Specialized houses. Specialized residential buildings
One of the new forms of social services is the development of a network of special residential buildings for single elderly citizens and married couples with a range of social services.
In accordance with the model Regulations on a special house for lonely elderly people, approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population on April 7, 1994, this house is intended for permanent residence single citizens, as well as married couples who have retained full or partial ability to self-service in everyday life and need to create conditions for the self-realization of their basic life needs.
The main purpose of creating such houses is to provide favorable conditions accommodation and self-service; provision of living elderly citizens with social, household and medical care; creation of conditions for an active lifestyle, including feasible labor activity.
Special homes for single elderly can be built according to a standard design, or located in converted separate buildings or in part of a multi-storey building. They consist of one-two-room apartments and include a complex of social services, a medical office, a library, a canteen, food ordering points, laundry or dry cleaning, premises for cultural activities and for work. They should be equipped with small-scale mechanization to facilitate the self-service of living citizens. At such houses, round-the-clock dispatching centers are organized, provided with internal communication with residential premises and external telephone communication.
Medical care for citizens living in these houses is carried out, in accordance with the Regulations, by the medical personnel of territorial medical institutions, and the organization of social, commercial and cultural services is carried out by the relevant territorial bodies and services.
The Regulation clearly defines the basic rules, requirements and conditions for the construction and provision of housing in special residential buildings for lonely elderly people, accommodation, payment, etc.
It should be emphasized that based on current legislation, citizens living in such houses, the pension is paid in full. They have the right to priority referral to stationary institutions of the social protection authorities.
Special residential buildings for single elderly people and married couples are one of the ways to solve the complex task of providing social assistance, as well as the whole complex social problems elderly citizens.
There are still few such houses in Russia, but they are gaining more and more recognition and development.
In the Bashkir city of Sterlitamak, for example, with the active assistance of the mayor, they managed to build a nine-story house for lonely veterans and disabled people who find it difficult to serve themselves. There's a whole block in this house household services, dining room, there are rooms for workshops.
In Kostroma, a special multi-storey building "Veteran" was built with 125 apartments for lonely elderly people. The project provides for: a service block, a medical office, an internal telephone communications and workshops in which they can work if they wish. And next to this house there are shops, an intercity communication center, a dental clinic, a philharmonic society, a stadium, a park, a hotel with a restaurant, a church. All this will undoubtedly solve many problems, meet the needs of lonely elderly people, and prolong their active life.
It is noteworthy that the issue of specialized housing for the elderly and disabled, or rather, taking into account the need for it and the methodology for its formation, was the subject of discussion by the collegium of the Ministry social security RSFSR at the beginning of 1991. It was noted that for many years the elderly and the disabled were classified only according to their ability to move, and their social status was not taken into account.
And usually, the matter was reduced only to the construction of boarding houses, while housing and production complexes, rehabilitation centers, residential buildings with apartments equipped for the disabled, specialized types of housing, territorial centers, production blocks, etc. were also needed. Surveys that were conducted in ten regional centers of the RSFSR showed how many elderly and disabled people of groups 1-P need special residential buildings with complexes of social services, paid boarding houses, territorial centers with day and five-day stay.
was considered and new technique, developed by the Institute "Ivanovgrazhdanproekt" to take into account the need for various types specialized dwellings, the layout of social security facilities in Moscow until 2010 and proposals for the reconstruction and modernization of existing boarding houses, the construction of specialized residential buildings and medical and social institutions in Moscow, etc. clarifications, wider use of foreign and domestic experience, coordination of the entire process of providing specialized housing for the elderly and disabled. The implementation of new methods and their implementation will help older people to maintain as much active life as possible and the desire to work, improve their health, and receive effective medical and social assistance.
