, financial directors , as well as in other positions requiring knowledge of tools and methods of financial management, the basics of organizing monetary regulation, money and trade turnover.
A wide range of job opportunities open up to our graduates in the banking sector. Bank lending units need competent loan officers and lending specialists. In other structural divisions of banks, economists are required for foreign exchange and deposit operations, for interbank settlements, for securities, economists-analysts, specialists in working with plastic cards. Having started his professional career in one of these positions, a graduate of the specialty "Finance and Credit" has ample opportunities for career growth, development and transition to more responsible and interesting positions of heads of the relevant departments of banks.
Experts with knowledge of the insurance business and proficient in risk management and financial analysis can conduct their professional activities as insurance agents and brokers, expert advisors in the field of insurance, economists and, finally, presidents of insurance companies.
Another interesting area of activity for graduates of the specialty "Finance and Credit" is the work of financial brokers, whose main field of activity is exchange trading. Such specialists can work in investment companies and banks, brokerage and management companies, structural divisions of the stock market.
Profile "Accounting, Analysis and Auditing"
The demand for specialists in this profile is very high, since no enterprise can function without accounting.
A graduate of this profile is a bachelor with knowledge in the field of accounting, analytical, financial, consulting, management, control and auditing activities. The bachelor of this profile has basic theoretical and practical professional skills in the field of financial, management and tax accounting.
The accountant is able to comprehensively analyze the results of the economic activities of the organization, identify problems, violations and errors in the implementation of economic activities and suggest ways to eliminate them. Able to audit and analyze financial statements; keep accounting records in an automated way using computer programs. He possesses the necessary legal knowledge in the field of contractual and claims work, is able to widely use regulatory documents in his activities.
The task of an accountant is to record, plan and control funds, income and expenses, property and obligations of the organization. He takes part in solving financial issues, works with tax authorities, is able to suggest ways to minimize the taxation of an organization.
The bachelor's degree in Accounting, Analysis and Auditing can work in commercial, non-profit and budgetary organizations, banks, financial companies and tax authorities.
Professions: accountant, economist, financier, auditor.
Profile "Tax and Taxation"
Taxes and taxation are an important link in economic relations in society. Taxes are the main source of revenue for budgets of all levels and an effective tool for state regulation of socio-economic relations. It is difficult to imagine the head and leading specialists (accountant, economist) of a modern company without knowledge of a specific tax production.
The Tax and Tax Profile is unique because it is includes training in economics and law. Graduates of this profile are prepared for work in various fields of activity. Highly qualified training in the field of accounting, analysis and audit; Civil, Criminal, Administrative Proceedings; tax consulting in various industries. Knowledge in the field of law makes it possible to correctly apply the norms of tax, civil and other types of legislation in their activities, since they regulate the construction of financial relationships between the state, legal entities and individuals.
The presence of education in the field of taxation, the ability to navigate the economic processes taking place in the country, as well as knowledge of the legal aspects of life is and will be in demand.
An economist with a profile "Taxes and Taxation" possesses the necessary skills of practical work in the fiscal sphere, in legal, economic services of enterprises, organizations, institutions; have knowledge of the patterns and features of the development of the tax system of the Russian Federation, as well as domestic and international experience in the management and functioning of fiscal systems; knows how to use knowledge of the theory of taxation in his practice; knows the basics of organizing tax regulation; sees the prospects for the development of the tax system and his professional growth.
Tax specialists are in stable demand in the labor market, with good prospects for further professional and career growth and the widest opportunities to work not only in the tax system, but in enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership.
The professional activity of a graduate in the specialization "Taxes and Taxation" can be carried out in all links of the tax system at the federal, regional and local levels. It is worth noting, perhaps, that tax officials are civil servants whose legal and social protection is guaranteed by the state.
However, the scope of activity of tax professionals is not limited to inspection alone. Knowledge of the norms and laws in this area makes our graduates practically indispensable advisors for any organization.
A promising area of activity for a tax specialist is the implementation of the practice of tax consulting. The profession of a tax and levies consultant opens up tremendous prospects for those who own it. A relatively recent direction related to accounting support of a large company or private entrepreneur and aimed at optimizing the taxation process is extremely in demand. An additional opportunity for self-realization is provided by consulting on filling out tax returns. Today, more and more professionals are needed in this field of activity, and there is clearly not enough relevant personnel.
By choosing the Tax and Taxation profile, you can get the most prestigious job and contribute to the development of the national economy and the economy of the region!