Life makes its own changes in the content, forms and methods of social work with the elderly and in the countryside. A good example of this is the House of Veterans joint-stock company"Belokolodezskoe" Belgorod region. This house has been in existence for a little over five years. It was built according to the project of the former head of the collective farm "Belokolodezsky" N.V. Tavolzhansky, who took care not only of the construction of this house, but also that it was not state-owned, and the situation and life, if possible, did not differ from home. Even the entrance to the building was designed by him in a special way - in the form of a chapel where the elderly could pray, and the interior rooms - like separate cottages: each of them has a large room for two, a bathroom with a toilet, a large corridor, windows overlooking the garden. Next to it is an office building and a cafeteria. Four meals a day, if necessary - with delivery to the room. There is a subsidiary farm. The administration and employees know every resident, relatives can stay together in the same room if they wish, and communication with friends and acquaintances does not stop. The residents of the House of Veterans are former collective farmers, people of hard peasant labor, and they especially appreciate the care of the attendants, the attention to themselves. living conditions in last years have also changed here, there are difficulties with food, medicines, there is not enough Money, and the salary of social workers is very low, but the team together is trying to cope with these problems; find a way out of the situation. And such houses as the House of Veterans of the Joint-Stock Company "Belokolodezskoye" of the Belgorod Region, in which a little more than thirty people live, in fact, can serve as an example of caring for the elderly villagers, creating the necessary conditions for normal life.
One of the serious problems of boarding houses of a general type, boarding houses and homes for war and labor veterans is the correction of interpersonal relations due to the fact that among the elderly a significant proportion are people with short-term or persistent mental disorders and dementia. They complicate the life of those living in the institution, provoke the emergence of conflict situations, disturb the peace in the team. Practice shows that a psychiatrist is needed on the staff of a boarding school, with the help of which many conflict situations and problems can be resolved. This is evidenced by the experience of the Kirovo-Chepetsk boarding house of war and labor in the Kirov region. Everything is created here the necessary conditions for residents: standard buildings, rooms for 2-4 people, good furniture, color TVs, carpets, paintings, flowers, a museum of memory has been opened, there is a prayer room, a library, a cinema hall, birthdays are celebrated monthly at the festive table, etc. d. There is even a well-equipped phyto-bar, where healing infusions of medicinal herbs are prepared daily, to a large extent compensating for the lack of medicines. The boarding house also has a psychotherapist on staff. More than 800 people live here, including 45% in need of outside care, the average age of residents is 74 years. Despite all the conditions created, people still degrade morally, lose such qualities as patience, honesty, dignity, etc. This is undoubtedly caused primarily by old age, but, according to the psychiatrist G. Potekhina, the fact that the boarding house cannot provide employment of residents, providing them with work. Due to the lack of materials and orders, the sewing workshop, the tassel workshop are closed here, there is no subsidiary farm, only a greenhouse for early vegetables. As a result, there are various negative phenomena (drunkenness, theft, etc.), the emergence of conflict situations in the team.
Experts believe that the way out of the current situation and the solution of many problems in such institutions, where there are many elderly people with mental disorders, is:
firstly, the opening of a psychiatric department in a general boarding house;
secondly, an increase in the number of places in neuropsychiatric boarding schools.
The influence of social and psychological factors on the process of aging of a person lies, first of all, in the disruption of habitual connections and relationships, leading to an adverse effect on the person, which makes it necessary to expand the volume and improve the quality of medical and psychological care, and involve the elderly in active life.
Targeted social protection
The transition to the market and the negative processes associated with it (rising the cost of living, inflation, etc.) - all this contributes to the growth of low-income and poverty of the elderly, as well as the vast majority of the entire population Russian Federation. In this crisis situation, the system of targeted social protection is of particular importance.
Experience Voronezh region to provide targeted assistance to the population, including pensioners and the disabled, has found wide distribution in all regions of the Russian Federation. The territories are striving to create their own systems of targeted social protection, to introduce poverty benefits at their own expense. Assistance is provided to those most in need, mainly to families with children and disabled citizens (single pensioners, the disabled, the elderly over 80, etc.).
So, in the Udmurt Republic, targeted social assistance has been provided for more than five years, in accordance with the "Care" program, which is approved annually. Lonely villagers are helped by social assistance departments. In the Nizhny Novgorod region, single pensioners and married couples receive poverty benefits from the social protection department, while those living with a family receive at the place of work of a family member. In the Voronezh region, assistance is provided to the elderly not only in money, but also in food, hot meals, coupons for household services, etc. It is characteristic that here a relatively small number of pensioners with incomes below the minimum attract attention.
Social assistance and support in each region of Russia is carried out taking into account its specifics. For example, in the Altai Territory, the administration of the region, cities and districts adopted a number of documents on the social protection of low-income strata of the population. Here, special drug funds are being created in pharmacies for the elderly, the disabled and other people in need, benefits have been established in paying for utilities and transport services, and in providing fuel. In the "Mercy" store, single pensioners can buy industrial goods at low prices. Financial assistance is provided to disabled citizens.
Combining the efforts of state and public bodies is becoming increasingly important in providing social support to the elderly and disabled. So, in 1993, the Deputy Minister of Social Protection of the Population and the Deputy Chairman of the Central Committee of the Russian Red Cross Society signed Instructions with recommendations on joint actions of the social protection authorities of the population and the Red Cross Mercy Service in the interests of lonely, sick and poor citizens.
The main areas of work of these two departments are as follows: compilation and implementation social programs and plans, holding joint events and collegiums, meetings and seminars with managers and practitioners, organizing a brigade form of medical and social services for the elderly and disabled, creating rooms for medical and social assistance, training personnel, etc.
It should be noted that joint activities are already yielding positive results. The "Mercy" program, in the implementation of which state structures and the service of the regional Red Cross Society is carried out, for example, in life in the Kaluga region. It provides for medical and social assistance, preventive measures, and training of social workers. Similar programs are available in the Moscow and Astrakhan regions.
Practice confirms the expediency and effectiveness of joint actions. The brigade form of assistance to seriously ill patients is becoming more widespread and recognized. Such comprehensive care allows to increase the number of patients served, to expand the types and volumes of services provided to them. This is evidenced by concrete facts. For example, in Kursk, social workers provide household services to patients, while nurses provide medical appointments and nursing care.
In the rooms of medical and social care at the place of residence, which have become widespread in Moscow, Yekaterinburg, the Rostov Region and other cities and regions of Russia, Red Cross nurses teach the population how to care for the sick, carry out simple medical procedures, give lectures, invite doctors for consultations , lawyers, social workers and other professionals. It is of interest to organize the work of such rooms in the city of Ryazan. Here, in addition to providing medical and social assistance, patient care items (wheelchairs, crutches, canes, etc.) are rented out, mailboxes have been installed where pensioners and the disabled can drop their applications for household and medical services. These rooms are a kind of coordinating centers of state and public social activities.
In a number of regions of the Mordovian Republic, Primorsky Territory, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Sverdlovsk regions geriatric beds are allocated in local hospitals to provide specialized care to lonely, old and sick people, and care is provided by sisters of mercy.
Due to the lack of junior attendants in boarding schools in Tver, Novgorod, Voronezh and other regions, sisters of mercy of the Red Cross Society are involved in caring for bedridden patients.
The concept of "specialized houses" was first used in the Law on the Fundamentals of Federal Housing Policy (Article 1). Many of these objects earlier, prior to the adoption of the said Law, were not included in the housing stock (for example, boarding houses for the disabled). The legal regime of specialized houses differs significantly from legal regime other houses of social use, therefore, the issues of their provision and use are decided mainly by special legislation, which is poorly connected with housing legislation.
Specialized houses designed for living certain categories citizens in the manner and under the conditions established housing code, other legislation of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation.
Specialized residential buildings (residential premises), in addition to the hostel, include: hotels-shelters; manoeuvrable fund houses; boarding houses for the disabled, veterans, single elderly; a specialized fund for refugees and internally displaced persons; other special residential buildings (residential premises).
Residential buildings (residential premises) of the mobile fund. Maneuverable fund - a part of the housing stock (as a rule, separate apartment buildings), intended for temporary residence of citizens. The maneuvering fund is created by the decision of the head of the local administration. The mobile housing stock is formed by including in its composition residential buildings intended for temporary residence of citizens who are resettled in connection with the overhaul (during its production) of the house and (or) residential premises that are their place of residence. The mobile fund may include both entire residential buildings and individual residential premises in ordinary houses.
The living quarters of the maneuverable fund must comply with sanitary, fire-fighting, environmental, urban planning and technical requirements. Inclusion of residential buildings in the mobile fund and their exclusion. from this fund are produced by the decision of the head of the local administration. Commercial and non-commercial organizations in exceptional cases have the right, in agreement with the local administration, to create a mobile fund. Living space in a maneuvering fund is not subject to exchange, division, reservation, privatization, purchase and sale.
Residential premises in the mobile fund are provided to citizens for use:
In connection with the overhaul of the residential premises occupied by them under a lease agreement or a lease agreement, if repairs cannot be made without the resettlement of residents for the duration of the repair;
In connection with the demolition of residential premises in which citizens live, prior to the provision (acquisition) of another residential premises in accordance with the procedure established by law;
In connection with the resettlement of dilapidated (emergency) residential premises before the completion of repairs or the provision (acquisition) of another residential premises in accordance with the procedure established by law;
In connection with the resettlement from the area of reconstruction prior to the receipt (acquisition) of residential premises in accordance with the procedure established by law;
In other cases provided for by law.
Residential premises of the mobile fund are provided by the decision of the local administration, and residential premises of the mobile fund of commercial and non-profit organizations - by the decision of the owner or a body authorized by him, which is agreed with the local administration body.
Citizens living in the houses of the mobile fund pay for the occupied premises and utilities, if such payment is not made for the premises being repaired.
The procedure for the provision of residential premises of the mobile fund and their use is established by the Government of the Russian Federation and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Use living quarters terminated after the end overhaul a residential building in which a dwelling is located, which is the object of a social or commercial lease agreement.
Living quarters in specialized homes for citizens who are the least socially protected (boarding homes for the disabled, veterans, single elderly, etc.) are created and provided by federal, regional or municipal social protection authorities.
Such specialized houses are intended for living in need of citizens.
Residential premises in the houses of the system of social protection bodies and houses for other social purposes also belong to the number of specialized ones. Residential premises in specialized houses in the system of social protection bodies and houses for other special purposes are provided by the body by whose decision they were created, or on the basis of agreements with citizens who need it.
Such specialized living quarters (residential houses) are created, for example, for single pensioners. So, in Moscow, under the Committee for Social Protection of the City Population, the State Unitary Enterprise "Moscow Social Guarantee" ("Mossotsgarantiya") was created, which is in charge of, c. in particular, specialized residential buildings ("social homes") for single pensioners. They are inhabited by single citizens who have rented their apartments under contracts to the city. In social residential buildings, citizens are provided not only with separate living quarters, but also with relevant social services (canteen, medical services, laundry, hairdresser, etc.).
The termination of the use of residential premises located in specialized houses occurs after the disappearance of the reasons and obligations for which these premises were provided (moving to a permanent place of residence with relatives, etc.), and on other grounds provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Specially equipped living quarters occupied by disabled people in the houses of state, municipal and public housing funds under a lease or lease agreement, upon release, are populated first of all by other disabled people in need of improvement living conditions.(clause 12 of the Rules for the provision of benefits to disabled people and families with disabled children, to provide them with living quarters, pay for housing and utilities, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 27, 1996 No. 901). Disabled persons living in stationary institutions of special care and wishing to receive housing under a contract of employment or lease are registered to improve their living conditions, regardless of the size of the area occupied in stationary institutions of social services and are provided with living quarters on an equal basis with other disabled people. At the same time, the previously occupied premises can be returned to them. The procedure for registering these persons and providing them with living quarters is determined by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (clause 10 of the Rules).
Shelter hotels - residential premises for night accommodation of persons without a fixed place of residence, providing them with the necessary household, pre-medical and social assistance. The procedure for registering accommodation and living conditions in a shelter hotel, the obligations of the parties are determined by the Regulations on shelter hotels. The hotel-shelter accepts persons without a fixed place of residence, applying independently or arriving at the direction of the internal affairs bodies and social protection of the population. The provision of accommodation for persons without a fixed place of residence is carried out by the administration of the hotel-shelter.
If there are free places, overnight accommodation can be provided for a fee to other categories of people.
In some subjects of the Russian Federation, hotels of the usual type, that is, premises intended for temporary, short-term residence of citizens, are also classified as specialized residential premises.
The use of hotels for permanent residence is not allowed.
The procedure for accommodation, booking, registration and payment for hotel accommodation, the rights and obligations of the parties are determined by the rules for the provision of hotel services.
The concept of "specialized houses" first appeared in the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Fundamentals of the Federal Housing Policy" (Articles 1 and 12), which determined that these houses are intended for the residence of certain categories of citizens in the manner and under the conditions established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and its subjects.
The Housing Code of the Russian Federation uses the concepts of "specialized housing stock", "specialized residential premises".
Specialized accommodations include:
Service living quarters;
Living quarters in hostels;
Residential premises of the maneuverable fund;
Residential premises in the houses of the system of social services for the population;
Residential premises of the Fund for the temporary settlement of internally displaced persons;
Residential premises of the Foundation for the temporary settlement of persons recognized as refugees;
Living quarters for social protection of certain categories of citizens. office living quarters dormitory
Residential premises of state and municipal housing funds are used as specialized residential premises. The use of residential premises as a specialized residential premises is allowed only after such premises are classified as specialized. housing stock in compliance with established requirements. At the same time, the assignment of residential premises to a specialized housing stock is not allowed if the residential premises are occupied under contracts social recruitment, renting a dwelling that is in state or municipal ownership of a housing stock for commercial use, rent, and also if there are encumbrances on the rights to this property (clause 3 of the Rules for classifying a dwelling as a specialized housing stock, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 26, 2006 No. No. 42).
The question of whether a particular dwelling is specialized (in particular, service, dormitory, housing for temporary settlement of internally displaced persons or persons recognized as refugees) is decided by virtue of Art. 5 of the Introductory Law, based on the provisions of the legislation in force at the time of the provision of this residential premises (paragraph 41 of the Decree of the Plenum of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2009 No. 14). The inclusion of a dwelling in a specialized housing stock with the assignment of such a premises to a certain type of specialized residential premises and the exclusion of a dwelling from the specified fund are carried out on the basis of decisions of the management body of the state or municipal housing stock.
In accordance with clause 13 of the Rules, in order to classify residential premises as a certain type of residential premises of a specialized housing stock, the applicant submits the following documents to the governing body:
Application for classifying a dwelling as a certain type of residential premises of a specialized housing stock;
A document confirming the right of ownership or the right of economic management or operational management of a dwelling;
Technical passport of the dwelling;
Conclusion on the conformity of the premises with the requirements for it.
The specified application is considered by the governing body within 30 days from the date of submission of documents. Specialized living quarters shall not be subject to alienation, lease, lease, except for the transfer of such premises under relevant lease contracts.
Shcherbakov worked as an engineer at the enterprise. He was given a two-room comfortable apartment for the family - 3 people. After 15 years, he was fired from his job for own will. The enterprise filed a lawsuit to evict Shcherbakov and his family with the provision of another living space, indicating that the apartment is a service apartment.
Shcherbakov did not recognize the claim and explained that he was fired from his job due to the fact that he was entrusted with the performance of work not stipulated by the labor agreement (head of the household, storekeeper, etc.).
Shcherbakov also claimed that at the time of moving into the apartment, the administration of the enterprise did not inform him about the service nature of the apartment. In addition, after the dismissal, his wife continues to work at the enterprise.
The accommodation provided is not suitable for living, does not meet sanitary standards and it is impossible to live in it with two young children.
The court granted the claim.
Has the matter been resolved correctly? Justify the answer.
According to Article 103 of the LC RF. In cases of termination or termination of the contract for the rental of specialized residential premises, citizens must vacate the residential premises that they occupied under these contracts. In case of refusal to vacate such living quarters, these citizens are subject to eviction to judicial order without providing other residential premises, with the exception of cases provided for by Part 2 of Article 102 and Part 2 of Article 103 of the RF LC.
In this regard, in cases on the eviction of citizens from specialized residential premises (Article 103 of the RF LC), the courts must bear in mind that the citizens listed in paragraphs 1- 4 of Part 2 of Article 103 of the HC RF, provided that they are not tenants of residential premises under social tenancy agreements or family members of the tenant of residential premises under a social tenancy agreement or owners of residential premises or members of the family of the owner of residential premises and are registered as those in need of residential premises. Provided to citizens who are evicted from a service dwelling or a dwelling in a hostel, another dwelling must be located within the boundaries of the corresponding locality(Part 3 of Article 103 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation), meet sanitary and technical requirements (Part 2 of Article 15 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation) and, as follows from the content of Part 2 of Article 103 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, belong to the social housing fund. Comfort and size of other living quarters legal value Dont Have.
Based on the foregoing, the actions of the court will be lawful, because Shcherbakov ended his career and resigned of his own free will. Taking into account the fact that his wife works at the enterprise, who needs premises, and the allocated premises are not suitable for living, do not meet sanitary standards and it is impossible to live in it with two young children, the court is obliged to satisfy her requirements.
Khokhlova filed a lawsuit against Khokhlov, with whom she dissolved the marriage, about the division of a two-room apartment and securing her right to one room. Defendant Khokhlov requested that the suit be dismissed, referring to the fact that he had received the apartment in connection with his official relationship with the organization and continues to work in it; management (administration) objects to changes in the contract of employment.
How to solve the case?
In accordance with Part 5 of Article 100 and Parts 2-4 of Article 31 of the HC RF, family members of the tenant of office accommodation have the same right as the tenant to use the dwelling, unless otherwise established by agreement between them. According to Article 31, part 4, in the event of termination of family relations with the owner of the residential premises, the right to use this residential premises is not retained by the former family member of the owner of this residential premises, unless otherwise established by agreement between the owner and the former member of his family. If the former family member of the owner of the dwelling has no grounds for acquiring or exercising the right to use another dwelling, and also if property status the former family member of the owner of the dwelling and other noteworthy circumstances do not allow him to provide himself with another dwelling, the right to use the dwelling owned by the specified owner may be retained by the former member of his family for a certain period on the basis of a court decision. In this case, the court has the right to oblige the owner of the residential premises to provide other residential premises ex-spouse and other members of his family, in favor of which the owner fulfills maintenance obligations, at their request.
Based on the foregoing, the court has the right to reject Khokhlova's claims, since the family relations of the spouses were terminated, the right to use this residential premises is not retained by her. There are no other circumstances in the condition of the task under which the right to use it can be retained, which means that Khokhlov's counterclaim will be legitimate.
Definition, classification apartment buildings corridor and gallery type. Special types of residential buildings.
corridor houses have a pronounced closed communication - a corridor - with apartments located on both sides. Houses with a one-sided arrangement of apartments are less common. Access to apartments through corridors. The number of apartments and number of storeys is unlimited. Currently, they are usually used in hostels, hotels, boarding schools.
gallery houses have a pronounced horizontal communication gallery - located on one side of the apartment. The gallery, as an open space with natural light, provides two-way orientation and through ventilation of apartments, which is important for areas with warm and hot climates. The number of apartments per floor and any number of storeys. Distributed in the southern regions.
Corridor and gallery housesare characterized by horizontal communications (corridors, galleries), along which there are apartments that have a connection with stairwells (staircase-elevator nodes). These types of houses have certain
advantages: serving a large number of apartments with one staircase, a wide building (corridor houses), predetermining significant savings heat, simple structural schemes, through ventilation of apartments (in gallery houses). Their disadvantages include: limited orientation (due to the two-sided placement of apartments in corridor houses), the conditionality of the use of gallery houses in areas with a mild climate.
Duplex housescharacterized by the placement of each apartment (in a multi-storey building) on two or more floors. At the same time, communication corridors or galleries are located, as a rule, through the floor (two-story apartments above and below the corridor); communication within the apartment is provided by internal staircases. The advantage of these houses is the two-way orientation and cross-ventilation, and, consequently, the great urban planning maneuverability of the houses. However, only large apartments (three to five rooms) can be placed in such houses. Service businesses are usually located on the ground floor.
A new type of housing is houses with apartments for families from several generations. At present, two opposing trends are observed - the desire of young families and young singles to quickly get rid of parental care and the opposite - to live together with their parents and grandparents.
Types of specialized dwellingsfor disabled people with lesions of the musculoskeletal function include: boarding houses, apartments and houses, hostels, hotels, rest houses. Boarding houses are calculated, as a rule, for 50-200 people. They can be located in residential areas of cities or towns, in green and park areas, sometimes near enterprises where disabled people can work. In foreign countries, the capacity of boarding schools for the disabled is 20-150 people. As the main unit that determines the architectural and planning structure of the building, a group of 25-30 people with equivalent motor activity is taken. AT recent times there is a tendency to reduce the number of groups. For example, in Sweden it is accepted as 6 people, i.e. close to the size of a normal family. Each residential group, which includes residential cells (one to three living rooms, one to four people), is provided with the necessary set of auxiliary, domestic and cultural premises: a lavatory (washbasin, toilet bowl) - per cell, a bathroom and shower cabins - per residential group. The dining room of the boarding house is calculated for 100% of freely moving disabled people, the rest eat in the rooms. Auditoriums must accommodate all freely moving and wheelchair users. It is allowed to combine the auditorium and dining halls in boarding schools with a capacity of less than 90 people. TsNIIEP housing studies have established that of all types of specialized dwellings, the most preferable are housing and production complexes, which include apartment buildings for single and family disabled people, a boarding house, an enterprise where disabled people work, cultural and household and medical institutions, residential buildings for service personnel, residential buildings with specially equipped apartments with partial medical and consumer services, as well as with premises for work.
Residential buildings are distinguished according to several qualification criteria - the purpose and the space-planning solution associated with it, the number of storeys, the constructive solution and the socio-economic status (Fig. 9.1).
Classification by purpose
Classification by purpose distinguishes between houses of mass construction and specialized ones. Mass construction houses include apartment-type buildings - for permanent residence of families of different composition, with different economic status, singles. This is the most common typological group of residential buildings, accounting for about 90% of housing construction.Specialized residences include:
- Dormitories - for long-term residence of certain contingents of the population (mainly young people) in connection with training or production activities (students, workers, young specialists);
- Hotels - for short stays;
- Homes for the elderly and disabled - specialized homes for permanent residence of persons over 60 years of age and disabled people in need of systematic assistance. There are two types of such houses: general houses for people who are able to serve themselves, and houses for people in need of constant medical care. The space-planning solutions of the last subgroup of specialized residential buildings are subject to the principles of layout of medical buildings.
The reduction in the size of utility rooms in residential cells of a hostel, hotels and nursing homes is compensated by the presence of service premises common use: in hostels - premises for classes and recreation, common kitchens, catering units, premises for cultural events (gym, club rooms) and consumer services; in hotels - premises Catering, cultural and mass, sports and recreational and consumer services.
I classify the space-planning solutions of apartment-type residential buildings in accordance with the number of apartments and the number of floors into two large groups - multi-storey (including the average number of storeys) multi-apartment and low-rise - single-apartment (cottages), duplex and block.
Floors of residential buildings
On the basis of the number of storeys, four main groups of residential buildings are distinguished: low-rise (1-3 floors), medium-rise (3-5 floors), high-rise (6-10 floors), multi-storey relatively mass construction in largest cities(10-25 floors), as well as unique ones (more than 25 floors).In turn, multi-storey buildings are divided into the following categories I - up to 50 m high, II - up to 75 m, III - up to 100 m. Buildings above 100 m have a high-rise category.
According to the building legislation, the number of storeys of residential development is taken in accordance with the size of cities:
- in large and largest cities, mixed development with buildings of 9 or more floors is accepted;
- large and medium-sized cities - mostly 5-9-storey;
- small towns - 3-5-storey;
- rural settlements (in public housing construction) - mostly 2-storey.
The normative limitation of the height of residential buildings in a significant part of cities by five floors is determined by the economic advantages of such a number of storeys (Table 9.1).
The increase in the cost of houses with an increase in the number of storeys is explained, first of all, by additional engineering equipment (elevators, garbage chutes, electric stoves in houses with 10 or more floors), complication of space-planning solutions dictated by fire safety requirements, and partly by the complication of building structures. Relatively cheaper are 9-10-storey houses, which determines the maximum amount of their use in the development of large and medium-sized cities. Houses with a height of more than 10 floors are significantly more expensive, since they require the equipment of staircase and elevator units with not one, but two or three elevators with an increase in the area of \u200b\u200blift halls and more expensive fire prevention measures.
Only in the largest cities of the country is the construction of houses with a height of 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 25 floors, despite their high cost. The choice of such a number of storeys of mass construction of the largest cities is dictated by the need to reduce their territorial growth.
Structural solutions for residential buildings
Structural solutions of residential buildings are classified according to the generalizing feature of the building system. According to this feature, prefabricated (panel, frame-panel, large-block), monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic buildings with load-bearing vertical structures made of concrete and reinforced concrete and non-load-bearing external, layered walls of brick, panel or combined (from monolithic concrete and panels) buildings with load-bearing structures made of brick or stone, buildings with metal load-bearing structures (steel frame). For low-rise construction, building systems with load-bearing structures made of wood and buildings with combined building systems are also applicable.Classification by socioeconomic status
Along with the previously considered space-planning and structural classification features of a dwelling, classification characteristics related to its cost are currently being formed.The radical transition in the housing policy of the Russian Federation from distributive to market practice in a mixed economy, to the dependence of value on forms of ownership of real estate contributed to the formation of social, municipal, federal and commercial housing of several categories in apartment buildings urban construction.
Social housing is intended for the poorest segments of the population, is provided by the municipality to the population free of charge and makes up 10-15% of the total volume of urban housing construction. Social houses are designed as multi-apartment, and apartments in them - 11 categories of comfort. Municipal apartment buildings are designed with a number of storeys determined by the general plan of the city, for the sale of apartments to the population, including with various forms. concessional lending, mortgages or social subsidies.
Commercial houses are designed without restrictions in the size and number of apartments. Depending on the cost of apartments, they are currently conditionally divided into three (four) classes. The most expensive are “elite” (High End and De Luxe houses - category A), the second class is luxury category B houses, the third and fourth are business and economy class houses. Cost difference total area apartments in houses of the first and fourth category - three - four times. This is reflected in the volume planning decision commercial houses, their designs and placement in the city. In addition, they are all built not according to standard, but mainly according to individual projects.
Class A houses make up the smallest part of the volume of commercial construction. They are designed to be relatively small (20-40 apartments in a building), with the most comfortable apartment layouts, garages built into the lower levels, a closed maintenance system, and specialized security. The technical solution uses the most durable structures and the most expensive Decoration Materials, monolithic (or frame building system) with non-load-bearing outer layered brick walls.
Class B houses can have up to 80 apartments and a frameless (wall) monolithic building system.
Business and economy class houses are designed as multi-apartment buildings (up to 500 apartments). The requirements for a developed closed service system, security, built-in and attached garages remain.
In addition to differences in the number and cost of apartments, the main difference between houses of commercial classes is related to the conditions for their placement: classes A and B, due to their small number and relatively small volumes, are located in the city center on small plots vacated after the demolition of dilapidated houses or obsolete enterprises. Outlying but prestigious sites with good environmental conditions, convenient transport links and developed infrastructure are allotted for the construction of business and economy class houses.
- Economic security of the Russian Federation Political economic security of the Russian Federation
- Antimonopoly policy, its goals and methods The main direction of the antimonopoly policy of the state is
- What reforms did Witte make briefly
- Okun's law and the theory of "full employment" of the population